Guidelines for Equitable Employee Ownership Transitions How Investors, Founders, and Employees Can Share in the Value Created by Broadly Held Enterprise Ownership

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Guidelines for Equitable Employee Ownership Transitions How Investors, Founders, and Employees Can Share in the Value Created by Broadly Held Enterprise Ownership Guidelines for Equitable Employee Ownership Transitions How investors, founders, and employees can share in the value created by broadly held enterprise ownership A collaborative project of practitioners and thought leaders in the fields of investment management, employee ownership, and socially responsible business who believe deeply in the promise of shared enterprise ownership to build a more just and inclusive economy June 1, 2020 Version 1.0: Pilot Edition Foreword Dear Readers, The Guidelines for Equitable Employee Ownership Transitions are a collaborative offering of practitioners and thought leaders in With the impending wave of baby boomer retirements, millions the fields of investment management, employee ownership, and of privately-owned businesses could come to market in the socially responsible business who believe deeply in the promise coming decades and the COVID-19 pandemic will only accelerate of shared enterprise ownership to build a more just and inclusive that process. Meanwhile, interest in financing business owner economy. exits that result in employee ownership was already growing rapidly among impact-focused investors, from foundations to We now offer these guidelines, in prototype form, to the many family offices. What was once nearly absent appears now to be investors, asset managers, and employee ownership professionals an emerging investing trend, driven by a growing recognition who lead and will lead this important work in the future, and we that employee ownership is a proven, scalable, and sustainable invite dealmakers and other stakeholders to pilot test, innovate strategy to address the problem of rampant inequality. upon, and refine these guidelines. Impact capital could be the missing agent needed to ensure In the attached draft, we have arranged the draft guidelines that a significant portion of these firms transition to employee by deal stage, to make them most intuitive to third parties ownership, creating the momentum needed to drive long-term structuring deals. To accommodate the variety of deal types adoption of the model. But how? that exist in our field, we also chose to structure the guidelines on a tiered system that positions each item as necessary, good- Those of us professionals who have spent decades working in this practice, or aspirational. field know that structuring employee buyouts can be complicated and opaque for newcomers. We also know that it is vital to We hope this effort will serve you well. Thank you for embarking avoid an influx of new transaction activity that leads to deals on this historic journey with us. which inadvertently disadvantage employees or permit excess extraction of value by non-employee investors. Jessica Rose, The Democracy Collaborative Hilary Irby, Soros Fund Management Our collective hope is to impart some of what we have learned in order to communicate straightforward best practices that Marjorie Kelly, The Democracy Collaborative demystify this work and welcome new entrants and innovators, Robin Varghese, Open Society Foundations while at the same time proposing clear guardrails that ensure The Guidelines For Equitable Employee Ownership Transitions that future employee ownership transitions can create the best Project Design Team possible social and economic outcomes for employee-owners and their communities. 2 The Guidelines for Equitable Employee Ownership Transitions Part One: Goals of the Guidelines 1. Design equitable deal structures 3. Promote quality jobs & working conditions Balance interests between sellers, investors, and employee-owners Ensure that jobs pay a living wage, include meaningful benefits, through fair price of enterprise. Target a reasonable, market- offer career-building opportunities, and provide safe, fair, rate return for the risk and duration of any investment. Protect dignified, and engaging workplaces. employees from the potential for financial abuses. Limit over- leverage and investment risk to reinforce long-term financial 4. Consider prioritizing impacted populations sustainability. Structure the deal to sustain employee ownership Explore opportunities for employee ownership conversions to for as long as it serves the interests of the employees. benefit low-wage workers, people of color, and disadvantaged communities. 2. Embed broad-based ownership and support employee participation 5. Measure and report on employee impact Create substantial employee ownership that reaches broadly Establish goals and implement metrics to measure outcomes and fairly into a company, beyond top managers and executives. for employees, alongside company and investor performance. Embed structures that ensure employees of all levels have Require periodic reporting to key stakeholders on the results of voice and agency. Deliver business and financial education to these measurements. Align incentives accordingly. employees, relative to their roles and responsibilities as employees and part owners. Support access to key company data and financial information. 