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Identification of the Heath-Leaved Cypress, Chamaecyparis Thyoides "Ericoides" (Curessaceae)

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Identification of the Heath-Leaved Cypress, Chamaecyparis Thyoides Baileya 23(2), pp. 57-67. 1989. Identification of the Heath-Leaved Cypress, Chamaecyparis thyoides ‘Ericoides’ (Cupressaceae) Regis B. Miller Center for Wood Anatomy Research, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2398 AND Frederick G. Meyer USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Arboretum, 3501 New York Ave., N. E., Washington, D.C. 20002 ABSTRACT. Cultivated forms of conifers with juvenile leaves pose problems of identification that are not easily reconciled by conventional methods. The wood from a specimen of the heath-leaved cypress (Chamaecyparis thyoides ‘Ericoides’) was examined to correctly identify this juvenile-leaved cultivar. The nomenclatural history and identification have been much confused and remained unresolved for well over a century. Comparing the macroscopic and microscopic wood anatomical features of the cultivar to all coniferous genera, particularly to the species of Chamaecyparis and Thuja, we found that the heath-leaved cypress is C. thyoides. The taxonomic, nomenclatural, and historical aspects of this cultivar are also reviewed. Since its introduction to cultivation more than a century ago, the taxonomic and nomenclatural history of the heath-leaved cypress (a juvenile form of Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP.) has been much confused. Lacking the more distinctive adult leaves, conifers with only juvenile leaves often are difficult to identify. Chamaecyparis thyoides is an indigenous conifer of coastal eastern United States. This attractive, small, columnar tree, with summer gray-green leaves that turn shades of copper or purple in winter, is often planted in parks and gardens, and not uncommonly in cemeteries, primarily in parts of the southeastern United States. The heath-leaved cypress is well known to the second author from the voucher collections documented from many sites in the southeastern United States over the past 20 years. Nurserymen know this plant and still grow it to a limited extent, but the identity of this juvenile form has never been established with certainty until now. Recent nursery catalogues have listed it as Retinospora ericoides, a name without botanical standing. In an attempt to resolve the taxonomic and nomenclatural dilemma of this conifer, we turned to another avenue of investigation, namely wood anatomy. It is well known that anatomical features of the wood have diagnostic value in the generic identifica- tion of conifers (Phillips, 1948; Greguess, 1955 Kukachka, 1960). 58 BAILEYA VOLUME 23 HISTORICAL RÉSUMÉ The heath-leaved cypress was first offered in the United States by the Fruitland Nursery of Augusta, Georgia, in their 1857–1858 catalog, as Cupressus ericoides, a name without botanical standing. The nursery listed it under this name year after year at least up to 1900. However, it has been offered by other nurseries since that time. The brief description of this conifer in the Fruitland Nursery Catalogue for 1872 leaves little doubt that it is the same plant we discuss in this paper: "Heath leaved, very compact, foliage very distinct, turning purple in winter, a desirable plant of moderate growth." The proprietor of the Fruit- land Nursery, P. J. A. Berckmans, was a Belgian immigrant actively engaged in introducing nursery plants from Europe to grow in his Georgia nursery. For this reason, we are confident that the heath-leaved cypress was one of the plants introduced by Berckmans. The origin of the selection ‘Ericoides’ in Europe was most likely as a branch sport of Chamaecyparis thyoides. Den Ouden and Boom (1965) indicated the year 1840 as the original date of introduction for C. thyoides ‘Ericoides’ by a nursery in France. The European introduction date of 1840 was derived from a reference by Carrière (1867) related only to the introduction of Retinospora pseudosquarrosa, which Carrière said was "Obtenu au Mans, vers 1840 par M. Bergeot." The plant in question surely was not the heath-leaved cypress, but more likely a variant of Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. & Zucc.) Endl. ‘Squarrosa’, a well-known juvenile-leaved cultivar of Japanese origin. As we explain later in this section, the place and date of origin of this conifer in Europe cannot be established with certainty. However, Loudon (1838) recorded that C. thyoides was first introduced to Europe in 1736. Since authenticated voucher specimens are not available for validation of the many names that have been proposed for the heath-leaved cypress, it is nearly impossible to typify most of the names listed by Rehder (1949) and others who have dealt with this conifer. Since 1850, the heath-leaved cypress has been assigned to no fewer than six genera of coniferous