DOCSLIB.ORG

Abee84a07d5f8a6ab9b2ff68c77

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Abee84a07d5f8a6ab9b2ff68c77 diversity Opinion Persistent Gaps of Knowledge for Naming and Distinguishing Multiple Species of Crown-of-Thorns-Seastar in the Acanthaster planci Species Complex Gerhard Haszprunar 1,2,*, Catherine Vogler 3 and Gert Wörheide 3,4 1 Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB)-Zoological State Collection, Münchhausenstraße 21, D-81247 Munich, Germany 2 Department Biology II and GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80539 Munich, Germany 3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, and GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, D-80333 Munich, Germany; [email protected] (C.V.); [email protected] (G.W.) 4 SNSB-Bavarian State Collections of Palaeontology and Geology, D-81827 Munich, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-89-8107-104 Academic Editors: Morgan Pratchett and Sven Uthicke Received: 19 September 2016; Accepted: 9 May 2017; Published: 12 May 2017 Abstract: Nearly a decade ago, DNA barcoding (partial mitochondrial COI gene sequences) showed that there are at least four species in the Indo-Pacific within what was previously conceived to be a single Crown-of-Thorns-Seastar (COTS) species, Acanthaster planci. Two of these species—A. planci Linnaeus, 1758, distributed in the North Indian Ocean, and A. mauritiensis de Loriol, 1885, distributed in the South Indian Ocean—have been already unequivocally named. In contrast, the Pacific COTS (proposed name: A. solaris (Schreber, 1795) and the COTS from the Red Sea (still to be named) require further taxonomic work. COI barcoding sequences and Barcode Identification Numbers (BINs) are available for all four COTS species in the global Barcode of Life Database (BOLD). We recommend depositing voucher specimens or tissue samples suitable for DNA analyses when studying any aspect of COTS, and use BINs to identify species, to ensure that no information is lost on species allocation until unequivocal Linnean names are available for the Pacific and Red Sea species as well. We also review the differences between COTS species with respect to morphology, ecology, and toxicity. Future studies should widen the current biogeographic coverage of the different COTS species by strategically sampling neglected areas, especially at the geographic distribution limits of each species, to enhance our understanding of the diversity of this reef coral predator. Keywords: COTS; taxonomy; Linnean names; DNA-barcodes; Barcode Index Numbers; biogeography 1. Introduction There is little doubt that the Crown-Of-Thorns-Seastar (COTS), usually referred to as Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758), with its corallivorous lifestyle and strong tendency to mass outbreaks, is one of the most serious threats to coral reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific marine biome, and numerous studies over the last decades have addressed all aspects concerning this point (reviewed in [1]). These circumstances have led to Acanthaster planci’s being the most researched and cited of all echinoderm species. For more than 250 years, researchers have noticed morphological differences among specimens of COTS from different geographical areas. Indeed, a number of taxa have been proposed, and these have Diversity 2017, 9, 22; doi:10.3390/d9020022 www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity Diversity 2017, 9, 22 2 of 10 circumstances have led to Acanthaster planci’s being the most researched and cited of all echinoderm species. Diversity 2017, 9, 22 2 of 10 For more than 250 years, researchers have noticed morphological differences among specimens of COTS from different geographical areas. Indeed, a number of taxa have been proposed, and these subsequentlyhave subsequently been merged been merged again or again split or further split furt (forher a review, (for