DOCSLIB.ORG

The Proliferation of Dissenting Opinions.Indb

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/123230 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Sarmiento Lamus, A.D. Title: The proliferation of dissenting opinions in international law: A comparative analysis of the exercise of the right to dissent at the ICJ and IACtHR Issue Date: 2020-07-08 The proliferation of dissenting opinions in international law A comparative analysis of the exercise of the right to dissent at the ICJ and the IACtHR 544424-L-bw-Sarmiento 544424-L-bw-Sarmiento The proliferation of dissenting opinions in international law A comparative analysis of the exercise of the right to dissent at the ICJ and the IACtHR PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 8 juli 2020 klokke 16.15 uur door Andrés Dario Sarmiento Lamus geboren te Bogota, Colombia in 1985 544424-L-bw-Sarmiento Promotoren: Prof. dr. L.J. van den Herik Prof. dr. Y.A.A.S. Radi (Université Chatolique de Louivain) Promotiecommissie: Dr. J. Powderly Dr. G. Le Moli Prof. dr. E. Ferrer MacGregor (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México) Prof. dr. D. Kritsiotis (University of Nottingham, United Kingdom) Lay-out: AlphaZet prepress, Bodegraven Printwerk: Ipskamp Printing © 2020 A.D. Sarmiento Lamus Behoudens de in of krachtens de Auteurswet van 1912 gestelde uitzonderingen mag niets in deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Het reprorecht wordt niet uitgeoefend. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, made available or communicated to the public, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, unless this is expressly permitted by law. 544424-L-bw-Sarmiento Acknowledgements I principally want to thank and express my most sincere gratitude to my promoters, Prof. dr. Larissa van den Herik and Prof. dr. Yannick Radi. Their thoughtful guidance, advice and patience encouraged me along this journey. Our meetings at uncommon hours were an opportunity to test out and mature my ideas. I sincerely want to thank Ambassador Juan José Quintana, who introduced me to international law and stimulated in me a special interest in the law and practice of the International Court of Justice. Our conversations in Geneva and The Hague during the time I was doing research for the writing of my dissertation, provided me with valuable information from his experience on relevant aspects, for the purposes of this dissertation. Special thanks should also be extended to Prof. dr. Rodrigo Gonzalez Quin- tero, who I consider not only a colleague but friend. Thanks for encouraging me to begin this journey right after my LLM studies and for all the time spent discussing my ideas on the subject of the dissertation and for the unconditional support in the academic life. Thanks should also be extended to the School of Law of Universidad Sergio Arboleda, where I started my academic career and have had the opportunity to write and teach about international law. To the Rector Magnificus, mr. R. Noguera Calderón, and the former Dean of the School of Law, Prof. mr. J.M. del Castillo Abella, for their confidence. Without their funding this journey could not have been possible. To my colleagues, for the several conversa- tions we held on diverse aspects of the law and that made this journey much more enjoyable. Finally, to my family. My parents and my siblings for the unconditional understanding of my constant obsession about only focusing in this journey. To my wife and daughter: Sharon and Bianca. I am profoundly grateful for their love, unconditional support and patience during these years. You were the daily reason that impulse me to conclude this journey. 544424-L-bw-Sarmiento 544424-L-bw-Sarmiento Table of Contents Acknowledgements V Introduction 1 1. The proliferation of dissenting opinions in international law 1 2. Statement of the problem and research aim 5 3. Delineation of the concepts of dissenting opinion and judgment 12 4. Research methodology 19 5. Structure of the dissertation 20 Part I: Framework on the Exercise of the Right to Append Dissenting Opinions 21 Introduction 22 1 The exercise of the right to dissent in domestic jurisdictions 25 1.1. The sin of analogy from municipal law 25 1.2. The relevance of the approaches of civil or continental law systems on dissenting opinions 28 1.3 Origins of dissenting opinions in municipal law 31 1.4 Arguments in favour and against dissenting opinions in municipal law 37 1.5 The relevance of the municipal law debate on dissenting opinions for international law 46 2 The exercise of the right to dissent