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W IT H AN APPE N D I X CON TAINING

' ' V Erla sz s l l d D rli k xn i ( H mbur ( Q g m mt in e t e A 5 a g,

C ON TE NTS .

PAGE

’ ' TR ANS L ATQ R S FA PRE CE l

’ AU THOR S LETTER

- NOTE on THE AnniOR.

THE PHILI PPINE S

1 - E RAZPH G OG _ Y ,

I L POPU LATIO N

I Neg-riitos

a 2 Pagan Mal ys l M a e a l s 3 , oh mm dan M ay

C i M a 4? C hristian or iv lized al ys

a s fi inege a n Mix d 5 S p niard , b d ed Bree s

H'I S ’ PORY’

I . r o Early Pe i d , The a C r S n e 2 . L st entu y of pa ish Rul

cen t E 3 . Re vents

I AN B L U R D E R' IV . AMER C s

! APPE NDIX

I The C on s titution of the Philippi ne R e;

publ ic . 9 b la us e s from the Proto col and the Trea ty of Peac e; the B acon Res o lution ’ TR AN S L ATOR S PR EFACE .

' It i5 ° onl v a few w eeks since I received the author s per _

. My w mission to translate this pamphlet ork is accurate . w a though hurried . It s deemed necessary to give to my countrymen before election day the opportunit y of learn ing the opinions of a scholar w ho spent many years among w ho the Filipinos , and , by reason of his standing as a teacher of ethnolog y . is competent to speak about their ripeness for independence .

A friend has said to me Why , the American people w ’ ” w on t stand for anything w rong . I kno that the heart of our people is right— but w e must use our heads to save the heart from too great strain . It is usually more easy u to get into tro ble than to get out of it , and going blindly

the w ay out. ahead is . not best The question of slavery could have been easily settled at the foundation o f our government . But vested inter

s !d iss es - arm w a e ts and a fatuous f policy stood in the y. For a century that question frequently startled the coun “ ” try like a fire bell in the night until finally it was settled right at an immense cost of life and treasure , and to the y jeopard of our very government . N ow 1 5 the time to settle the question of dependent w colonies . rong our children by leaving the trouble to them and their children . who Lieutenant Gilmore . spent eight months a captive

M emoir in the hands of the Filipinos . states in his s that at every village and halting place he w as asked by native s “ Wh the our now fi y are Americans , former friends , ght ing us P” That is a question w hich our citizens also have a duty w w to ask . It is a question hich history ill ask . It is a question w hich the Supreme Judge of Nations and of men will ask oi the soul of the great W hite Chief when he stands at the bar of God. Let every intellectually honest man who has read the o f who Declaration Independence , and understands the o f to spirit this republican government , put the question his conscience ! The answer depends on the answer to these questions : Have we a right to tax an alien people without rept e sentation ? Have we a right to govern them without their consent ? Have we any more right to make a colony than to make a king ?

D . J . D . ’ AU TH OR S L ETTER .

1 0 0 . I O. Leitmeritz , Bohemia , Sept . 9 Dear Doctor : Many thanks for your kindness in the I ou matter o f my brochure . am still more pleased that y are one of those Americans who cling to the noble tra ditions of Franklin and Washington to free peoples and not to subjugate them . I f I had thought that my pamphlet w ould become known and read in America I w ould have softened some w expressions which may perchance ound the Americans .

F r ti in it n o ter re et suav c r i m odo . I have lived in intimacy w ith the political leaders of the Filipino people and I know thoroughly Philippine

how rock~ fa political conditions . I know st was the faith o f the Filipinos in the nobility o f the American people w hose mission it was , they thought, to free them from the

Spanish yoke . If they had had the faintest suspicion that the United States meant to annex the archipelago they w ould have taken the side of the Spaniards and would Not have defended the Spanish flag . a single Filipino musket would have been fired for the purpose of acquiring the Philippines for America , thereby exchanging a Span u ish for an American master . Sincerely yo rs ,

. U N T TT F BL ME RI . N OTE ON TH E AU TH OR .

Ferdinand Blumentritt was born in Prague , Bohemia , on 1 u o f 0 1 8 . September , 53 He spent a n mber years in the Orient making special studies of the Malayan races . He is a member of the Berliner Gesellschaft fuer Anthro olo ie p g , Ethnologie and Urgeschichte , in the proceedings f o w hich his name often appears . During his long stay in the Philippines he became inti n mately acquainted w ith the leading Filipinos . I par i t cu lar D r . Rizal was a close friend,and on the night before execution wrote him this note : “ My brother ! When you receive this I shall be dead . — ’ 1 am to be shot to morrow morning at 7 o clock . I am innocent o f the crime o f participating in the revolt . I die

an . with easy conscience Farewell , my best , my dearest f ” friend ! Think only good o me .

' not ev ral f Prof . Blumentritt only translated s e o his ’ friend s works , but wrote an eulogy of him and published ’ Riz al s defense o f the Filipinos in the International Archiv

- fuer Ethnog raphie (vol . Blumentritt is at present professor of ethnology in the — Real schule at Leitmeritz . The following are some of his writings ’ Riz al s 1 . 8 8 . Translation of Dr Noli Me Tangere , 9 Consideraciones acerca de la actual S ituacion Politica de

i 1 88 . Filip nas , 9 1 8 0 . Las Razas del Archipielago Filipino , 9

- i i 1 8 2 . Fi1 p nas Problema Fundamental , 9 ’

of . of old Translation Dr de Tavera s edition an M S . “ 1 8 o f (A . D . 5 9) Father de Placentia , entitled , Die ” t en und Gebraueche der a ten Ta alen u S i t l g , p blished hft ‘ 1 8 fi Ztsc e . n fuer Ethnologie , B rlin , 93 _ g_

1 8 0 . Diccionario mito logico de Filipinas , 9 Edition of Katechismus der Katholischen Glaubenslehre — in der Ilongoten sprache herausgegeben von P . Fray D Francisco de la Zurza , in ruck gelegt und mit — equivalenten des Ilongot textes in Spanischer bez w .

1 8 . tagal und m ag indanaischer Sprache . 93 u s clzau 1 8 8 An article in the D eutsche R nd ,Berlin , July , 9 , zur Geschichte des Separatismus der Spanischen Col h onie . in Po ul ar S cience Monthl An article (translated ) the p y , 1 8 r August, 99, on Race P oblems in the Philippine

Islands . The article of the E ncyclopedia B ritannica on the Phil

‘ ’ ippine Islands uses Blum entritt s authority freely and quotes his Versuc li einer E thnog rap /iie der P/iilipp iim i and his B ibl iograp hic dcr Philipp inen D f i adel a the m m r . . G. nton o D Bri , Ph l phi , ost pro inent “ Amer a n s calls Prof . ume t the eat ic n eth olog i t , Bl ntri t g r i n fi a t o n th h est liv ng sc ie ti c u hority e P ilippines .

' W t e r n t an a m er of the An l - a c a o f . hils l ly d ir g o S xon, Pro ’ Blumentritt s ie t fic n wl e e ma a s c n i k o dg , his ny ye rs resi den e in the h l n to the f a l of Ma a and c P i ippi es up l nil , his intim ate acquai ntance with all cl asses of Filipinos “ on entitle him to be heard the question , Are the Filipinos at this time ripe for independence ? TH E PH I L I P PI N ES .

Y I . GEOGRAPH .

The P hilippines form the northernmost part of the of Malayan archipelago . They consist more than a thousand large and small islands divided into several w groups , namely, Luzon ith the Babuyan and Batan isl a a nds , which constitute connection with Formosa ; Min w w and danao ; the Visayan islands , hich lie bet een Luzon

Mindanao ; Palauan and the Sulu islands . These latter u seem to connect Mindanao with Borneo , just as Pala an brings them into relation w ith the main part of the Philip i . S ara an pines The g islands , which lie before the south o f Talaut ern end Mindanao , lead through the group to the Moluccas and through the Sangir islands to the

Celebes . f In round numbers , the Philippines possess an area O a squ re kilometres square miles ) , so e that they are som what larger than Italy . Luzon , the largest island , contains square kilometres (about 0 0 0 0 4 , square miles ) and is consequently larger than m er W urte b . Bavaria , g and Hesse together In descend 8 0 0 ing series are Mindanao with 9 ,7 sq . km . or to square miles ) , equal Bavaria and Baden together ;

Panay , containing sq . km . square o f n miles ) , about the size Saxony and Saxon Mei ingen ;

Palauan , with sq . km . square miles ) ; which equals Alsace and Lorraine ; S amar and the some what smaller Negros , each about sq . km ,

(over square miles) , being a little smaller than

kl nber - Mec e . g Schwerin ; Mindoro , sq km . (less e than square mil s ) , equaling Carinthia ; Leyte,

. . m e sq km (about square il s) , somewhat _ 10_

- smaller than the Saxon Ernestine country ; Cebu , sq . km . (about square miles ) , equaling Saxony — - hOl Coburg Gotha and Saxony Meiningen BO , * w - a . sq . km . , hich equ ls Mecklenburg Strelitz , etc two All these islands are mountainous , there being only on Of large plains , one Luzon stretching from the gul f to o f on Lingayen the bay Manila , and the other Mindanao

at the low er end of the Rio Grande . A part of the valley o f on w Agusan , which is also Mindanao , might like ise be counted among the great plains . The mountains rise to considerable elevation , ranging from to

metres . As far as reliance may be placed on surveys thus w far made and as far as the country has been ell explored , it seems that the volcano Apo on Mindanao is the highest on mountain the archipelago , for its peak is metres

above sea level . The mention Of this mountain reminds us that the Philippines contain many active as w ell as ex tin u ished g volcanoes , although the theory that the islands Of are volcanic origin is not substantiated , because the

evidences of volcanic action are not pronounced . Earth

,quakes also are of frequent occurrence . The rivers Of the Philippines are noted for their navi a ili Rio g b ty. On Luzon the most important are the w confluents Grande de Cagayan ith its , the Rio Chico and n the Magat , the Rio del Abra , the Ag o , the Rio Grande de

la Pampanga and the Pasig . The last named is small

bu t navigable for steamers . It flows out of the large lake o f Laguna de Bay and at its mouth Manila , the chief city n . O the archipelago , is situated Mindanao , the Rio u Grande de Mindanao (or the Pulangi ) , the Ag san and

the Tagum should be mentioned . The Pulangi receives w the aters of two large lakes , Liguasan and Buluan , Of w hilst the Agusan flow s through a chain lakes . Min “ ” d anao w ell deserves its name , Land of Lakes , because

besides these it also possesses Mainit lake and lake Lanao , w hich empties its waters through the Agus into the sea . On Luzon are found basins w hich contain water only

* m arison The Am erican reader will better g rasp co p s with our The area o f the entire archi ela o is about the i o w n S tates . p g s z e i L uz on is about the siz e o f Ken o f A riz ona o r N ew Mex co . tuck y, ar e as I ndiana ana som ewhat sm a ler than N Mindanao as l g , P y l ew erse S am ar and e ros each near as ar e as Connecticut y , N g ly l g , —T l r n D e aware etc R. {eyte larg er and Cebu smal e tha l ,

The fauna of the archipelago (especially the birds ) interests us here only so far as it concerns commerce . Wax raw of is the principal product the animal kingdom , and trepang is the chief article in the export trade to China .

Tortoise shells and pearls should also be mentioned , but they are of much less importance than the articles j ust named .

O . II . POPULATI N

D . When the Spaniards discovered the Philippines (A . 1 1 —8 52 1 ) and took possession Of them (A . D . 565 4 ) they — ne rillos in distinguished three classes of inhabitants g , i m ne rillos d os and oros . The g were the black primitive

- in i m om s people whom to day we call neg ritos . By d os and were meant the coast Malays , the former name attaching

a ans and . to the p g ‘ the latter to the Mohammedans At that time Islamism was making its triumphal march through the archipelago . The chiefs and nobles on Min danao , the Visayas and southern Luzon had already ac ce ted w as p the teachings Of Mahomet , and it gaining a foothold also among the common people . But the re lig ious zeal Of the Spaniards was soon able to w in the I ndies to Christianity and to confine Mohammedanism to the southern portion of the archipelago . _ Having sub dued the coast Malays , the Spaniards discovered the s w mountain Malay , who , strong in barbaric po er , refused to submit themselves to Christ , the Catholic King o f an who Spain d European civilization , and , even to this fo r day , the most part maintain the belief and customs of their forefathers . the coast As , Malays quickly adopted Christian ideas the name indio came to mean Christian and civilized w w w Malay , hilst the ild mountain Malays ere called in fi l e es or pagans . This Spanish classification corresponds with the actual three grades of civilization into which at the present time the native population Of Malayan origin — the Christian indios is divided European Malays ( ) , the Mohammedan Malays (m om s ) and the pagan or primi tive Malays (mfieles) . The Spaniards also encountered Chinese merchant ves a nd sels in Manila bay among the Visayan islands . and uz n and Japanese corsairs in northern L o , as soon as the , Spanish dominion was firmly established numerous trad ers of both these Asiatic peoples settled in the chief trad disa ing places , especially in Manila . The Japanese p peared from the archipelago when Japan was closed to the “ to outside world , but the Chinese have remained the present day . Only men , however , migrated thither , and the most of these returned to their native land after accu o f mulating a modest competence . Children born the marriages o f Chinamen and Filipino women were for * m es ti c san le to - merly called z os d g y, but day simply

Chinese mestizos .

