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Why They Died Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War
September 2007 Volume 19, No. 5(E) Why They Died Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War Map: Administrative Divisions of Lebanon .............................................................................1 Map: Southern Lebanon ....................................................................................................... 2 Map: Northern Lebanon ........................................................................................................ 3 I. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 4 Israeli Policies Contributing to the Civilian Death Toll ....................................................... 6 Hezbollah Conduct During the War .................................................................................. 14 Summary of Methodology and Errors Corrected ............................................................... 17 II. Recommendations........................................................................................................ 20 III. Methodology................................................................................................................ 23 IV. Legal Standards Applicable to the Conflict......................................................................31 A. Applicable International Law ....................................................................................... 31 B. Protections for Civilians and Civilian Objects ...............................................................33 -
The War on Lebanon “I Put This Together to Help Me Come to Terms with What Has Just Happened to My Country”
The war on Lebanon “I put this together to help me come to terms with what has just happened to my country” 2 The war on Lebanon Post mortem Wednesday 12th July Assault Destruction Suffering Humanitarian crisis Economic ruin Ecological disaster War crimes Stench of politics Unity Fragile Ceasefire Aftermath Additional information 3 Post Mortem 12 July – 14 August 2006 The cost The scale Israel Lebanon Civilian dead 43 1,130 Civilian 650 3,697 wounded Military dead 116 55* Displaced 500,000 915,000 6,900 homes** 900 businesses Damage 300 buildings 145 bridges 29 utilities Economic $1.5bn $6.5bn*** Bombed 4,000 100,000**** Source: Figures and map from BBC News *Israel estimates 550 ** Lebanese government estimates 15,000 *** Lebanese Council for Development and Reconstruction 4bn estimated reconstruction + 2.5bn earnings loss at 8% GDP **** Estimate based on UN figures of 3,000 attacks per day: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/iha1220.doc.htm4 A skirmish between Hezbollah and Israel escalates into war Wednesday 12th July Hezbollah fires rockets into Israel and raids an army post on the border. Three Israeli soldiers are killed and two are captured. Israel sends a tank into Lebanon in pursuit. The tank is destroyed. Five Israeli soldiers are killed. "It is an act of war by the state of Lebanon against the state of Israel in its sovereign territory.” (Ehud Olmert, Israeli Prime Minister) “The government was not aware of, and does not take responsibility for, nor endorses, what happened on the international border." (Fouad Siniora, Lebanese Prime Minister) “No military operation will return the Israeli captured soldiers. -
Lessons from Others for Future U.S. Army Operations in and Through the Information Environment CASE STUDIES
C O R P O R A T I O N Lessons from Others for Future U.S. Army Operations in and Through the Information Environment CASE STUDIES Christopher Paul, Colin P. Clarke, Michael Schwille, Jakub P. Hlávka, Michael A. Brown, Steven S. Davenport, Isaac R. Porche III, Joel Harding For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1925z2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9997-6 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover photos (clockwise from top left): Giorgio Montersino via Flickr (CC BY-SA 2.0); U.S. Air Force photo by Airman 1st Class Adawn Kelsey; U.S. Air Force photo by Tech Sgt John Gordinier; U.S. Air National Guard photo by Master Sgt Andrew J. Moseley; Russian Ministry of Defence (CC BY 4.0); North Korean national media Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. -
Israeli Press: a Comparative Analysis of "Assafir" and "The Jerusalem Post"
