Object Oriented Programming Introduction
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BUGS Code for Item Response Theory
JSS Journal of Statistical Software August 2010, Volume 36, Code Snippet 1. http://www.jstatsoft.org/ BUGS Code for Item Response Theory S. McKay Curtis University of Washington Abstract I present BUGS code to fit common models from item response theory (IRT), such as the two parameter logistic model, three parameter logisitic model, graded response model, generalized partial credit model, testlet model, and generalized testlet models. I demonstrate how the code in this article can easily be extended to fit more complicated IRT models, when the data at hand require a more sophisticated approach. Specifically, I describe modifications to the BUGS code that accommodate longitudinal item response data. Keywords: education, psychometrics, latent variable model, measurement model, Bayesian inference, Markov chain Monte Carlo, longitudinal data. 1. Introduction In this paper, I present BUGS (Gilks, Thomas, and Spiegelhalter 1994) code to fit several models from item response theory (IRT). Several different software packages are available for fitting IRT models. These programs include packages from Scientific Software International (du Toit 2003), such as PARSCALE (Muraki and Bock 2005), BILOG-MG (Zimowski, Mu- raki, Mislevy, and Bock 2005), MULTILOG (Thissen, Chen, and Bock 2003), and TESTFACT (Wood, Wilson, Gibbons, Schilling, Muraki, and Bock 2003). The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) task view \Psychometric Models and Methods" (Mair and Hatzinger 2010) contains a description of many different R packages that can be used to fit IRT models in the R computing environment (R Development Core Team 2010). Among these R packages are ltm (Rizopoulos 2006) and gpcm (Johnson 2007), which contain several functions to fit IRT models using marginal maximum likelihood methods, and eRm (Mair and Hatzinger 2007), which contains functions to fit several variations of the Rasch model (Fischer and Molenaar 1995). -
A Quick Reference to C Programming Language
A Quick Reference to C Programming Language Structure of a C Program #include(stdio.h) /* include IO library */ #include... /* include other files */ #define.. /* define constants */ /* Declare global variables*/) (variable type)(variable list); /* Define program functions */ (type returned)(function name)(parameter list) (declaration of parameter types) { (declaration of local variables); (body of function code); } /* Define main function*/ main ((optional argc and argv arguments)) (optional declaration parameters) { (declaration of local variables); (body of main function code); } Comments Format: /*(body of comment) */ Example: /*This is a comment in C*/ Constant Declarations Format: #define(constant name)(constant value) Example: #define MAXIMUM 1000 Type Definitions Format: typedef(datatype)(symbolic name); Example: typedef int KILOGRAMS; Variables Declarations: Format: (variable type)(name 1)(name 2),...; Example: int firstnum, secondnum; char alpha; int firstarray[10]; int doublearray[2][5]; char firststring[1O]; Initializing: Format: (variable type)(name)=(value); Example: int firstnum=5; Assignments: Format: (name)=(value); Example: firstnum=5; Alpha='a'; Unions Declarations: Format: union(tag) {(type)(member name); (type)(member name); ... }(variable name); Example: union demotagname {int a; float b; }demovarname; Assignment: Format: (tag).(member name)=(value); demovarname.a=1; demovarname.b=4.6; Structures Declarations: Format: struct(tag) {(type)(variable); (type)(variable); ... }(variable list); Example: struct student {int -
Lecture 2: Introduction to C Programming Language [email protected]