Comparatively few Spaniards went to the archipelago , so that there did not develop there that pow erful and in fl uential creole caste which arose so rapidly in Spanish ff America . The O spring of Spanish men and native w e m es tiz os rivale iados omen w re at first called p g , but o f now simply Spanish mestizos . Other elements the for population , example , Mexican and Peruvian Indians e or (such as discharged soldiers who settled ther ) , indi

' vidual Arabs (in Sulu ) may be disregarded . Having w thus vie ed the population as a whole, we proceed to con ff sider more closely the di erent races that compose it . 1 N G IT . E R OS .

As already stated , the Negritos are , the remnants of f the original inhabitants o the islands . Their woolly hair even more than their dark skin distinguishes these small people from the other races . Of their various native names that of Aetas is the most widely spread . Their social condition and roving habits remind us of the gypsies scattered throughout Europe , although they are not so w homeless as the European anderers . Their rovmg is t al limited to a definite area, so that it may be said hat , though they have no fixed habitation , they still have a

. o f home , or rather a hunting ground , within the limits w hich they roam about seeking food . These displaced ow ners Of the archipelago have not maintained themselves in all the islands , for they are not ‘ V found in the eastern isayas , the Sulus or the Babuyanes and Batan islands . Throughout the other islands they are

* ni h nam for hin S ang ley is a S pa s e C ese traders in the Philip — T pines R. _ 1 4 scattered in small tribes separated from one another by two other races . Only in places do they occupy large , com On pact areas , one the northern part of the east coast of Luzon (w here they are called Dumagat or Dumagas ) and the other on Mindanao in the mountainous region south

o f Mamanuas . e . lake Mainit (where they are known as , i , h i autoct on . the people of the country , the ) The paucity Of their number even in these places may be seen by the estimate of the strength of the Dumagat at between Mamanuas and individuals , and that of the at about the same . According to several concordant estimates . the total figure of all the N egritos cannot much exceed

Though the clothing of the Negritos is limited to the — breech clout much attention is paid to personal decoration . which consists in tattooing and the use of bracelets and earrings made of roots , kernels , rattan , etc . The men w o f w ear a garter made bristles of the ild boar . Their w bow w principal eapon is the and arro , but they also use the cutlass , which they obtain , by means Of barter , from the Christians . A simple screen or roof to protect from the wind or storm serves as a house . But in regions where they have been influenced by contact w ith Malay neigh bors they use poor huts and to some extent attempt the cultivation o f field produce . In general they live by hunting and fishing and on wild fruits . They are not at I n all dainty their choice Of food , eating even the larvae Of the bees whose wax is their chief article of exchange . w Their small hordes are ruled by the elders , ho arbi trate their quarrels . They are monogamous and enjoy a good reputation for morality . Like our gypsies they on are considered to be untameable , but this point a final judgment 1 5 not justifiable . They are represented as good n atured but revengeful , and they are both feared and de

s ised . p by their Christian neighbors They are pagans , and only those hordes that have sunk both morally and physically can be induced by means Of gifts to be cate

Or . chized baptized However , on Mindanao the Jesuits have demonstrated that earnest efforts can accomplish m for for uch them , they succeeded in converting a con s iderable number Of the Mam anuas and In inducing them to In to settle fixed habitations and undertake agriculture . _ 1 5_

n t t n nor Scarcely anything is k own abou heir religio , is the question as to their language Settled . The modern Negritos speak idioms which are closely related to those of their Malay neighbors , and it would seem that their To um r ori inal language has been lost . s up, the Neg itos g _ may be said to be a race destined to perish . AT H N A AY 1 H E . 1 . E M L S E off xcept Samar , Leyte , Bohol and the islands the east coast of Luzon all the larger islands are “ occupied in their mountainous interior by Malay races which either

' still preserve the beliefs o f their pagan ancestors or have only in recent times been partially won to Christianity . w o f On Luzon e find , first all , the head hunting tribes o f I orrotes Kian anes Ma o aos Isina as , , y y , y , the g , g Apoy Ginaanes aos , , Ibilaos and others who are settled in the

mountain districts o f the north . The mongolian type

can be traced in their physique , and this has led to the . Opinion that they are descendants of Chinese or Japanese — pirates an opinion which though widely accepted is un o f r founded . They are generally st onger build than the

coast Malays . They live in small villages and sometimes , or the on like the ancient Germans modern Boers , family f arms. The Ig orrotes who occupy the cooler highlands build pine huts raised on posts . The interior is black with soot and the ex terior is decorated w ith hunting trophies such

as the skulls of wild beasts . The climate compels more

- attention to clothing. The breech cloth , the sarong and

‘ ffi — the j acket are insu cient , and an additional plaid like m gar ent is worn as a protection against cold and wet . For head covering a head band or a cap made from rattan ff f and woven di erently in di ferent tribes is worn . The manner of dressing the hair is also different in di fferent

tribes . The mountain Malay cannot be thought of with for out his weapon , he always carries at least a large woodman ’ s knife w hich sometimes (as among the Igor

rotes ) is hung from a finely decorated belt. Out o f doors I orrote the g is hardly ever without his spear, and the

' shield and battle - axe complete his armament for the war or I lon otes path . The Ibilaos ( g ) are the only ones who use the bow and arrow in battle . The tomahawk (called L iua) used by the mountaintribes of northwestern Luzon has a projecting thorn for spitting the heads of fallen

“ enemies . As already said , most of these tribes are head hunters like the Dyaks of Borneo . In w ar and in blood feuds the heads Of the fallen foes are cut Off and pre served as highly prized spoils . ' The home bringing Of enemies heads is also part of the celebration at weddings and funeral feasts . As far as possible the Spaniards have checked this practice , but only in small districts like Benguet have they been able to entirely suppress it . In relief to this barbarous custom these people have many fine traits o f character . They surpass all other races in the archipelago , even the sancti m oni w ous . o f hites , in honor and veracity Amongst most the tribes the chastity of maidens is carefully guarded , and in some all the young girls are kept together till marriage w Old w in a large house here , guarded by omen , they are taught the industries of their sex , such as weaving , pleat Th ing , making cloth from the bark of trees , etc . e Kian Ma o aos ganes , y y and other tribes in the interior show o f marked industry in the cultivation their fields . The steepness of the country compels them with great labor — to build their rice fields in terraces a task worthy Of all 7 praise . “ here the climate does not favor the cultivation Of w rice they gro maize , and certain tubers like Gabi (C olocas ii anti nor nm S chott D ios corca alata q , ) or Ubi ( , V idal o r C our/ 0 121 111115 batatas ) Camote ( , Hunting and fishing occupy a secondary place after w agriculture , hich is neglected only by such tribes as are mixed w ith negro blood or such as have been forced by ow n circumstances away from their habitats ; like , for I lon otes example , the g Of central Luzon or the various

Cimarrones tribes of the Camarines peninsula . Strange to say , none of these tribes practice cattle breeding . Their

. do domestic animals are the hog the hen and the g , the latter being used not only for hunting purposes , but also e — as an article of food . Th y seldom possess caribou buf f l a oes w . or co s The horse is a rarity among them , but is finally used as food . r Their religion is based on ancestral wo ship , which

- also favors head hunting . Their gods , the chief of whom

* These are escu ent roots ike the turni and am or sweet l l p y potato . —TR . —1 7

no or Ka ni n . , is Buni bu a , are invisible They have idols but they honor Old and tall trees (especially the Ficus indica ) as the dwelling place of the gods and spirits . In this they resemble the ancient Germans , as also in the fact that women are admitted to the priestly and seer castes . These priestesses play an important part in the s treatment of diseases . Religious and profane feast are w f celebrated ith gorging and drinking , bu falo meat and — a home made brandy being the chief articles of the menu .

The drinking o f brandy is a w idespread evil among them . a w It is not constantly indulged in , as mong the hites . but w only on festive occasions . On such occasions , ho ever . w it is used excessively , in unconscious compliance ith the not saying , Whoever has never had a spree is a brave

The Ting ianes occupy a transition stage between these “ ” defiant , warlike and wild mountain tribes , and the

- o f manageable , pliant and good natured coast Malays w I locoans Luzon . Their habitat is bet een the civilized o n - I or rotes Ginaanes one side and the head hunting g , and

Apoyaos on the other . Their customs have many things w w — in common ith their ild neighbors , but head hunting is not known among them and they quickly adopt the

Christian religion and the entire Hispano - Philippine civ i i n il z at o .

All these tribes are very musical , as indeed are the — Filipinos generally . The drum made from a hollow ed out log and the g ansa are their most distinctive instruments . ans a w The g , hich besides is found only among some tribes o f o f central Luzon , consists of a kind cymbal fastened to

w . n the ja bone of a slain enemy Fi ally , it should be said . that all these mountain tribes smoke pipes whereas in the rest of the archipelago cigars and cigarettes are pre * o f betel 2 w ferred . The practice chewing is idespread .

* Betel leaves are mix ed with bon a ruit and im e an 2 . d the g f l , i ur al e bu o is m uch u sed b e en the civiliz ed n i m x t e c l d ll y v at ves . I t e l aim ed that it is a re entive of tro ica diarrhoe has be n c p v p l as. S ee i th Phili ines b v dici an D iseas e n e D a id . D ohert Me ne d pp , y J y , M. D . ' A s c un 1 6 - Med. s o e TR. ourna of Am . (J l , J , * This is a line rom a Germ an student son : 1 . f g er niem a s einen Rausch e abt W l g h , D er ist kein braver Mann ! W e r seinen D urs mit Achteln l abt t , ’ lieber ar nich n ! — Fang g t a etc TR. _ 1 3_

The mountain pagans o f Mindanao are lower in the f scale o civilization than those of Luzon . find also here types both of the w arlike I g orrotes and of the pacific Tin ianes o f a g Luzon , the former chiefly in the e st and Manda as Man~ south of Mindanao (such as Bagobos , y , Gian as obos , Tagakaolos , g and others ) and the latter in n S ubanos Bukidnos Tiru ra s the orth and west (such as , , y ’ w e and others ) . In the matter of men s clothing note the re short trousers worn by many tribes . Their weapons call those Of Luzon except that the head—hunting axe with the thorn is missing and the bow and arrow are more — used . Head hunting and slave seizure are considered the

most . noble undertakings o f the southern and eastern

tribes . The prevalence of the former is shown by a usage w Manda as hich exists among the y and Manobos , who bestow a kind o f uniform upon the lucky assassin accord

w . e ing to the number of heads he can sho For xample , the bag anis or successful head hunters w ear a garment in w hich red predominates and on w hich the number o f i im i ‘ their v ct s s designated by special marks . Thus there ba anis o f are g the first , second and third class , much as

amongst us are found knights , commanders and grand f crosses of the orders o chivalry . Constant head and

slave hunting decimated these tribes frightfully . Only in recent times have the Jesuit missionaries been able to w introduce , together ith Christianity , a peaceable disposi w tion into isolated tribes . Relapses , ho ever , are frequent and the greater part o f these predatory head hunters still

live in complete freedom . The continuous feuds , the

- never ceasing dread of a sudden attack , in short the con stant excitement in w hich the head hunters Of Mindanao had on naturally live , has a most debasing influence their

character . They are treacherous and untruthful and in the low morality of their w omen are by no means superior

. to those of Luzon Their agriculture is wretched , the e forest is grubbed and burned ov r , the ground merely

scratched and then the seed is sown . After a few scant ( or harvests , the soil , being never fertilized hardly if at

u . all cleaned from weeds , ref ses to produce They are therefore compelled to clear other parts of the primeval

forests and to begin fresh again . Their huts are much simpler than those of the Igorrotes

ansa o f between the north and the south . The g the Luzon uns w we a , head hunters is not kno n , but instead find the g o f w y a sort gong, hich is much used by the Visa ans and the Mohammedan coast Malays , and very likely passed

from these to the mountain pagans . Through the reception o f Moslemism or Christianity all these mountain tribes pass gradually upward into the

Moros or Visayans , and this surrender of nationality is made easier by the scattered distribution and the small ness of the districts in w hich their dialects are spoken . In the Visayan islands mountain pagans are found w on . only Cebu , Negros and Panay Little is kno n about Bukidno s of them . The Panay are the most numerous and may be counted among the warlike head - hunting tribes . Spanish and English writers have erroneously i given the name of Ig orrotes to the Buk dnos . The whole interior o f Mindoro is occupied by the Man w “ ianes . g The ord Mangian means woodman . and it is applied by the Tagal coast dwellers to all the mountain tribes of the interior . When I speak here of the Man g ianes I mean those mild mannered mountain Malays o f w ho Mindoro , , in spite of their degeneracy , possess a written alphabet w hich is related to the alphabets in g en eral use among the coast Malays at the advent of the

Spaniards . What I have said o f the Mangianes o f Mindoro is ex actl o f o f w h y true the mountain pagans Palauan , o are

called Tagbanuas . They are degenerated and peaceable

and they also have a w ritten alphabet . It must be left to future researches to determine w hether these Mang ianes who w how w and Tagbanuas , kno to rite but who occupy o f a lower step culture , were once at the same level o f

civilization as the Tagals and Visayans , and whether they were later crowded back by the Tagals (on Mindoro)

and the Borneans (on Palauan ) into the forests , where

. w they degenerated and became wild In other ords , are they really mountain pagans or do they represent dis placed coast races ? At any rate they form as direct a transition stage to these latter as do the Tingianes o f

Luzon . There is one thing peculiar and common to all these r mountain tribes , namely , their low deg ee of skill in _ 91 _

navigation in spite of the fact that some live on large

navigable lakes or rivers , and others , breaking through of the zone coast Malays , occupy the sea shore, as is the

case on Mindoro and Palauan .

