Le Cas Du Vélib' À Paris

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Le Cas Du Vélib' À Paris La ville comme expérimentation : le cas du Vélib’ à Paris Martin Tironi To cite this version: Martin Tironi. La ville comme expérimentation : le cas du Vélib’ à Paris. Sociologie. Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. Français. NNT : 2013ENMP0035. pastel-00946789 HAL Id: pastel-00946789 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00946789 Submitted on 14 Feb 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N°: 2009 ENAM XXXX École doctorale n° 396 : Économie, Organisations, Société Doctorat ParisTech T H È S E pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par l’École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris Spécialité « Socio-économie de l’innovation » présentée et soutenue publiquement par Martin TIRONI le 25 septembre 2013 La ville comme expérimentation : le cas du Vélib’ à Paris Directeurs de thèse : Antoine HENNION & Madeleine AKRICH Jury Mme. Alexandra BIDET. Chargée de recherches, CNRS. Centre Maurice Halbwachs, ENS Paris T M. Dominique BOULLIER , Professeur, Medialab, SciencesPo Paris M. Olivier COUTARD, Directeur de recherche CNRS, LATTS, ENPC-ParisTech Rapporteur H M. Jérôme DENIS, Maître de conférences en sociologie, SES, TELECOM-ParisTech M. Antoine HENNION, Directeur de recherche, CSI, MINES-ParisTech È Mme. Albena YANEVA, Reader in Architecture, School of Environment and Development. U. of Manchester Rapporteur S E MINES ParisTech Centre de Sociologie de l’Innovation 60 boulevard Saint-Michel 75272 Cedex 06 Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris THÈSE La ville comme expérimentation : le cas du Vélib’ à Paris Thèse présentée par Martin Tironi Directeurs de thèse : Antoine HENNION & Madeleine AKRICH Jury : M. Alexandra BIDET, Chargée de recherches, CNRS. Centre Maurice Halbwachs, ENS Paris M. Dominique BOULLIER, Professeur, Medialab, SciencesPo Paris M. Olivier COUTARD, Directeur de recherche CNRS, LATTS, ENPC-ParisTech (Rapporteur) M. Jérôme DENIS, Maître de conférences en sociologie, SES, TELECOM-ParisTech Mme. Albena YANEVA, Reader in Architecture, School of Environment and Development. U. of Manchester (Rapporteur) M. Antoine HENNION, Directeur de recherche, CSI, MINES-ParisTech 1 Para Simon 2 3 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement Antoine Hennion et Madeleine Akrich pour leur soutien et leur confiance dans ce processus de recherche et d’écriture de plus de trois ans. Je les remercie tous deux non seulement pour les qualités qu’ils ont montrées à l’heure de passer au crible mes écrits, mais également pour leurs qualités humaines et leur disposition à l’« aventure méthodique ». Je suis particulièrement reconnaissant à Madeleine Akrich pour la confiance dans ce projet de thèse qu’elle a exprimée depuis le départ. Sans son soutien et sa rigueur analytique pour faire parler les objets, cette aventure n’aurait pas été possible. Même si cela s’est souvent montré « déstabilisant », je remercie vivement Antoine Hennion de m’avoir en permanence poussé à rendre incertain le processus de recherche. Ses remarques et critiques n’ont pas seulement été essentielles au développement de cette thèse, mais aussi à ma formation de chercheur. Cependant, ce travail leur sera toujours redevable, car ni le souvenir ni les traces que laissera cette thèse ne parviendront à rendre justice au rôle qu’ils ont joué dans ma formation. Je souhaiterais remercier quelques personnes qui ont eu un apport essentiel pour le débat intellectuel développé dans cette thèse, et qui se sont toujours montrées prêtes à discuter, apporter orientation et conseils, ou lire des extraits de ce travail de recherche. Mes remerciements les plus sincères vont à Morgan Meyer, Brice Laurent, Catherine Rémy, Michel Callon, Florence Paterson, Clément Combes et David Pontille. Je suis également reconnaissant d’avoir pu participer à la vie de laboratoire du Centre de Sociologie de l’Innovation. J’y ai non seulement trouvé les outils intellectuels et les moyens matériels nécessaires au bon développement de ma thèse, mais également un espace de convivialité, de débat et d’humour permanents. Je remercie Frédéric Vergnaud et Catherine Lucas pour leur soutien inconditionnel, ainsi que Cécile Méadel, Yannick Barthe, Fabian Muniesa, Alexandre Mallard, Vololona Rabeharisoa et Philippe Mustar pour leur disponibilité et leur capacité d’écoute de tous les instants. Les ateliers doctoraux dans la salle Saint Jacques, dirigés par Fabian Muniesa