3 Part Two: Highlights of the Guidelines by Deal Stage and Goal GOAL DEAL STAGE 1. Design Equitable 2. Embed Broad-Based 3. Promote Quality 4. Consider Prioritizing 5. Measure and Deal Structures Ownership and Support Jobs and Working Impacted Populations Report on Employee Employee Participation Conditions Impact Stage One: • Select companies that have potential for • Select companies that have • Select companies • Recognize the potential of employee • Establish job Sourcing/ long-term viability and adequate wealth- sufficient free cash flow that have sufficient ownership to correct systemic wealth quality, asset- Selection building for employees to support investments in free cash flow and income inequality and consider building, and participatory culture to support naming benefit to marginalized other employee • Select companies whose free cash flow investments in job workers as an explicit goal. impact goals for the can support debt required to finance • Screen company culture for quality conversion conversion to an employee ownership risks/opportunities related to • Develop capacities, pipeline structure as well as investments in growth employee participation goals strategies, and networks to select and participatory culture target companies whose conversion to employee ownership will • Select companies with viable succession benefit the target populations or leadership and culture fit communities • Consider diverse viewpoints and seek community input in investment decisions Stage Two: • Ensure appraisals are balanced and reflect • Ensure employee job quality • Evaluate baseline • Establish baseline demographic data • Model estimated Due Diligence & true market terms and wealth-building outcomes job quality data, on impacted populations during due gains for employees Valuation are actively considered during such as employee diligence and consider opportunities alongside valuation • Ensure no premium is paid above fair negotiations compensation and for future improvement and investor return, market value for the interest being acquired benefits during to fully evaluate • Assess baseline asset-building • Consider leverage required to support due diligence opportunity for readiness for disadvantaged valuation and consider employee-owners employees and consider opportunities • Select trustees, fiduciaries, or other worker opportunities for future improvement representatives who are independent, for future ethical, and able to advocate for employee improvement interests throughout deal cycle • Provide trustee/representative complete, accurate information • Require trustee/representative to evaluate reasonableness of any data or projections used to determine valuation • Be transparent about selection of trustee/ representative and other advisors, as appropriate • When considering competitiveness of offer, factor seller tax benefits into price negotiations as appropriate 4 GOAL DEAL STAGE 1. Design Equitable 2. Embed Broad-Based 3. Promote Quality 4. Consider Prioritizing 5. Measure and Deal Structures Ownership and Support Jobs and Working Impacted Populations Report on Employee Employee Participation Conditions Impact Stage Three: • Protect independence of trustees, • Allocate the greatest amount • Factor cost • Consider partnering with capital • Establish impact fiduciaries, or other worker representatives reasonable, but at least 30%, of job quality providers who serve target metrics and Deal Structuring to company ownership to employee improvements into communities or populations reporting protocol, Closing • Structure capital to preserve the potential ownership group capital structure which include job for long-term employee ownership • Consider partnering with financial quality metrics • Distribute ownership clearly • Ensure employee capacity, education, workforce • Target no more than a reasonable and impacted and fairly and memorialize in outcomes are development, or similar organizations market-rate return for risk and duration of population metrics, organizing documents actively considered that serve priority communities investment alongside financial during deal • Clarify employee involvement metrics • Limit influence of short-term investor time structuring at time of deal; memorialize in horizons organizing documents • Ensure capital structure adequately • Consider embedding post- considers costs associated with any ESOP transaction pass-through administration or repurchase obligations voting to employee-owners on • Encourage trustees or representatives to issues
Recommended publications
  • Consolidation and Demutualization: What Strategies Should Exchanges
