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no evidence that such exception would DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Comments received generally will be cause possible harmful interference to posted without change to http:// an authorized satellite system, said Defense Acquisition Regulations www.regulations.gov, including any transmission path may be authorized on System personal and/or business confidential waiver basis where the maximum value information provided. To confirm of the equivalent isotropically radiated 48 CFR Parts 205, 208, 212, 213, 214, receipt of your comment(s), please power (EIRP) does not exceed: 215, 216, and 252 check http://www.regulations.gov approximately two to three days after * * * * * RIN 0750–AH11 submission to verify posting (except (c) 12.7 to 13.25 GHz. No directional Defense Federal Acquisition allow 30 days for posting of comments transmitting antenna utilized by a fixed Regulation Supplement; Only One submitted by mail). station operating in this band with EIRP Offer (DFARS Case 2011–D013) FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ms. greater than 45 dBW may be aimed Amy Williams, 703–602–0328. AGENCY: Defense Acquisition within 1.5 degrees of the geostationary- SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: satellite orbit, taking into account Regulations System, Department of Defense (DoD). atmospheric refraction. I. Background ACTION: Proposed rule; reopening of * * * * * DoD published a proposed rule in the comment period. Federal Register on July 25, 2011, at 76 7. Amend § 101.147 by revising FR 44293, with a request for comments paragraph (i) introductory text, adding SUMMARY: DoD is proposing to amend the Defense FAR Supplement (DFARS) on or before September 23, 2011. The paragraph (i)(9), revising paragraph (o) comment period is being reopened introductory text, and adding paragraph to address acquisitions using competitive procedures in which only through October 7, 2011, to provide an (o)(8) to read as follows: one offer is received. With some additional time for interested parties to § 101.147 Frequency assignments. exceptions, the contracting officer must review the proposed DFARS changes. Therefore, accordingly, the comment * * * * * resolicit for an additional period of at least 30 days, if the solicitation allowed period for the proposed rule that (i) 5,925 to 6,425 MHz. 60 MHz fewer than 30 days for receipt of published on July 25, 2011, at 76 FR authorized bandwidth. proposals and only one offer is received. 44293 is reopened. * * * * * If a period of at least 30 days was Ynette R. Shelkin, (9) 60 MHz bandwidth channels: allowed for receipt of proposals, the Editor, Defense Acquisition Regulations contracting officer must determine System. Transmit Receive prices to be fair and reasonable through [FR Doc. 2011–24783 Filed 9–26–11; 8:45 am] price or cost analysis or enter (receive) (transmit) BILLING CODE 5001–06–P (MHz) (MHz) negotiations with the offeror. DATES: The comment period for the 5964.97 6217.01 proposed rule that published on July 25, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 6024.27 6276.31 2011, at 76 FR 44293 is reopened. 6083.57 6335.61 Interested parties should submit written Fish and Wildlife Service 6142.87 6394.91 comments to the address shown below on or before October 7, 2011, to be 50 CFR Part 17 * * * * * considered in the formation of the final (o) 10,700 to 11,700 MHz. 80 MHz rule. [Docket No. FWS–R2–ES–2011–0078; MO 92210–0–0008 B2] authorized bandwidth. ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, (8) 80 MHz bandwidth channels: identified by DFARS Case 2011–D013, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife using any of the following methods: and Plants; 12-Month Finding on a • Transmit Receive Regulations.gov: http:// Petition To List the Tamaulipan (receive) (transmit) www.regulations.gov. Agapema, Sphingicampa blanchardi (MHz) (MHz) Submit comments via the Federal (No Common Name), and Ursia furtiva eRulemaking portal by inserting 10745 11235 (No Common Name) as Endangered or ‘‘DFARS Case 2011–D013’’ under the Threatened 10825 11315 heading ‘‘Enter keyword or ID’’ and 10905 11395 selecting ‘‘Search.’’ Select the link AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, 10985 11475 ‘‘Submit a Comment’’ that corresponds Interior. 11065 11555 with ‘‘DFARS Case 2011–D013.’’ Follow ACTION: Notice of 12-month petition 11145 11635 the instructions provided at the ‘‘Submit finding. a Comment’’ screen. Please include your * * * * * name, company name (if any), and SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and [FR Doc. 2011–23000 Filed 9–26–11; 8:45 am] ‘‘DFARS Case 2011–D013’’ on your Wildlife Service, announce a 12-month BILLING CODE 6712–01–P attached document. finding on a petition to list the • E-mail: [email protected]. Include Tamaulipan agapema (Agapema DFARS Case 2011–D013 in the subject galbina), Sphingicampa blanchardi (no line of the message. common name), and Ursia furtiva (no • Fax: 703–602–0350. common name) as endangered or • Mail: Defense Acquisition threatened and to designate critical Regulations System, Attn: Ms. Amy habitat under the Endangered Species Williams, OUSD (AT&L) DPAP (DARS), Act of 1973, as amended (Act). After Room 3B855, 3060 Defense Pentagon, review of all available scientific and Washington, DC 20301–3060. commercial information, we find that