et Antoine Hennion, méritent une mention spéciale. Ils ont constitué une très large source d’inspiration, de créativité et de rigueur. Un grand nombre des arguments développés dans 4 cette thèse proviennent directement des exercices pratiques élaborés avec l’ensemble des chercheurs du CSI. Je ne remercierai jamais assez toutes les personnes qui ont participé à ces ateliers, Francesca Musiani, Romain Badouard, Liliana Doganova, Guillaume Yon, Basak Sarac, Alaric Bourgoin, Saena Sadighiyan, Alvaro Piña, Ksenia Ermoshina, Kathleen Zoonnekindt, Thomas Vangeebergenet et Pierre Gueydier. Je tiens à exprimer ma reconnaissance particulière à ceux qui ont partagé avec moi le bureau J002, Clément Combes, Véra Ehrenstein, Julien Merlin et Julien Gauthey, et qui se sont montrés en permanence disposés à m’aider dans tout ce qu’implique la « cuisine » de la recherche. Une mention spéciale doit être délivrée aux membres de l’entreprise JCDecaux – et en particulier à Rémi Pheulpin, Antonin Darbon et Grégoire Maes – pour m’avoir permis de développer avec eux durant tout le travail de recherche une relation d’apprentissages mutuels sans laquelle cette thèse n’aurait pas pu voir le jour. Les personnes qui ont la charge du Vélib’ dans la société se sont montrées continuellement disponibles pour répondre à mes questions, clarifier mes doutes et me montrer des détails exceptionnels de l’infrastructure de transport. Sans leur ouverture au dialogue, cette entreprise de recherche n’aurait pas été possible. Je tiens à remercier tous les agents de maintenance, de nettoyage, de régulation, tous les mécaniciens, les responsables des ateliers, le personnel de supervision, etc. qui m’ont reçu de manière désintéressée pour me raconter une partie de leur vie et leur relation au service Vélib’. Mes remerciements vont à toutes les personnes travaillant au sein de la Ville de Paris que j’ai rencontrées au cours de ce travail, et en particulier à Didier Couval, Patrick Lefebvre, Marc Bresciani et Raymond del Perugia. Je remercie également les membres de l’Atelier Parisien d’Urbanisme pour avoir accepté de répondre à mes questions, et spécialement Jean-Baptiste Vaquin et Patricia Pelloux. Mon travail de recherche a également bénéficié de la rencontre de différentes personnalités politiques, praticiens et activistes du cyclisme, et j’aimerais remercier tout particulièrement quelques personnes parmi eux : Isabel Lesens, Antoine Debievre, Charlotte Nenner, Jacques Seray et Jacques Boutault. 5 Ce travail de thèse a été soutenu par une bourse de doctorat financée par le Conseil National de Science et de la Technologie du Chili. Je tiens à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à toutes les personnes du CONICYT. Enfin, je remercie profondément Verónica Correa, pour sa patience et sa capacité permanente à m’accompagner dans ce processus. Sans elle, ce voyage en Vélib’ n’aurait pas été le même. 6 7 Table de Matières Introduction générale ............................................................................................................................ 13 Prélude à la problématique : le Vélib’, de l’objet de transport à l’objet de musée ..................... 14 Problématique ......................................................................................................................................................... 23 Des « études de laboratoire » à la « ville comme laboratoire » .......................................................... 27 Approche .................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Méthode et matériaux empiriques .................................................................................................................. 43 Cinq « couches » ...................................................................................................................................................... 51 Chapitre I ....................................................................................................................................................... 57 Mettre l’ecologie en mouvement. Les controverses aux origines du projet Vélib’. ............................................................................................................................................................................. 57 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 58 1.2. Controverse et infrastructures de mobilité ................................................................................... 60
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