DOCSLIB.ORG

Contribution of the Social and Solidarity Economy and of Social Finance to the Future of Work

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contribution of the Social and Solidarity Economy and of Social Finance to the Future of Work PRINT-ENG-FINAL COVERi.pdf 1 12.03.20 15:32 THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY AND SOCIAL FINANCE TO THE FUTURE OF WORK Bénédicte Fonteneau and Ignace Pollet THE CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY FINANCE TO FUTURE WORK ISBN 978-92-2030855-4 ILO 9 789220 308554 The Contribution of the Social and Solidarity Economy and Social Finance to the Future of Work The Contribution of the Social and Solidarity Economy and Social Finance to the Future of Work Bénédicte Fonteneau and Ignace Pollet (Editors) with Youssef Alaoui Solaimani, Eric Bidet, Hyunsik Eum, Aminata Tooli Fall, Benjamin R. Quiñones and Mirta Vuotto Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduc- tion or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro. org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. The contribution of the social and solidarity economy and social finance to the future of work International Labour Office, Geneva, 2019 ISBN: 978-92-2-030855-4 (print) ISBN: 978-92-2-030856-1 (web pdf) Also available in French: La contribution de l'économie sociale et solidaire et de la finance solidaire à l’avenir du travail, ISBN: 978-92-2-030950-6 (print); ISBN: 978-92-2-030951-3 (web pdf), Geneva, 2019. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at: www.ilo.org/publns. This publication was produced by the Document and Publications Production, Printing and Distribution Branch (PRODOC) of the ILO. Graphic and typographic design, layout and composition, printing, electronic publishing and distribution. PRODOC endeavours to use paper sourced from forests managed in an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner. Code: SCR-REP CONTENTS Acknowledgements. vii Foreword. ix List of abbreviations. xi Executive summary . xiii 1. Introduction . 1 2. Research questions . 3 3. Methodology . 5 3.1. Selection of case studies. 6 3.2. Overview of selected case studies . 7 3.3. Methodology and level of analysis . 7 3.4. Limitations of the study . 8 4. The Social and Solidarity Economy . 9 4.1. Terminology issues . 10 4.2. Concept(s) and theoretical background. 11 4.3. Institutional and legal frameworks . 14 4.3.1. Legal recognition . 14 4.3.2. Institutional frameworks . 16 4.3.3. Relevance of SSE policies for employment . 16 4.4. Emerging initiatives challenging the frontiers of the SSE: the collaborative economy. 18 5. Contribution of the SSE to job creation . 21 5.1. Creating and improving economic activities and jobs . 23 5.2. Opening employment opportunities for vulnerable groups. 24 5.3. Creating sustainable and decent jobs. 28 5.4. Supporting the transition process from the informal to the formal economy . 30 5.5. Conclusions. 32 6. Contribution of the SSE to organization of work and production. 35 6.1. Strengthening autonomous economic units through networking. 37 6.2. Facing the markets. 39 6.3. Conclusions. 41 7. Contribution of the SSE to governance and participation . 43 7.1. Choosing self-management and absence of hierarchy . 45 7.2. Participation as a continuous learning process. 46 7.3. Supporting political agendas . 47 7.4. With or without the social partners? . 47 7.5. Conclusions . 48 vii The Contribution of the Social and Solidarity Economy and Social Finance to the Future of Work 8. Contribution of the SSE to work and society. 51 8.1. Rediscovering the meaning of work. 52 8.2. Better balance between work life and private life. 53 8.3. Introducing effective innovations to respond to major societal issues. 54 8.4. Creating SSE ecosystems . 56 8.5. Conclusions. 56 9. Traditional sources of SSE financing . 57 9.1. Selling on markets . 58 9.2. Partnerships with the for-profit private sector . 59 9.3. Getting public subsidies . 59 9.4. Borrowing from cooperative banking institutions . 60 9.5. Conclusions. 61 10. Innovative financing mechanisms for the SSE. 63 10.1. Complementary currency . 64 10.2. Crowdfunding. 66 Social enterprises running a crowdfunding platform . 66 Worker cooperatives using crowdfunding as ad-hoc financing mechanisms . 67 10.3. Social Impact Bonds. 68 Buzinezzclub as service provider. 68 Municipalities as outcome funders . 69 Private investors . 69 Independent knowledge centres . 70 10.4. Flat-rate through partnership with social security system . 71 10.5. Conclusions . 73 11. Conclusions. 75 SSE responses to global trends affecting the world of work . 76 The SSE’s contribution to the future of work. 78 (Re)embedding economic activities in local social systems. 78 Organizing economic actors and facilitating transition to a more formalized social status . 78 Participatory governance and renewed social dialogue . 79 Searching for sustainable economic performance while focusing on social purposes. 79 Finding meaningfulness in work. 79 Foreshadowing the network society . 80 A policy instrument and a policy partner. 80 Common bonds through new finance models . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Consolidation and Demutualization: What Strategies Should Exchanges