at international courts and tribunals 49 2.1 The origins of dissenting opinions at international courts and tribunals 50 2.1.1 Dissenting opinions before the institution of the first permanent international adjudicative body 50 2.1.2 Dissenting opinions in the creation of the first permanent adjudicative body: the Permanent Court of International Justice 53 2.1.3 Dissenting opinions in the creation of the International Court of Justice 64 2.1.4 Dissenting opinions in the subsequent creation of international courts and tribunals 66 544424-L-bw-Sarmiento VIII Table of Contents 2.2 Arguments in favour and against dissenting opinions and their effect in the design of dissenting opinions at international courts and tribunals 70 2.2.1 Anonymity in the authorship of dissents 71 2.2.2 Encouragement of unanimous decisions 73 2.2.3 Limits to the content of a dissenting opinion 77 2.3 Some conclusions on the contextual framework on the exercise of the right to append dissenting opinions 79 Part II: The Influence of the Mandate, Jurisdictional and Institutional Design of the International Court of Justice and Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the Exercise of the Right to Append Dissenting Opinions 83 Introduction 84 3 Mandate, jurisdictional and institutional design of the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights 85 3.1 Mandate of the International Court of Justice and the Inter- American Court of Human Rights 85 3.1.1 Mandate of the International Court of Justice 85 3.1.2 Mandate of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights 92 3.2 Anatomy of the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights 105 3.2.1 Composition of the bench 105 3.2.2 Judges ad hoc and national judges 112 3.2.3 Deliberations and the moment to disclose the content of dissents 121 3.2.4 Scope and publicity of dissenting opinions 126 4 The differences between the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court and their influence on the exercise of the right to append dissenting opinions 129 4.1 The judicial function of the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and its influence on the right to append dissenting opinions 129 4.1.1 The main function of the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the context of the exercise of the right to append dissenting opinions 129 4.1.2 The exercise of the right to append dissenting opinions at the International Court of Justice in the adjudication of human rights cases 143 4.1.3 The development of the law in the exercise of the right to append dissenting opinions 147 544424-L-bw-Sarmiento Table of Contents IX 4.1.4 The exercise of the right to append dissenting opinions in a universal and a regional international court or tribunal 158 4.2 The institutional design of the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and its influence on the right to append dissenting opinions 160 4.2.1 The composition of the bench of the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and its influence on the right to append dissenting opinions 160 4.2.2 The exercise of the right to append dissenting opinions from national and ad hoc judges 171 4.2.3 The active and passive participation in the drafting of judgments as a source for the exercise of the right to append dissenting opinions and its relation with the majority judgment 180 4.2.4 The scope and publicity of individual opinions in relation to the exercise of the right to append dissents 185 Conclusions 193 Annex 1: List of Judges of the International Court of Justice 199 Annex 2: List of Judges of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights 203 Summary 205 Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) 209 Bibliography 213 Curriculum Vitae 251 544424-L-bw-Sarmiento 544424-L-bw-Sarmiento Introduction 1. The proliferation of dissenting opinions in international law During the last decades, international law has witnessed the phenomenon of the judicialization of international relations and, relatedly, the prolif- eration of international courts and tribunals.1 The judicial settlement of disputes was previously confined to certain specific fields and actors.2 The changes that took place in the legal practice before, throughout and after the Cold War, however, resulted in an increase in the adjudication of inter- national disputes also beyond the inter-state context. Karen Alter explains that these changes refer to the crystallization of the vision of subordinating power politics to an international rule of law.
Recommended publications
  • Algernon Sidney on Public Right