plants, namely Widdringtonia, Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, Retinospora, Juniperus, and Frenela. The name Widdringtonia ericoides of Knight (1850), which appeared without a description in a nursery list, should be excluded from further consideration. Carrière (1855) proposed the name Chamaecyparis ericoides and listed the earlier name, Wid- dringtonia ericoides of Knight and Perry, as a synonym. Later, Carrière (1867) listed both C. ericoides and W. ericoides as synonyms of Retinospora squarrosa Sieb. & Zucc. The latter name is now treated as a synonym of Chamaecyparis pisifera ‘Squarrosa’. According to Gordon (1858, 1875), Retinospora ericoides, listed by Carrière (1855), was a plant "cultivated by the Japanese in pots, under the name of Nezu (dwarf)," or as Nezu-hiba (dwarf tree of life) (Gordon, 1862). Veitch (1881) refuted Gordon’s incorrect assertion that Retinospora ericoides was of Japanese origin; Veitch’s view was accepted by later authors. However, Welch (1979) again supported the notion of a Japanese origin for the heath- leaved cypress, merely repeating Gordon’s incorrect assertion of 1858. The evidence presented here shows clearly that the cultivar ‘Ericoides’ belongs with an American species, Chamaecyparis thyoides, and not with either of the Japanese species, C. obtusa (Seib. & Zucc.) Endl. or C. pisifera. JULY 1989 MILLER & MEYER HEATH-LEAVED CYPRESS 59 Beissner (1880) was the earliest author to apply the name Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea (Sprengel) Spach var. ericoides Beissn. & Hochst. to the heath- leaved cypress. According to modern usage, the specific epithet sphaeroidea has been replaced by the older thyoides, and the horticultural variety ericoides should now be cited as a cultivar, ‘Ericoides’. At the same time that he applied the name C. sphaeroidea, Beissner treated Frenela ericoides hort. and Juniperus ericoides hort. as synonyms. Later, Sudworth (1897) listed the heath-leaved cypress as Chamaecyparis thyoides ericoides (Knight) Sudworth. More recent authors, including Bailey (1923, 1933), Dallimore and Jackson (1931, 1948, 1966), Den Ouden (1949), Den Ouden and Boom (1965), and Welch (1966) follow the nomenclature of Beissner and of Sudworth. Krüssmann (1972), unfortunately, accepted the earlier erroneous statement of Den Ouden and Boom (1965) that the heath-leaved cypress was of French origin, dating from 1840. MATERIALS AND METHODS The wood sample for this study, now identified as Chamaecyparis thyoides ‘Ericoides’, was provided by Daniel B. Ward, Department of Botany, University of Florida Gainesville, Florida. The sample, consisting of heartwood, sapwood, and bark, was obtained from a large old tree on the campus of the University of Florida. This sample was accessioned into the wood collection at the Forest Products Laboratory and numbered as MADw 42516. For comparison, various species and genera from the Madison (MADw) and S. J. Record (SJRw) wood collections were examined. Permanent microscope slides of the wood were prepared according to standard techniques. Two slides were stained with safranin, and two were unstained. Maceration were made using 50/50 hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid, mounted in a 50/50 glycerol-alcohol solution, and left unstained. Terminology follows the IAWA Committee on Nomenclature (1964). Anatomical features observed and described generally follow standard prac- tices for coniferous woods (Phillips, 1948; Kukachka, 1960). Tracheid length and ray height are based on 100 randomly selected measurements; the tangen- tial diameter of tracheids and the number of rays per tangential mm2 are based on 50 measurements. RESULTS Description of the wood sample; Heartwood light brown or tan with a slight reddish cast, distinct from the light tan or cream sapwood. Wood with a characteristic aromatic or “cedar” odor, but no greasy feel, distinctive taste, or dimpled grain. Growth rings distinct to somewhat indistinct, 2-6 mm wide; transition from earlywood to latewood gradual (Fig. 1). Tracheid length 2.20 (1.68-2.74) mm; earlywood tracheids 24 (16-32) µm and latewood tracheids 24 (14-30) µm in tangential diameter; one row of bordered pits on radial walls (Fig. 2), tangential pits scattered, only occasionally present; spiral thickenings absent. Cross-field pitting typically cupressoid, especially on the first several 60 BAILEYA VOLUME 23 rows of earlywood tracheids, somewhat taxodioid to cupressoid on latewood tracheids. Axial parenchyma abundant (Fig. 1), end walls smooth to slightly nodular as viewed on the tangential section (Fig. 3); cell contents brown to yellowish or reddish brown. Rays uniseriate to rarely biseriate in part, 8.7 (l-26) cells high, but mostly 5-14 cells high or 291 (157-444) µm high; 60.8 (44-81) per tangential mm2 (Fig. 3). Ray parenchyma with smooth end walls (Fig. 4), not indentured cell contents occasionally brown
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