a review, see [2]). see Currently, [2]). Currently, only one only other one species other asidespecies from asideAcanthaster from Acanthaster planci is uniformly planci is uniformly accepted asaccepted valid within as valid the within genus, Acanthasterthe genus, Acanthaster brevispinus Fisher,brevispinus 1917 Fisher, [3]. This 1917 species [3]. This does species not does feed not on coralfeed on and coral thus and does thus not does threaten not threaten coral coral reefs. reefs. Yet duringYet during the lastthe 30last years, 30 years, various various molecular molecular datasets datasets have have suggested suggested that thatAcanthaster Acanthaster planciplanci mightmight bebe more more than than a a single single species species [ 4[4–8].–8]. The The most most thorough thorough molecularmolecular andand phylogeographicphylogeographic studystudy thatthat includedincludedAcanthaster Acanthaster planci plancispecimens specimens acrossacross itsits entireentire Indo-PacificIndo-Pacific distributiondistribution rangerange (from(from thethe RedRed SeaSea to to Mauritius Mauritius and and the the Eastern Eastern Pacific) Pacific) revealedrevealed nonoless less thanthan fourfour deeplydeeply divergentdivergent cladesclades [[9].9]. TheThe “barcoding“barcoding fragment” fragment” of of the the mitochondrial mitochondrial COI COI gene gene showed showed high high inter-clade inter-clade divergence divergence (8.8–10.6%) (8.8%– compared10.6%) compared to <0.7% intra-cladeto <0.7% intra-clade divergence, divergence, strongly suggesting strongly thatsuggestingAcanthaster that planciAcanthasterrepresents planci a speciesrepresents complex a species with complex four different with four species different instead spec ofies a singleinstead one of a [9 single]. These one species [9]. These (and species we use (and the termwe use “species” the term henceforth) “species” showhenceforth) distinct show geographical distinct geographical distribution patternsdistribution across patterns the Indo-Pacific: across the oneIndo-Pacific: species might one species be restricted might be to restricted the Red Sea, to the one Red occurs Sea, one in the occurs Northern in the Northern Indian Ocean, Indian another Ocean, oneanother mainly one in mainly the Southern in the Southern Indian Ocean Indian (with Ocean the (with exception the exception of Northern of Northern Oman), Oman), and the and fourth the speciesfourth showsspecies a shows pan-Pacific a pan-Pacific distribution distribution (Table1 ;(Table Figure 1;1 ,Figure references 1, references [ 9–11]). [9–11]). Moreover, Moreover, the Pacific the speciesPacific showsspecies some shows internal some phylogeographic internal phylogeograp structurehic [12 structure–14], accordingly [12–14], itacco cannotrdingly be excludedit cannot that be additionalexcluded (sub-)speciesthat additional be discovered(sub-)species here be indiscov the futureered here using in higher-resolution the future using molecular higher-resolution markers, suchmolecular as SNPs. markers, such as SNPs. Figure 1. Geographic distribution of COI-barcoded species and of type localities of names (combined andFigure modified 1. Geographic from [2 distribution] and [9–11 ]:of COI-barcoded red—Red Sea spec (RS)ies species; and of type blue—South localities Indianof names Ocean (combined (SIO) speciesand modified (A. mauritiensis from [2]); and yellow—North [9–11]: red—Red Indian Sea Ocean (RS) species; (NIO) species blue—South (A. planci Indian); green—Pacific Ocean (SIO) species Ocean (PO)(A. mauritiensis species (A.); solarisyellow—North). Location Indian of type Ocean localities (NIO) ofspecies nominal (A. (sub-)species:planci); green—Pacific asterisk— OceanA. planci (PO); cross—speciesA. (A. echinites solaris;). triangle— Location A.of solaristype localities, square— ofA. nominal mauritiensis (sub-)species:; circle—A. asterisk— ellisii pseudoplanciA. planci; ;cross— “?”