CSCI-UA 201 Joanna Klukowska Lecture 2: Introduction to C Programming Language [email protected] Lecture 2: Introduction to C Programming Language Notes include some materials provided by Andrew Case, Jinyang Li, Mohamed Zahran, and the textbooks. Reading materials Chapters 1-6 in The C Programming Language, by B.W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie Section 1.2 and Aside on page 4 in Computer Systems, A Programmer’s Perspective by R.E. Bryant and D.R. O’Hallaron Contents 1 Intro to C and Unix/Linux 3 1.1 Why C?............................................................3 1.2 C vs. Java...........................................................3 1.3 Code Development Process (Not Only in C).........................................4 1.4 Basic Unix Commands....................................................4 2 First C Program and Stages of Compilation 6 2.1 Writing and running hello world in C.............................................6 2.2 Hello world line by line....................................................7 2.3 What really happens when we compile a program?.....................................8 3 Basics of C 9 3.1 Data types (primitive types)..................................................9 3.2 Using printf to print different data types.........................................9 3.3 Control flow.......................................................... 10 3.4 Functions........................................................... 11 3.5 Variable scope........................................................ 12 3.6 Header files......................................................... -
A Tutorial Introduction to the Language B
A TUTORIAL INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE B B. W. Kernighan Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 1. Introduction B is a new computer language designed and implemented at Murray Hill. It runs and is actively supported and documented on the H6070 TSS system at Murray Hill. B is particularly suited for non-numeric computations, typified by system programming. These usually involve many complex logical decisions, computations on integers and fields of words, especially charac- ters and bit strings, and no floating point. B programs for such operations are substantially easier to write and understand than GMAP programs. The generated code is quite good. Implementation of simple TSS subsystems is an especially good use for B. B is reminiscent of BCPL [2] , for those who can remember. The original design and implementation are the work of K. L. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie; their original 6070 version has been substantially improved by S. C. Johnson, who also wrote the runtime library. This memo is a tutorial to make learning B as painless as possible. Most of the features of the language are mentioned in passing, but only the most important are stressed. Users who would like the full story should consult A User’s Reference to B on MH-TSS, by S. C. Johnson [1], which should be read for details any- way. We will assume that the user is familiar with the mysteries of TSS, such as creating files, text editing, and the like, and has programmed in some language before. Throughout, the symbolism (->n) implies that a topic will be expanded upon in section n of this manual. -
Behavioral Subtyping, Specification Inheritance, and Modular Reasoning Gary T
Computer Science Technical Reports Computer Science 9-3-2006 Behavioral Subtyping, Specification Inheritance, and Modular Reasoning Gary T. Leavens Iowa State University David A. Naumann Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_techreports Part of the Software Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Leavens, Gary T. and Naumann, David A., "Behavioral Subtyping, Specification Inheritance, and Modular Reasoning" (2006). Computer Science Technical Reports. 269. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_techreports/269 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computer Science Technical Reports by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Behavioral Subtyping, Specification Inheritance, and Modular Reasoning Abstract Behavioral subtyping is an established idea that enables modular reasoning about behavioral properties of object-oriented programs. It requires that syntactic subtypes are behavioral refinements. It validates reasoning about a dynamically-dispatched method call, say E.m(), using the specification associated with the static type of the receiver expression E. For