    OECD, Tokyo Round Table, 11/2003 Consolidation and Demutualization: What Strategies Should Exchanges Adopt in the Future? Ruben Lee Oxford Finance Group Changing Market Structures & the Future of Trading Overview 1) Threatening Factors 2) Self-Sufficiency 3) Linkages 4) Mergers and Takeovers 5) Demutualization 6) Conclusions Changing Market Structures & the Future of Trading 1) Threatening Factors Threatening Factors Main Trends Small Number of Liquid Stocks International Listing & Trading of Domestic Stocks Internalization Regulatory Liberalization Threatening Factors Reasons for Small Number of Liquid Stocks Not Many Companies Privatization Stalled Concentration of Shareholdings Foreign/Private Purchases of Best Companies Changing Market Structures & the Future of Trading 2) Self-Sufficiency Self-Sufficiency Factors Supporting Domestic Stock Exchanges Positive “Network Externality” with Liquidity Competition Not Always Successful Foreign Listing/Trading Complements Local Trading Support of Domestic SMEs Adaptability to Local Conditions Declining IT Costs Self-Sufficiency Current Major Revenue Sources Membership Listing Trading Clearing Settlement Provision of Company News Provision of Quote and Price Data Self-Sufficiency Threats to Revenue Sources Membership - Demutualization Listing – Decline in Value + Competition Trading – Marginal Cost Pricing Clearing – Expensive + Antitrust Scrutiny Settlement – Antitrust Scrutiny Provision of Company News – Competition Provision of Quote and Price Data – Antitrust Scrutiny Changing Market Structures
    [Show full text]
  • The Sharing Economy: Make It Sustainable
    STUDY N°03/14 JULY 2014 | NEW PROSPERITY The sharing economy: make it sustainable Damien Demailly (IDDRI), Anne-Sophie Novel (journalist and author) A REGENERATING SHARING ECONOMY THAT PROMISES MUCH FOR SUSTAINABILITY Reselling, giving, swapping, short-term renting and lending—with or without monetary exchange and whether practiced between individu- als or through companies or associations—are all models that can help to increase the usage duration of resource-consuming goods. They are part of a real sharing economy that is undergoing regeneration due to the development of digital technologies. “Shareable” goods account for about a quarter of household expenditure and a third of household waste. If sharing models could be operated under the most favourable conditions, savings of up to 7% in the household budget and 20% in terms of waste could be achieved. FROM AN INTUITIVE SENSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT TO THE CONDITIONS FOR ITS REALIZATION The environmental balance sheet of sharing depends on several condi- tions that are highly specific to each model. In general, we can see the emergence of the following issues: the sustainability of shared goods, e.g. renting may enable a reduction in the number of goods produced pro- vided that the rented good does not wear out much faster; the optimiza- tion of the transport of goods, because the long distance transport of goods is reduced while transport over shorter distances increases; and consump- tion patterns, sharing models can be the vector of sustainable consump- tion but also a driver of hyperconsumption. MAKING THE SHARING ECONOMY A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY Public authorities should build an economic and regulatory framework that is favourable to virtuous models.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Relocalization and Prefigurative Movements
    1 ‘RELOCALIZATION AND PREFIGURATIVE MOVEMENTS’ AS SOCIAL NETWORKS AGAINST GLOBALIZATION: THE CONSTRUCTION OF LOCAL ALTERNATIVES TO GLOBAL CAPITALISM Michail Psimitis email: [email protected] Associate professor full address: Ioustinianou 3 Department of Sociology 81100 Mytilene University of the Aegean tel: (+30)22510-36514 & 23597 ABSTRACT Drawing upon an older periodization concerning worldwide social movements, we can say that the current decade is the first one of a period characterized by the strong presence of ‘relocalization and prefigurative social movements’. While earlier forms of organized collective actions either remained almost exclusively confined to the limits of the nation state (labor movements and new social movements) or explicitly rejected the nation state as the objective of their presence and chose a global action (global movements), modern relocalization movements reject both types of action and prefer an action focused directly against globalization. They act outside and away from the state and focus on territorial regeneration of the local autonomy as the cornerstone of self-governed and direct-democratic communities, with strong egalitarian social ties and a propensity for coequal participation. 2 These contemporary movements appear as forms of local resistance to globalization, but they are not showing trends of spatial or social isolation or marginalization, as happened, for instance, to most old communes and intentional communities of the past century. Instead, these are cosmopolitan communities that