—theA. typeechinites locality; triangle— of A. ellisiiA. wassolaris not, square— specified:A. in mauritiensis South American; circle— watersA. ellisii of the pseudoplanci East Pacific.; “?”—the type locality of A. ellisii was not specified: in South American waters of the East Pacific. Diversity 2017, 9, 22 3 of 10 Table 1. Summary of Linnean nomenclature, Biological Index Number (BIN) and distribution of currently recognized Organismic Taxonomic Units (OTUs) of the Acanthaster planci species complex based on Vogler et al. [9–11] and Haszprunar & Spies [2]. See text for details. OTU (Vogler et al., NIO Species SIO Species Pacific Species Red Sea Species 2008 [9]) A. mauritiensis de Name [proposed] A. planci (Linnaeus, 1758) [A. solaris (Schreber, 1795)] NN (not yet named) Loriol, 1885 off Goa, Type locality off Mauritius Magellan Street, Philippines - West Indian coast BIN (BOLD) AAA1633 AAA1631 AAA1630 AAA1632 Synonyms [A. echinites (Ellis & A. ellisii (Gray, 1840) - - [proposed] Solander in Watt, 1786)] A. e. pseudoplanci Caso, 1962 South Indian Pacific Ocean and West Distribution North Indian Ocean Ocean (except West Red Sea Australian coast Australian coast ) Outbreak ability Yes yes Yes yes number of arms max. 23 max. 23 max. 23 max. 13–14 gray-green to gray-green to gray-purple, Specific color “electric-blue“ light blue to rusty gray-purple, bulls-eye bulls-eye appearance appearance Harmfulness to harmful harmful very harmful less harmful humans 2. Nomenclatorical Status and Problems When established in 2008, Vogler et al. [9–11] did not correlate the four species with any Linnean taxon names. This could explain why their results have not been considered in most studies on COTS biology and ecology published since then, despite the potential implications of these findings for COTS research and conservation. This unfortunate situation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Dietary Preferences, Depth Range and Size of the Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster Spp.) on the Coral Reefs of Koh Tao, Thailand by Leon B
    The dietary preferences, depth range and size of the Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster spp.) on the coral reefs of Koh Tao, Thailand By Leon B. Haines Author: Leon Haines 940205001 Supervisors: New Heaven Reef Conservation Program: Chad Scott Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences: Peter Hofman 29/09/2015 The dietary preferences, depth range and size of the Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster spp.) on the coral reefs of Koh Tao, Thailand Author: Leon Haines 940205001 Supervisors: New Heaven Reef Conservation Program: Chad Scott Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences: Peter Hofman 29/09/2015 Cover image:(NHRCP, 2015) 2 Preface This paper is written in light of my 3rd year project based internship of Integrated Coastal Zone management major marine biology at the Van Hall Larenstein University of applied science. My internship took place at the New Heaven Reef Conservation Program on the island of Koh Tao, Thailand. During my internship I performed a study on the corallivorous Crown of Thorns starfish, which is threatening the coral reefs of Koh Tao due to high density ‘outbreaks’. Understanding the biology of this threat is vital for developing effective conservation strategies to protect the vulnerable reefs on which the islands environment, community and economy rely. Very special thanks to Chad Scott, program director of the New Heaven Reef Conservation program, for supervising and helping me make this possible. Thanks to Devrim Zahir. Thanks to the New Heaven Reef Conservation team; Ploy, Pau, Rahul and Spencer. Thanks to my supervisor at Van Hall Larenstein; Peter Hofman. 3 Abstract Acanthaster is a specialized coral-feeder and feeds nearly solely, 90-95%, on sleractinia (reef building corals), preferably Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae families.
