Discussion Notes for Aristotle's Politics
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
2. Aristotle's Concept of the State
Page No.13 2. Aristotle's concept of the state Olivera Z. Mijuskovic Full Member International Association of Greek Philosophy University of Athens, Greece ORCID iD: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5950-7146 URL: http://worldphilosophynetwork.weebly.com E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract: In contrast to a little bit utopian standpoint offered by Plato in his teachings about the state or politeia where rulers aren`t “in love with power but in virtue”, Aristotle's teaching on the same subject seems very realistic and pragmatic. In his most important writing in this field called "Politics", Aristotle classified authority in the form of two main parts: the correct authority and moose authority. In this sense, correct forms of government are 1.basileus, 2.aristocracy and 3.politeia. These forms of government are based on the common good. Bad or moose forms of government are those that are based on the property of an individual or small governmental structures and they are: 1.tiranny, 2.oligarchy and 3.democracy. Also, Aristotle's political thinking is not separate from the ethical principles so he states that the government should be reflected in the true virtue that is "law" or the "golden mean". Keywords: Government; stat; , virtue; democracy; authority; politeia; golden mean. Vol. 4 No. 4 (2016) Issue- December ISSN 2347-6869 (E) & ISSN 2347-2146 (P) Aristotle's concept of the state by Olivera Z. Mijuskovic Page no. 13-20 Page No.14 Aristotle's concept of the state 1.1. Aristotle`s “Politics” Politics in its defined form becomes affirmed by the ancient Greek world. -
A Pragmatic Stylistic Framework for Text Analysis
International Journal of Education ISSN 1948-5476 2015, Vol. 7, No. 1 A Pragmatic Stylistic Framework for Text Analysis Ibrahim Abushihab1,* 1English Department, Alzaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan *Correspondence: English Department, Alzaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan. E-mail: [email protected] Received: September 16, 2014 Accepted: January 16, 2015 Published: January 27, 2015 doi:10.5296/ije.v7i1.7015 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v7i1.7015 Abstract The paper focuses on the identification and analysis of a short story according to the principles of pragmatic stylistics and discourse analysis. The focus on text analysis and pragmatic stylistics is essential to text studies, comprehension of the message of a text and conveying the intention of the producer of the text. The paper also presents a set of standards of textuality and criteria from pragmatic stylistics to text analysis. Analyzing a text according to principles of pragmatic stylistics means approaching the text’s meaning and the intention of the producer. Keywords: Discourse analysis, Pragmatic stylistics Textuality, Fictional story and Stylistics 110 www.macrothink.org/ije International Journal of Education ISSN 1948-5476 2015, Vol. 7, No. 1 1. Introduction Discourse Analysis is concerned with the study of the relation between language and its use in context. Harris (1952) was interested in studying the text and its social situation. His paper “Discourse Analysis” was a far cry from the discourse analysis we are studying nowadays. The need for analyzing a text with more comprehensive understanding has given the focus on the emergence of pragmatics. Pragmatics focuses on the communicative use of language conceived as intentional human action. -
Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches First Assessments for SL and HL—2021
International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme Subject Brief Mathematics: analysis and approaches First assessments for SL and HL—2021 The Diploma Programme (DP) is a rigorous pre-university course of study designed for students in the 16 to 19 age range. It is a broad-based two-year course that aims to encourage students to be knowledgeable and inquiring, but also caring and compassionate. There is a strong emphasis on encouraging students to develop intercultural understanding, open-mindedness, and the attitudes necessary for them LOMA PROGRA IP MM to respect and evaluate a range of points of view. B D E I DIES IN LANGUA STU GE ND LITERATURE The course is presented as six academic areas enclosing a central core. Students study A A IN E E N D N DG two modern languages (or a modern language and a classical language), a humanities G E D IV A O L E I W X S ID U IT O T O G E U or social science subject, an experimental science, mathematics and one of the creative IS N N C N K ES TO T I A U CH E D E A A A L F C T L Q O H E S O R I I C P N D arts. Instead of an arts subject, students can choose two subjects from another area. P G E A Y S A E R S It is this comprehensive range of subjects that makes the Diploma Programme a O S E A Y H T demanding course of study designed to prepare students effectively for university entrance. -
Scientific Discovery in the Era of Big Data: More Than the Scientific Method