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listing any of these three southwestern of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife that the petition did not present moth species is not warranted at this and Plants that contains substantial substantial information that listing of time. However, we ask the public to scientific or commercial information those 270 species may be warranted. submit to us any new information that that listing the species may be This initial 90-day finding did not becomes available concerning the warranted, we make a finding within 12 include the Tamaulipan agapema, threats to these three species or their months of the date of receipt of the Sphingicampa blanchardi, or Ursia habitat at any time. petition. In this finding, we will furtiva. Subsequently, on March 13, DATES: The finding announced in this determine that the petitioned action is: 2009, the Service and WildEarth document was made on September 27, (1) Not warranted, (2) warranted, or (3) Guardians filed a stipulated settlement 2011. warranted, but the immediate proposal agreement, agreeing that the Service ADDRESSES: This finding is available on of a regulation implementing the would submit to the Federal Register a the Internet at http:// petitioned action is precluded by other finding as to whether their petition www.regulations.gov at Docket No. pending proposals to determine whether presented substantial information [FWS–R2–ES–2011–0078]. species are endangered or threatened, indicating that the petitioned action Supporting documentation we used in and expeditious progress is being made may be warranted for the remaining preparing our finding for Tamaulipan to add or remove qualified species from southwestern species by December 9, agapema and Sphingicampa blanchardi the Federal Lists of Endangered and 2009. On December 4, 2009, we made a is available for public inspection, by Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Section second 90-day finding for the remaining appointment, during normal business 4(b)(3)(C) of the Act requires that we species, which included a hours at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife treat a petition for which the requested determination that listing the Service, Corpus Christi Ecological action is found to be warranted but Tamaulipan agapema, S. blanchardi, Services Field Office, c/o TAMU–CC, precluded as though resubmitted on the and U. furtiva may be warranted, and 6300 Ocean Drive, #5837, Corpus date of such finding, that is, requiring a initiated a status review, which was Christi, TX 78412. Please submit any subsequent finding to be made within published in the Federal Register on 12 months. We must publish these 12- new information, materials, comments, December 16, 2009 (74 FR 66866). This month findings in the Federal Register. or questions concerning this finding for notice constitutes the 12-month finding Tamaulipan agapema and S. blanchardi Previous Federal Actions on both petitions to list the Tamaulipan to the Corpus Christi Ecological Services agapema, S. blanchardi, and U. furtiva On June 25, 2007, we received a as endangered or threatened. Field Office address. petition dated June 18, 2007, from Supporting documentation we used in Forest Guardians (now WildEarth Evaluation of the Status of Each of the preparing our finding for Ursia furtiva is Guardians), requesting that 475 species Three Moth Species available for public inspection, by in the southwestern United States, Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) appointment, during normal business including the Tamaulipan agapema, and implementing regulations (50 CFR hours at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sphingicampa blanchardi, and U. part 424) set forth procedures for adding Service, Austin Ecological Services furtiva, be listed under the Act and species to, removing species from, or Field Office, 10711 Burnet Road, Suite critical habitat be designated. We reclassifying species on the Federal 200, Austin, TX 78758. Please submit acknowledged the receipt of the petition Lists of Endangered and Threatened any new information, materials, in a letter to the petitioner dated July 11, Wildlife and Plants. Under section comments, or questions concerning this 2007. In that letter we also stated that 4(a)(1) of the Act, a species may be finding for U. furtiva to the Austin the petition was under review by staff determined to be