    [Show full text]
  • (Asteroidea: Acanthaster): a Review of Names and Comparison to Recent Molecular Data
    Zootaxa 3841 (2): 271–284 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3841.2.6 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:750B7776-4BFD-4EF2-AE1A-2671658A0985 An integrative approach to the taxonomy of the crown-of-thorns starfish species group (Asteroidea: Acanthaster): A review of names and comparison to recent molecular data GERHARD HASZPRUNAR1,2 & MARTIN SPIES1 1SNSB - Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, D-81247 München, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2Dept. Biology II and GeoBio-Center of LMU Munich, Germany Abstract The scientific names published for species and subspecies in the genus Acanthaster Gervais (Asteroidea: Valvatida: Acan- thasteridae) are reviewed, with particular attention to the A. planci species group (crown-of-thorn starfish, COTS). Several problems with earlier nomenclatural and bibliographic data are resolved. The available name for the type species of Acan- thaster in the original combination is Asterias echinites Ellis & Solander in Watt, 1786; the often-cited "Asterias echinus" and "Acanthaster echinus" are incorrect subsequent spellings, therefore unavailable. The scientific names and taxonomic concepts for species and subspecies in Acanthaster are compared to recently published, robust COI-barcoding clades. Two of four clades in the A. planci group can be named unequivocally, a third requires a neotype designation to decide which of two available names will be valid, and the fourth clade necessitates a new species description and name. The References section includes annotations explaining bibliographical data important to the nomenclatural evaluations. Many hyperlinks interspersed with the paper's texts offer quick access to digital versions of the respective references.
    [Show full text]
  • Crown-Of-Thorns Sea Star, Acanthaster Cf. Solaris, Have Tissue-Characteristic Microbiomes With
    AEM Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 4 May 2018 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/AEM.00181-18 © Crown copyright 2018. The government of Australia, Canada, or the UK ("the Crown") owns the copyright interests of authors who are government employees. The Crown Copyright is not transferable. 1 Crown-of-thorns sea star, Acanthaster cf. solaris, have tissue-characteristic microbiomes with 2 potential roles in health and reproduction 3 4 Lone Høj,a#,b Natalie Levy,a,b,c* Brett K. Baillie,a Peta L. Clode,d,e,f Raphael C. Strohmaier,a 5 Nachshon Siboni,a,** Nicole S. Webster,a,b,g Sven Uthicke,a,b David G. Bournea,b,c 6 Downloaded from 7 aAustralian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. 8 bAIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University, Townsville, 9 Queensland, Australia 10 cCollege of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, http://aem.asm.org/ 11 Australia. 12 dCentre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 13 Perth, Western Australia, Australia 14 eSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western on May 10, 2018 by UQ Library 15 Australia, Australia 16 fThe Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 17 Australia 18 gAustralian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 19 Australia 20 21 Running head: Microbiome of crown-of-thorns sea stars 22 23 #Address correspondence to Lone Høj, [email protected]. 24 *Present address: Natalie Levy, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 1 25 **Present address: Nachshon Siboni, Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology 26 Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Signals in Coral Reefs - M
    CHEMICAL ECOLOGY – Chemical Signals in Coral Reefs - M. Puyana CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN CORAL REEFS M. Puyana Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia Keywords: Coral reefs, pheromones, chemical defenses, chemical cues, coral reproduction, larval settlement, symbiosis, allelopathy Contents 1. Introduction 2. Chemical signaling in coral reefs 2.1 Feeding Attractants 2.2 Feeding Deterrents 2.3 Predator detection and alarm substances 2.4 Induced Defenses 2.5 Mate and kin recognition 2.6 Associational chemical defenses 2.7 Chemical signals in gamete attraction and spawning 2.8 Symbiotic associations 2.9 Larval settlement 2.10. Antifouling 2.11 Allelopathy 3. