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The Adolescent Journey of Evangelical Youths, 1970-2000 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2015 "Pretty girls and fascinating boys" : the adolescent journey of evangelical youths, 1970-2000 Maria Alexandria Kane College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History of Religion Commons, Religion Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Kane, Maria Alexandria, ""Pretty girls and fascinating boys" : the adolescent journey of evangelical youths, 1970-2000" (2015). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623371. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-74m4-4698 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Pretty Girls and Fascinating Boys”: The Adolescent Journey of Evangelical Youths, 1970-2000 Maria Alexandria Kane Houston, Texas Master of Arts, The College of William & Mary, 2008 Master of Divinity, Duke University, 2006 Bachelor of Arts History & Classics, Howard University, 2003 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lyon G. Tyler Department of History The College of William and Mary January, 2015 COMPLIANCE PAGE Research approved by Dr. Maureen Fitzgerald Protocol number(s): PHSC-2011-08-097433 mafitz Date(s) of approval: October 13, 2011. APPROVAL PAGE Pretty Girls and Fascinating Boys: The Adolescent Journey of Evangelical Youths, 1970-2000 is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy • Maria Alexandria Kane Approved by thaHommittee, November 24, 2014 Committee Co- Associate Professor Leisa D. Histon^ Department, The College oHvfyiefm and Committee Co-Chair (and/Outside Reader) Associate ProfessoaMaureen FitzgeralcL/teligious Studies Department The College of William and Mary Associate Professor Charlje McGovernj, History^Departmerit/American Studies Program, ie Colh of Williams and Mary Associate Professor Trent Vinson, History Department The College of William and Mary ABSTRACT In 1978, James Dobson, psychologist and founder of the conservative evangelical group Focus on the Family, Inc., published Preparing for Adolescence: Advice from One of America’s Foremost Family Psychologists on How to Survive the Coming Years of Change. Over the next twenty years Dobson’s pocket-sized advice manual went on to sell over a million copies and symbolized the desire of white conservative evangelicals to control the moral and social development of adolescents— and in turn the nation. During the same period, black conservative evangelicals were engaged in a separate yet equally vocal struggle to support adolescents and their families against generations- old stereotypes of sexual deviance. Despite their differing goals, both white and black conservative evangelicals viewed the education of young people as critical to the health and influence of their respective communities. Remarkably, however, young peoples’ lived experience is rarely studied as a distinct field within American religious history and studies. Moreover, historians often exclude conservative black evangelicals from stud­ ies of evangelical Christianity and instead subsume them under the generic and artificial grouping of ‘The Black Church.” This dissertation critically analyzes how conservative evangelicals understood the relationship between sexuality, gender and race in the de­ velopment of adolescent sex education and ethical leadership. I argue that the critical factoring distinguishing the two groups was not politics, but diverging ideas of American citizenship. Moreover, this project reclaims evangelicalism as a theological identity rather than a political one and illustrates the symbiotic relationship between faith, the human body, and notions of belonging. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii Dedication vi Introduction: “First Comes Love” 1 Chapter 1: “...Then Comes Marriage”: Gender & Marriage in the 24 Construction of the Ideal Evangelical Family Chapter 2: “Sex That’s Worth the Wait": Purity Rituals 93 and the Sex Education of White Evangelical Conservatives Chapter 3: “I Am Because You Are”: Rites of Passage Rituals and 184 the Adolescent Formation of Black Evangelical Conservatives Chapter 4: Queering the Church: Conservative Evangelicalism 255 and Sexual Orientation Conclusion: “To Do Justice and Love Mercy” 308 Appendix: Gender, Race, Sexuality 314 & Evangelical Adolescence Survey (GRSEA) Bibliography 329 i. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I am grateful to every person who completed the survey for this dissertation, and most especially, to those who so graciously shared their experiences with me in interviews. I could never due justice to the depth of their stories, but I have done my best to regard them with the care and reverence they deserve. Although many of the participants are not named individually in these pages, their stories all over this dissertation and in my heart. The story of how this dissertation came to be began twelve years ago when I asked my Latin professor, Dr. Molly Levine, to write a letter of recommendation on my behalf for a master’s program. She agreed, but on one condition: I had to apply to a Ph.D. program. Her words seemed ludicrous to me: “You don’t need to be shelving books, you need to write them.” Days later, I told the Dean of the Chapel, Dr. Bernard Richardson, what Molly had said. He affirmed her, but I suspected he was performing the role of the encouraging chaplain. Needless to say, I applied to Ph.D. programs more out of duty than any belief I would succeed. While I was in seminary they kept encouraging my love of history and religion, convincing me that critical scholarship and faith can coexist. Over the years they have read chapters, shared advice of all varieties, provided meals and respite, and encouraged me to get out and play. More importantly, they have been bedrocks of love, wisdom, and friendship. Thank you, M. and B. I’m so glad I went to Howard U. On the night of Barack Obama’s election to the American presidency in 2008, my classmates and I gathered at the home of my dissertation advisor, Dr. Maureen Fitzgerald. As the results came in, I struggled to fight back tears of awe and longing: I so desperately yearned to share that moment with my late dad and grandparents. As I left Maureen’s house that night she looked in my eyes and told me to let the tears fall. In her hug and knowing nod, I felt the history of the past descend onto a moment that can only be described as a holy mystery. That was one of many times over the course of the program in which the study of history became a means of grace. Maureen welcomed my questions and ideas and never stopped pushing me toward excellence. She not only has made me a better writer and scholar, she has instilled in me the belief that history does more than instruct, it inspires and transforms. Dr. Leisa Meyer’s courses on sexuality and gender sharpened my mind and deepened my respect for the beauty of humankind. Her scrupulous attention to detail and her willingness to provide resources for further study are gifts that continue to grow. Through her, I saw how history is more than a job, it’s a vocation. I am fortunate to have had her on my committee. I am equally grateful to Dr. Robert Vinson and Dr. Charlie McGovern for serving on my committee. In the midst of transitions, Dr. Vinson readily agreed to come on board in the project’s final stages. His questions have added much needed depth and complexity to this project. Dr. McGovern’s passion for teaching has always inspired my understanding of what it means to live the life of the mind. Having him on my committee pushed me beyond my narrow definitions of culture and affirmed the privilege of doing this work. I am grateful to have received support from various organizations over the course of writing this dissertation. The Torrey M. Johnson Research Grant from the Billy Graham Center at Wheaton College (IL) afforded me time, space, and access to essential archival materials. Ongoing support from the College of Arts & Sciences and the Provost’s Research Grants provided essential funding as I traveled up and down the East Coast to complete oral histories. While working on this dissertation, I had the privilege of calling Hickory Neck Episcopal Church home. Their joy, love, and interest in my work was an ongoing gift of sustenance. I am grateful to have been a part of their family. As I prepared to defend this project, I began serving as rector at St. Paul’s Church. Besides being a welcoming, creative, and loving community, they are also a wise and discerning one. They provided me time and space to complete the final details of this project and told me, “there would still be a home for me when I returned.” It is my great privilege to be their pastor. I am grateful to all my amazing friends who've filled my life with laughter, patience, and the gift of companionship. I love you all deeply and thank you for commiserating with me, celebrating with me, encouraging me, playing with me, and praying with and for me. Thank you for everything. To express the depth of my love and gratitude for my godchildren is impossible. Their wonder, love, creativity, and brilliance never ceases to bring me to my knees. They could care less about this dissertation (as I would only hope and iii expect), but many of the pages that follow were written with their future in mind: may the faith they choose to live be one rich in mercy, overflowing in hope and abundant in love and delight.
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