It is very hard to estimate their numerical strength . Though the dialects are numerous the number o f indi v i l dua s who use them is small . Many tribes number only o r to souls , and the total number according the lowest estimate is and according to the high est

TH HA D AN A AY . 3 . E MO M ME M L S I f we suppose that the Negritos are the original in habitants of the archipelago who were driven into the mountains and dispersed in small tribes by invading not to Malays we may , for several reasons necessary recite

here , also divide the immigration of these Malays into o f stages . First come the ancestors the mountain tribes

who originally occupied merely the coasts . After a long period came the progenitors o f the modern Christian coast

races , the Tagals , Visayans , etc . , and their invasion forced

the mountain pagans into the interior . Still later , at a time when Islamism had already spread thro ughout the o f ances Dutch archipelago , a third wave Malays , the f o . tors the modern Moros , swept into the country These

latter were able to gain a firm footing in the south , but their invasion met with a speedy check from the Spaniards

in the Visayas and in south and middle Luzon , and it did

no t extend into northern Luzon . I f we should follow the order o f seniority in studying the human strata o f the archipelago it would now be in

order to speak of the Christian coast Malays . But I re serve the consideration Of these to the last because they furnish the easiest transition to the political history and o f modern conditions the country, while the Negritos, the mountain pagans and the Moros have no part in the

Philippine question . We will therefore next study the

Moros . These Malays may be divided into several race or h dialect groups , among whom the Sulus and t e Magin

danaos are the most prominent . The former inhabit the — Sulu sub archipelago and the principal coast districts of Palauan ; the latter are settled at the mouth of the Rio ” 2

Grande and on the southwest coast of Mindanao. Closely Ilanos related to these last named are the Illanos or , who inhabit the part of the island lying between Illana bay and the chain of mountains that forms the water - shed between lake Lanao and the Rio Grande . Smaller tribes of Moros are found in w estern and southern Mindanao .

All these Moro tribes are mixed races . The ancestors of the Sulus seem to have migrated from Borneo , and those of Magindanaos from Molucca . Even those Malay “ gypsies the Orang—laut (w hom the Spaniards call Lutaos ) may be considered as a ferment among the

Moros , and especially is it plausible to suppose such a mixture in the Illanos . The pagan natives of the districts now occupied by the Moros w ere subdued and assimi !! lated by the conquerors . The process has been continued to the present day by means of slave raids among the Tirura s Bukidnos m o f y . , Suba os and other pagan tribes

. w Mindanao Piracy , hich the Sulus practiced in Philip w pine aters up to thirty years ago , and the chief object w was of hich the capture of slaves , also contributed to the — process . Consequently the Moros of to day are a cross breed resulting from the intermixture of a number of Philippine tribes and (like the Magyars o f Europe ) it is only their speech which perpetuates them as a distinct — . w race As to intermixture ith non Philippine races . the Spanish theory that the Moros are mongrels of Arabs and Malays is one of those creations of the southern imagination which D audet characterizes so acutely in

Bom ard N m na R ou m es tan. Naturallv p in his , it hap pened that individual Ai abs settled there but if that f A su fices to make the Moros descendants of rabs . W ith much more reason could they be considered the mixed off spring o f Malay and Spaniard or Mexican or Peruvian f1 Indians , for the slaves captured by them om amongst the Spanish , Mexican and Peruvian regular soldiers far outnumbered all the Arabs that ever came there . On the other hand many natives were brought from Borneo whose region of Saba belonged to Sulu up to twenty- hy e years ago ; w hilst in the sixteenth century the Moros fre quently had Macassares and Alfuros as mercenaries or

* - T rm r es en . he Ge an wo d is au o i. e sucked u fg g , , p or (like a — lemon) squeez ed out TR. l slaves, and also to a ess extent Papuan slaves from Ter nate and Tidore . During the middle ages Javanese may well have settled there, at least in Sulu .

As to the costume of the Moros , the most noticeable w thing about it is that the long trousers of the men , hich

' saron w extend down to the ankle , are tight . The g is orn w w over the trousers , and a j acket ith narro sleeves , a w aistband and a turban wound in the manner of the western Malays complete their national dress . Their

‘ weapons are like those o f the other Philippine Malays kris w with the exception of the , hich may have either a n straight o r a serpentine blade . Firearms are in ge eral use and they even cast small cannon called lantaka. The helmet and coat o f mail (made from chains or plates of horn ) are found only among the Illanos , and that but rarely . The Moros live by agriculture and fishing and to a less extent by hunting . Rice and maize are chiefly cultivated ,

f . and also sugarcane , co fee and tobacco The cocoa palm and the banana are of the same importance among them as among the other coast Malays . The bamboo and the rattan are indispensable in keeping house . Their indus tries are limited to weaving and the manufacture of w eapons and ornaments . Besides poultry and the carri bou- buffalo the horse is to be mentioned among their domestic stock . The social system o f the Moros rests on feudalism and s lavery . Below the Sultan stand the great barons or dattos w ho , in turn have vassals and slaves . Fortified courts surrounded by stone walls and palisades and called cottas , serve as residences for the sultans and dattos . lantakas The above mentioned constitute the armament .

Powerful sultans and dattos possess several cottas . The most prominent of the Moro princes is the Sultan of Sulu ,

- to whom the entire sub archipelago of Sulu is subject . Formerly the sultanate o f Mindanao was as powerful as that O f Sulu , but its naturally feeble bonds were weak foi ened by strifes succession , and the present sultan is unimportant as compared with his ancestors . A large number o f dattos declared themselves independent and of some like those Kudarangan , Talayan and others even assumed the title o f sultan . Since the introduction o f gunboats ( i 86o piracy has been extirpated and the dattos have lost their chief n source of income . The result is a notable economic a d political decline in all Moro regions . Islam has indeed filled the Moros w ith religious fanat icism es , but its teachings cling merely superficially, eciall p y in southern Mindanao, where the people are

Mahommedans only in name . Since the pilgrimage to Mecca has been rendered so easy by the steamship lines the not the Sulus also visit grave of the Prophet , but numerously . The tota l number of Moros is estimated at betw een and The former figure is more reliable and the latter absolutely incorrect , for according to my statistical researches there can be at the outside not more than on Mindanao , Sulu , Balabak and Palauan . H A . T E H TI AN N D N G C 1 V 1 L 1 2 E D A AY 4 C RIS LO M L S . On o f the coasts Luzon , the Visayas and north and east Mindanao dw ell those Malay races who had already reached a considerable degree of civilization at the time o f w ho the Spanish conquest , and quickly accepted the Cath olic religion and adapted themselves to Spanish ideas and culture . They do not form a single people but are divided Z into the Tagals (middle Luzon and Mindoro ) , the am

, central bales (west Luzon ) the Pampangos ( Luzon ) , Pan asinanes w Ilocoans g ( est Luzon ) (northwest Luzon ) , Ka a anes , g y (north Luzon ) Bikols (south Luzon ) , of Batanes (islands same name ) , Visayans (island group of same name and north and east coast of Mindanao ) and A utainos Kalamianes Ko uros— the g , and y although these three last are really christianized Tag abuanes and there fore strictly do not belong in this classification . The most prominent representatives of this stage o f civilization are I locoans the Tagals , the and the Visayans ; the former on account of their general education , the second because o f their enterprise and push , and the third because they are the most numerous race of the archipelago . These long christianized Malays (the indios of the Spaniards) are of smaller physique than the mountain Two of Malays . types feature may be recognized in one - them , with small mongol like eyes and the other with A n large eyes . resemblance to the Japa ese type is also Ilocoans frequent, and it has even happened that Tagals, and others of this race who traveled in Japan have been mistaken by the Japanese themselves for fellow country men . At any rate, it is not wholly improper to describe them as a transition stage between the Malays and the i not i Japanese , although only actual observat on and sc ence can establish the hypothesis . The costume o f the peasant consists of a trousers and a shirt, which is worn like a j acket , that is , outside the not trousers . Such a costume is met only in various of parts Spanish America , but also in Hungary and Th salakot Roumania . e head is covered with the , a

' hem is hericall sha ed p y p hat , often decorated with silver and sometimes having a spike of the same metal . O ther

o f . forms hat also occur , but less frequently Shoes are w orn only onfeast days ; at other times the ordinary peas ant prefers to go barefooted . Women and girls of the s s a a lower classe wear a short blouse , and over this the y n of S (a ki d arong) , which takes the place of the dress , all d and above , worn transversely , a second sarong calle t or the apis . They protect their heads by a salakot a w o f kerchief , which is orn just as in many parts Germany a and Austria . The kerchief is so pl ced that one corner hangs d0w n the back and the other two are tied beneath ‘ o f fichu the chin . The addition a such as Tyrolese women wear (called the candong a) and slippers or shoes makes their festal attire . Such is the dress of the common people . The higher we ascend the social scale the more the costume resembles European modes , and since these Malays include more cultured people than the Servians and Bulgarians the percentage o f persons who wear European dress is larger than among those nations of the Balkan peninsula which enjoy independence and self to government . It is be regretted that the illustrated papers present in relation _to the political disturbances in the Philippines only types of the lower classes because w the reading world , hich is unacquainted with the con i i f b d t ons o that country , must be led there y to form the same underestimate of its brave people that the Americans have formed . — The usual Tagal house is the following : A one story —26

o f r c to house made wood , bamboo o rattan , ac ording the ’ on owner s means and accessible material , rests posts about as high as a man its roof is covered with nipa palms or cogon grass and 1 11 the huts of the poor classes the walls also are made from w oven palm leaves . Access w is by means of a ladder from outside . The indows have

w . shutters , hich may be Opened or shut as needed On the

Batan islands even the poorest people live in stone houses , w w but 0 11 hich are calcimined a dazzling hite , the other

- - f islands only the well to do can a ford such buildings . w be Ho ever , many prefer the lightly built cane houses cause they are less dangerous and better resist the fre o n quent earthquakes than stone ones . But the other hand frequent and destructive conflag rations occur in the dis ~ tricts where bamboo and similar materials are used for construction . All the better class of houses are adorned with verandas . The furniture of a day laborer or field hand consists o f mostly mats and cooking utensils , the mats serving as

w . beds , covering and pillo s Sacred pictures and petrol eu m lamps give evidence of European influence . In the d wellings of the better classes the furniture approaches more nearly European fashions the higher one ascends in the social scale . That of the most prominent Filipinos can be distinguished from the furniture o f the Spaniards a nd n other foreig ers only by its greater luxury .

The Tagals and the Filipinos generally live by ag ricul e ture and fishery . Rice is their principal food , taking the not f place of our bread , but it is cultivated in su ficient abundance and has to be imported from French Cochin

China . This is so because the natives devote themselves l to more profitable plants , principal y sugarcane , hemp and tobacco . The cultivation of indigo and coffee has notably f declined , but su ficient maize , gabe and ubi are grown for home consumption . The cocoa palm and the banana are important articles in Filipino housekeeping .

Up to the close o f the Spanish - American war the culti vated land belonged for the most part to the Spanish D religious orders , the ominicans , Augustinians and Fran of e ciscans. Especially the province Cavit was almost a

_ 2g _ m estic to needs , but also for export Manila and other

o f . places . In some sections Luzon horses are also raised They a re o f small build and are a cross between Spanish not and Chinese or Japanese animals . Poultry is raised only for the flesh and eggs , but also for the sake of breed ing fighting cocks , for the Filipinos are as much addicted

- - to cock fig hting as are the Spaniards to bull fig hts . Aguin o f en aldo , the president the Philippine republic , has deavored to repress this evil by prohibitory measures . — m uche comm ented ou Another vice of the natives , the w che ing of betel , is declining ; for the better classes began “ f to look upon it as shocking . Although the drinking o one eu palm wine was widespread , could still say of the tire Philippine archipelago that it w as free from the curse d w of drunkenness ; but to ay , herever the American flag w w has been raised , the use of hisky has follo ed , and this seems to be the only real result which the Americans have

as yet achieved . The national industries o f the Filipinos occupied a higher level at the time of the Spanish conquest than they

- w do to day . Finely oven goods made from pineapple fibres (pina ) and fine straw and bast textures (as for

s a . mat , cigar c ses , etc ) are their specialties . The variety o f w baskets hich they are able to make from rattan , grass ,

palm leaves , etc . , is remarkable . The ancient goldsmith ’ s art has persisted to some ex ' o f tent , and the silversmiths Manila in particular have a

high reputation . The tendency of all classes and castes to decorate themselves w ith trinkets and j ewelry favors of the continuance this old Filipino trade , although Speci mens of European handiwork are coming into more gen a eral use . M ny branches of trade , such as shoemaking ,

are monopolized by the Chinese .