Scientific Discovery in the Era of Big Data: More than the Scientific Method A RENCI WHITE PAPER Vol. 3, No. 6, November 2015 Scientific Discovery in the Era of Big Data: More than the Scientific Method Authors Charles P. Schmitt, Director of Informatics and Chief Technical Officer Steven Cox, Cyberinfrastructure Engagement Lead Karamarie Fecho, Medical and Scientific Writer Ray Idaszak, Director of Collaborative Environments Howard Lander, Senior Research Software Developer Arcot Rajasekar, Chief Domain Scientist for Data Grid Technologies Sidharth Thakur, Senior Research Data Software Developer Renaissance Computing Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA 919-445-9640 RENCI White Paper Series, Vol. 3, No. 6 1 AT A GLANCE • Scientific discovery has long been guided by the scientific method, which is considered to be the “gold standard” in science. • The era of “big data” is increasingly driving the adoption of approaches to scientific discovery that either do not conform to or radically differ from the scientific method. Examples include the exploratory analysis of unstructured data sets, data mining, computer modeling, interactive simulation and virtual reality, scientific workflows, and widespread digital dissemination and adjudication of findings through means that are not restricted to traditional scientific publication and presentation. • While the scientific method remains an important approach to knowledge discovery in science, a holistic approach that encompasses new data-driven approaches is needed, and this will necessitate greater attention to the development of methods and infrastructure to integrate approaches. • New approaches to knowledge discovery will bring new challenges, however, including the risk of data deluge, loss of historical information, propagation of “false” knowledge, reliance on automation and analysis over inquiry and inference, and outdated scientific training models. -
ARISTOTLE and the IMPORTANCE of VIRTUE in the CONTEXT of the POLITICS and the NICOMACHEAN ETHICS and ITS RELATION to TODAY Kyle Brandon Anthony Bucknell University
Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses 2010 ARISTOTLE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF VIRTUE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POLITICS AND THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS AND ITS RELATION TO TODAY Kyle Brandon Anthony Bucknell University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Anthony, Kyle Brandon, "ARISTOTLE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF VIRTUE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POLITICS AND THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS AND ITS RELATION TO TODAY" (2010). Honors Theses. 21. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/21 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1 What does it mean to live a good life? 7 The virtuous life 8 Ethical virtue 13 Bravery as an ethical virtue 20 Justice 22 Chapter 2 The Politics and the ideal polis 28 Development of a polis 29 Features of an ideal polis 32 What does it mean to be a citizen of a polis? 40 Aristotle’s views on education 42 Social groups in a polis who are not recognized as citizens 45 Non-ideal political systems 51 Chapter 3 Connections between the Politics and the Ethics 57 Chapter 4 Difficulties in applying Aristotle’s theories to a modern setting 68 Conclusion Where do we go from here? 87 Bibliography 89 iv Acknowledgements First off, I have to thank God, as He helped me endure this project and gave me the courage to press on when I became frustrated, angry, and ready to quit. -
Aristotle's Prime Matter: an Analysis of Hugh R. King's Revisionist
Abstract: Aristotle’s Prime Matter: An Analysis of Hugh R. King’s Revisionist Approach Aristotle is vague, at best, regarding the subject of prime matter. This has led to much discussion regarding its nature in his thought. In his article, “Aristotle without Prima Materia,” Hugh R. King refutes the traditional characterization of Aristotelian prime matter on the grounds that Aristotle’s first interpreters in the centuries after his death read into his doctrines through their own neo-Platonic leanings. They sought to reconcile Plato’s theory of Forms—those detached universal versions of form—with Aristotle’s notion of form. This pursuit led them to misinterpret Aristotle’s prime matter, making it merely capable of a kind of participation in its own actualization (i.e., its form). I agree with King here, but I find his redefinition of prime matter hasty. He falls into the same trap as the traditional interpreters in making any matter first. Aristotle is clear that actualization (form) is always prior to potentiality (matter). Hence, while King’s assertion that the four elements are Aristotle’s prime matter is compelling, it misses the mark. Aristotle’s prime matter is, in fact, found within the elemental forces. I argue for an approach to prime matter that eschews a dichotomous understanding of form’s place in the philosophies of Aristotle and Plato. In other words, it is not necessary to reject the Platonic aspects of Aristotle’s philosophy in order to rebut the traditional conception of Aristotelian prime matter. “Aristotle’s Prime Matter” - 1 Aristotle’s Prime Matter: An Analysis of Hugh R. -
LING 211 – Introduction to Linguistic Analysis