languages with references and mutable objects the idea of behavioral subtyping has not been rigorously formalized as such, the standard informal notion has inadequacies, and exact definitions are not obvious. This paper formalizes behavioral subtyping and supertype abstraction for a Java-like sequential language with classes, interfaces, exceptions, mutable heap objects, references, and recursive types. Behavioral subtyping is proved sound and semantically complete for reasoning with supertype abstraction. Specification inheritance, as used in the specification language JML, is formalized and proved to entail behavioral subtyping. -
Command $Line; Done
http://xkcd.com/208/ >0 TGCAGGTATATCTATTAGCAGGTTTAATTTTGCCTGCACTTGGTTGGGTACATTATTTTAAGTGTATTTGACAAG >1 TGCAGGTTGTTGTTACTCAGGTCCAGTTCTCTGAGACTGGAGGACTGGGAGCTGAGAACTGAGGACAGAGCTTCA >2 TGCAGGGCCGGTCCAAGGCTGCATGAGGCCTGGGGCAGAATCTGACCTAGGGGCCCCTCTTGCTGCTAAAACCAT >3 TGCAGGATCTGCTGCACCATTAACCAGACAGAAATGGCAGTTTTATACAAGTTATTATTCTAATTCAATAGCTGA >4 TGCAGGGGTCAAATACAGCTGTCAAAGCCAGACTTTGAGCACTGCTAGCTGGCTGCAACACCTGCACTTAACCTC cat seqs.fa PIPE grep ACGT TGCAGGTATATCTATTAGCAGGTTTAATTTTGCCTGCACTTGGTTGGGTACATTATTTTAAGTGTATTTGACAAG >1 TGCAGGTTGTTGTTACTCAGGTCCAGTTCTCTGAGACTGGAGGACTGGGAGCTGAGAACTGAGGACAGAGCTTCA >2 TGCAGGGCCGGTCCAAGGCTGCATGAGGCCTGGGGCAGAATCTGACCTAGGGGCCCCTCTTGCTGCTAAAACCAT >3 TGCAGGATCTGCTGCACCATTAACCAGACAGAAATGGCAGTTTTATACAAGTTATTATTCTAATTCAATAGCTGA >4 TGCAGGGGTCAAATACAGCTGTCAAAGCCAGACTTTGAGCACTGCTAGCTGGCTGCAACACCTGCACTTAACCTC cat seqs.fa Does PIPE “>0” grep ACGT contain “ACGT”? Yes? No? Output NULL >1 TGCAGGTTGTTGTTACTCAGGTCCAGTTCTCTGAGACTGGAGGACTGGGAGCTGAGAACTGAGGACAGAGCTTCA >2 TGCAGGGCCGGTCCAAGGCTGCATGAGGCCTGGGGCAGAATCTGACCTAGGGGCCCCTCTTGCTGCTAAAACCAT >3 TGCAGGATCTGCTGCACCATTAACCAGACAGAAATGGCAGTTTTATACAAGTTATTATTCTAATTCAATAGCTGA >4 TGCAGGGGTCAAATACAGCTGTCAAAGCCAGACTTTGAGCACTGCTAGCTGGCTGCAACACCTGCACTTAACCTC cat seqs.fa Does PIPE “TGCAGGTATATCTATTAGCAGGTTTAATTTTGCCTGCACTTG...G” grep ACGT contain “ACGT”? Yes? No? Output NULL TGCAGGTTGTTGTTACTCAGGTCCAGTTCTCTGAGACTGGAGGACTGGGAGCTGAGAACTGAGGACAGAGCTTCA >2 TGCAGGGCCGGTCCAAGGCTGCATGAGGCCTGGGGCAGAATCTGACCTAGGGGCCCCTCTTGCTGCTAAAACCAT >3 TGCAGGATCTGCTGCACCATTAACCAGACAGAAATGGCAGTTTTATACAAGTTATTATTCTAATTCAATAGCTGA -
Advances in Programming Languages Lecture 18: Concurrency and More in Rust
Advances in Programming Languages Lecture 18: Concurrency and More in Rust Ian Stark School of Informatics The University of Edinburgh Friday 24 November 2016 Semester 1 Week 10 https://blog.inf.ed.ac.uk/apl16 Topic: Programming for Memory Safety The final block of lectures cover features used in the Rust programming language. Introduction: Zero-Cost Abstractions (and their cost) Control of Memory: Ownership Concurrency and more This section of the course is entirely new — Rust itself is not that old — and I apologise for any consequent lack of polish. Ian Stark Advances in Programming Languages / Lecture 18: Concurrency and More in Rust 2016-11-24 The Rust Programming Language The Rust language is intended as a tool for safe systems programming. Three key objectives contribute to this. Zero-cost abstractions Basic References Memory safety https://www.rust-lang.org https://blog.rust-lang.org Safe concurrency The “systems programming” motivation resonates with that for imperative C/C++. The “safe” part draws extensively on techniques developed for functional Haskell and OCaml. Sometimes these align more closely than you might expect, often by overlap between two aims: Precise control for the programmer; Precise information for the compiler. Ian Stark Advances in Programming Languages / Lecture 18: Concurrency and More in Rust 2016-11-24 Previous Homework Watch This Peter O’Hearn: Reasoning with Big Code https://is.gd/reasoning_big_code Talk at the Alan Turing Institute about how Facebook is using automatic verification at scale to check code and give feedback to programmers. Ian Stark Advances in Programming Languages / Lecture 18: Concurrency and More in Rust 2016-11-24 Guest Speaker ! Probabilistic Programming: What is it and how do we make it better? Maria Gorinova University of Edinburgh 3.10pm Tuesday 29 November 2016 Ian Stark Advances in Programming Languages / Lecture 18: Concurrency and More in Rust 2016-11-24 Optional: Review and Exam Preparation ! The final lecture will be an exam review, principally for single-semester visiting students. -