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Chemical signaling is an important communication mechanism within and between species in the marine environment. Chemical cues are of particular importance in aquatic systems since visibility can be greatly impaired by sediment load and the attenuation ofUNESCO light at greater depths. The physical – EOLSSand chemical properties in the marine environment influence the way chemical signals are produced, transported and detected, and also determine the nature and success of ecological interactions. Marine animals have very well developed chemical senses and chemical signals can help animals to identify conspecificsSAMPLE and regulate social behavior. CHAPTERS Reproductive processes such as mate recognition and synchronization in gamete, or larval release, may be highly influenced by chemical signals especially in plants and invertebrates where hormonal signaling is not complex. The establishment and maintenance of symbiotic associations as well as homing behavior may require of chemical signaling although these processes are less understood. Chemical signals are also important in food recognition and ingestion by grazers, carnivores and scavengers, predator detection and avoidance, alarm responses and deterrence of feeding behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Structure of the Crown-Of-Thorns Seastar in the Pacific Ocean, with Focus on Guam
    A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in PeerJ on 5 May 2016. View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/1970), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint. Tusso S, Morcinek K, Vogler C, Schupp PJ, Caballes CF, Vargas S, Wörheide G. 2016. Genetic structure of the crown-of-thorns seastar in the Pacific Ocean, with focus on Guam. PeerJ 4:e1970 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1970 1 Genetic structure of the Crown-of-Thorns Seastar in 2 the Pacific Ocean, with focus on Guam 3 1 4 Sergio Tusso 5 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, Ludwig- 6 Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 7 Munich, Germany 8 2 9 Kerstin Morcinek 10 2 Department of Anatomy (Neuroanatomy), University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924 11 Cologne, Germany 12 3 13 Catherine Vogler 14 3 Environment Department, Pöyry SwitZerland Ltd., Herostrasse 12, 8048 15 Zurich, SwitZerland 16 4 17 Peter J. Schupp 18 4 Carl von OssietZky University of Oldenburg – Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the 19 Marine Environment, Oldenburg, Germany 2503 20 5 21 Ciemon Frank Caballes 22 5 ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 23 Queensland, Australia 4811 1 24 Sergio Vargas 25 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, Ludwig- 26 Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 27 Munich, Germany 28 1, 6, 7 * 29 Gert Wörheide 30 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, Ludwig- 31 Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str.
    [Show full text]
  • TOPIC 3 Classification
    TOPIC 3 Classification 3.1 Overview Our planet contains an amazing variety of living things. Scientists classify these living things into groups on the basis of their similarities and differences. This seahorse is called a sea dragon. Is it like a horse or can it be classified as something else? 3.1.1 Think about Classification • How can you use a key to unlock the door to classification? • Why bother classifying living things? • Which animals have their skeletons on the outside? • I have scales and lungs and live on land. What am I? • In terms of biological classification, which class do you belong to? • What did prehistoric pelycosaurs use their sail-like fins for? • Which herb helps relieve constipation? LEARNING SEQUENCE 3.1 Overview 44 3.2 Patterns, order and organisation 46 3.3 Unlocking meaning — patterns in scientific language 54 3.4 Unlocking patterns in scientific names 59 3.5 Keys to unlock identity 64 3.6 Which animal? 72 3.7 Got a backbone! 76 3.8 Mammals 80 3.9 No backbone! 86 3.10 Zooming in … human endeavours into classification 92 3.11 Which plant? 95 3.12 Gumnut babies 102 3.13 Plants no more! 106 3.14 Tree maps, mind maps and Venn diagrams 109 3.15 Project: Snakes alive! 110 3.16 Review 111 Numerous videos and interactivities are embedded just where you need them, at the point of learning, in your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au. They will help you to learn the content and concepts covered in this topic.