The Filipinos passionately pursue the study of music n and their musical gifts are generally recog ized . The u harmonium , harp , violin and g itar are the favorite do~

m estic u . s instr ments Every village pos esses at least One a hand . Their ancient nation l song and dance measures im an Talin Kurd dao . , , , such as the etc still survive , ' and w i h alternate t Strauss waltzes and other productions o f

. European masters The Filipino voice , however , is too weak to make opera singers like those of European races , w There are a fair number of native composers , hose no t works , while extraordinary , are , nevertheless , entirely acceptable . They likewise possess both taste and gifts for the crea w tive arts . I mean not only for ordinary ood and ivory carving , but for painting in the European manner , which Of has found devotees among them . these I will mention Ilocoan at the Juan Luna , because his paintings aroused tention in Europe , and were even reproduced in illustrated

L ei z t Z eitun . I ll ns r . papers like the p . g Misled by the name , people attributed them to a Spanish author . The main features of Filipino character are quiet docil w ff ity and ambition , hich ranges through di erent degrees from vanity to proud striving after recognition of the and w o f Ego , hich is one the most important psychical factors in the Philippine question . This explains their — w - in proneness to revenge , hich (long reined and mas tered An ) seeks satisfaction w hen opportunity offers . other attribute o i the Filipinos has show n itself for the first time in the rebellion against the Spaniards and in the — war against the Americans eu attribute w hich there had been no previous opportunity to observe . This is a self control which resembles that of northern peoples and w hich mani fests itself in this , that they restrained them w selves , ith few exceptions , from satisfying their ancient thirst for revenge on the unfortunates who fell into their “ w a hands , because they ere mindful of their reput tion in ” c ha. . t Europe In fact , the Philippine revolution z o been stained by such cruelties as have the revolutions of Eu w ropean nations . There is still another thing hich casts a favorable light upon their national character , namely , the discipline maintained by the former army of Rebellion , no w the army of Freedom of the Philippine republic . All w ho have read the history of the revolts of the Spanish col onies in America will surely remember that the rebels were always in discord and that their generals betrayed , de serted o f and , even in the very presence the enemy , fought Yet w few each other . , ith exceptions , those generals w belonged to the hite race , the creole nobility . In the on Philippine army , the contrary , that was drawn to gether from so many provinces and whose generals were chiefly Malays , all ran smooth , and , i f we except the _ 30_ single case of General Luna (which has not yet been cleared up ) , there ruled a spirit of subordination and discipline which the Filipinos could not have l earned from their former Spanish masters . Germans who have lived both in Japan and the Philippines assert that the Filipino o f is the equal the Japanese in many respects , and far his superior in a sense o f honesty and justice . The char acter of the Filipino as a host and friend is well known , and I have so often experienced this that I cannot suf fi i n c e tly praise it . In judging the Filipinos one should not accept the Opinion o f the Spaniards nor form his ow n opinion from contact w ith servants and such people ; neither should he o f take the people of Manila as a standard , for the air a great city denationalizes and promotes degeneration . Many travelers speak of their proclivity to lying and hypocrisy , but they omit to state that, under the monkish w ea regime , lies and deceit ere the only m ns the people had to protect themselves against the agg ression of their

- all powerful masters . Germans and Englishmen who are not familiar with the polite phrases of the Spanish w orld take as genuine what the Spaniards and people tra ined by them consider to be merely non - committal w ords o f politeness , and then when undeceived , they complain o f

. wh falsehood , etc But anyone o know s the abundant wealth o f phrases w hich Spanish politeness has at com

, w mand everyone who is at home in the Spanish orld , w ill easily distingu ish the conventional from the genuine falsehood . o f w e Speaking Spanish , may state that it is the lan f w guage of the o ficial and business orld , but that it is

fluently spoken only by the educated . The larger the city , o f who the greater the number those speak it . The com Z mon people (except in Manila , amboanga and some other places ) , and also the middle classes in remote dis

tricts ow n u . , speak their lang age The monks themselves o f opposed , secretly but successfully , the spread the Span u ish lang age , in order that at each change of ministry the f incoming o ficials should be dependent upon them . The law , indeed , prescribed that Spanish should be taught in all schools , but the parish priest being school inspector it happened to that law as to all other law s which the _ - 31

— or monks did not approve it remained , more less , merely

a written or printed paper . Consequently instruction was given in the common schools only in the language o f the

people .

Every parish had at least two parish schools , one for boys and one for girls . The attendance was in many provinces larger and the percentage of illiteracy smaller D not i than in Italy, Hungary and almatia , to ment on other interesting counties Of Eastern Europe . In the a second ry schools , which , under the Spanish rule , were found only in Manila , and in the university , instruction was given in Spanish . It was a frequent occurrence that young men thirsting after know ledge would enter Span ish families as servants so as to learn enough Spanish to attend those higher schools . The talent of the Filipino for languages is very great . I have seen with astonish

ment how quickly my friends learned European tongues .

In Barcelona , a young Bikol named Panganiban , learned

German so w ell in forty - five weeks that he spoke it more correctly and more intelligibly than most of my Slav Pan ansinan and n countrymen do . In g N eva Ecij a many Pan anisanan people speak three dialects , Tagalog , g and l I ocoan.

At all events , we have in the Filipino coast Malays a highly gifted and ambitious people , who deserve and will o f continue to deserve the sympathy civilized Europeans . In number they run from six and a hal f to eight million individuals , and some estimate them at still more . The — Tagals constitute less than one third and more than one

one- Ilocoans fourth , the Visayans nearly half , the three and tenths , then come in descending series the Bikols , — Pan anisanes Z Ka a anes g , Pampangos , ambales , g y , Koy i Kalam ianes A uta nos . uvos , and g

5 . IS H H N AN D X PAN D B D . S , C I ESE MI E REE S

out ffi Leaving the monks , o cials and soldiers , the num ber o f European Spaniards in the islands during the last quarter of a century has hardly amounted to one one

thousandth part Of the population , and being . devoid of w culture , kno ledge and wealth , they have had but little influence on the country . Those only were successful or who married rich Filipino , mestizo creole women and _ 32 _

f settled down permanently . O the creoles (or Spaniards born in the Philippines ) I shall speak when I come to con w w be sider the mixed breeds, from hich they cannot ell separated .

The Chinese are by no means numerous , being only

- w . o f about t o and one half per cent the total population ,

but they are o f the greatest economic importance . They

constitute the class of traders and agents, and many have

grown to be large merchants , having increased their w“ b . ealth y taking up government contracts Besides , a

number of trades are actually monopolized by them . Their successful competition has caused them to be hated

by all classes Of the natives , but still they are frequently considered to be indispensable . This remark bears also on the future of the country . As is the case everywhere in foreign parts , the Chinaman remains also in the Philip a to pines nomad . His aim is accumulate a modest capital w and ith it return to his native land . E ven those who have married native women often desert w ife and chil dren in order to pass the rest of their lives on their native Th soil . e Spanish government made such marriages difficult for the Chinese by a law that only Christians

could wed native women . Consequently the Chinese can didate for marriage had to get baptized . Such compulsion not is indeed praiseworthy , but it worked for the benefit o f l land and peop e, in so far that the children o f such

mixed marriages remain Filipinos , while in Dutch India and the Straits Settlement the off spring born o f China men and native women keep the race , creed and speech f o their fathers . In the Philippines two kinds of mixed breeds are dis i i h d t n u s e . g the Spanish and the Chinese mestizos . The first is the result of crossing the Spanish and native races , the other the off spring of the Chinese and native women . The extensive nomenclature and classification o f race intermixtures used in Latin America are not adopted in

the Philippines . Thus the son Of a white man and a Span ish mestizo and the child o f a w hite man and a Chinese

mestizo are both called Spanish mestizos . In the veins o f

many mestizos three bloods are commingled , Caucasian ,

Malayan and Mongolian . The Spanish mestizos of the w third g eneration (that is , those hose fathers and g r and fathers were white ) count themselves as Philippine Span iards o r of , creoles . Consequently the maj ority the cre

oles are mixed with Malayan and Chinese blood , and that is my reason for treating them and the Spanish mestizos

together . The Philippine Spaniards and their hybrids have never

played an active and leading role in the country, as they en did in Spanish America . Not the climate , but rather vironm ent , is the chief cause of this , because all Spanish d a circles lived and still live , even to ay , more in the p st

than in thinking about the future . Thus , besides the

duty of politeness and amiability , the creoles and their

mestizos have , unfortunately , inherited from their Span ish fathers also their passivity tow ards everything which

is called Progress . In political matters the creoles have rather w ithdraw n timidly into the background than boldly

'

taken a stand at the footlights . They and their mixed

offspring are entirely devoid of backbone . This is per

haps due to the fact that , up to the seventies , the Spanish government rested its entire suspicion upon them and con considered them dangerous and unreliable . Thus stantl be y spied upon and persecuted , they have naturally

come frightened and intimidated . To be sure, there were

and are exception s enough .

The creoles adopted Spanish manners and customs . w ’ The mestizos , hen rich , did the same , but when poor led the same manner of life as Filipinos of like social rank

and means . The ‘ Chinese mestizos form an interesting class of the

Philippine population . Raised in the Catholic religion ,

they are simply Filipinos . They are as prejudiced against

the race of their fathers as the other Filipinos , and the circle o f culture to which they belong and for which they

strive is the Christian European . They are the most

active and enterprising class in the islands . The mercan tile mind and the spirit o f industry inherited from their

fathers are further developed in them . Unlike the Span

ish mestizo , they do not push into the clerical , medical d and legal professions , but they are shrew business men of and contractors . The business lending money is largely on carried by them in a thorough businesslike way. o f P e The number hilippin Spaniards, or creoles, t f amounts to about per cen , and that o both Spanish o f and Chinese mestizos to about 3% per c ent . the whole population , the Chinese mestizos being the more numer ous .

O Y. III . HIST R

A P RI OD . I . THE E RLIER E

1 1 2 1 On March 6, 5 , Fernando Magallanes discovered ' the first island o f the archipelago now called the Philip Iomon ol of pines . This was j island , one the Surigao on o f group . He met his death the little island Mactan o f o f as he was assisting the new vassal Spain , the King

Cebu , in battle against a hostile neighbor . Thereupon to the Spaniards left the archipelago, which they had

f . o . given the name St Lazarus islands However, they sent out several other expeditions which visited the south -

a . ern islands , but without making firm establishment On one o f these expeditions (that of V illalobos ) the name Philippine was first given to one of the Visayan islands; and afterwards extended to the whole archi

pelago . Possession of the Philippines was first taken in 1 565 wh by Don Miguel Lopez de Legazpi , o, aided by his

daring grandson , Don Juan de Salcedo , succeeded inside of seven years in subjugating the coast regions of Luzon w and the Visayan islands , as ell as some parts of the f north and east coasts o Mindanao . As far as the coast w as region concerned , little remained for his successors — to conquer o nly the valley of Rio Grande de Cag ayan on Luzon and several places on the west coast o f

Mindanao , which , however, had soon to be abandoned . The Spaniards found large sul tanates only in Sulu and Mindanao, but since Islamism had there spread , not only

among the leaders , but also among the common people , and since the Sultan of Sulu received help from Borneo and the Sultan of Mindanao from Molucca (and later to from the Dutch ) , they were not able make permanent of to stablishments in spite repeated attempts do so . The conquest of Luzon and the V isayas progressed much more smoothly because only the nobles had em

an M between Manila d Acapulco ( exico ) . Even w ithin w these narro limits , it curtailed the opportunity of ship l * ments by individuals by the institution of bo etas . Cer tain dignitaries and corporations had claim s on these w as f to boletas , and it di ficult for private merchants get

them . Usually only one galleon sailed each year , and in

w as . time of war , even that missing Thus , instead of building up an important mercantile class or di ffusing w wealth in ide circles of the people , the shipping trade served only to make incomes fo r privileged persons and to hasten the corruption w hich soon developed in a re

markable manner . This system of trade crushed all spirit o f enterprise in the people , brought the former industries o i con | the country to decay , and resulted in the natives |fining themselves to the cultivation of merely the rice

necessary for sustenance . While the D utch in the Ma layan archipelago grew rich by the profits on natural pro s ducts , the Spaniards and Filipino grew poorer to a piti

1 . able degree . even in the long period of peace after 64 8 Of the cit 1es w hich Legazpi and his immediate suc cessors w w founded , endo ed ith Spanish rights and settled w ith Spanish citizens , only Manila survived . The others disappeared or sank into villages inhabited only by

natives . The Spaniards , except the monks and provincial w w governors , ithdre into Manila because there only w ere fountainhead and onl could they near the , there y they hope , or o f by crafty just acquisition boletas , to earn money

r ~ by pa ticipating in the Acapulco trade . When the gal o r t w as leons arrived depar ed , the city like a fair ; all the rest o f the year life w as idle and had no other spice than w petty to n gossip . f This decay a fected all classes . The army and navy were no longer able to protect southern Luzon and the Visayas from attacks by the pirates of Sulu and Min w w danao . The natives ere thro n upon their own re was of sources , and it truly fortunate that many the par

ish priests had been soldiers before taking orders , for

* —The boletas w ere icenses concedin the i OTE . r h N l g g t o f s hip The a lied to the sur us s ace in the shi aft ments . y pp pl p p er the offi As the dem and a u cial carg o w as l oaded. w s sually g reater than the s ace the bo etas w ere ver va uabl e and often c surplus p , l y l ommanded — hig h prices TR. _ 37_

they were able to drill their parishioners and more or less successfully protect them against piratical inroads by

forti fying the churches and church grounds . In Manila itself the j ealousy of the religious orders against one another and against the Jesuits became fla

disedif in . grant , and at times produced y g scandals These regular clergy* were also engaged in a constant struggle against the Episcopate . The Philippines being considered a missionary country , its parishes were supplied by the monks (or regular clergy ) instead o f by the seculars . to The former , declaring themselves subordinate only w their provincials , were un illing to recognize fully the f or f . o Episcopal right o visitation The post governor ,

- f one on ih captain general , was a di ficult account of the

fluence at court of the bishops and the religious orders . Much tact and diplomacy w efe needed to avoid being w n entangled in their quarrels . But oe to the captai general who incurred the displeasure of the entire clergy !