    Algernon Sidney on Public Right

    University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review Volume 10 Issue 2 Article 3 1987 Algernon Sidney on Public Right Edward Dumbauld Follow this and additional works at: https://lawrepository.ualr.edu/lawreview Part of the European Law Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Edward Dumbauld, Algernon Sidney on Public Right, 10 U. ARK. LITTLE ROCK L. REV. 317 (1988). Available at: https://lawrepository.ualr.edu/lawreview/vol10/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Bowen Law Repository: Scholarship & Archives. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review by an authorized editor of Bowen Law Repository: Scholarship & Archives. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALGERNON SIDNEY ON PUBLIC RIGHT Hon. Edward Dumbauld* In response to criticisms that the Declaration of Independence lacked originality,' its author Thomas Jefferson explained that the political purpose and object of that document was: not to find out new principles, or new arguments, never before thought of, not merely to say things which had never been said before; but to place before mankind the common sense of the sub- ject, in terms so plain and firm as to command their assent, and to justify ourselves in the independent stand we are compelled to take. Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment, nor yet cop- ied from any particular and previous writing,' it was intended to be an expression of the American mind, and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion.
  • Bulk Metadata Collection: Statutory and Constitutional Considerations

    Bulk Metadata Collection: Statutory and Constitutional Considerations

    BULK METADATA COLLECTION: STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Professor Laura K. Donohue* Georgetown Law INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 2 I. BULK COLLECTION RUNS CONTRARY TO FISA’S GENERAL APPROACH ....................................... 6 A. PRIOR DOMESTIC SURVEILLANCE ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1. NSA Programs ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 2. Broader Context ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 B. PROTECTIONS BUILT INTO FISA ................................................................................................................................... 16 1. Entity Targeted Prior to Acquisition ................................................................................................................ 17 2. Probable Cause and Showing of Criminal Wrongdoing Prior to Collection .................................... 18 3. Minimization Procedures for Acquisition and Retention ........................................................................ 21 4. Establishment of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and Court of Review ..................
  • Chemisches Zentralblatt

    Chemisches Zentralblatt

    1725 Chemisches Zentralblatt. 1933 Band I. Nr. 11. 15. März. A. Allgemeine und physikalische Chemie. Robert S. Mulliken, Bindungskraft von Elektronen und Valenztheorie. (Vgl. C. 1 9 3 2. ü . 1582.) Am Beispiel der Reihe CH, CH2, CH3, CH.,, CH6, CHc wird gezeigt, daß die 4-Wertigkeit des C-Atoms sowohl die physikal. Stabilität des Mol. (CH5, CH0 sind vermutlich instabil wie He2) bedeutet als auch die Fähigkeit, durch einen Potential- Wall andere Atome vom Mol. fernzuhalten (was in CH, CH, u. CH3 nicht eintritt). In der Theorie von L e w is war für nichtpolare Moll, die Existenz von bindenden, paar­ weise auftretenden Elektronen u. völlig unbeteiligten Elektronen angenommen worden. Die Quantentheorie zeigt, daß außerdem noch „lockernde“ Elektronen (meistens paarweise) auftreten. Wird ein H+-Ion einem H-Atom genähert, so ist zweierlei „Reaktion“ möglich: entweder wird das 1 s-Elektron zu einem ( 1 5 o)-Elektron des H2+; dann ist bei seinem Umlauf das Elektron im Zeitmittel länger auf der Seite des ursprünglichen H-Atoms, die dem H+-Ion zugewendet ist u. es springt zu diesem hinüber u. wieder zurück, bis schließlich bei kleinem r die Umlaufsfrequenz gleich der Sprungfrequenz (gemeinsame Umlaufsbahn) wird; oder das Elektron 1 s wird zu 2 p o, dann ist es im Zeitmittel länger auf der dem genäherten H+-Ion abgewendeten Seite, zur Näherung der Kerne ist Energie notwendig, es entsteht eine „Abstoßungskurve“ H J+ (2 p o, 22 u+ ) im Gegensatz zur Potentialkurve (1 s o )2 2 a+, die ein Minimum besitzt. — Für 2 neutrale H-Atome ist auch zweierlei Verh. möglich: H (1 s) + H (1 s): 1.
  • Memorandum of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on The

    Memorandum of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on The

    Memorandum of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on the Application filed before the International Court of Justice by the Cooperative of Guyana on March 29th, 2018 ANNEX Table of Contents I. Venezuela’s territorial claim and process of decolonization of the British Guyana, 1961-1965 ................................................................... 3 II. London Conference, December 9th-10th, 1965………………………15 III. Geneva Conference, February 16th-17th, 1966………………………20 IV. Intervention of Minister Iribarren Borges on the Geneva Agreement at the National Congress, March 17th, 1966……………………………25 V. The recognition of Guyana by Venezuela, May 1966 ........................ 37 VI. Mixed Commission, 1966-1970 .......................................................... 41 VII. The Protocol of Port of Spain, 1970-1982 .......................................... 49 VIII. Reactivation of the Geneva Agreement: election of means of settlement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, 1982-198371 IX. The choice of Good Offices, 1983-1989 ............................................. 83 X. The process of Good Offices, 1989-2014 ........................................... 87 XI. Work Plan Proposal: Process of good offices in the border dispute between Guyana and Venezuela, 2013 ............................................. 116 XII. Events leading to the communiqué of the UN Secretary-General of January 30th, 2018 (2014-2018) ....................................................... 118 2 I. Venezuela’s territorial claim and Process of decolonization
  • Centuries of Silence : the Story of Latin American Journalism / Leonardo Ferreira