    OECD, Tokyo Round Table, 11/2003 Consolidation and Demutualization: What Strategies Should Exchanges Adopt in the Future? Ruben Lee Oxford Finance Group Changing Market Structures & the Future of Trading Overview 1) Threatening Factors 2) Self-Sufficiency 3) Linkages 4) Mergers and Takeovers 5) Demutualization 6) Conclusions Changing Market Structures & the Future of Trading 1) Threatening Factors Threatening Factors Main Trends Small Number of Liquid Stocks International Listing & Trading of Domestic Stocks Internalization Regulatory Liberalization Threatening Factors Reasons for Small Number of Liquid Stocks Not Many Companies Privatization Stalled Concentration of Shareholdings Foreign/Private Purchases of Best Companies Changing Market Structures & the Future of Trading 2) Self-Sufficiency Self-Sufficiency Factors Supporting Domestic Stock Exchanges Positive “Network Externality” with Liquidity Competition Not Always Successful Foreign Listing/Trading Complements Local Trading Support of Domestic SMEs Adaptability to Local Conditions Declining IT Costs Self-Sufficiency Current Major Revenue Sources Membership Listing Trading Clearing Settlement Provision of Company News Provision of Quote and Price Data Self-Sufficiency Threats to Revenue Sources Membership - Demutualization Listing – Decline in Value + Competition Trading – Marginal Cost Pricing Clearing – Expensive + Antitrust Scrutiny Settlement – Antitrust Scrutiny Provision of Company News – Competition Provision of Quote and Price Data – Antitrust Scrutiny Changing Market Structures
    [Show full text]
  • The Sharing Economy: Make It Sustainable
    STUDY N°03/14 JULY 2014 | NEW PROSPERITY The sharing economy: make it sustainable Damien Demailly (IDDRI), Anne-Sophie Novel (journalist and author) A REGENERATING SHARING ECONOMY THAT PROMISES MUCH FOR SUSTAINABILITY Reselling, giving, swapping, short-term renting and lending—with or without monetary exchange and whether practiced between individu- als or through companies or associations—are all models that can help to increase the usage duration of resource-consuming goods. They are part of a real sharing economy that is undergoing regeneration due to the development of digital technologies. “Shareable” goods account for about a quarter of household expenditure and a third of household waste. If sharing models could be operated under the most favourable conditions, savings of up to 7% in the household budget and 20% in terms of waste could be achieved. FROM AN INTUITIVE SENSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT TO THE CONDITIONS FOR ITS REALIZATION The environmental balance sheet of sharing depends on several condi- tions that are highly specific to each model. In general, we can see the emergence of the following issues: the sustainability of shared goods, e.g. renting may enable a reduction in the number of goods produced pro- vided that the rented good does not wear out much faster; the optimiza- tion of the transport of goods, because the long distance transport of goods is reduced while transport over shorter distances increases; and consump- tion patterns, sharing models can be the vector of sustainable consump- tion but also a driver of hyperconsumption. MAKING THE SHARING ECONOMY A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY Public authorities should build an economic and regulatory framework that is favourable to virtuous models.
    [Show full text]
  • What Have We Learned? Macroeconomic Policy After the Crisis
    What Have We Learned? What Have We Learned? Macroeconomic Policy after the Crisis edited by George Akerlof, Olivier Blanchard, David Romer, and Joseph Stiglitz The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2014 International Monetary Fund and Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any elec- tronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Nothing contained in this book should be reported as representing the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, member governments, or any other entity mentioned herein. The views expressed in this book belong solely to the authors. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email [email protected]. This book was set in Sabon by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited, Hong Kong. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data What have we learned ? : macroeconomic policy after the crisis / edited by George Akerlof, Olivier Blanchard, David Romer, and Joseph Stiglitz. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-02734-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Monetary policy. 2. Fiscal policy. 3. Financial crises — Government policy. 4. Economic policy. 5. Macroeconomics. I. Akerlof, George A., 1940 – HG230.3.W49 2014 339.5 — dc23 2013037345 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Introduction: Rethinking Macro Policy II — Getting Granular 1 Olivier Blanchard, Giovanni Dell ’ Ariccia, and Paolo Mauro Part I: Monetary Policy 1 Many Targets, Many Instruments: Where Do We Stand? 31 Janet L.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overdue Compromise Proposal for a Sovereign Debt Mutualization and Reduction Scheme in the Eurozone