- 1 66 Don Diego de Salcedo , captain general from 3 to 1 668 , a Belgian and quite a vehement and passionate

man , happened to become embroiled first with the Do minicans , next with the Archbishop and Cathedral Chap of w ter Manila , then ith the entire clergy, and , finally ,

since each order had its adherents, with the citizens also . Since he could not be reached in any other way he was arrested in the name of the Holy Inquisition and sent to for f Mexico trial , there being in Manila no tribunal o the

. on Inquisition , but only a commissioner He died the voyage ; but the suit w as carried on and terminated in — acquittal the best proof that Salcedo had done nothing

against the faith . Much worse happened to Captain

- General Bustamente Bustillo . This energetic man o f fended all classes and conditions by his extensive reforms and his inflexible safeguarding of the interest and author

of . 1 1 1 ity the state As a result , on October 9, 7 9, a revolt led by monks of all the orders broke out in the streets of

- Manila, and the captain general and his son were slain .

* — th ic riests are di ided into the re u ar an t NoTE . Ca ol p v g l d he sec The orm er are direct sub ect to their ro i ular clerg y. f ly j p v ncials The form er n i and the latter to the bishops. co st tute the relig ious r ers and li e in comm unit the atter li e in the wor d—tha i o d v y ; l v l t s, of whom the have S iritua cha — among the people y p l rg e TR. — o I f, however , a captain general fell ut w ith only one or eu order only with the Episcopate , he could hope to dure many storms on account of the backing he would receive from the others . Thus one year after another went by in fruitless w rangling and in moral and material decadence , without any great event requiring to be chronicled save the loss o f a rich galleon w hich was captured by Anson o ff the w Cape of Good Hope . Out of this orthless life the colony w as finally aroused by the consequences of the Bourbon ff Family Pact . Shut o as the Philippines were from the w entire civilized orld , and having communication with

Spain only through the Acapulco galleons , no one in Manila had any idea of the outbreak of war between E ng

. 1 62 land and Spain In September , 7 , an English fleet of thirteen ships and a land force of men appeared before the astonished city . As its defenses consisted only o f o a weak battalion f regulars , no serious resistance was

- to be thought of . Consequently , Captain General Roj as , w ho was also Archbishop of Manila , capitulated on Octo

1 62 . to ber 5, 7 The Eng lish meant occupy the entire — who es country ; but Lieutenant Governor Anda , had and caped from Manila , called the natives to arms , , from

the same place as Aguinaldo has recently done , beg an an — apparently hopeless. struggle against the Anglo Saxon

invaders . He improvised armies , erected munition and w and eapon factories , by continuous fighting drove the w English back to the alls of Manila . The Britons w ere even considering the question of surrender (especially as

“ the news o f the adoption o f a protocol was known ) w hen the definitive treaty o f peace gave Manila back to the

Spaniards . After this w ar the archipelago began to gradually rise l from its decline . The great co onial reforms W hich marked the reign o f Charles III w ere especially felt in the o f the Philippines . The products country again received r D on attention . Most g atitude was due to Jose Basco y Bargas ( 1 778 who greatly aided the economic

development of the country by wise measures . Under

him the tobacco monopoly was created , and , although

in later years it proved oppressive , it was the means

- which gave to Manila tobacco its world wide reputation . The isolation of the archipelago was drawing to an end . It is true that the galleon traffic with Acapulco continued of be until the separation Mexico from Spain , but long fore that event ships were allowed to go around the Cape o f Good Hope to Manila and the privileged commercial company which was established in Manila opened rela e be tions with neighboring countries , although they nev r came flourishing on account of the impractical regulations of the company . At the end of the eighteenth century Manila was also thrown open to foreign (European ) commerce , and a new era began .

2 THE . LAS T C E NTU R Y OF S PAN I S H RU LE . The revolt of the Spanish colonies in Central and South America had no influence on the natives of the Philip

it . pines , although made the government suspicious When b they become suspicious , a solute governments which rule w o f by s ord and police behave like a j ealous man , whom “ the poet says , He looks like a good shot , but hits the tar 1 1 get like a child . Thus it was here also . In 8 9 cholera broke out in Manila . The excited populace who had long been warned by the priests against intercourse w ith here

ca - ti l and free thinking foreigners , and had already cast suspicious eyes upon them , began to attack and slay the

! foreig ners in Manila , because (as was the case also in cholera visitations in enlightened Europe ) they thought that the foreign botanists and zoologists had poisoned the i — no ef wells . Capta n General Folgueras made earnest I n fort to suppress the revolt . order to j ustify himself later before the Court o f Madrid he resorted to the ques tionable method of casting doubts upon his corps of offi~ cers by asserting that he could not use vigorous measures because nearly all the garrison officers w ere Filipinos . w When , therefore , General Martinez ent to Manila as successor to Folgueras he took w ith him numerous staff w on and higher officers , hose appointment the rolls post poned the advancement of the Filipino officers for a long

time . This created discontent among the latter , and the discontent was increased by the haughty demeanor o f

“ their foreign comrades , which deeply wounded their self ea o f respect. The government l rned this discontent and tried to help matters by transferring some of the most 40

f f prominent Filipino o ficers , privates and o ficials to

Europe . — Shortly thereafter , as a punishment , the captain gen eral transferred Captain Andres Novales to Mindanao . This officer at once formed with Lieutenant Ruiz a con ’ spiracy in which the subaltern officers of the King s regi on 2 ment also took part . The revolt broke forth June , 1 82 to 3 , and threatened become serious because there w ere no European troops in Manila . The majority of w as the soldiers , however , remained loyal , the populace w neutral, and , so after a few hours the rebels ere over come . On the same day Novales , who had been pro o f claimed Emperor the Philippines , and some of his — principal followers were court martialed and shot . In 1 82 8 , a second secession conspiracy was opportunely dis A . t w f covered its head ere two o ficers named Palmero , one o f w war from hom the present Spanish minister of , Az r carra a . e j , is descended on the maternal side The sult w as that a European regiment was permanently sta tioned a w as in Manila and th t preference given , as far as

os f . p sible , to Europeans in filling up its corps of o ficers In the meanw hile the religious orders became a pow er \ ful factor in politics . Vhen the Spanish government suppressed the convents at home , the Philippines became who t he the refuge of all Spaniards desired to take habit , indis ens because there the monks , being considered to be p able , retained all their privileges intact . In order to strengthen this belief o f their indispensabil

ity in the government authorities , the monks began to issue a series o f w ritings w ith the view o f show ing that it

was they alone w ho kept the Filipinos loyal . The nearer w e approach the time w hen (even before the complete w o f collapse of the Spanish power ) the po er the monks , w w a Colossus ith earthen feet , broke do n , the more naive and broader became these claims in the historical and

political press . The history of the Philippines back to the o f w as i time the conquest rewritten in a partisan spir t , as i f Spain was indebted alone and exclusively to the monks

for the pos session o f the archipelago . At lengt h the

' , monks _themselves believed it and even the reddest of ” republicans and the “ most sacrilegious of freemasons who attained power and influence in the government _ 4 1 _

r o f a of 1 8 8 f om the time Isabella II to the ye r salvation , 9 , ’ o f be d id not dare to touch a hair the monks heads , cause the Spanish control o f the archipelago depends on ” “ them , the millions of Filipinos do what the monks ” say , etc . Such was the doctrine o f the Spanish colonial

ministry . Thus in the government of the mother country o f and the colonies , the monks ascended to a height of power which they had not possessed even in the days o f

. w as King Charles I I Their will the law in Madrid , as r re in Manila , and if in cou se of time some decrees and forms were granted to the archipelago w hich they did not

approve of , it was done because in their obstinate blind ness they were unwilling to make the smallest concession to the new era which the Opening of the Suez canal

brought to the Philippines . They were even blinder than o f X the advisers Charles of France . But whilst in Spain the belief in the irresistible influence o f the monks over the Filipinos grew into a political dog

ma and daily took firmer form , this influence actually

began more and more to diminish with each year . It is the irony o f destiny and history that at the time when the monks did not boast o f their influence over the natives a w to but, on the contrary , gave to C esar hat belongs ae C sar , they really dominated the entire level country , and , w ith some exceptions , even the cities ; whilst at the very time that they w ere thought in Spain to be defenders of

the red and yellow flag , and claimed to be the masters w as of the archipelago , the ground beneath their feet

entirely undermined , and they themselves were rather

hated and feared than loved and respected . This change w as not effected at one stroke . Neither w as it the w ork o f ho in hereb the Freemasons , as the monks charge , p g t y to keep their Catholic people from the temptation to ex amine whether the monks themselves might not be to blame . We shall see that a long series of factors grad

ually changed the status of the monks . f In the first place , the monks committed the mistake o w refusing the natives admission into the orders , hich

previously had been allow ed . They accepted only

European novices . This already placed them in an awk to to ward relation the Filipinos , and particularly the

secular clergy . The latter being recruited only from 2

natives , it thus came about that the regular clergy were w w exclusively Europeans , hilst the secular clergy ere natives . In the beginning , secular priests were found only in the Cathedrals ; but after the suppression of the

Jesuits the parishes of these were given to the seculars . But that was not all : Under the pretence that Spanish authority w ould be better safeguarded if the monks had w charge of these parishes , they ere gradually transferred from the seculars to the religious orders . In every dio cese only a few parishes remained in the hands o f secular

ad interim . clergymen , and then usually only In this manner for the secular priest the prospect o f getting a w as w o f parish much diminished , hile the chance dying a chaplain was so much the greater as the increasing pop ul ation required that the regular parish priests should have chaplains (or assistants ) . These had to be taken from the secular clergy on account of the insufficient sup ply o f monks . In this manner the number of the seculars increased whilst the number o f disposable parishes dim inished by their transfer to the religious orders so that the disproportion betw een the candidates and the livings constantly increased . Furthermore . the seculars received only the less valuable livings ; i f the income o f a parish o ne w increased , could feel sure that it ould soon fall into the hands o f the monks . Under such circumstances it is intelligible that the secular clergy should feel hurt by these slights . Their ill w ill w as bound to become dangerous to Spanish authority i f the latter should indorse the aspirations o f the monks to monopolize all the parishes and to leave only the chap y laincies to the seculars . This actuall happened , for the monks continued to represent themselves as the defenders of the Spanish flag a nd to denounce the seculars as r e belliously minded . And to curry favor with the Holy See they represented the secular priests as inferior and in competent to undertake church affairs and appealed fo r o f who proof to the judgment European travelers , , to be o f sure , sang no song praise for the native parish priests ,

But they forgot to add that all the bishops were monks ,

that the seminaries were conducted by monks , and that it w as part o f the policy of the religious orders to fit out the native theologians with only absolutely

- masons , and even the short lived republic , left them in

charge of the preservation of Spanish authority . In the Philippines themselve s there occurred an event

which served only to strengthen the po wer o f the monks . I n 1 8 2 7 , the native garrison of Cavite revolted and pro

claimed the independence of the Philippines . The w w as w w as garrison of Manila , hich like ise native ,

hurried to the spot , and soon suppressed the revolt . . o f All the rich creoles , mestizos and Filipinos Manila and all the prominent secular clergy w ho had held liberal v iews or had taken part in the movement of prebendary w Pelaez ere imprisoned . The result of the inquiries seemed to fully justi fy the w arnings of the monks against the secular clergy and the liberals . The leaders of the

Pelaez movement , Father Burgos and two other secular w re priests , ere condemned to death as instigators of the o f w volt , and the elite the native Liberals ere deported to the M arianne islands . In vain Father Burgos and his reverend conpanions asseverated their innocence ; they w ere executed .