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2001 Framing and Counterframing of the Middle East Peace Process in the Arab -Israeli Press: a Comparative Analysis of "Assafir" and "The Jerusalem Post". Houda Hanna El-koussa Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation El-koussa, Houda Hanna, "Framing and Counterframing of the Middle East Peace Process in the Arab -Israeli Press: a Comparative Analysis of "Assafir" and "The eJ rusalem Post"." (2001). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 401. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/401 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
The Case of Hezbollah in Lebanon by Mohamad Ibrahim BA, Lebanese
Survival through restrained institutionalization: The case of Hezbollah in Lebanon by Mohamad Ibrahim B.A., Lebanese American University, 2017 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of Security Studies College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2019 Approved by: Major Professor Dr. Carla Martinez-Machain Copyright © Mohamad Ibrahim 2019. Abstract This thesis is an in-depth exploration of the evolving nature of domestic strategies adopted by Lebanon’s Hezbollah since its foundation in 1985 until the contemporary time. Based on Joel Migdal’s contributions to the literature on state-society relations, and Samuel Huntington’s understanding of institutionalization, it seeks to highlight and explain important transformations in Hezbollah’s political program, its sustained acquisition of arms, its social mobilization strategy, and its sensitive relationship with a de jure sovereign yet de facto weak Lebanese consociational system. The study proposes an explanation that combines Hezbollah’s ability to take advantage of the segmental autonomy that characterizes the power-sharing arrangements governing the Lebanese political system, and the overall existing political opportunity structure. The core argument is that Hezbollah has been able to become a powerful non-state actor through a process of restrained institutionalization which takes into consideration the need to sustain popular support on one hand, and the sensitive intricacies of Lebanon’s consociational system on the other hand. In other words, Hezbollah has invested its capacities in a way that maximizes its power in the existing political system, while remaining institutionally autonomous to a relative extent from it, and therefore becoming able to pursue its independent interests. -
Push-Pull Hezbollah: the New York Times and the Washington Post News Coverage of Three Israel-Lebanon Conflicts
Push-Pull Hezbollah: The New York Times and the Washington Post News Coverage of Three Israel-Lebanon Conflicts (1996, 2000, 2006) A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Abhinav K. Aima August 2019 © 2019 Abhinav K. Aima. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled Push-Pull Hezbollah: The New York Times and the Washington Post News Coverage of Three Israel-Lebanon Conflicts (1996, 2000, 2006) by ABHINAV K. AIMA has been approved for the E.W. Scripps School of Journalism and the Scripps College of Communication by Robert Stewart Professor of Journalism Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii Abstract AIMA, ABHINAV K., Ph.D., August 2019, Journalism Push-Pull Hezbollah: The New York Times and the Washington Post News Coverage of Three Israel-Lebanon Conflicts (1996, 2000, 2006) Director of Dissertation: Robert Stewart This content analysis of attributed sources in the 1996, 2000, and 2006 news coverage of Israel’s military actions in Lebanon shows a “Late Breaking Foreign Policy” effect Warren P. Strobel cites in his work, wherein media “Push” forward with reliance on government sources and allies in conflicts, but “Pull” back after setbacks. Israel dominated news sources in The New York Times and Washington Post, but there was significant increase in attributions to Lebanese sources due to rising civilian casualties in each conflict. iii Dedication This work is dedicated to Terry Anderson, my teacher, and Sourabh Narang, my friend. iv Acknowledgments I’m thankful for the effort, attention, and guidance provided to me by my Dissertation Committee Chair Dr. -
On 12 July 2006 Israel Launched a War on Lebanon That Lasted 33 Days
City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Harb, Z. (2009). The July 2006 War and the Lebanese blogsphere: towards an alternative media tool in covering wars. Journal of Media Practice, 10(2-3), pp. 255-258. doi: 10.1386/jmpr.10.2-3.255_3 This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/5408/ Link to published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.10.2-3.255_3 Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Harb, Z. (2009) The July 2006 War and the Lebanese blogsphere: towards an alternative media tool in covering wars, Journal of Media Practice Volume 10, Number 2 & 3 (2009) 255-258. The July 2006 War and the Lebanese Blogosphere: Towards an Alternative Media Tool in Covering Wars Zahera Harb, University of Nottingham On 12 July 2006 Israel launched a war on Lebanon that lasted 33 days. -