endangered or Ecological Services Field Office address. in our Southwest Regional Office. threatened based on any of the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: If We received a second petition, dated following five factors: you use a telecommunications device June 12, 2008, from WildEarth (A) The present or threatened for the deaf (TDD), please call the Guardians on June 18, 2008, requesting destruction, modification, or Federal Information Relay Service emergency listing of 32 species under curtailment of its habitat or range; (FIRS) at 800–877–8339. the Act, including one of the three (B) Overutilization for commercial, For information regarding moths addressed above, Tamaulipan recreational, scientific, or educational Tamaulipan agapema and agapema. We provided a response to purposes; Sphingicampa blanchardi, please this petition on July 22, 2008, indicating (C) Disease or predation; contact Allan Strand, Field Supervisor, that we had reviewed the information (D) The inadequacy of existing Corpus Christi Ecological Services Field presented in the petition and the regulatory mechanisms; or Office (see ADDRESSES), by telephone at immediacy of possible threats. We (E) Other natural or manmade factors 361–994–9005; or by facsimile at 361– determined that issuing an emergency affecting its continued existence. 994–8262. regulation temporarily listing the In making this finding, we discuss For information regarding Ursia species under section 4(b)(7) of the Act below information pertaining to each furtiva, please contact Adam Zerrenner, was not warranted. We also noted that species in relation to the five factors Field Supervisor, Austin Ecological we would continue to review these provided in section 4(a)(1) of the Act. In Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES), species through the petition process. considering what factors might by telephone at 512–490–0057 On March 19, 2008, WildEarth constitute threats, we must look beyond extension 248; or by facsimile at 512– Guardians filed a complaint alleging the mere exposure of the species to the 490–0974. that the Service failed to comply with factor to determine whether the species SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: its mandatory duty to make a responds to the factor in a way that preliminary 90-day finding on the June causes actual impacts to the species. If Background 18, 2007, petition to list 475 there is exposure to a factor, but no Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Endangered southwestern species. We subsequently response, or only a positive response, Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act; published an initial 90-day finding for that factor is not a threat. If there is 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), requires that, for 270 of the 475 petitioned species on exposure and the species responds any petition to revise the Federal Lists January 6, 2009 (74 FR 419), concluding negatively, the factor may be a threat

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and we then attempt to determine how et al. 1996, p. 171). Also, compared to absence of information, we are unable to significant a threat it is. If the threat is other species in the Agapema genus, determine the species’ current significant, it may drive or contribute to minor differences in the male distribution and historic or current the risk of extinction of the species such reproductive organs have been reported, population estimates. but Tuskes et al. (1996, p. 171) did not that the species warrants listing as Habitat and Biology endangered or threatened as those terms note what those differences are. As adults, Tamaulipan agapema are are defined by the Act. This does not Distribution and Status necessarily require empirical proof of a nocturnal, do not feed as they have threat. The combination of exposure and Based on occurrence records from nonfunctional mouth parts, have only some corroborating evidence of how the limited reports and survey efforts, the one brood per year, and are relatively species is likely impacted could suffice. known distribution of the Tamaulipan short-lived (Powell and Opler 2009, p. The mere identification of factors that agapema is from Cameron and Hidalgo 236). These moths fly from September to could negatively impact a species is not Counties in the Lower Rio Grande November, during which time they sufficient to compel a finding that Valley of south Texas to approximately breed and lay eggs on Condalia hookeri listing is appropriate; we require 150 miles (241 kilometers) south into (brasil) (Peigler and Kendall 1993, p. 5; evidence that these factors are operative northern Tamaulipas, Mexico (Tuskes et Tuskes et al. 1996, p. 171). Eggs hatch threats that act on the species to the al. 1996, p. 170). In Tamaulipas, in December and January, and larvae point that the species meets the Mexico, the Tamaulipan agapema was feed