    An Overdue Compromise Proposal for a Sovereign Debt Mutualization and Reduction Scheme in the Eurozone Simone Paci Advisors: Jose-Antonio Espin-Sanchez (Economics), Paris Aslanidis (Political Science) Econ 491: One-Semester Senior Thesis Plsc 480: One-Semester Senior Thesis Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Academic Year 2016-2017 1 Abstract Since the beginning of the Eurozone Crisis in 2009, the question of sovereign debt sustainability has cast a shadow over the long-term prospects of the European project. On top of the risks of sovereign default, considerable differences in borrowing costs magnify real-economy divergence between the European North and South. This essay proposes a scheme for a gradual, partial, and dynamic mutualization of Eurozone sovereign debt. A portion of national debt from Eurozone member states would be phased into a communitarian institution, which would refinance it through the issuance of Eurobonds. Participation would be continually conditional on adherence to GSP rules and to a common debt reduction program. After detailing the mutualization mechanism, I evaluate the impact of the proposed institutional design on sovereign yields, taking into account first-order and second-order effects on mutual bond rates, national rates, and national debt. I then derive the dynamic distribution of costs and benefits of mutualization as the level of debt-to-GDP mutualized approaches the optimal X%, which is calculated to be between 40% and 55%. Acknowledgments As I conclude this study, I owe a debt of gratitude to several friends and mentors. First, a triad of Yale professors: my two advisors Jose-Antonio Espin-Sanchez and Paris Aslanidis, for the guidance I could not have done without; and my EU studies professor David Cameron, for the many hours of discussion that sparked my interest in the European Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of the Social and Solidarity Economy and of Social Finance to the Future of Work
    PRINT-ENG-FINAL COVERi.pdf 1 12.03.20 15:32 THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY AND SOCIAL FINANCE TO THE FUTURE OF WORK Bénédicte Fonteneau and Ignace Pollet THE CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY FINANCE TO FUTURE WORK ISBN 978-92-2030855-4 ILO 9 789220 308554 The Contribution of the Social and Solidarity Economy and Social Finance to the Future of Work The Contribution of the Social and Solidarity Economy and Social Finance to the Future of Work Bénédicte Fonteneau and Ignace Pollet (Editors) with Youssef Alaoui Solaimani, Eric Bidet, Hyunsik Eum, Aminata Tooli Fall, Benjamin R. Quiñones and Mirta Vuotto Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduc- tion or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro. org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. The contribution of the social and solidarity economy and social finance to the future of work International Labour Office, Geneva, 2019 ISBN: 978-92-2-030855-4 (print) ISBN: 978-92-2-030856-1 (web pdf) Also available in French: La contribution de l'économie sociale et solidaire et de la finance solidaire à l’avenir du travail, ISBN: 978-92-2-030950-6 (print); ISBN: 978-92-2-030951-3 (web pdf), Geneva, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics of Organization Structure Changes: a Us Perspective on Demutualization
    Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 75:4 2004 pp. 575–594 THE ECONOMICS OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE CHANGES: A US PERSPECTIVE ON DEMUTUALIZATION by Fabio R. CHADDAD* Ibmec Business School, Brazil and Michael L. COOK University of Missouri Received July 2003; final version accepted June 2004 ABSTRACT**: The objective of this study is to contribute to the current debate on demutualization from a US perspective. We document waves of demutualization and review the empirical literature examining the economics of organizational structure changes that have occurred in the US savings and loan and insur- ance industries since the 1980s. Based on the review of the litera- ture on the economics of conversions, we generate a set of general observations that might inform private and public policy perspec- tives on the future role of user owned and controlled organizations in market economies. In doing so, the paper may serve as a plat- form for further discussion among scholars, policymakers, practi- tioners, and cooperative leaders in their quest to understand and affect the ongoing process of demutualization. 1 Introduction In many developed countries, industries are characterized by a mixed structure of mutual (or cooperative) and corporate forms. For example, mutual savings banks, mutual savings and loan (S&L) * Email: [email protected]. This paper was written while Dr. Chaddad was assistant professor at Washington State University. ** Re´sume´ en fin d’article; Zusammenfassung am Ende des Artikels; resumen al fin del artı´culo. #CIRIEC 2004. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA 576 F.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe After Coronavirus: the EU and a New Political Economy Bergsen Et Al