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Equitable Employee Ownership Transitions How Investors, Founders, and Employees Can Share in the Value Created by Broadly Held Enterprise Ownership
    Guidelines for Equitable Employee Ownership Transitions How investors, founders, and employees can share in the value created by broadly held enterprise ownership A collaborative project of practitioners and thought leaders in the fields of investment management, employee ownership, and socially responsible business who believe deeply in the promise of shared enterprise ownership to build a more just and inclusive economy June 1, 2020 Version 1.0: Pilot Edition Foreword Dear Readers, The Guidelines for Equitable Employee Ownership Transitions are a collaborative offering of practitioners and thought leaders in With the impending wave of baby boomer retirements, millions the fields of investment management, employee ownership, and of privately-owned businesses could come to market in the socially responsible business who believe deeply in the promise coming decades and the COVID-19 pandemic will only accelerate of shared enterprise ownership to build a more just and inclusive that process. Meanwhile, interest in financing business owner economy. exits that result in employee ownership was already growing rapidly among impact-focused investors, from foundations to We now offer these guidelines, in prototype form, to the many family offices. What was once nearly absent appears now to be investors, asset managers, and employee ownership professionals an emerging investing trend, driven by a growing recognition who lead and will lead this important work in the future, and we that employee ownership is a proven, scalable, and sustainable invite dealmakers and other stakeholders to pilot test, innovate strategy to address the problem of rampant inequality. upon, and refine these guidelines. Impact capital could be the missing agent needed to ensure In the attached draft, we have arranged the draft guidelines that a significant portion of these firms transition to employee by deal stage, to make them most intuitive to third parties ownership, creating the momentum needed to drive long-term structuring deals.
    [Show full text]
  • Solidarity Economy: Key Concepts and Issues
    Published in Kawano, Emily and Tom Masterson and Jonathan Teller-Ellsberg (eds). Solidarity Economy I: Building Alternatives for People and Planet. Amherst, MA: Center for Popular Economics. 2010. Solidarity Economy: Key Concepts and Issues Ethan Miller People across the United States and throughout the world are experiencing the devastating effects of an economy that places the profit of a few above the well being of everyone else. The political and business leaders who benefit from this arrangement consistently proclaim that there are no real alternatives, yet citizens and grassroots organizations around the world are boldly demonstrating otherwise. A compelling array of grassroots economic initiatives already exist, often hidden or marginalized, in the “nooks and crannies” of the dominant economy: worker, consumer and producer cooperatives; fair trade initiatives; intentional communities; alternative currencies; community-run social centers and resource libraries; community development credit unions; community gardens; open source free software initiatives; community supported agriculture (CSA) programs; community land trusts and more. While incredibly diverse, these initiatives share a broad set of values that stand in bold contrast to those of the dominant economy. Instead of enforcing a culture of cutthroat competition, they build cultures and communities of cooperation. Rather than isolating us from one another, they foster relationships of mutual support and solidarity. In place of centralized structures of control, they move us towards shared responsibility and directly democratic decision-making. Instead of imposing a single global monoculture, they strengthen the diversity of local cultures and environments. Instead of prioritizing profit over all else, they encourage commitment to broader work for social, economic, and environmental justice.