on C. hookeri (Peigler and Kendall definition of endangered or threatened observed near Soto la Marina, about 150 1993, p. 12). In a review of the genus under the Act. miles (mi) (241 kilometers (km)) south Agapema, Peigler and Kendall (1993, p. In making our 12-month finding on of the United States border (Tuskes et al. 5) cited Collins and Weast’s 1961 book the petition, we considered and 1996, p. 170). Unfortunately, there are Wild Silk Moths of the United States, evaluated the best available scientific no records of the species occurring in Saturniinae, to report that cocoons of and commercial information. We the intervening 150 mi (241 km) the Tamaulipan agapema have been reviewed the petition, information between Soto la Marina and its closest observed in masses on Pithecellobium available in our files, and other known record of occurrence in Cameron ebano (ebony) trees in the Rio Grande available published and unpublished County, Texas. Valley of south Texas. Peigler and information, and we consulted with We have no historic or current Kendall (1993, pp. 5, 12) also state that population estimates for this species. recognized moth experts and biologists. the larvae move from the C. hookeri For each of the three species, we According to Tuskes et al. (1996, p. shrubs to P. ebano to make their provide a description of the species and 170), this species was once fairly cocoons on the trunks. However, the its life-history and habitat, an evaluation common, but ‘‘has not been reported larvae make their cocoons on C. hookeri of listing factors for that species, and north of Mexico since the 1960s.’’ as well as P. ebano. Wolfe (2010, pers. our finding of whether the petitioned Tuskes et al. (1996, p. 170) did not comm.) noted that when he visited a site action is warranted or not for that define the term ‘‘fairly common,’’ so we west of Soto la Marina, Mexico, about do not know what this means in a species. 150 mi (241 km) south of the United numerical or geographical context of States border, that there were ‘‘hundreds Species Information for Tamaulipan population estimates. Tuskes et al. of cocoons matted along the trunks’’ of Agapema (1996, p. 170) also reported that the host plant C. hookeri. It seems that attempts at searching for adults in areas Taxonomy and Species Description Tamaulipan agapema are associated that contain suitable habitat have been with C. hookeri and P. ebano during the The Tamaulipan agapema (Agapema unsuccessful, but they did not give early stages of their life cycle. galbina), a member of the silk moth dates or the amount of survey effort that Moths and butterflies are typically family, Saturniidae, is one of seven was involved. Wolfe (2010, pers. associated with host plants, and are currently recognized species in the comm.) noted that when he visited a site often specifically linked to one or more Agapema genus. Moths of this genus are west of Soto la Marina (in Mexico) in plant species in order to complete their typically black, gray, brown, and white, 1994 that there were ‘‘hundreds of life cycle. As noted above, the known and have eyespots on all four wings cocoons matted along the trunks’’ of the host plants of Tamualipan agapema are (Powell and Opler 2009, p. 240). Adult host plant Condalia hookeri (brasil). Condalia hookeri (brasil) and males’ forewings are 0.9 to 1.1 inches Yet, when this site was visited again Pithecellobium ebano (ebony) trees (in) (25 to 30 millimeters (mm)) long, several years later, no cocoons were (Peigler and Kendall 1993, p. 12). Both while females typically have 1.1 to 1.3 found (Wolfe 2010, pers. comm.). The of these plants are part of the in (30 to 34 mm) long forewings (Tuskes information available does not allow us Tamaulipan thornscrub vegetative et al. 1996, p. 171). In many cases, it is to assess whether the species is actually community. They are associated with difficult to distinguish between the extirpated in the United States. We do the deep alluvial soils of the southern species based on morphological (body not know if the limited survey efforts Rio Grande River, and are found in the structure) differences (Tuskes et al. were thorough enough, conducted at the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and 1996, p. 171). However, the Tamaulipan right time or in the right areas, or with Tamaulipas, Mexico (NatureServe 2003, agapema males have more white at the enough frequency to actually document pp. 1–2). Both plants are prevalent in base of their forewing (the front wings the species’ occurrence. Failure to residential settings, because they are on four-winged insects), which gives detect species when they are present is deliberately planted or started by bird them a much lighter appearance than not uncommon in field surveys (Gu and droppings (Cobb 2011, pers. comm.). other species in the Agapema genus Swihart 2004, p. 199). Failure to detect Because the host plants are prevalent (Tuskes et al. 1996, p. 171). Another a species’ presence in an occupied in residential settings, it may be distinguishable feature of Tamualipan habitat patch is a common sampling possible for the Tamaulipan agapema to agapema is the males’ antennae, which problem when the population size is live in an urban environment. Peigler are shorter, slightly narrower, and small, individuals are difficult to and Kendall (1993, p. 4) noted that lighter in color (almost yellow) than sample, or sampling effort is limited (Gu adults of this species were often those of other Agapema species (Tuskes and Swihart 2004, p. 195). In the collected at night near artificial light