Developing Rust on Bare-Metal
RustyGecko - Developing Rust on Bare-Metal An experimental embedded software platform Håvard Wormdal Høiby Sondre Lefsaker Master of Science in Computer Science Submission date: June 2015 Supervisor: Magnus Lie Hetland, IDI Co-supervisor: Antonio Garcia Guirado, IDI Marius Grannæs, Silicon Labs Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Computer and Information Science Preface This report is submitted to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in fulfillment of the requirements for master thesis. This work has been performed at the Department of Computer and Information Science, NTNU, with Prof. Magnus Lie Hetland as the supervisor, Antonio Garcia Guirado (ARM), and Marius Grannæs (Silicon Labs) as co-supervisors. The initial problem description was our own proposal and further developed in co-operation with our supervisors. Acknowledgements Thanks to Magnus Lie Hetland, Antonio Garcia Guirado, and Marius Grannæs for directions and guidance on technical issues and this report. Thanks to Silicon Labs for providing us with development platforms for us to develop and test our implementation on. Thanks to Antonio Garcia Guirado for the implementation of the CircleGame application for us to port to Rust and use in our benchmarks. Thanks to Itera w/Tommy Ryen for office space. A special thanks to Leslie Ho and Siri Aagedal for all the support and for proofreading the thesis. Sondre Lefsaker and H˚avard Wormdal Høiby 2015-06-14 i Project Description The Rust programming language is a new system language developed by Mozilla. With the language being statically compiled and built on the LLVM compiler infras- tructure, and because of features like low-level control and zero-cost abstractions, the language is a candidate for use in bare-metal systems. -
Xtend User Guide
Xtend User Guide September 10, 2013 Contents I. Getting Started 5 1. Introduction 6 2. Hello World 7 3. The Movies Example 9 3.1. The Data . .9 3.2. Parsing The Data . 10 3.3. Answering Some Questions . 11 3.3.1. Question 1 : What Is The Number Of Action Movies? . 11 3.3.2. Question 2 : What Is The Year The Best Movie From The 80's Was Released? . 12 3.3.3. Question 3 : What Is The The Sum Of All Votes Of The Top Two Movies?................................. 13 II. Reference Documentation 14 4. Java Interoperability 15 4.1. Type Inference . 15 4.2. Conversion Rules . 15 4.3. Interoperability with Java . 16 5. Classes and Members 17 5.1. Package Declaration . 17 5.2. Imports . 17 5.3. Class Declaration . 18 5.4. Constructors . 19 5.5. Fields . 19 5.6. Methods . 20 5.6.1. Abstract Methods . 20 5.6.2. Overriding Methods . 21 5.6.3. Declared Exceptions . 21 5.6.4. Inferred Return Types . 21 5.6.5. Generic Methods . 22 2 5.6.6. Dispatch Methods . 22 5.7. Annotations . 26 5.8. Extension Methods . 26 5.8.1. Extensions from the Library . 27 5.8.2. Local Extension Methods . 28 5.8.3. Extension Imports . 28 5.8.4. Extension Provider . 29 5.9. Interface Declaration . 29 5.10. Annotation Type Declaration . 30 5.11. Enum Type Declaration . 30 6. Expressions 31 6.1. Literals . 31 6.1.1. String Literals . 31 6.1.2. Character Literals . 32 6.1.3. Number Literals . -
The C Programming Language
The C programming Language The C programming Language By Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie. Published by Prentice-Hall in 1988 ISBN 0-13-110362-8 (paperback) ISBN 0-13-110370-9 Contents ● Preface ● Preface to the first edition ● Introduction 1. Chapter 1: A Tutorial Introduction 1. Getting Started 2. Variables and Arithmetic Expressions 3. The for statement 4. Symbolic Constants 5. Character Input and Output 1. File Copying 2. Character Counting 3. Line Counting 4. Word Counting 6. Arrays 7. Functions 8. Arguments - Call by Value 9. Character Arrays 10. External Variables and Scope 2. Chapter 2: Types, Operators and Expressions 1. Variable Names 