Channels of Resistance in Lebanon: Liberation Propaganda, Hezbollah and the Media
Reviews / Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 5 (2012) 361–370 365 Channels of Resistance in Lebanon: Liberation Propaganda, Hezbollah and the Media. Zahera Harb. I.B.Tauris, 2011, 256 pp. ISBN: 978-1-84885-121-4. The television industry in Lebanon is a complex phenomenon, particularly when viewed in comparison to its Arab competitors. Yet little has been written about it and the literature that is available fails to address the many developments that mark its history and performance. Moreover, there are few studies that address Lebanon’s broadcast media culture in relation to the Lebanese-Israeli conflict and, particularly, to the pivotal role it played in facilitating the withdrawal of the Israeli army from south Lebanon. Zahera Harb’s book, Channels of Resistance in Lebanon: Liberation Pro paganda, Hezbollah and the Media (I.B. Tauris, 2011), is an excellent contri- bution to this discussion and fills a major gap in the field. Drawing on her extensive experience as a broadcast journalist as well as on her aca- demic background, Harb provides a compelling study of the ways in which Lebanon’s broadcast media coverage registered and, more importantly, contributed to, ‘achieving liberation’ (2). Taking as case studies Lebanon’s national television station Tele Liban and Al-Manar TV, the television station affiliated to the Lebanese Islamic- Shia party Hezbollah, Harb argues that the performance of these two chan- nels falls under the framework of what she calls ‘liberation propaganda’: propaganda that derives its impetus from establishing national solidarity and loyalty toward the government and resistance groups in their struggle against foreign occupation (20–21). -
The Sixth War Israel's Invasion of Lebanon
FOUNDER/EDITOR Maha Yahya BOARD OF ADVISORS Philip Khoury, MIT, Chair Lila Abu Lughod, Columbia University Nezar al Sayyad, UC Berkeley Sibel Bozdogan, BAC Leila Fawaz, Tufts University Michael J. Fischer, MIT Timothy Mitchell, NYU A.R. Norton, Boston University http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/ Roger Owen, Harvard University Ilan Pappe, Haifa University Elisabeth Picard, Aix en Provence William Quandt, UVA Nasser Rabbat, MIT Edward Said (1935 -2003) Ghassan Salame, Institut d'Etudes Politiques Ella Shohat, NYU Susan Slyomovics, MIT Lawrence Vale, MIT BOARD OF EDITORS Amer Bisat, Rubicon Amal Ghazal, Dalhousie University Nadia Abu el Haj, Barnard Jens Hanssen, University of Toronto Bernard Haykel, New York University Paul Kingston, University of Toronto Sherif Lotfi, Ernst & Young Joseph Massad, Columbia University James MacDougall, Princeton University Panayiota Pyla, U of Illinois Champagne Oren Yiftachel, Ben Gurion REVIEW EDITORS OTTOMAN HISTORY James Grehan, Portland State University ART AND CULTURE Kirstin Scheid, American University of Beirut CONTEMPORARY HISTORY/POLITICS Michael Gasper, Yale University ARCHITECTURE CULTURE Brian Mclaren University of Washington GRAPHIC DESIGNER: Rana Yahya THE SIXTH WAR ISRAEL’S INVASION OF LEBANON EDITORS Reinoud Leenders Amal Ghazal Jens Hanssen INTRODUCTION 6 ISRAEL’S 2006 WAR ON LEBANON: REFLECTIONS ON THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF FORCE Karim Makdisi 9 WILL WE WIN? CONVERGENCE AND ISRAEL’S LATEST LEBANON WAR Robert Blecher 27 HOW THE REBEL REGAINED HIS CAUSE HIZBULLAH & THE SIXTH ARAB-ISRAELI WAR Reinoud Leenders 38 THE REFUGEES WHO GIVE REFUGE Laleh Khalili 57 HIZBULLAH AND THE IDF: ACCEPTING NEW REALITIES ALONG THE BLUE LINE Nicholas Blanford 68 THE PEACEKEEPING CHALLENGE IN LEBANON Augustus Richard Norton 76 POLITICS AND BUSINESS, STATE AND CITIZENRY: PRELIMINARY THOUGHTS ON THE RESPONSE TO LEBANON’S HUMANITARIAN CRISIS Jim Quilty 80 THE OUTLOOK FOR ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION IN LEBANON AFTER THE 2006 WAR Bassam Fattouh and Joachim Kolb 96 DECONSTRUCTING A “HIZBULLAH STRONGHOLD” Lara Deeb 115 Vol. -
The Israeli Military's Key Relationship to Hezbollah Terror