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sources in the Brownsville area. percent of native habitat loss was due to activities, or effects of those activities, However, we do not know if this species agricultural development. Tremblay et are still occurring in such a way that was residing on host plants transplanted al. (2005, p. 481) also noted that the current or future populations will into the residential area of Brownsville extent of overall habitat loss had decline to the point of extinction. or if it was drawn to the artificial lights occurred by 1983. Subsequently, Jurado Because we lack sufficient information from a nearby native Tamaulipan et al. (1999, p. 272) noted that over 90 related to habitat loss and Tamaulipan thornscrub habitat. percent of Tamaulipan thornscrub in agapema population numbers, we are not able to determine whether Five-Factor Evaluation for the northeastern Mexico has been cleared agricultural development may be a Tamaulipan Agapema for agriculture or to create grasslands for cattle, but they did not give a date by threat to the species. Therefore, based In making this finding, information when this loss had occurred. Where the on the best available information, which pertaining to the Tamaulipan agapema conversion of native Tamaulipan does not indicate that habitat loss due in relation to the five factors provided thornscrub habitat to agricultural field to agricultural development is occurring in section 4(a)(1) of the Act is discussed crops has occurred, it has resulted in now or likely to occur in the remaining below. habitat loss for the Tamaulipan agapema areas of native habitat, we do not Factor A. The Present or Threatened because its host plants, Condalia consider agricultural development to be Destruction, Modification, or hookeri (brasil) and Pithecellobium a current or future threat to the Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range ebano (ebony), are no longer available. Tamaulipan agapema. Tremblay et al. (2005, p. 481) noted that We evaluate historic threats in respect Urban Development the extent of overall habitat loss had to current and future populations, occurred by 1983 in Cameron County, As previously noted, urban because historic threats can be evidence Texas, and Jurado et al. (1999, p. 272) development was identified as a cause of current or future threats if those for the loss of native Tamaulipan activities, or effects of those activities, did not give a date by when habitat loss had occurred in northeastern Mexico. thornscrub in the Lower Rio Grande are still occurring in such a way that Valley (Jahrsdoerfer and Leslie 1988, p. current or future populations are being Because we have no information to indicate that additional conversion of 1). The human population in the Lower significantly affected. We use the best Rio Grande Valley of south Texas available scientific and commercial native habitat to agricultural croplands has occurred since the 1980s, we have increased by 40 percent from 1990 to information to make reasonable 2000, compared to an increase of 13 no evidence that it will happen in the connections between the historic percent throughout the United States foreseeable future. impacts and current or future declines during the same period (Murdock et al. of the species in order to determine While there may have been historical 2002, p. 34). Human population levels whether the species is in danger of impacts to the Tamaulipan agapema in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas extinction now or in the foreseeable from agricultural development due to its are projected to increase by between 130 future. The mere identification of factors host plants being removed for crop and 181 percent from 2000 to 2040 that could negatively impact a species is fields, the magnitude of historic, (Murdock et al. 2002, pp. 40–43). As the not sufficient to compel a finding that current, or future threats from this human population grows, it is listing is warranted. We require activity is difficult to determine, reasonable to expect a concurrent evidence that these factors are operative because we have no historic or current increase in urban development. Many threats that act on the species to the population estimates with