    Centuries of Silence : the Story of Latin American Journalism / Leonardo Ferreira

    Centuries of Silence: The Story of Latin American Journalism Leonardo Ferreira PRAEGER CENTURIES OF SILENCE The Story of Latin American Journalism Leonardo Ferreira Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ferreira, Leonardo, 1957– Centuries of silence : the story of Latin American journalism / Leonardo Ferreira. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–275–98397–8 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0–275–98410–9 (pbk : alk. paper) 1. Press—Latin America—History. 2. Journalism—Political aspects—Latin America—History. I. Title. PN4930.F47 2006 079.8–dc22 2006015112 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available Copyright c 2006 by Leonardo Ferreira All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006015112 ISBN: 0–275–98397–8 (cloth) 0–275–98410–9 (pbk) First published in 2006 Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 To my eternal stars, mi Gaby, Taty, Luisita, Sarita, and Juanita. To my inspiring and beloved mom, the courageous Mary, and to my precious Angie. All determined women, like most others, born to figh for freedom and a sense of harmony in this troubled planet. Contents Preface ix Introduction: When Good News Is Bad News 1 1. Whose Truth on True Street 9 2.
  • The Law As King and the King As Law: Is a President Immune from Criminal Prosecution Before Impeachment? Eric M

    The Law As King and the King As Law: Is a President Immune from Criminal Prosecution Before Impeachment? Eric M

    Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship 1992 The Law as King and the King as Law: Is a President Immune from Criminal Prosecution Before Impeachment? Eric M. Freedman Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship Recommended Citation Eric M. Freedman, The Law as King and the King as Law: Is a President Immune from Criminal Prosecution Before Impeachment?, 20 Hastings Const. L.Q. 7 (1992) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship/449 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Law as King and the King as Law: Is a President Immune from Criminal Prosecution Before Impeachment? By ERIC M. FREEDMAN* Table of Contents Introduction ................................................... 8 I. The Original Intents ................................. 15 II. The Historical Practice ............................... 22 A. The Federal Executive Branch ......................... 22 B. The Federal Judicial and Legislative Branches .......... 24 1. The Federal Judicial Branch ....................... 25 2. The Federal Legislative Branch ..................... 30 C. Federal Prosecution of State and Local Officials ......... 33 D. State-Level Practice ................................... 37 III. Theoretical Considerations ........................... 39 A. The Dual Nature of the Impeachment Clause .......... 41 B. The Rule of Law ...................................... 46 1. Civil Immunity .................................... 46 * Assistant Professor of Law, Hofstra University School of Law. J.D. 1979, B.A.
  • Folklore, Folk Belief, and the Selkie

    Folklore, Folk Belief, and the Selkie

    Supernatural Beings in the Far North: Folklore, Folk Belief, and The Selkie NANCY CASSELL MCENTIRE Within the world of folklore, stories of people turning into animals are well known. Either by accident or by design, a person may become a malevolent wolf, a swan, a helpful bird, a magic seal, a dog, a cat. Sometimes these stories are presented as folktales, part of a fictitious, make-believe world. Other times they are presented as legends, grounded in a narrator’s credibility and connected to everyday life. They may be sung as ballads or their core truths may be implied in a familiar proverb. They also affect human behavior as folk belief. Occasionally, sympathetic magic is involved: the human imagination infers a permanent and contiguous relationship between items that once were either in contact or were parts of a whole that later became separated or transformed. A narrative found in Ireland, England, and North America depicts a man who spends a night in a haunted mill, where he struggles with a cat and cuts off the cat’s paw. In the morning, the wife of a local villager has lost her hand (Baughman: 99; Disenchantment / Motif no. D702.1.1). France, French-speaking Canada and French-speaking Louisiana have stories of the loup-garou, a shape- shifter who is a person trapped in the body of an animal. One might suspect that he or she has encountered a loup-garou if that the animal is unusually annoying, provoking anger and hostile action. One penetrating cut will break the spell that has kept it trapped in animal form.
  • Flowchart2016bluewhite42