I f at this time the monks had yielded a little , a recon ciliation could perhaps have been effected with the secular clergy and the native reformers, but they triumphantly held their heads erect and w ere more obstinate than ever . This was so much the more an error as the opening of the ’ Suez canal had brought the Philippines into the w orld s commercial channels and the archipelago had begun a not rapid , unforeseen advance , only in economic matters , w a but in everything that men call progress . The land s new w permeated by ideas , its sons ere sent to Europe and o f other parts the world to study , and foreigners settled in it more numerously than ever before . Up to this time the secular clergy had asked only their w as rights , and only in Manila there to be found a small who band of native politicians strove , timidly and in no w secret , after reforms ; but political life began to w a aken among the natives , and first among the educated and wealthy . They began to find it unendurable that the weal and w oe o f their families should depend upon the humors and the favors of their monk - pastors and the fficials had f . o o ficials The no esteem in the country , ‘ for , f at every change o ministry at home , a change of officials occurred , and the new officials came without any knowl f edge o the country and with the single aim o f saving as much money as they could in the probably short time o f thei r stay The monks exercised an unlimited influence offi i ld c a om . was 50 over the entire This , first , because o f owing to their ignorance the country , the officials had o f be to rely upon the information the pastors ; second , cause the monks were able to procure the discharge o f any ffi who w o cial proved intractable , for in Madrid they ere “ held to be the only men who knew the country and “ the ” o f n only support Spanish authority in the Philippi es , and , finally , because the home government strove to keep on good terms with the monks lest their immense wealth “ of D on should be placed at the service Carlos , the pre to tender the Spanish throne . In spite o f the fact that every Filipino who stood o ut for reform might expect to be arrested any night and to embrac sent some penal settlement , there arose a party ing a wide circle o f notable men who called themselves ~ the Party o f Assimilation . They declared for assimila for of tion , that is , the extension constitutional rights to the archipelago , for representation in the Spanish parlia

for . of ment and the exclusion the monks from parishes , o r even for their banishment from the country . Leaving this last aside plank, the Filipinos demanded , in the first o f place , the same measure political rights that the mother country had conceded to Cuba and Porto Rico after the a peace of Z anj on . Spain could the more e sily have re g ranted these demands , as they were in part only a o f w e establishment previously canceled rights , for t ic under Ferdinand II and once under Isabella II the right to elect deputies to the Cortes had been g ranted to the

w a . Filipinos , but quickly taken a ay ag in It is hard to imagine why none of the many ministries of the republic

and the monarchy w ould satisfy these just demands . The

question o f the monks w as much harder to solve . It is

- w certainly excusable i f even liberal ministries ould not. ' thi dem and of grant s , since they were persuaded the need un rv fulness of the monks , and they feared that any de alu

’ * —Can it be m uch dif erent under f Am erican meth f NorE . ods o cs b which in s ite of civil service rul es the victors mana politi y , p g e to ‘ — g et most of the spoil s TR. —4 6

ation of the orders might indirectly help the Carlist cause . If the monks themselves had been smart they would have yielded a part of their parishes in order to save the rest

and perhaps also their real estate . But they grew more

unyielding than ever , and sought to keep themselves o f above water by banishing their opponents . An epoch persecution began for the Assimilationists similar to the unworthy persecution of the radicals in Germany during w a o the reaction o f the early fifties . But it s the means f increasing the hatred against the monks to a threatening

degree .

As a press censorship existed in the Philippines , and as it seemed necessary to make propaganda in the mother

country itsel f in behalf of Philippine interests , the Assim ilation party established in Madrid a weekly paper called ’ L a S olidariaad w be , hich bravely took up the cudgels in of half Philippine rights and demands . The activity and intellectual energy o f the various Filipino castes are shown by the fact that there was only a single white

o f S olidaridad . D on Filipino among the writers the , viz ,

Eduardo de Lete y Cornell . The others were Tagals ,

o f . such as the doctor medicine and philosophy , Dr Jose w w w Rizal , so ell kno n by his martyrdom , and the la yers Il an . or oco s Marcelo H del Pilar and Mariano Ponce ; , or like Antonio Luna , later general in the Filipino army ;

Visayans, like the j ournalist Graciano Lopez Jaena . The expectation that the Spanish press w ould pay greater at tention to the Filipino organ was not realized . Only the republicans and the Freemasons took any notice o f the

undertaking , the former because they could use it as an arsenal whence to draw weapons against the restoration , and the latter because (although when in power they had done nothing for the Filipinos) they thought that the

- Filipino movement w as entirely anti clerical . The Span

ish Freemasons did not even know that the secular clergy, w o f ere standing at the side the Assimilationists , and that all those orders which had no share in the political serf dom of the country or in the persecution o f the Assimila ti ni o sts (such as the Jesuits , the Benedictines , the Broth

/ ers o f . Mercy , etc ) enjoyed the greatest respect and love o f of . all Filipino classes , even the liberals Consequently the ' sympathy of the republicans and Freemasons only t hur the Philippine cause , because the monarchial party was thereby alienated and the enemies o f the movement were able to denounce it in Rome as Masonic and hereti~

. S olidar i cal However , in spite of strict prohibition , the dad w as widely circulated in the Philippines . In order to f L a Politico de E s a na cu o fset it , a weekly paper called p g Fili in p os was started in Madrid . Its purpose was to sup o f 1n onks port the pretensions the _ , and it enjoyed the ’ abundant support o f the religious orders . But this monks paper only poured oil on the fire by its malignant attacks on w the colored people , hom it represented as inferior o f beings . This abuse the Malay race and the mestizos was translated by the Assimilationists into the vulgar tongues o f the archipelago and circulated in order that n the humblest classes , who knew no Spanish , might lear what their rulers thought of them . The persecution was intensified by a demonstration or g aniz ed by the burgomasters of the towns and villages o f Manila province in order to petition the government for the removal of the monks and their replacement by Span

ish and Filipino secular priests . The hope of a lawful settlement of the Philippine problem decreased more and w as S olidai’ idad more , and its surrender evident when the had to be discontinued bec au se the w ealthy classes in Manila refused to longer make heavy pecuniarv sacri

“ fices in a hopeless undertaking .

Whilst the upper classes thus gave up the struggle , there was formed among the low er classes a secret society w as the called the Katipunan , the obj ect of which ex pulsion o f the monks , a result which , because the Spanish ’ rule w as identified with the monks privileges , must have ,

in the event o f victory , as a natural sequence the severing o f the archipelago from Spain . It was an association of

the common people , and it exhibited in its organization a mixture o f Masonic regulations with those of the secret

societies which the Chinese have in foreign lands , and w hich can be best compared w ith the Mafia of the S icil o f Ne ians , the Camorra the Neapolitans and the Mano It ‘ does g ra o f the Andalusians . not appear to have ex O tended over the entire archipelago , but only ver the Ta gal provinces near Manila . g The rise of this society was due to the pressure of social n e a f e be conditio s . A larg p rt o the landed prop rty longs to so the monks, that the peasants there live only as ten r o . ants , , better said , as colonists In recent years the monks foolishly raised the rent , and this was all the f al harder , as the sugar failure and the bu falo pest had ready reduced the peasants to sad straits . Besides , in who many cases the titles were contested by the natives , claimed that many of these pieces o f land had been the who vo lun free possession of their ancestors , had paid tarily an annual fixed tithe to the parish priests in order to maintain a pompous divine service . But there being no ’ fi recorder s of ce in the Philippines , and the original pur of for otton pose the annual tithe becoming g , the payment m d ca e to be considere in later years as rent , and the land not was consequently held to be , the possession of its culti vator or , but a leasehold of the parish priest , , rather , of the religious order to which he belonged . t he o f In fact , district Calamba filed a suit against the Dominicans to recover a tract of land in the city w hich was held apparently unlawfully by them . But the case the was lost in every court . Nevertheless , belief that in many , if not in most cases , the Latifundium possessions of w the monks ere not held legally , was obstinately main i ta ned. The more so as by levies the monks aroused the of one feelings the peasants more and more , and besides , willingly believes the worst o f a hated opponent . At any

‘ rate , it was remarkable that precisely in those circles which had been counted as the support of the monks “ ” against the Liberal upper classes , a conspiracy against them should arise . How these people meant to accomplish their aim is not w w as 1 kno n , for the conspiracy discovered on August 9 , 1 8 6 w as for w 9 , and if the rebellion planned the follo ing

September , as the Spaniards assert , it seems odd that neither weapons nor ammunition had been gathered and stored .

A woman made the matter known to Father Gil , pastor o f o f Tondo , a suburb Manila , and he naturally did not delay to communicate with the authorities . The investi g ations which w ei e at once made led to the surprising not discovery that in this conspiracy merely dozens , but of n hundreds , even thousands, perso s were involved , and _ 4 9_ that the Katipunan documents were printed in the oflice o f D iario de M anila the , that is , that even the publisher o f w and compositors that j ournal , hich was the most ’ zealous defender o f the monks privileges belonged to the society . They endeavored at once to capture the intel o f lectual leaders the conspiracy , whom they expected to find amon g the educated natives ; and since the monks promptly declared that the affair was instigated by the of Freemasons , all educated persons who were suspected liberal or even merely reform sentiments were arrested en m ass e w . The prisons ere filled with suspects of all classes , and terror was brought into all circles . The for Spaniards were blind in their rage persecution , espe cially when a wild rumor o f an intended Sicilian V espers spread about . Their rage was the greater because their condition seemed desperate , the Manila garrison being absent on an

f r. to . w o expedition Mindanao Nothing , ho ever , happened; the natives had even greater dread of the Spaniards and f o . monks than these them Thus , by assembling the gen darm r the e y scattered throughout provinces, Captain ’ to ? Im General Blanco was able , at least , secure the city w on for prisonments , however , ent apace , , as in the days ’ of Sulla s proscriptions , every cowardly denunciation by some miserable nobody found willing acceptance in Span w as ish circles , and a magnificent Opportunity given to get o rid , in the quickest way, of unpleasant competitors or p ponents . It was said that persons initiated into the Katipunan society had to make an incision in the leg in order to sign

n . with their o w blood the required pledge Consequently, on search was made for scars the leg, and whoever had n f one was sent to prison ; although o account o the veg e tation of the country and the customs of the people , such

Scars might well arise from any accidental scratch . who not com Since , then , every native did possess the o f plete confidence the parish priest or the Spaniards , saw himself threatened in his personal safety (and imprison to ment was equivalent conviction ) , the people resolved ff rather to die in battle than to su ocate in prison . Con

' at the of u So- re sequently, end Aug st , the called Tagalo F r bellion broke out. o the time being the Spaniards —5o

could undertake nothing , for , though the troops had re turned from Mindanao , they were hardly sufficient even to protect the capital and Cavite from the dreaded sur

insu r‘ prise and a threatened uprising in the city . The n gents , therefore , gai ed time for their organization . At

e who ! their head appear d Emilio Aguinaldo , a Tagal , , be w as one f o . w as cause he of the admirers Dr Rizal , who searched after , but had escaped , and since then , by his great talent for organization and his statesmanlike i to d o f gi fts , has g ven the worl a shining example the o f capability the Philippine people .

w ho w o f Marshal Blanco , first had to a ait the arrival reinforcements from Spain in order to deliver a greater to blow against the insurgents , attempted by mildness prevent a further spread of the revolt and to win back that portion o f the Tagals w ho had been driven to the rebel s

o f the . only by terror police However , this prudent policy was defeated by the unanimous opposition of the Euro pean Spaniards living o n the islands . At that j uncture the monks could have rehabilitated themselves even yet to w th some extent , i f they had acted as mediators bet een e or rebels and the government ; , i f they had at least spoken

o f . w in behalf the prisoners Instead of doing so , they ere the very first to demand relentless measures against the rebels and the prisoners , and that not only behind the n w o . scenes , but publicly and in black hite The arch bishop of Manila and the regular clergy sent private dis for patches from Hong Kong to Madrid , blaming Blanco ; showing too little energy , and thereby endangering the o f Spanish cause . By energy the Spaniards Manila understood the execution o f the actual and supposed leaders of the Katipunan society . The Madrid govern ment yielded , General Polaviej a succeeded Blanco , and the Spaniards of Manila had reason to be satisfied . for the

- court martials furnished rich material to the firing squads . All classes and castes of the Filipinos w ere represented t law among these victims , the common people , doc ors , ers w y , merchants and secular clerg y , among hom the of unf pastor o f the Cathedral of Naga . None these or a tunates awakened so much sympathy as the noble T gal , f ‘ t Dr . Rizal , whose chief o fense was that he had writ en

_ 5 3 _ all Filipinos were convinced that a complete change would be made in the prevailing system o f government i f the not rebellion would again break out.

N Q 3 . RECE T EV E NT Th e. Spaniards , and especially the monks , learned noth ing from this rebellion . One apology may , however , be made for the government . Carlism had again begun to w sho threatening signs of li fe in Spain , and consequently the government could concern itself only with such plans o f o r reform as would meet the approval , , at least , the n “ w toleration , of the mo ks . By reform , ho ever , the monks understood the completest reaction and the with draw al of all those decrees by which the colonial min isters o , Leon del Castill , Balaguer , Becerra , Moret and

Maura , had met at least the most pressing requirements w w w era. of the new Thus eek follo ed eek , and distrust of the Spaniards began to strongly increase in the Philip w w pines , hilst even the shado of the approaching Spanish r w ar b Ame ican did not induce the monks to allow , ypru v dent yielding , greater freedom to the Spanish go ern ment . Aguinaldo and his staff were in voluntary exile in w a Hong Kong . He s exasperated because the Spaniards “ ” one w despised him as bought , hereas he had deposited “ the indemnity money in a Hong Kong bank as a war ” fund in case the Spaniards do not keep their pledges . And w not nor these pledges ere kept , neither the moral the fo r o f in material ones , the payment of the instalments the

ni - w ar w as im dem ty ceased . When the Spanish American u minent , Ag inaldo , accompanied by several companions , appeared in Singapore in order in the name of the united

Filipino classes (creoles , Filipinos , Spanish and Chinese mestizos ) to treat with the Americans . The American

- now Consul General , Pratt , protests that he did not make — the so called agreement of Singapore with Aguinaldo in ’ ’ 2 8 1 8 8 Rafil es Hotel on April , 9 ; and a year later an English book w hich published its text was enjoined from its further publication by the colonial authorities of Singa u to of betw pore . But p the outbreak hostilities een the not Americans and the Filipinos , its existence was contro * A . s as 1 8 8 verted or doubted by any one early June , 9 , w I was sho n several copies of it by influential Filipinos , w w be hom I had arned to remain true to the Spaniards , if w in cause the Americans , aided by the natives , ould

w . deed take the archipelago from the Spaniards , but ould hold it for themselves . These people could not have in vented the agreement . Moreover , the French and Span w ish papers , as ell as several Spanish books treating o f w ar the , published literally the same text , and no Ameri w as in can voice raised protest against it at that time .