    [Show full text]
  • First Record and Impact of the Crown-Of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster Planci (Spinulosida: Acanthasteridae) on Corals of Malpelo Island, Colombian Pacific
    First record and impact of the crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci (Spinulosida: Acanthasteridae) on corals of Malpelo Island, Colombian Pacific Krupskaya Narváez1 & Fernando A. Zapata2 1. Fundación Malpelo y Otros Ecosistemas Marinos. Carrera 11 No. 87-51 Local 4, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; [email protected] 2. Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Apartado Aéreo 25360, Cali, Colombia; [email protected] Received 30-VIII-2009. Corrected 11-XI-2009. Accepted 18-XII-2009. Abstract: The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, is a major coral predator widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region, where population outbreaks have caused dramatic impacts on coral reefs. In the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) A. planci occurs at low population densities; it has been significantly abundant only in Panama and Cocos Island. We have recently found two individuals of A. planci at Malpelo Island, a small oce- anic island with significant coral communities located off the Colombian Pacific coast. The recent discovery of A. planci at Malpelo is significant in light of recent reports of its increased frequency of observation at Cocos Island and occurrence at the Galapagos Islands. The individuals found at Malpelo have been repeatedly sighted since 2004, actively feeding on nine species of coral. Although densities of A. planci are low at Malpelo and other oceanic islands of the TEP, these islands may act as stepping stones for the colonization of other coral reef areas in the region. However, the low densities of A. planci suggest that it currently poses no threat to coral reefs in the TEP. Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • 30 Years of Research on Crown-Of-Thorns Starfish (1986-2016): Scientific Advances and Emerging Opportunities
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 22 August 2017 doi:10.20944/preprints201708.0076.v1 Peer-reviewed version available at Diversity 2017, 9, 41; doi:10.3390/d9040041 Review 30 Years of Research on Crown-of-thorns Starfish (1986-2016): Scientific Advances and Emerging Opportunities Morgan S. Pratchett 1,*, Ciemon F. Caballes 1, Jennifer C. Wilmes 1, Samuel Matthews 1, Camille Mellin 2,3, Hugh P. A. Sweatman 2, Lauren E. Nadler 1,4, Jon Brodie 1, Cassandra A. Thompson 1, Jessica Hoey 5, Arthur R. Bos 6, Maria Byrne 7, Vanessa Messmer 1, Sofia Valero-Fortunato 1, Carla C. M. Chen2, Alexander C. E. Buck1, Russell C. Babcock 8, Sven Uthicke 2 1 ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; [email protected] (C.F.C.); [email protected] (J.C.W); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (C.A.T.); [email protected] (V.M.); [email protected] (S.V.-F.); [email protected] (A.C.E.B.) 2 Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; [email protected] (H.P.A.S.) ; [email protected] (C.C.M.C.); [email protected] (S.U.) 3 The Environment Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia ; [email protected] (C.M.) ; 4 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; [email protected] (L.E.N.); 5 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority,
    [Show full text]
  • U2 Classification Complete Teacher
    UNIT 2: CLASSIFICATION CORAL REEF ECOLOGY CURRICULUM This unit is part of the Coral Reef Ecology Curriculum that was developed by the Education Department of the Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. It has been designed for secondary school students, but can be adapted for other uses. The entire curriculum can be found online at lof.org/CoralReefCurriculum. Author and Design/Layout: Amy Heemsoth, Director of Education Editorial assistance provided by: Andrew Bruckner, Ken Marks, Melinda Campbell, Alexandra Dempsey, and Liz Rauer Thompson Illustrations by: Amy Heemsoth Cover Photo: ©Michele Westmorland/iLCP ©2014 Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise noted, photos are property of the Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. The Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation and authors disclaim any liability for injury or damage related to the use of this curriculum. These materials may be reproduced for education purposes. When using any of the materials from this curriculum, please include the following attribution: Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation Coral Reef Ecology Curriculum www.lof.org The Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation (KSLOF) was incorporated in California as a 501(c)(3), public benefit, Private Operating Foundation in September 2000. The Living Oceans Foundation is dedicated to providing science-based solutions to protect and restore ocean health through research, outreach, and education. The educational goals of the Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation
    [Show full text]
  • Apoptosis Induced in Human Breast Cancer Cell Line by Acanthaster Planci Starfish Extract Compared to Tamoxifen
    African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 6(3), pp. 129-134, 22 January, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP DOI: 10.5897/AJPP11.208 ISSN 1996-0816 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Apoptosis induced in human breast cancer cell line by Acanthaster planci starfish extract compared to tamoxifen Ahmed Faisal Mutee 1, Salizawati Muhamad Salhimi 1*, Farid Che Ghazali 2, Faisal Muti Al- Hassan 3, Chung Pin Lim 1, Kamarruddin Ibrahim 4 and Mohd Zaini Asmawi 1 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia. 2School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. 3Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bandar Putra Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia. 4Department of Marine Park Malaysia (DMPM), Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, 62574 Putrajaya, Malaysia. Accepted 12 January, 2012 Breast cancer remains the most common cancer among women all over the world. Current chemotherapeutic drugs for breast cancer such as tamoxifen show severe side effects. Therefore, there is a focus toward new chemotherapeutic agents to be obtained from natural sources. This study was carried out to evaluate cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the Acanthaster planci starfish extract compared to tamoxifen in human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. The extract was obtained using phosphate buffered saline. MTS assay and Annexin V assay were performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect and apoptotic effect, respectively. The extract was found to inhibit the growth of MCF-7 cells (IC 50 =15.6 µg/ml) and induced apoptosis (52.9% after 1 h treatment and 63.9% after 2 h treatment).