    Flowchart2016bluewhite42

    Air Traffic Flow Chart 2016 More Info: http://gis.icao.int Sierra Leone !e Qaanaaq Longyearbyen !e !e Grise Fiord !e Pituffik !e Svay Rieng Barrow Resolute !e !e e Pevek !e Atqasuk ! !e Point Lay e !e ! Chokurdakh Wainwright Nuiqsut Sachs Harbour Kullorsuaq Tiksi e Point!e Hope !e !e !e !e ! e !e Barter Island Nuussuaq Dikson Sashylakh Chersky ! !e Arctic Bay !e !e !e !e Keperveyem Kivalina !e Prudhoe Bay/Deadhorse !e Khatanga Ust-Kuyga !e !e e Noatak!e Ulukhaktok e Pond Inlet Innarsuit e !e !e Deputatsky ! Anaktuvuk Pass Tuktoyaktuk !e ! !e! !e Kiana !e eUpernavik !e e Arctic Village !e Kangersuatsiaq!e! Ksar Es Souk Wales !e Selawik!e ! !e Kobuk !e Paulatuk !e Aappilattoq !e Anadyr e Deering !eAmbler !e!e Bettlese Aklavik Inuvik !e Upernavik Kujalleq Heliport!e !e Teller!e !e Noorvike e ! Old Crow !e e e!e ! Hughese ! e ! Nuugaatsiaq Batagay ! Huslia ! Coldfoot !e ! Fort Mcpherson !e Samchok Nome Buckland!e !e!e Beavere Chalkyitsik e Cambridge Bay Taloyoak Clyde River !e !e !e Gambell e e Elime e !e e ! !e ! !e e e Uummannaq Qaarsut!e Olenek Indianapolis !e e ! !e !e ! Tanana ! ! ! ! !e !ee Mehamn Norilsk !e !e ! Savoonga e e!e Ruby !e Central Circle Colville Lake Kugluktuk Coppermine Igloolik !e Neerlerit Inaat !e !e e e ! eKoyuk! !e !e !e Minto e !e e !e Gjoa Haven !e Saqqaq! Ittoqqortoormiit!e Hasvike ! e Amderma ! Golovine ! !e !e ! Fort Good Hope! !e Pelly Bay Hall Beach Niaqornat!ee e e ! ! e !e Zhigansk e ! Kaltag Galena e ! ! ! Alta Berlevag Vadso! !e Emmonak Kotlik! !e ! !e Qeqertaq Heliport e !e !e e!e !e eFAI Eagle e e !
  • Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Former White Zone

    Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Former White Zone

    Strategic Environmental Assessment of Former White Zone Volume 2 - Synthesis of Environmental Information CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT 7 2.1 Meteorology 7 2.2 Bathymetry and Topography 7 2.3 Hydrography 11 2.3.1 Data Sources 11 2.3.1.1 Measurement Programmes 11 2.3.1.2 Circulation Models of the North Atlantic 14 2.3.2 Hydrographic Overview 15 2.3.2.1 Wyville Thomson Ridge 15 2.3.2.2 Faroe Shetland Channel 19 2.3.2.3 Northern North Sea/Southern Norwegian Sea 21 2.4 Solid Geology 22 2.5 Sediments 22 3 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 25 3.1 Plankton 25 3.1.1 Primary Production 25 3.1.2 Zooplankton 26 3.2 Benthos 29 3.2.1 Data Sources 29 3.2.1.1 Historic and Oilfield Surveys 29 3.2.1.2 Regional Surveys 31 3.2.2 Benthic Communities 33 3.2.2.1 Northern Rockall Trough 33 3.2.2.2 Wyville Thomson Ridge 33 3.2.2.3 Faroe Bank Channel 34 3.2.2.4 Faroe Shetland Channel 34 3.2.2.5 North Sea Fan 34 3.2.3 Discussion 35 3.2.3.1 Macrofaunal Communities 35 3.2.3.2 Phytodetritus 38 August 2000 Page 1 CONSULTATION DOCUMENT Strategic Environmental Assessment of Former White Zone Volume 2 - Synthesis of Environmental Information 3.2.3.3 Sponge Communities 38 3.2.3.4 Darwin Mounds 39 3.2.3.5 Lophelia pertusa and Other Cold Water Corals 40 3.2.3.6 Gas Hydrates 42 3.3 Fish 42 3.3.1 Pelagic Species 42 3.3.2 Demersal Species 44 3.3.2.1 Faroe Shetland Channel and Norwegian Sea 46 3.3.2.2 Rockall Trough (500 – 1000m) 46 3.3.3 Demersal Shark and Ray Species 47 3.3.3.1 Rockall Trough 47 3.3.3.2 Faroe Shetland Channel 48 3.3.4 Pelagic Sharks 48
  • Bulk Metadata Collection: Statutory and Constitutional Considerations