I f it is a fabrication , several points in it are so favorable to the Americans , that they could not have been inserted or accepted by Filipinos concerned only about their ow n independence . When , therefore , Mr . Pratt denies that he h made suc an agreement , he may refer to his personal

collaboration and to the form o f the document . At any f the rate , it su fices for us to consider the fact that during w hole time o f the American war and late into the w inter o f 1 8 8 w o f 9 , the entire orld had believed in the existence

the agreement , and the more readily as its paragraphs

seemed to furnish internal evidences of authenticity . w as Furthermore , it said at that time that President Mc Kinley had refused the telegraphic approval of the agree

ment which had been requested . It is also stated that the agreement had been submitted to Admiral D ew ey and approved by him w ith the addition that the occupation o f Manila should be made by the American troops . w In order to j udge the events follo ing, it is immaterial whether a formal agreement was made or not o r whether it merely definitely announced the actual mutual relations n that existed between the two parties . I the alleged agree w as ment the independence of the Philippines declared . an American protectorate over the new republic w as rec it w as s niz ed and tipulated that , for the time being . og , American and European commissioners to be named by

— of senate doc . No. 62 which ~ * A stud ( , howe er unfor NorE . y v , m is atch No. 2 1 1 l eads e to bel ieve tha r d t M . ratt tunately omits p ) , P the al e ed a reement t ou h he was certain did not make l g g , h g ly very ura n ' toward th Fil1 1n enco e o eaders. The hin riendl and gj g p l C ese lf y _ discl osed in Hon Kon a nest of Cham ion L ia trouble has g g p rs who

f inventin an thin . Ha 1l the ri ht of re capable o g y g pp y g the Filipinos a . e endence rests upon a law h1g her than an l ed e which o l to ind p — y p g c u d r an bod e se TR. be made by us o y y l Rear Admiral D ewey should participate in the govern ment of the country . w 0 11 1 1 8 8 D w It is kno that May , 9 , e ey completely de stroyed the Spanish fleet at Cavite and that he then w as condemned to inactivity because he had no land troops and could spare only enough marines to hold Cavite ,

- w hich had surrendered . Now Captain General Augusti proclaimed reforms , summoned a colonial assembly and , the in short, did everything possible in order at last mo ment to win the natives to his side ; but it w as too late . 1 On May 9, Emilio Aguinaldo landed at Cavite under the protection of D ew ey and summoned his countrymen to the war for independence . Already in April an appeal had been published in Hong Kong over the signature o f L a Patriotica w Junta , in which the Filipinos ere called

upon to put their trust in the Americans , and the assur ance w as given that the protection of the United States w ould help them to the attainment of their freedom and

rights . This proclamation closed w ith the characteristic “ exclamation s : Hurrah for Freedom and Right ! Hur rah for the great Republic of North America !! Hurrah for President McKinley and Admiral An at other pamphlet published that time , instead of being “ : signed , ends with this sentence I do not sign my name too u because it is insignificant for you , but I call pon you in the name of one of our most sublime victims o f patriot

ism , whose spirit must at this time hover at our side , in ” the name of Jose Rizal . In this pamphlet , also , the Fili pinos were implored to place their trust in the Americans “ and w ere invited thus : Wherever you see an American ou w flag there gather together , for there y ill find your ” liberators . A third anonymous circular closes w ith these words : Destiny supports the Americans in their vieto ries because the war they carry on is a just one and be cause they are the chosen nation which shall place us was our as to be expected on desired road to freedom . Do not attempt to outrage these decrees o f destiny or you ” will perish . Therefore support the Americans . I pre

serve , also , from those days , a small handbill (octavo “ form ) on which nothing else is said than : Hurrah for America and the Philippines ! Hurrah for Freedom and . Progr ess !! Death to the Monks ! Down with Tyran It is singular that these proclamations were not Sign ed by any special name since in Hong Kong the exiles had no reason for concealment and it might even be thought by some that they w ere issued by the Americans ' themselves ; but it is cl ear from the Philippinism s inter mingled with the Spanish that they were composed by the Filipinos .

2 1 8 8 On M ay 4 , 9 , Aguinaldo issued a mani festo over his own name in which he first charges the Spaniards

o f - - with violation the treaty of Biac na Bato , thereby jus tif in for out y g himself taking up arms , and then points that the Americans would give their aid to the Filipinos “ ” for the accomplishment of our demands . He informs the people that he has assumed the power of government and has surrounded himsel f with a council of enlightened men by whose aid he would conduct it until a legal con gress could be assembled . This proclamation was also communicated to Dewey and no_ protest was made on the f o . part the Americans Nay , the Americans even trans ferred Cavite and their Spanish prisoners to the Filipino

general .

No wonder , then , that a Filipino friend whom I had advised to stick to the Spanish flag and had warned against trusting the Americans was able to Write to me “ 1 0 1 8 8 : o f t on June , 9 I cannot course say any hing

definite about the real intentions o f the Americans . Thus w far they have acted all right . They allo the Filipinos to arm themselves and to undertake military operations

at their own risk and account . They do not interfere . Surely i f they had the secret design to take possession o f us they would not allow the insurgents to take up arms

which later could be turned against them . ’ Aguinaldo s appeal enk indled the people . V olunteers stream ed in in great crowds and the armed militia and ' native soldiers of Spain began to flock to him with arms W he w on t o the and baggage . hen his firs victories ver his troops and forced a general and. corps to sur Spanish “ render the cause of Spain was lost. At his headquarters f t - t W were now to be ound hose keen scen ed people ho are o o r to to t the t m wont to g ve the vic r at j us righ oment, ; te. neithertooearly nor too l a Gradually his troops con 1 —56 quered all Luzon and the revolution began to raise its head also in the Visayas . The understanding between D ew ey and the Filipinos was cordial . A coolness arose first when the American was did troops arrived . It due to General Merritt , who not know how to control his Anglo - Saxon haughtiness “ w towards natives . Ho ever , he respected the Filipino flag and (obeying indeed more his needs than his ineli nations ) accepted the help o f the Filipinos in the last ’ for s assault on Manila , without Aguinaldo s aid the Amer icans could only have bombarded the city . No protest was made by the Americans against the o f 0 11 1 2 1 8 8 proclamation independence June , 9 , nor against the inauguration of the Philippine Republic 0 11

1 1 8 . . 8 Aug , 9 Every impartial observer must say that the Americans did not take a single step which could suggest in the remotest degree that they harbored a de fi f sign to annex the country . The con dence o the Fili ro pinos was unbounded , and even if the terms of the p

tocol of Washington did create a certain disquietude .

they consoled themselves with the thought that , should w u its terms be repeated in the treaty , the Americans o ld consent none the less to recognize or secretly aid the in

dependence of the islands . The Filipinos had every rea to son expect this , for i f the Americans meant it earnest l y with that protocol , why did they look on passively while Aguinaldo sent reinforcements f rom Luzon to the insurgents in Visaya against those very Spaniards w ith whom the Americans had concluded a truce ? This e strange proc eding , I claim , should strengthen the Fili

pinos in the expectation that the great American. nation s .

' i would remain true to its ancient traditions to prom og D id the independence of European colonies . not Dew ey

accept without protest the solemn notification o f the form . ? al proclamation o f the Philippine republic Did not the America n authorities in Manila allow the delegates from that city to the Philippine convention to go back and forth in a special train to its sessions at Malolos ? “ o : . 2 2 1 8 8 w On S ept , 9 , a Filipin friend rote to me The relations which prevail between the Americans and the

Filipinos continue friendly as hitherto . The latter pass a f m ns ;i and out o Manila with uni for s and i ignia, con tl l fl ue unhindered the arming and drilling o f their sol dl el’ S an , d quietly organize all the branches of their gov 1ernmen t. Th e first acts of the Americans which could shake the trust o f the Filipinos were a prohibition for Philippine S h S }P to carry the tri - color flag of the republi c and the i se zure o f the little steamers belonging to the Philippine

government . But since the other , above described rela tions remained w intact , and since Filipino troops ere still permitted to assist the Visayans in their fight against the Spaniards (even after the signing o f the official peace !) i i i o f the F l p nos became soon quieted . Even the signing the treaty of peace at Paris made no change in the con dition of things because they were persuaded that the . i not Amer can congress would accept its terms , but would i g ve freedom to the Philippines . So in all calmness the Philippine congress at Malolos deliberated on the consti tution of the Philippine republic . This constitution , which

was modeled after European patterns , was solemnly pro

. 2 1 1 8 . claimed on Jan , 99, at Malolos The senate at \Vashington had decided to take a final

on . 6 1 8 vote the Paris treaty on Feb , 99 , and the Filipinos w felt sure that the result ould be favorable to them , even hostili i f carried only by a few votes . The outbreak of e w ties on Feb . 4 b t een the Filipinos and the Americans produced such an impression on hesitating senators that

a maj ority decided unfavorably to the Filipino cause . The Americans and Filipinos charge each other w ith

having begun hostilities . I f the Americans are right , it

is certainly strange that just on Feb . 4 the Filipino gen eral s o f the corps near Manila should have been sum moued to Malolos for conference with Aguinaldo and that the staff officers should have gone to the theater at

- . o f Caloocan Furthermore , the consideration self inter est (cui bono ? ) makes it seem much more probable that the Filipinos w ould be careful not to arouse the chauvin i isn of the Americans by precipitating a conflict , since they had telegraphic information as to the condition o f

affairs in W ashington . IV . AMERICAN BLUNDERS .

Since that time war has raged in the Philippines with out of the Americans , in spite the aid of large rein force

ments , being able to gain a decisive result in the field . They have been as little able to accomplish anything in the domain o f politics . By promising to grant autonomy to the “ colony they have indeed succeeded in establish “ ” so— w ing a native party , the called Americanists , hich , w the ho ever , exists only in cities occupied by the Amer i an c s . This party has no hold on the people because it of who for o f is made up those natives , the sake peace ,

would serve , and in fact, have served all masters who s possessed power in their homes, and of other native w ho consider it patriotic , until a definite decision as to of to f the fate their country , fill the o fices intrusted to them so that these might not entirely fall into the hands o f o f t the Americans , or hose base souls among the na inc reas tives w ho can be bought for gold . Neither is it on w ing, but the contrary it is crumbling a ay, because confidence in the friendly intentions o f the American gov ernm ent towards the Filipinos begins to disappear even not com ~ among its members . But the Americans need to ro plain , because they alone are to blame . Up the p ceedings o f the Peace Commission at Paris neither the American government nor its representatives in the archipelago did anything whatever to disturb the belief o f the Filipinos that their independence would remain “ ” * of untouched . Even the explanation the word control given by the American commissioners in the course o f the proceedings at Paris might with good right be under stood by the Filipinos as another expression for a pro t ectorate .

* — f the rotocol as first e ndix No . 2 . The hrase o NOTE . S e Appe p p , “ ro o sed w as contro osses sion and Final y the p p , l , p l ! “ ! The word w ord disposition w as substituted for possession. “ ! “ rvention and in S an sh control w as rendered in French by inte , p i “ ” — TR. by inspeccion .

- 60 ing the American nature ) that they would ever concede l to the natives , to colored men , a social and rea political

- equality with the sanctimonious , white , English speaking race , or that they would ever give back again to the na tives the government if they had once obtained it from them . For n the Filipinos , then , subjugation and annexatio o f both mean loss nationality , social proscription and a condition o f helotism without any prospect of liberation by legal methods from a debasing honor - dulling servi tude . I f considerations like these fail to estrange Filipinos n from the thought of American annexatio , surely the sil liest among them must be awakened from their dreams of resignation by a view of the ever more intimate rela tions w hich are growing up between the Americans and w confis the monks . These monks , whose latifundia ere cated by the Philippine republic, can recover their lost of possessions only through the triumph the Americans , w ith w hom they consequently place themselves on the best footing . On the other hand , the Americans , who know the country only from Spanish books and from in ter ur e co s with the monks who surround them in Manila , w ho w to and , as hites, are congenial them , have been induced to utilize thes'e monks and hope by their influence t w in w o the lo er classes . Therefore they restore to them the churches w hich before the dow nfall of the Spanish w w o f po er ere in charge the religious orders , but since had been given in charge to the native secular clergy . who Therefore numbers of monks , , after the victories o f the Americans and Filipinos , had left the country and

had found re fuge in Spain or eastern Asia , are returning s to the Philippines . Thus it is that the Filipino have sacrificed all their blood and means in order that instead

of the personally amiable Spaniard , the haughty Anglo Saxon o f America w ho abhors dark skins may sw ing the w ! w not hip over them And , as i f that ere enough , the monks shall also come back to all their privileges !Every one thing protests against such a result . But need only D em ocracia one the read the , of best of the Americanist old organs , to see that their chief concern is that the monkish dominion shall return under the starry banner 4 1 and revenge itself for all that the Filipinos actually or putatively did against the political rights and material of o f welfare the religious orders . The unfortunate hand the To American politician is show n here also . support onesel f on a class which itself needs a support is a very foolish undertaking . Consequently there i s no prospect that the Philippine e people will submit to the American flag, and only tim will show whether the Americans will be able to subdue

f . do them by force o arms I f they , the Philippines will no remain an uncertain possession , because there can be thoug ht of reconciliation or fraternization between Amer n n — ican a d Filipino . The A glo Saxon cannot lay aside his brutal domineering morality (Herrenm oral ) towards “ ” for f natives, it is not a garment , but an element o his national character . a One c nnot help asking why, true to their traditional of character liberators , the Americans did not at least make the attempt to establish an independent Philippine republic under an American protectorate in order to sat isfy themselves as to the political ripeness of the Fili inde end pinos . The excu se that they are not ripe for p ence is not founded on facts . The Filipinos number more educated p eople than the kingdom of Servia and the prin cipalities of Bulgaria and Montenegro . They have fewer f illiterates than the states o the Balkan peninsula, Russia,