LING 211 – Introduction to Linguistic Analysis Section 01: TTh 1:40–3:00 PM, Eliot 103 Section 02: TTh 3:10–4:30 PM, Eliot 103 Course Syllabus Fall 2019 Sameer ud Dowla Khan Matt Pearson pronoun: he or they he office: Eliot 101C Vollum 313 email: [email protected] [email protected] phone: ext. 4018 (503-517-4018) ext. 7618 (503-517-7618) office hours: Wed, 11:00–1:00 Mon, 2:30–4:00 Fri, 1:00–2:00 Tue, 10:00–11:30 (or by appointment) (or by appointment) PREREQUISITES There are no prerequisites for this course, other than an interest in language. Some familiarity with tradi- tional grammar terms such as noun, verb, preposition, syllable, consonant, vowel, phrase, clause, sentence, etc., would be useful, but is by no means required. CONTENT AND FOCUS OF THE COURSE This course is an introduction to the scientific study of human language. Starting from basic questions such as “What is language?” and “What do we know when we know a language?”, we investigate the human language faculty through the hands-on analysis of naturalistic data from a variety of languages spoken around the world. We adopt a broadly cognitive viewpoint throughout, investigating language as a system of knowledge within the mind of the language user (a mental grammar), which can be studied empirically and represented using formal models. To make this task simpler, we will generally treat languages as though they were static systems. For example, we will assume that it is possible to describe a language structure synchronically (i.e., as it exists at a specific point in history), ignoring the fact that languages constantly change over time. -
Computational Linguistics - Nicoletta Calzolari
LINGUISTICS - Computational Linguistics - Nicoletta Calzolari COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS Nicoletta Calzolari Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ILC- CNR), Pisa, Italy Keywords: Computational linguistics, text and speech processing, language technology, language resources. Contents 1. What is Computational Linguistics? 1.1. A few sketches in the history of Computational Linguistics 2. Automatic text processing 2.1. Parsing 2.2. Computational lexicons and ontologies 2.3. Acquisition methodologies 3. Applications 4. Infrastructural Language Resources 4.1. European projects 5. NLP in the global information and knowledge society 5.1. NLP in Europe 5.2. Production and “intelligent” use of the digital content (also multimedia) 6. Future perspectives 6.1. The promotion of national languages in the global society and the new Internet generation Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary A brief overview of the field of Computational Linguistics is given. After a few sketches on the short history of the field, we focus on the area of Natural Language Processing providing an outline of some of the main components of computational linguistics systems. It is stressed the important role acquired by Language Resources, such asUNESCO corpora and lexicons, in the last –year s.EOLSS They are the prerequisite and the critical factor for the emergence and the consolidation of the data-driven and statistical approaches, which became undoubtedly predominant in the last decade, and are still the prevailing trendSAMPLE in human language technology. CHAPTERS We point at the fact that linguistic technologies – for analysis, representation, access, acquisition, management of textual information – are more and more used for applications such as: (semi-)automatic translation, summarization, information retrieval and cross-lingual information retrieval, information extraction, question answering, classification of documents, search engines on the web, text/data mining, decision support systems, etc. -
Linguistic Analysis of Natural Language Engineering Requirements Carl Lamar Clemson University, [email protected]
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Clemson University: TigerPrints Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 12-2009 Linguistic Analysis of Natural Language Engineering Requirements Carl Lamar Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Engineering Mechanics Commons Recommended Citation Lamar, Carl, "Linguistic Analysis of Natural Language Engineering Requirements" (2009). All Theses. 671. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/671 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Mechanical Engineering by Carl Lamar December 2009 Accepted by: Dr. Gregory M. Mocko, Committee Chair Dr. Joshua D. Summers Dr. Paul Venhovens ABSTRACT In engineering design, the needs of the customer are expressed through engineering requirement statements. These requirement statements are often expressed using natural language because they are easily created and read. However, there are several problems associated with natural language requirements including but not limited to ambiguity, incompleteness, understandability, testability and over specificity. Several representation and analysis tools have been proposed to address these problems within a requirement statement. These tools include formal languages, such as UML and SysML, requirement management tools, such as IBM Telelogic Doors, and natural language processors such as QuARS. -
Politics Aristotle