    Bulk Metadata Collection: Statutory and Constitutional Considerations

    Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2014 Bulk Metadata Collection: Statutory and Constitutional Considerations Laura K. Donohue Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1350 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2344774 37 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 757-900 (2014) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, First Amendment Commons, Fourth Amendment Commons, and the National Security Law Commons BULK METADATA COLLECTION: STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS PROFESSOR LAURA K. DONOHUE* INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 759 I. BULK COLLECTION IN THE CONTEXT OF FISA’S GENERAL APPROACH ............................................ 766 A. Prior Domestic Surveillance ......................... 767 1. NSA Programs ......................................... 770 a. Project MINARET ............................. 772 b. Operation SHAMROCK .................. 773 2. Broader Context ...................................... 776 B. Protections Built into FISA ........................... 782 1. Entity Targeted Prior to Acquisition .... 784 2. Probable Cause and Showing of Criminal Wrongdoing Prior to Collection ................................................. 786
  • Preview Hurtigruten Explorer Brochure 2020 2021

    Preview Hurtigruten Explorer Brochure 2020 2021

    EXPEDITION CRUISES INAUGURAL SEASON 2020-2021 Antarctica | Svalbard | Greenland & Iceland | Norway & Russia | Northwest Passage | North, Central & South America | Europe new Alaska & Canada “Ever since Hurtigruten started sailing polar waters back in 1893, we have been on a constant look out for new worlds to explore.” Content 2020-21 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– We take you far beyond the ordinary 6-7 © HURTIGRUTEN © ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Our Expedition Fleet 8-9 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Hurtigruten is an exploration company in the truest sense The future is green 10-11 of the word; our mission is to bring adventurers to remote ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Antarctica 12-15 natural beauty around the world. Our experience in the ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– field is unparalleled, and we draw on our unique 125-year Greenland & Iceland 16-19 old heritage to guide our fleet of advanced expedition ships ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– to unforgettable wilderness experiences in some of the Russia 19 most spectacular places on Earth. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Svalbard 20-23 We are proud to provide explorers the chance to travel with ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– meaning, as our journeys are created for adventurers who Norway 24-25 value learning and personal growth. As the world leader ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– in exploration travel, we have a responsibility to explore Northwest Passage 26-27 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
  • Assemblée Générale Distr

    Assemblée Générale Distr

    Nations Unies A/59/439* Assemblée générale Distr. générale 10 décembre 2004 Français Original: anglais/espagnol/français Cinquante-neuvième session Point 18 de l’ordre du jour Élection de juges du Tribunal pénal international chargé de juger les personnes accusées de violations graves du droit international humanitaire commises sur le territoire de l’ex-Yougoslavie depuis 1991 Curriculum vitæ des candidats présentés par les États Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies Note du Secrétaire général Table des matières Page I. Introduction ................................................................... 3 II. Curriculum vitæ des candidats .................................................... 4 Carmel A. Agius (Malte)......................................................... 4 Jean-Claude Antonetti (France) ................................................... 15 Iain Bonomy (Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord) .................. 18 Liu Daqun (Chine).............................................................. 20 Mohamed Amin El-Abbassi El Mahdi (Égypte) ...................................... 24 Elhagi Abdulkader Emberesh (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne) ............................. 27 Rigoberto Espinal Irias (Honduras) ................................................ 30 O-gon Kwon (République de Corée) ............................................... 35 Theodor Meron (États-Unis d’Amérique) ........................................... 38 Bakone Melema Moloto (Afrique du Sud) .......................................... 40 Prisca