which to areas where this species was once found point that the species meets the make a comparison, other than in south Texas, such as the Esperanza definition of endangered or threatened anecdotal reports. The information Ranch near Brownsville, Texas, have under the Act. Potential factors that may available does not allow us to assess the been converted to residential affect the habitat or range of the extent to which the Tamaulipan subdivisions (Tuskes et al. 1996, p. Tamaulipan agapema are (1) agapema occurred throughout the 170). Agricultural development, (2) urban Tamaulipan thornscrub, or if the loss of However, there is an absence of development, and (3) climate change. habitat has caused a decline in information that allows us to make a population numbers. However, we have reasonable connection between impacts Agricultural Development information to indicate that its host of urban development and current or The loss of Tamaulipan thornscrub plants, which are associated with future declines of Tamaulipa agapema. habitat has occurred historically within Tamaulipan thornscrub, have been lost Pockets of habitat may remain along the Lower Rio Grande Valley of south to some extent. But, we have no roadways and on private land (Tuskes et Texas and northern Tamaulipas, information to indicate that additional al. 1996, p. 170). Also, the known host Mexico. With the conversion of conversion of native habitat to plants, Condalia hookeri (brasil) and Tamaulipan thornscrub to agricultural agricultural croplands has occurred Pithecellobium ebano (ebony) trees, are field crops and urban areas, only about since the 1980s, and we have no prevalent in residential settings, because 5 percent of the native vegetation evidence that it will happen in the they are intentionally planted or started remained in the Lower Rio Grande foreseeable future. Tremblay et al. by bird droppings (Cobb 2011, pers. Valley by the 1980s (Jahrsdoerfer and (2005, p. 481) noted that the extent of comm.). Peigler and Kendall (1993, p. 4) Leslie 1988, p. 1). Much of the habitat overall habitat loss in Cameron County, noted that this species was often loss that has occurred has been Texas, had occurred by 1983, and collected at night near artificial light attributed to agricultural development Jurado et al. (1999, p. 272) did not give sources, so it may be able to live in (Tremblay et al. 2005, p. 479). In the a date when overall habitat loss had urban areas. But, we do not know context of this finding, we consider occurred in northeastern Mexico. In the whether or not the species may survive agricultural development to be the absence of information, we are unable to in urban areas. Because we lack conversion of native habitat to evaluate the historic loss of habitat with sufficient information regarding this agricultural croplands. In Cameron respect to current population numbers. species’ biology, we are unable to County, Texas, Tremblay et al. (2005, p. Historic threats can be evidence of conclude whether residential areas can 481) noted that approximately 75 current or future threats if those harbor adequate habitat patches. In the

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absence of information that allows us to System. Therefore, in the absence of Analyses of natural variability in assess the impacts of urban information that allows us to assess the climate conditions and the effects of development on current or future impacts of urban development on human activities led the IPCC to declines of Tamaulipan agapema, we current or future declines of conclude that most of the increase in have no evidence linking urban Tamaulipan agapema, we concluded global mean surface air temperature that development with Tamaulipan that urban development is not a threat has been observed since the mid-20th agapema’s population status. to the Tamaulipan agapema now or in century is very likely due to the Furthermore, most of the remaining the foreseeable future. observed increase in greenhouse gas woodland areas of the Lower Rio (GHG) concentrations related to human Climate Change Grande Valley within the United States activities, particularly emissions of CO2 are managed by the Service’s National Consideration of the effects of climate from fossil fuel use (IPCC 2007a, p. 5 Wildlife Refuge System and other change is a component of our analyses and Figure SPM.3). Extensive analyses resource agencies and organizations of species under the Endangered point to continued changes in climate (Tremblay et al. 2005, pp. 481–482). Species Act. Here we provide a brief and considerable efforts are occurring to During the period 1979–2009, the South overview of the general topic of climate make projections of the magnitude, rate, Texas Refuge Complex, which consists change as a way of providing a broad and variability of future changes and to of Santa Ana, Laguna Atascosa, and the context for the more detailed understand the mechanisms underlying Lower Rio Grande Valley National consideration that follows with respect them, including the role of greenhouse Wildlife Refuges, has acquired over to the Tamaulipan agapema. gases. 