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2011 The Israeli Military's Key Relationship To Hezbollah Terror Mazen Kurdy University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Kurdy, Mazen, "The Israeli Military's Key Relationship To Hezbollah Terror" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1861. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1861 THE ISRAELI MILITARY’S KEY RELATIONSHIP TO HEZBOLLAH TERROR by MAZEN KURDY B.S. University of Central Florida, 2002 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in the Department of Political Science in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2011 ABSTRACT This research examines the establishment and expansion of Hezbollah. It uses a policy perspective in explaining the growth of this organization. Moreover, it focuses on Israel’s disproportionate use of force in Lebanon as a major cause behind the very existence of Hezbollah. The analysis of Israeli policy will be done by examining three separate conflicts as case studies. These events are: the 1982 (Peace for Galilee) invasion of Lebanon that helped to create Hezbollah, the 1996 (Operation Grapes of Wrath) Hezbollah-Israeli conflict which served to bolster Hezbollah in Lebanon, and finally the 2006 Hezbollah-Israeli war which solidified Hezbollah as a military force in the region. -
Humanitarian Psychology in War and Postwar Lebanon: Violence, Therapy and Suffering
Humanitarian Psychology in War and Postwar Lebanon: Violence, Therapy and Suffering by Lamia M. Moghnie A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Social Work and Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2016 Dissertation Committee: Associate Professor Elizabeth F.S. Roberts, Co-Chair Associate Professor Karen M. Staller, Co-Chair Associate Professor Sherrie A. Kossoudji Associate Professor Mike McGovern Associate Professor Nadine Naber, University of Illinois, Chicago © Lamia M Moghnie 2016 DEDICATION To my grandmother, Nahla Fahed Jaber. And to the spirits of Ahmad Jaber and Bassem Chit, who haunt this work in different ways. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to a number of scholars, practitioners, activists, friends and family members who offered their encouragements and insights throughout the dissertation research and writing process. First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to both my advisors in anthropology and social work. Prof. Elizabeth Roberts has provided me with extensive support and guidance on my dissertation study, and during my time at the University of Michigan. I deeply appreciate her willingness to allow me the independence to grow as a scholar, while giving me ample critique and feedback along the way. I was never able to get away with any theoretical shortcuts as she pushed me to further articulate and extend my arguments. I owe the last draft of my dissertation to her insights and intellect. Prof. Karen Staller has been my advocate at the school of social work, and has provided me with guidance and encouragement during my research and, more extensively, during the writing phase, pushing me to articulate theoretical implications on social work practice. -
Higher Relief Committee Daily Situation Report Sitre P No: 008 Date: 01/08/2006
Higher relief committee Daily situation report Sitre p No: 008 Date: 01/08/2006 1-Current situation : • As Lebanese Living south of the litani River, rushed to vacate their homes after Qana massacre and the declared 48-hours suspension of Israeli air strikes in the area, Rescue workers began on Monday digging up dozens of bodies from under the rubble of villages in south Lebanon and Bekaa Valley, Lebanese health minister Mohammad Khalifeh put the number of unrecovered bodies and missing at 200. 1) The Lebanese Red Cross along with international emergency forces, worked on recovering more than 50 bodies that were still under the rubble of destroyed homes in the village of Srifa. 2) The Lebanese Red Cross teams also recovered 12 bodies on the roads in the south, among them an 8-year old child, IRC spokesman said. 3) Eight more bodies were pulled out from under the rubble on the roads of the southern region of tyre and those of Nabi Sheet, near the city of Baalbek. 4) Civil Defense personnel said more than eight bodies were still under the rubble in Hallousieh. Civil defense personnel were using bulldozers to retrieve the bodies from the rubbles. Mean while, the total number of death has reached 828. Estimated No. of Death: 6828 Estimated No. of Injured people: 33200 • The United Nations held a news conference Monday to highlight ongoing relief work in Lebanon, as well as obstacles to getting supplies where they are needed. "The UN is well aware that Lebanon and the Lebanese government would have been capable of providing supplies for the entire country had there not been a military blockade by land, air and sea" Said Dr Mona Hammam, the United Nation's resident coordinator in Lebanon and humanitarian coordinator.