    Europe After Coronavirus: The EU and a New Political Economy AfterEurope Political Coronavirus: The EU and a New Research Paper Pepijn Bergsen, Alice Billon-Galland, Hans Kundnani, Vassilis Ntousas and Thomas Raines Europe Programme | June 2020 Europe After Coronavirus: The EU and a New Political Economy Bergsen Bergsen et al et . Chatham House Europe After Coronavirus: The EU and a New Political Economy Summary • The COVID-19 pandemic has created a health and economic crisis without modern parallel. The scale of its effects could prompt a far-reaching re-evaluation of the role of the state in relation to the market in Europe. This paper is a thought experiment examining the consequences of a change in Europe’s political economy and the potential implications for the European project. • The current form of the European Union, centred on the single market and the single currency, evolved during a period of economic liberalization. If the COVID-19 crisis leads to a larger role for the state and a move away from market-oriented policies, the EU will face a challenge in accommodating that change. • In particular, attempts by member states to pursue more interventionist approaches could lead to clashes within the EU – especially around fiscal policy and taxation, labour markets and redistribution, and industrial policy. • Given sufficient consensus between member states, the EU could conceivably be the driver of collective change in these areas. But because of existing political differences and the fact that the health and economic crisis has had asymmetric effects within Europe, it is more likely that the pandemic response will lead to an uneven shift in economic policy across the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Investing and the Evolution of Capitalism*
    December 3, 2012 Organized by the Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University & the Sovereign Wealth Fund Research Initiative http://cgt.columbia.edu/conferences/long-term_investing/ Keynote Address LONG-TERM INVESTING AND THE EVOLUTION OF CAPITALISM* Joseph E. Stiglitz Co-Chair, Committee on Global Thought University Professor, Columbia University Moderator: Patrick Bolton Barbara and David Zalaznick Professor of Business and Economics Columbia Business School PATRICK BOLTON: It's my great pleasure to introduce our keynote speaker this evening, Joseph Stiglitz, who is the Co-chair of the Committee on Global Thought. Of course, you know Joe in many capacities and for many reasons. Joe won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2001 for his extensive work on asymmetric information and market failures. This is the Joe Stiglitz that I know, that most economists know, but there are many Joe Stiglitzes. Joe went on to have an extremely successful career in public policy and he was an author of the report on the Intergovernmental Policy on Climate Change, for which the whole team of authors was awarded the Peace Nobel Prize in 2007. Joe was also a member of the Council of Economic Advisors in the Clinton administration, and Chief Economist at the World Bank. All this time, he was writing articles and many very excellent books. He is better known to the outside world for books like Globalization and Its Discontents, Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy, and recently The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future. JOSEPH STIGLITZ: It is a real pleasure to be here.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Economic Association Annual Meetings in New York City, New York
    WELCOME Welcome to the 45th Eastern Economic Association Annual Meetings in New York City, New York. EEA Vice President Peter Diamond, who chaired the program committee, our session chairs, organizers, and review committee members have done a great job in selecting this year’s program, which I hope you find interesting and engaging. The program includes papers that adopt a wide range of different approaches to economic analysis, and encompasses divergent viewpoints with regard to economic policy. On behalf of the Eastern Economic Journal’s outstanding editors, Cynthia Bansak and Alan Zebdee, I would like to encourage you to submit your work to the Association’s journal. The Association would like to thank Ramapo College of New Jersey for hosting the Association’s home office. I hope you will also thank President Peter Mercer, Dean Ed Petkus, Dean Aaron R. S. Lorenz, and their colleagues at Ramapo College for all the support they have provided to the Association. A special thanks should be made to Alexandre Olbrecht, the Executive Director of the EEA, Kristin Kenneavy for putting together the schedule of sessions, and the three unpaid student assistants Olivia Vona, Thalia Holst and Kyle Franceschini. Furthermore, we wish one of our reviewers and elected directors, Ari Belasen, a speedy recovery from an attack by a cheetah. I am deeply honored to be part of this record-breaking Eastern Economic Association meeting, which at the time of print was poised to have the most breakout sessions ever. The EEA is an organization with a great history, and a strong commitment to excellent economic research and its application to the most pressing problems of our region and our world.