    [Show full text]
  • What Have We Learned? Macroeconomic Policy After the Crisis
    What Have We Learned? What Have We Learned? Macroeconomic Policy after the Crisis edited by George Akerlof, Olivier Blanchard, David Romer, and Joseph Stiglitz The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2014 International Monetary Fund and Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any elec- tronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Nothing contained in this book should be reported as representing the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, member governments, or any other entity mentioned herein. The views expressed in this book belong solely to the authors. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email [email protected]. This book was set in Sabon by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited, Hong Kong. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data What have we learned ? : macroeconomic policy after the crisis / edited by George Akerlof, Olivier Blanchard, David Romer, and Joseph Stiglitz. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-02734-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Monetary policy. 2. Fiscal policy. 3. Financial crises — Government policy. 4. Economic policy. 5. Macroeconomics. I. Akerlof, George A., 1940 – HG230.3.W49 2014 339.5 — dc23 2013037345 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Introduction: Rethinking Macro Policy II — Getting Granular 1 Olivier Blanchard, Giovanni Dell ’ Ariccia, and Paolo Mauro Part I: Monetary Policy 1 Many Targets, Many Instruments: Where Do We Stand? 31 Janet L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Social and Solidarity Economy: Towards an ‘Alternative’ Globalisation*
    The Social and Solidarity Economy: Towards an ‘Alternative’ Globalisation* Background paper prepared by: NANCY NEAMTAN Présidente du Chantier de l’économie sociale In preparation for the symposium Citizenship and Globalization: Exploring Participation and Democracy in a Global Context Sponsored by: The Carold Institute for the Advancement of Citizenship in Social Change Langara College, Vancouver, June 14-16, 2002 *Translation: Anika Mendell The Carold Institute appreciates the financial assistance for translation provided by the Canadian Commission for UNESCO. The Social and Solidarity Economy: Towards an “Alternative” Globalisation Introduction The social and solidarity economy are concepts that have become increasingly recognised and used in Quebec since 1995. Following the examples of certain European, as well as Latin American countries, these terms emerged in Quebec as part of a growing will and desire on the part of social movements to propose an alternative model of development, in response to the dominant neo-liberal model. The emergence of this movement has not been without debate, nor obstacles. In fact, the contours and composition of the social economy are still being determined; its definition continues to evolve. However, after the second World Social Forum, which took place in Porto Alegre in February 2002, where the social and solidarity economy were important themes, it is now clear that this movement is firmly inscribed in an international movement for an alternative globalisation. Defining the social and solidarity economy Since the terms “social economy” or “economy of solidarity” are not yet widely used in Canada, outside of Quebec, it is important to establish certain defining elements. The social economy combines two terms that are often contradictory: • “economy” refers to the concrete production of goods or of services by business or enterprise that contributes to a net increase in collective wealth.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxism and the Solidarity Economy: Toward a New Theory of Revolution
    Class, Race and Corporate Power Volume 9 Issue 1 Article 2 2021 Marxism and the Solidarity Economy: Toward a New Theory of Revolution Chris Wright [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Wright, Chris (2021) "Marxism and the Solidarity Economy: Toward a New Theory of Revolution," Class, Race and Corporate Power: Vol. 9 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. DOI: 10.25148/CRCP.9.1.009647 Available at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol9/iss1/2 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts, Sciences & Education at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Class, Race and Corporate Power by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Marxism and the Solidarity Economy: Toward a New Theory of Revolution Abstract In the twenty-first century, it is time that Marxists updated the conception of socialist revolution they have inherited from Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Slogans about the “dictatorship of the proletariat” “smashing the capitalist state” and carrying out a social revolution from the commanding heights of a reconstituted state are completely obsolete. In this article I propose a reconceptualization that accomplishes several purposes: first, it explains the logical and empirical problems with Marx’s classical theory of revolution; second, it revises the classical theory to make it, for the first time, logically consistent with the premises of historical materialism; third, it provides a (Marxist) theoretical grounding for activism in the solidarity economy, and thus partially reconciles Marxism with anarchism; fourth, it accounts for the long-term failure of all attempts at socialist revolution so far.