Politics Aristotle Translated by Benjamin Jowett Batoche Books Kitchener 1999 Contents BOOK ONE .............................................................................. 3 BOOK TWO ........................................................................... 22 BOOK THREE ....................................................................... 51 BOOK FOUR ......................................................................... 80 BOOK FIVE ......................................................................... 108 BOOK SIX ........................................................................... 140 BOOK SEVEN ..................................................................... 152 BOOK EIGHT ...................................................................... 180 BOOK ONE Part I Every state is a community of some kind, and every community is es- tablished with a view to some good; for mankind always act in order to obtain that which they think good. But, if all communities aim at some good, the state or political community, which is the highest of all, and which embraces all the rest, aims at good in a greater degree than any other, and at the highest good. Some people think that the qualifications of a statesman, king, house- holder, and master are the same, and that they differ, not in kind, but only in the number of their subjects. For example, the ruler over a few is called a master; over more, the manager of a household; over a still larger number, a statesman or king, as if there were no difference be- tween a great household and a small state. The distinction which is made between the king and the statesman is as follows: When the government is personal, the ruler is a king; when, according to the rules of the politi- cal science, the citizens rule and are ruled in turn, then he is called a statesman. But all this is a mistake; for governments differ in kind, as will be evident to any one who considers the matter according to the method which has hitherto guided us. -
“Linguistic Analysis” As a Misnomer, Or, Why Linguistics Is in a State of Permanent Crisis
Alexander Kravchenko Russia, Baikal National University of Economics and Law, Irkutsk “Linguistic Analysis” as a Misnomer, or, Why Linguistics is in a State of Permanent Crisis Key words: methodology, written-language bias, biology of language, consensual domain, language function Ключевые слова: методология, письменноязыковая предвзятость, биология языка, консенсуальная область, функция языка Аннотация Показывается ошибочность общепринятого понятия лингвистического анализа как анализа естественного языка. Следствием соссюровского структурализма и фило- софии объективного реализма является взгляд на язык как на вещь (код) – систему знаков, используемых как инструмент для коммуникации, под которой понимается обмен информацией. При таком подходе анализ в традиционной лингвистике пред- ставляет собой анализ вещей – письменных слов, предложений, текстов; все они являются культурными артефактами и не принадлежат сфере естественного языка как видоспецифичного социального поведения, биологическая функция которого состоит в ориентировании себя и других в когнитивной области взаимодействий. До тех пор, пока наукой не будет отвергнута кодовая модель языка, лингвистический анализ будет продолжать обслуживать языковой миф, удерживая лингвистику в со- стоянии перманентного кризиса. 1. Th e problem with linguistics as a science There is a growing feeling of uneasiness in the global community of linguists about the current state of linguistics as a science. Despite a lot of academic activity in the fi eld, and massive research refl ected in the ever growing number of publications related to the study of the various aspects of language, there hasn’t been a major breakthrough in the explorations of language as a unique endowment of humans. 26 Alexander Kravchenko Numerous competing theoretical frameworks and approaches in linguistic re- search continue to obscure the obvious truth that there is very little understanding of language as a phenomenon which sets humans apart from all other known biological species. -
International Journal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods
International Journal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods Vol.8, No.3, pp.1-23, September 2020 Published by ECRTD-UK ISSN 2056-3620(Print), ISSN 2056-3639(Online) CIRCULAR REASONING FOR THE EVOLUTION OF RESEARCH THROUGH A STRATEGIC CONSTRUCTION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES Dongmyung Park 1 Dyson School of Design Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington London SW7 2DB United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] Fadzli Irwan Bahrudin Department of Applied Art & Design Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design International Islamic University Malaysia Selangor 53100 Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] Ji Han Division of Industrial Design University of Liverpool Brownlow Hill Liverpool L69 3GH United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: In a research process, the inductive and deductive reasoning approach has shortcomings in terms of validity and applicability, respectively. Also, the objective-oriented reasoning approach can output findings with some of the two limitations. That meaning, the reasoning approaches do have flaws as a means of methodically and reliably answering research questions. Hence, they are often coupled together and formed a strong basis for an expansion of knowledge. However, academic discourse on best practice in selecting multiple reasonings for a research project is limited. This paper highlights the concept of a circular reasoning process of which a reasoning approach is complemented with one another for robust research findings. Through a strategic sequence of research methodologies, the circular reasoning process enables the capitalisation of strengths and compensation of weaknesses of inductive, deductive, and objective-oriented reasoning. Notably, an extensive cycle of the circular reasoning process would provide a strong foundation for embarking into new research, as well as expanding current research.