2. Data Types and Sizes 3. Constants 4. Declarations http://freebooks.by.ru/view/CProgrammingLanguage/kandr.html (1 of 5) [5/15/2002 10:12:59 PM] The C programming Language 5. Arithmetic Operators 6. Relational and Logical Operators 7. Type Conversions 8. Increment and Decrement Operators 9. Bitwise Operators 10. Assignment Operators and Expressions 11. Conditional Expressions 12. Precedence and Order of Evaluation 3. Chapter 3: Control Flow 1. Statements and Blocks 2. If-Else 3. Else-If 4. Switch 5. Loops - While and For 6. Loops - Do-While 7. Break and Continue 8. Goto and labels 4. Chapter 4: Functions and Program Structure 1. Basics of Functions 2. Functions Returning Non-integers 3. External Variables 4. Scope Rules 5. Header Files 6. Static Variables 7. Register Variables 8. Block Structure 9. Initialization 10. Recursion 11. The C Preprocessor 1. File Inclusion 2. Macro Substitution 3. Conditional Inclusion 5. Chapter 5: Pointers and Arrays 1. -
R Programming for Data Science
R Programming for Data Science Roger D. Peng This book is for sale at http://leanpub.com/rprogramming This version was published on 2015-07-20 This is a Leanpub book. Leanpub empowers authors and publishers with the Lean Publishing process. Lean Publishing is the act of publishing an in-progress ebook using lightweight tools and many iterations to get reader feedback, pivot until you have the right book and build traction once you do. ©2014 - 2015 Roger D. Peng Also By Roger D. Peng Exploratory Data Analysis with R Contents Preface ............................................... 1 History and Overview of R .................................... 4 What is R? ............................................ 4 What is S? ............................................ 4 The S Philosophy ........................................ 5 Back to R ............................................ 5 Basic Features of R ....................................... 6 Free Software .......................................... 6 Design of the R System ..................................... 7 Limitations of R ......................................... 8 R Resources ........................................... 9 Getting Started with R ...................................... 11 Installation ............................................ 11 Getting started with the R interface .............................. 11 R Nuts and Bolts .......................................... 12 Entering Input .......................................... 12 Evaluation ........................................... -
The Rust Programming Language
The Rust Programming Language The Rust Team 2016-10-01 2 Contents 1 Introduction 11 Contributing ...................................... 11 2 Getting Started 13 Installing Rust ..................................... 13 Hello, world! ...................................... 16 Hello, Cargo! ...................................... 19 Closing Thoughts .................................... 23 3 Tutorial: Guessing Game 25 Set up .......................................... 25 Processing a Guess ................................... 26 Generating a secret number .............................. 30 Comparing guesses ................................... 33 Looping ......................................... 37 Complete! ........................................ 41 4 Syntax and Semantics 43 Variable Bindings ....................................... 43 Patterns ......................................... 43 Type annotations .................................... 44 Mutability ........................................ 44 Initializing bindings .................................. 45 Scope and shadowing .................................. 46 Functions ........................................... 48 Primitive Types ........................................ 53 Booleans ......................................... 53 4 CONTENTS char ........................................... 53 Numeric types ..................................... 54 Arrays .......................................... 55 Slices ........................................... 56 str ...........................................