- t many provinces of . Spain and Por ugal , and the Latin in republics of America . There are provinces which few people can be found who do not at least read . They pay more attention to education than Spain or the Balkan o f to states do . There is no lack trained men fit govern r u their own country and indeed in eve y branch , beca se under the Spanish rule the ofliCial business was entirely transacted by native subalterns . The whole history of i i and the Katipunan revolt and of the war aga nst Spa n i i i of America serves to place in the. best l ght the capab l ty

- . i P the Filipinos for sel f government For, even n ola ’ occurred only exceptionally and viej a s time , excesses i P i i t unished . The h story of the h l p hey were always p . i i i of : pine revolution is not sta ned w th a long ser es cruel f C e ties like those o f the revolutions o the great iviliz d

‘ i - 15 t E nations of E urope . That the r tendency oward uro —6 2 pean standards is evident from the respect which they showed to the lives and property o f foreigners as well d the K uring atipunan revolt as since . The existence of a spirit of discipline and subordination and of respect for authority is shown by the morale o f the Philippine army i ’ W and ts obedience to Aguinaldo s orders . hoever is familiar with the history of the revolt of the Spanish American colonies will remember how much discord there was among the rebels, and how they betrayed , deserted and even in the presence of the enemy fought one another . But in the Filipino army all was harmonious j ust as in a loyal and well disciplined European army . Therefore no one can deny that the Filipinos have more right to form an independent government than many n E . o e uropean and American countries Likewise, every should admit that by recognizing an independent Philip e u i e a pine r p bl c and by d claring protectorate over it , America would acquire a better position in E astern Asia than it will if it must continually defend its banner against w rebels , and at every collision ith foreign powers , must assure itsel f that its Filipino subj ects do not make com mon cause w ith the enemy . The great North American union cannot lose prestige i f it acknowledge the errors of the imperialist party and g oback to the propositions of the alleged agreement o f Singapore . I f the obligations f t o prestige are o be discussed , let it be said that American prestige suffered most o f all by allowing the Filipinos so long to believe that America had nothing against their independence . At any rate , a Philippine republic estab lished under the protection of America would prove far more useful for American political interests than a colony kept in subj ection by soldiers and gallows . n w o e . May the dice fall as they ill , thing is certain The Filipinos have won the sympathy of all who reject the principle that Might is Right and consider the sentiment D ulce es t pro pati ia m ori as something more than a copy set up for Latin students to translate . - 6 3

APPENDIX I .

SYN OPSIS OF THE PRIN CI PAL ARTIC LES OF THE C ONSTI

TU TI ON OF TH E P HILIPPIN E R EPUB LIC .

a n 1 . The political union of all Filipinos forms natio

and their state is named The Philippine Republic . i i P s . 2 . The hilippine Republic free and ndependent n i 3 . Sovereig ty rests exclusively n the people . f r . o re e 4 The government the Republic is popular, p sentative , successive and responsible, and it will be carried on ff by three di erent branches called the legislative, the

executive and the j udicial .

5. The nation recognizes the freedom and equality of . all religions and establishes the separation o f church and

state . h m 6. Foreigners w o are not naturalized ay acquire ’ the right of citizenship by two years continuous residence in any part of the Philippines and by the payment of the

legal taxes . or im 7. No Filipino nor foreigner shall be arrested prisoned except for crime and in conformity with the

‘ forms of the law . E or 8. very person arrested must be either set free brought before a competent j udge within twenty - four or com hours after arrest . He must be either released mitted within 72 hours after appearance before such com e n to petent j udge . The final d cision must be made k own

him within the same term . ~ 1 ro 9 7 . A form of habeas corpus act and other p visions for the protection of person and property are pro i v ded. to 2 0 . NO Filipino shall be deprived of the right freely o in i i ex press his ideas and opinions either orally r wr t ng for or in the press ; nor o f the right to hold meetings al l s i i purposes of human li fe , unles aga nst publ c morals ; nor or i of the right to petition either collect vely “individually E the the public authorities and offic1als . xcept that right

of u . of petition cannot be used by members the reg lar la rm? ‘ w 2 3 E very Filipino has the right to found and endo —64

h a educational institutions , subject to regulations ere fter to be provided . E ducation is obligatory and shall be furnished in free public schools . 2 4 . Any foreigner may , subject to the regulations r auv egarding this matter , settle in part of Philippine ter r itory according to his free j udgm ent and therein practice o r his trade profession .

‘ _ . o 5 N foreigner , who has not completed his naturali z ation urisdic , may pursue any occupation that implies j

‘ tion or has the character o f being official . 2 6 . Every Filipino is obliged to defend his fatherland w law to by arms hen called upon by the , and to pay taxes

the state in proportion to his means . ff 3 1 . Only o ences against military discipline shall be

tried by army or navy tribunals .

' 33 . The legislative pow er shall be exercised by a rep resentative w assembly of the nation , hich shall be organ iz ed in the manner and form prescribed by law .

34 . The members of the National Assembly represent the whole nation and not the electors only by whom they

are chosen . in tr 35. No representative shall accept imperative s uc

tions from his electors .

36. The National Assembly shall meet every year . w to The President shall have po er to convoke it , suspend ex er its sessions , and to close it , and this power shall be

cised - within the leg al term and in agreement w ith the

assembly o r its permanent commission . in o 37. The National Assembly shall be sessi n at least

“ o f three months each year , exclusive the time spent in

organization . o f 38. The President the Republic shall convoke the

National Assembly not later than April 1 5. o f 39 . The President the Republic shall be elected by the National Assembly . f f 0 . c o o 4 In ase death or resignation the President , his office shall be temporarily discharged by the Chief o f of Justice the Supreme Court , and another member the Supreme Court shall be chosen as Chief Justice ad

interim .

* — i i lomas for doc ors and NorE . The reg ul ations perta n to d p t dru ists et g g , c. —65

8 b en 4 , No measure shall become law unless it has e to adopted by the National As s embly . In order pass a law at least one- quarter of the duly elected and sworn deputies must be present . 1 5 . The President and the National Assembly have t he right to propose bills .

53 . The term o f office shall be four years . ! 54 . Before the close o f its session the National As sembly shall choose seven members who shall constitute a Permanent Commission to serve during the adjournment o f the Assembly and who shall choose a chairman and a secretary . f 55. During the vacations o the National Assembly the Permanent Comm ission shall exercise the following ' rights : It shall determine whether in certain specified cases the acts of the President and certain other high offi cial s and w require investigation , it shall have po er, in o f or cases impeachment in grave emergency, to summon the Assembly in extraordinary session . w ho 6 . 5 The executive power resides in the President, shall exercise it through his secretaries .

“

57 . Special bureaus are provided for special interests s u w of di tricts , provinces and state , nder regulations hich procure the broadest administrative decentralization and local autonomy n 58. The Preside t is elected by the National Assem bly by an absolute majority o f votes and holds office for 4 years . i - w w h 6 1 . The Pres dent must promulgate all la s it in 2 0 days after their definitive adoption by the National

Assembly .

. Presment 62 . A veto power is g ranted to the and a to two—thirds maj ority of the Assembly is necessary over

come his veto .

t deals w ith . 63 . This ar icle cases of emergency The President is commander- in- chief of the army 65. and with the consent of the Assembly can declare war and

m ake peace . defim tive A treaty of peace becomes only when 66.

F ified . rat by the Assembly 0 ‘ a om ts i secretaries ambas - President pp h s , 67 69 . The f He can f . sadOrs and consuls , certain o ficers and o ficials —66

not , t b a special law made by the Assem ly , leave . withou Philippine t or erritory, admit foreign tr0 0 ps, or annex i n or fore g territory, grant general amnesty, or coin

, or money make political , military or commercial treaties

with foreign powers . 1 7 . During his term o f oflice the President is in V iolable except for high treason or violation o f the consti tuti n o .

73 . The State Council consists of the President and : seven secretaries, namely of Foreign Affairs ; Interior ; Finance ; War and Navy ; Education ; Public Works and ; a Posts Agriculture, L bor and Commerce . 74 All communications o f the President require the countersign o f the appropriate secretary in order to be

valid .

75. This article regulates the responsibility of the

whole ministry and the individual state secretaries . 82 . Determines the authority of the District and Pro v incial representations .

83 . A preliminary Budget must be submitted to the

Assembly each year .

84 . All state debts are guaranteed by the nation and no loans can be made unless provision is made at the same for time meeting them .

88. n The National Assembly shall each year , o the

“ of f a proposal the President, determine the force o the rmy

and navy .

: f c 93 Spanish shall be the o fi ial language, for the time

being.

Additional Article . All lands , buildings and other property w hich the religious orders possessed in these

islands shall be considered as state property , dating from 2 1 8 8— May 4 , 9 the day on which the provisional govern

ment was established at Cavite .

’ — r i i nal r 1 u AU THOR S Nora A later p ov s o a ticle ( 00 ) s spended Art. o f he onstitution unti the con enin of a new nationa as semb 5 t C l v g l ly, and added that parishes under charg e of Filipino pastors should pro a n erte n the Constituti Art. h d been i s d i on vide for their support. 5 to adapt it to Am ercian ideas and to win American sympathy ; but a fter the Americans had thrown o ff the mask the Filipinos repented he am e time re e rin to the o e the an ado te Art. 1 0 0 at t d p d , s f r g P p

i rt shou d be reinstated or not. q uest on whether A . 5 l

—68 would have placed this country in the same relation P toward the hilippines as it stands towards Cuba , would have prevented the war , would have kept us consistent w our our ith record and principles , would have won us of the friendship instead of the enmity the Filipinos , and f — would have been an act O simple justice to them TR .

ADDENDU M .

Macabebes a The , with whose n me the American press a has made us familiar , are not mentioned by that n me in ’ ’ l am i B um entr itt e or Cavada s c lassi fication . I ndebted

h n i R ecord t . Ch ca o o n . Mc utc eo Mr Joh T C , of the g , for some data about them . They number about and in a t a val e in th r in e of aca e f h bi l y e p ov c Bul n, som orty l n e we e al wa al to the mi es orth of Manila. Th y r ys loy an a an l w t e f S p i rds, d consequent y at outs ith h ir el low A Filipi nos . The reason therefor is not known . bout of them have been taken into the American service

as s c t e . ou s , tc The coast Malays resemble each other so much that a n Pan foreigner cannot tell whether o e is a Tagal , Bikol , ino n e one ans etc . u a es an e g , ; b t the n tiv c r cog iz another by their provincialisms and turns o f dialect . It is as unfair “ ” to speak of them as diff erent tribes as it would be to so describe the inhabitants of the various Shires in England before the printing press and education made the English lan a e unif m . J . D . gu g or . D A P

' ’ ’ ' ' ' ' H z s tor z a E s f a a z s tz ca de F z l z z nas M In his i p ( anila , C avada divides the 1 2 0 0 isl ands Of the Philippine archip elago into the follow ing gro ups :

w ncl u ~ The Luzon group , hich i des Luzon , the Babu

an a Alhabat C y islands , the B at nes , Polillo, , antan

M a C o duanes , ari nas , orreg id r, Mindoro , Burias ,

M M e C alamianes asbate arinduqu , , Paragua (or

Palauan) and B a balac . C b The Visayan group , comprising e u , Bohol , Samar , n S i n Leyte , Negros , Pa ay, buyan , Banto , Tablas,

l M de C B D Simara , a estre ampo , antayan , anis ,

i . Camote , Siquijor (or F re Island)

m M C am n u . T he Mindanao gro p , co prising indanao, O arz al V ive rO in uin C D A , , , g g , aburao inagat , rgus y — u n a n B ue n tna , S ib a g , Ge eral , Tong quil, Balan

guingui and the sub - archipelag o o f Jolo (or Sul u) .

‘ 1 1 2 This sub - archip e lag o consists of about islands , Pa aturan the principal of which are Jolo , g g , — Ta pul and Taw i Tawi .

d o ex T he l arg er islands are ivided int provinces , for M a 7 3 e L uzon has 2 2 provinces , ind nao , Panay , ampl , the a e are designat ed by n m s of the e tc . The inhabitants oans B ulac anos Pan as in inc es thus I loc , g resp e ctive prov , w creates the impression that they are anos , etc . hich h the C . The fact is t at all hris “ eighty or more tribes — are a homog enous people . D D c Malays J tian , ivilized ‘Bu u PHI L I PPI NE

Bo L r n ur e MIL E S . C. j ng an S CA ! or S 0 50 100 150

l 1! Co Chica o. Ra nd, Mc ’ g ! F I G

t. Tum ang o

‘ ug i l t.

Princesa

l I N D O 18 -

w ch . Longitude E as t f ro m Gree n i