    [Show full text]
  • Adjustments in the Eurozone: Varieties of Capitalism and The
    LSE ‘Europe in Question’ Discussion Paper Series Adjustments in the Eurozone: Varieties of Capitalism and the Crisis in Southern Europe Anke Hassel LEQS Paper No. 76/2014 May 2014 LEQS is generously supported by the LSE Annual Fund Editorial Board Dr Joan Costa-i-Font Dr Vassilis Monastiriotis Dr Jonathan White Dr Katjana Gattermann All views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the editors or the LSE. © Anke Hassel 2 Adjustments in the Eurozone: Varieties of Capitalism and the Crisis in Southern Europe Anke Hassel* Abstract This paper investigates the causes of, and reactions to, the Eurozone crisis, focusing in particular on the institutional foundations of the four Southern European Eurozone countries that have encountered an acute sovereign debt crisis. Applying the basic arguments featured in the Varieties of Capitalism literature, the paper aims to show how the interaction of the institutional set-up of coordinated and mixed market economies, with the effects of the common currency area, can explain both the evolution of the crisis, as well as the reactions to it. This paper interprets the sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone as the combination of two features: firstly, the architecture of the common currency area, which instituted a common interest rate for widely heterogeneous regional economies, and secondly, the specific institutional foundations of two types of economies participating in the Eurozone, namely coordinated market economies and mixed market economies. Understanding these two factors and their interaction not only helps to explain why the Southern European countries were particularly vulnerable to exploding public debt, but also why, during the on-going resolution of the Eurozone crisis over the last two years, policy makers have persistently preferred austerity over the mutualisation of debt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Capital Structure and Governance of a Mortgage Securitization Utility
    Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports The Capital Structure and Governance of a Mortgage Securitization Utility Patricia C. Mosser Joseph Tracy Joshua Wright Staff Report No. 644 October 2013 This paper presents preliminary findings and is being distributed to economists and other interested readers solely to stimulate discussion and elicit comments. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and are not necessarily reflective of views at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors. The Capital Structure and Governance of a Mortgage Securitization Utility Patricia C. Mosser, Joseph Tracy, and Joshua Wright Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 644 October 2013 JEL classification: E02, G01, G21, G28, G32 Abstract We explore the capital structure and governance of a mortgage-insuring securitization utility operating with government reinsurance for systemic or “tail” risk. The structure we propose for the replacement of the GSEs focuses on aligning incentives for appropriate pricing and transfer of mortgage risks across the private sector and between the private sector and the government. We present the justification and mechanics of a vintage-based capital structure, and assess the components of the mortgage guarantee fee, whose size we find is most sensitive to the required capital ratio and the expected return on that capital. We discuss the implications of selling off some of the utility’s mortgage credit risk to the capital markets and how the informational value of such transactions may vary with the level of risk transfer.
    [Show full text]
  • Information for Sustainable Development in a Society Under Competitiveness Rule: a Socialist Market Economy Attitude
    Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer Revue de géographie de Bordeaux 253-254 | Janvier-Juin 2011 Chine : regard croisé Information for sustainable development in a society under competitiveness rule: a socialist market economy attitude Noble Akam Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/com/6231 DOI : 10.4000/com.6231 ISSN : 1961-8603 Éditeur Presses universitaires de Bordeaux Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 janvier 2011 Pagination : 169-192 ISBN : 978-2-86781-693-2 ISSN : 0373-5834 Référence électronique Noble Akam, « Information for sustainable development in a society under competitiveness rule: a socialist market economy attitude », Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer [En ligne], 253-254 | Janvier-Juin 2011, mis en ligne le 01 janvier 2014, consulté le 01 mai 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ com/6231 ; DOI : 10.4000/com.6231 © Tous droits réservés Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer, 2011, n° 253-254, p. 169-192. Information for sustainable development in a society under competitiveness rule: a socialist market economy attitude Noble AKAM1 The Earth Summit of 1992 put in evidence but not qualified it, the unsus- tainable character of our current model of development. Based on a competition for the exploitation and transformation of the earth natural resources, this model causes considerable environmental and social damages which carry the germs of the destruction of the planet. The rational attitude would have been to change model or to give up with the development. But the Summit of Rio de Janeiro and those following did not propose extra model: they propose an arrangement with the current model that will be to privilege any more in development the speed, but the duration.
    [Show full text]