106,000 ac (42,896 ha) of land via fee Described in general terms, ‘‘climate’’ Projections by the IPCC in 2007 for title or conservation easements in the refers to average weather conditions, as climate change for the earth as a whole Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas to well as associated variability, over a and for broad regions were based on create habitat corridors between pre- long period of time (e.g. decades, simulations from more than 20 existing lands of Santa Ana and Laguna centuries, or thousands of years). Atmospheric-Ocean General Circulation Atascosa National Wildlife Refuges Climate variables most often described Models used in conjunction with (Service 2011, pp. 1–2). In addition to are temperature and precipitation, and various scenarios of different levels and acquiring land, the South Texas Refuge the typical period for calculating the timing of greenhouse gas emissions Complex has replanted over 9,000 ac mean of these properties is 20 or 30 (Randall et al. 2007, pp. 596–599; Meehl (3,642 ha) of agricultural land with over years. The term ‘‘climate change’’ thus et al. 2007, pp. 753–796; Christensen et 2,750,000 native plant species, al. 2007, pp. 847—917). The emissions refers to a change in the state of the including the Tamaulipan agapema’s scenarios were developed in the late climate (whether due to natural host plants, Condalia hookeri (brasil) 1990s and described in the Special variability, human activity, or both) that and Pithecellobium ebano (ebony). In Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) can be identified by changes in the Cameron and Hidalgo Counties alone, published in 2000 (Carter et al. 2007, p. mean or variability of its properties and the South Texas Refuge Complex 160 and references therein). The that persists for an extended period— currently manages 140,661ac (56,923 scenarios span a broad range of typically decades or longer. (See ha) of native habitat (Sternberg 2011, potential GHG emissions over the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate pers. comm., p. 1), which is protected coming decades based on a wide Change (IPCC), 2007a, pp. 30, 78, for from urban development. spectrum of economic, technological, In summary, urban development may technical definitions that are the basis and human demographic possibilities have resulted in some historic habitat for our description of these terms.) for the planet; the SRES made no loss for the Tamaulipan agapema, but Analyses of observed trends in judgment as to which of the scenarios there is no information that allows us to climate demonstrate that climate change are more likely to occur, and although make a reasonable connection between is occurring, as illustrated by examples they cover a very broad range it is impacts of urban development and such as an increase in the global mean possible that emissions could be higher current or future declines of the species. surface air temperature (SAT) (‘‘global or lower than the range covered by the Urban development is expected to occur warming’’), substantial increases in scenarios. over the next 30 years in the Lower Rio precipitation in some regions of the The IPCC’s projections of change in Grande Valley of south Texas, but we world and decreases in other regions, global mean warming (global annual have no information that it will occur in and increases in tropical cyclone mean surface air temperature (SAT)) the remaining woodland areas of the activity in some oceanic areas (IPCC and how they differ over time across Lower Rio Grande Valley within the 2007a, p. 30). Because relatively small emissions scenarios as compared to the United States or at a rate or magnitude but sustained changes in temperature observed SAT from1980–1999, are that would result in population-level can have substantial direct and indirect described by Meehl et al. (2007, pp. impacts. Because most of the remaining effects on natural processes and human 760–764). Several key points emerge woodland areas of the Lower Rio populations, temperature is one of the from their projections. First, the Grande Valley within the United States most widely used indicators of climate projected changes in magnitude of are managed by the Service’s National change. Based on extensive analyses, warming are similar under all emissions Wildlife Refuge System and other the IPCC concluded that warming of the scenarios to about 2030 and to some resource agencies and organizations global climate system over the past degree even to about mid-Century (Tremblay et al. 2005, pp. 481–482), we several decades is ‘‘unequivocal’’ (IPCC although more divergence is evident expect that current and future urban 2007a, p. 2). These changes in