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Science
    Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Volume 17 | Issue 1 | Jan – Jun 2018 | ISSN: 0856-860X Chief Editor José Paula Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Chief Editor José Paula | Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Portugal Copy Editor Timothy Andrew Editorial Board Louis CELLIERS Blandina LUGENDO South Africa Tanzania Lena GIPPERTH Aviti MMOCHI Serge ANDREFOUËT Sweden Tanzania France Johan GROENEVELD Nyawira MUTHIGA Ranjeet BHAGOOLI South Africa Kenya Mauritius Issufo HALO Brent NEWMAN South Africa/Mozambique South Africa Salomão BANDEIRA Mozambique Christina HICKS Jan ROBINSON Australia/UK Seycheles Betsy Anne BEYMER-FARRIS Johnson KITHEKA Sérgio ROSENDO USA/Norway Kenya Portugal Jared BOSIRE Kassim KULINDWA Melita SAMOILYS Kenya Tanzania Kenya Atanásio BRITO Thierry LAVITRA Max TROELL Mozambique Madagascar Sweden Published biannually Aims and scope: The Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science provides an avenue for the wide dissem- ination of high quality research generated in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, in particular on the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources. This is central to the goal of supporting and promoting sustainable coastal development in the region, as well as contributing to the global base of marine science. The journal publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of marine science and coastal manage- ment. Topics include, but are not limited to: theoretical studies, oceanography, marine biology and ecology, fisheries, recovery and restoration processes, legal and institutional frameworks, and interactions/relationships between humans and the coastal and marine environment. In addition, Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science features state-of-the-art review articles and short communications.
    [Show full text]
  • Known Predators of Crown-Of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster Spp.) And
    diversity Review Known Predators of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster spp.) and Their Role in Mitigating, If Not Preventing, Population Outbreaks Zara-Louise Cowan 1,*, Morgan Pratchett 1, Vanessa Messmer 1 and Scott Ling 2 1 ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (V.M.) 2 Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-7-4781-5747 Academic Editors: Sven Uthicke and Michael Wink Received: 20 November 2016; Accepted: 17 January 2017; Published: 22 January 2017 Abstract: Predatory release has long been considered a potential contributor to population outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish (CoTS; Acanthaster spp.). This has initiated extensive searches for potentially important predators that can consume large numbers of CoTS at high rates, which are also vulnerable to over-fishing or reef degradation. Herein, we review reported predators of CoTS and assess the potential for these organisms to exert significant mortality, and thereby prevent and/or moderate CoTS outbreaks. In all, 80 species of coral reef organisms (including fishes, and motile and sessile invertebrates) are reported to predate on CoTS gametes (three species), larvae (17 species), juveniles (15 species), adults (18 species) and/or opportunistically feed on injured (10 species) or moribund (42 species) individuals within reef habitats. It is clear however, that predation on early life-history stages has been understudied, and there are likely to be many more species of reef fishes and/or sessile invertebrates that readily consume CoTS gametes and/or larvae.
    [Show full text]