    [Show full text]
  • Solidarity Economy: Key Concepts and Issues
    Published in Kawano, Emily and Tom Masterson and Jonathan Teller-Ellsberg (eds). Solidarity Economy I: Building Alternatives for People and Planet. Amherst, MA: Center for Popular Economics. 2010. Solidarity Economy: Key Concepts and Issues Ethan Miller People across the United States and throughout the world are experiencing the devastating effects of an economy that places the profit of a few above the well being of everyone else. The political and business leaders who benefit from this arrangement consistently proclaim that there are no real alternatives, yet citizens and grassroots organizations around the world are boldly demonstrating otherwise. A compelling array of grassroots economic initiatives already exist, often hidden or marginalized, in the “nooks and crannies” of the dominant economy: worker, consumer and producer cooperatives; fair trade initiatives; intentional communities; alternative currencies; community-run social centers and resource libraries; community development credit unions; community gardens; open source free software initiatives; community supported agriculture (CSA) programs; community land trusts and more. While incredibly diverse, these initiatives share a broad set of values that stand in bold contrast to those of the dominant economy. Instead of enforcing a culture of cutthroat competition, they build cultures and communities of cooperation. Rather than isolating us from one another, they foster relationships of mutual support and solidarity. In place of centralized structures of control, they move us towards shared responsibility and directly democratic decision-making. Instead of imposing a single global monoculture, they strengthen the diversity of local cultures and environments. Instead of prioritizing profit over all else, they encourage commitment to broader work for social, economic, and environmental justice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Social and Solidarity Economy in Reducing Social Exclusion BUDAPEST CONFERENCE REPORT
    The Role of the Social and Solidarity Economy in Reducing Social Exclusion BUDAPEST CONFERENCE REPORT 1–2 JUNE 2017 Department of Trade, Investment and Innovation (TII) Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] www.unido.org 1 © UNIDO 2017. All rights reserved. This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) con- cerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “de- veloped”, “industrialized” or “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by Olga Memedovic, Theresa Rueth and Brigitt Roveti, of the Business Environment, Cluster and Innovation Division (BCI) in the UNIDO Department of Trade, Investment and Innovation (TII) and edited by Georgina Wilde. The report has bene- fited from the contributions of keynote speakers and panellists during the Budapest Conference on the Role of the Social and Solidarity Economy in Reducing Social Exclusion, organized by UNIDO and the Ministry for National Economy of Hungary, held on 1–2 June 2017. The organization of the Conference benefitted from the support of H.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Social and Solidarity Economy and the Crisis: Challenges from the Public Policy Perspective
    EAST-WEST Journal of ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS Journal of Economics and Business Vol. XXI– 2018, Nos 1-2 SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY AND THE CRISIS: CHALLENGES FROM THE PUBLIC POLICY PERSPECTIVE Sofia ADAM DEMOCRITUS UNIVERSITY OF THRACE ABSTRACT Social and Solidarity Economy is adopted in the public policy agenda from a variety of actors including the European Commission, the Greek government but also grass-roots movements in crisis-ridden Greece. This paper unfolds diverse and often competing conceptualizations of Social and Solidarity Economy through their manifestations in concrete public policy agendas with particular emphasis on the recent introduction of the new legal framework in Greece (Law 4430/2016). In this way, the paper links academic and policy discourses and demonstrates that academic battles are of importance for public policy formulations. Our particular emphasis is on the disabling limits or the enabling potential of public policies for SSE initiatives. Keywords: Social solidarity economy, Public policies, Crisis, Greece JEL Classification: B5, P0 Introduction Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) is often cited in policy, academic and public discourse as the main driver for the necessary reconstruction of the Greek economy in order to move beyond the current impasse of the crisis. To what extent are these expectations well grounded? More importantly which are the 223 EAST-WEST Journal of ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS main elements of a public policy towards the SSE which could facilitate this process? This paper addresses these questions by unfolding relevant debates on SSE. First of all, we define SSE and delineate differences with other concepts in use such as non-profit sector and social enterprises.
    [Show full text]
  • EMES Conferences Selected Papers Towards “Qualitative Growth
    Welfare societies in transition Roskilde, 16-17 April 2018 ECSP-6EMES-03 Towards “Qualitative growth”- oriented Collective Action Frameworks: Articulating Commons and Solidarity Economy Ana Margarida Esteves Roskilde, April 2018 Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union This article/publication is based upon work from COST Action EMPOWER-SE, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). EMES Conferences selected papers 2018 3rd EMES-Polanyi Selected Conference Papers (2018) Towards “Qualitative growth”-oriented Collective Action Frameworks: Articulating Commons and Solidarity Economy Ana Margarida Esteves Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Estudos Internacionais, Lisboa, Portugal 1. Introduction Under what form would a convergence between the Commons and Solidarity Economy movements promote “qualitative growth” (Capra and Henderson 2014) in a way that also ensures equity, justice and participatory democracy in access to resources? What aspects in the predominant organizational forms emerging from these movements need to be addressed in order to make such convergence possible? This paper is based on an inductive comparative analysis of three major types of commons- based peer production (CBPP): An ecovillage, an “integral cooperative” and a self-identified commercialization-based solidarity economy network. Benkler (2006) defines CBPP as a modular form of socioeconomic production in which large numbers of people work cooperatively over any type of commons. The case
    [Show full text]