global then, and the divergence continues to development will occur on agricultural climate are affecting many natural increase over time, i.e., in the near-term lands that have already been cleared of systems (see IPCC 2007a, pp. 2–4, 30– the projections differ by only 0.05° C native vegetation. Also, this species’ 33 for global and regional examples, and (0.09° F), but by the last decade of the host plants are prevalent in residential Global Climate Change Impacts in the century the difference across scenarios settings and much of the remaining United States (GCCIUS) 2009, pp. 27, is 1.6° C (0.9° F); as noted by Cox and woodland areas managed by the 79–88, for examples in the United Stephenson (2007, p. 208) total Service’s National Wildlife Refuge States). uncertainty in projected decadal mean

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temperature is lowest 30 to 50 years in Summary of Factor A 18). However, there is no information on the future. Second, the magnitude of Based on the best available the extent or level of impact that projected warming increases across each information, the Tamaulipan agapema’s parasitic flies have had on the species. scenario including the lowest emission current and historical population size In summary, although predation by scenario, under which projected average ants and parasitic flies may be ° and distribution are unknown. Because change in SAT increases from 0.66 C we have no historic or current occurring, we have no information to (1.19° F) in the near term to 1.8° C (3.24° population estimates for the indicate that they are occurring at levels F) for the last decade of the century. Tamaulipan agapema, we are unable to that result in negative impacts to the Third, the pattern of projected increases correlate land use impacts with current species. Therefore, in the absence of is relatively consistent whether or future species’ abundance. While the evidence that predation or disease may considering the average across all loss of Tamaulipan thrornscrub habitat constitute threats to the species, we models for a given scenario or the has occurred historically, there is an conclude that the Tamaulipan agapema projections from the individual models, absence of information that allows us to is not threatened by disease or predation including consideration of ± one make a reasonable connection between now or likely to become so. standard deviation around the mean the impacts of habitat loss and current projection for each scenario (see Meehl Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing et al. 2007, pp. 762–763, Figures 10.4 or future declines of the species. We Regulatory Mechanisms have no evidence that current or future and 10.5, and Table 10.5). Thus We are not aware of any existing urban development will result in although differences in projections regulatory mechanisms that protect the detrimental impacts to the Tamaulipan reflect some uncertainty about the Tamaulipan agapema or its habitat in agapema or its habitat. The information precise magnitude of warming, we the United States or Mexico. However, available does not allow us to assess the conclude there is little uncertainty that because we have not identified any magnitude of impacts from urban warming will continue through the end threat to the species under the other development on the species, nor the of century, even under the lower four listing factors that would require extent of the occupied range. Also, we emissions scenario. We note also that regulatory protection, we do not find lack sufficient certainty to know more recent analyses using additional that the absence of regulatory specifically how climate change affects global models and comparing other mechanisms constitutes an independent the species now or in the foreseeable emissions scenarios have resulted in threat to the species. Therefore, we find future. Therefore, we conclude that the projections of global temperature change that the Tamaulipan agapema is not Tamaulipan agapema is not threatened that are similar to those reported in threatened by the inadequacy of existing by the destruction, modification, or 2007 by the IPCC (Prinn et al. 2011, pp. regulatory mechanisms now or likely to curtailment of its habitat or range now 527, 529). become so. While projections from global climate or likely to become so. Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade model simulations are informative, their Factor B. Overutilization for Factors Affecting Its Continued resolution is coarse and it is helpful to Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or Existence have higher-resolution projections that Educational Purposes are more relevant to the spatial scales Pesticide Use used for various assessments involving There is no information suggesting climate change. Various methods to that overutilization for commercial, We looked at pesticides as a potential ‘‘downscale’’ climate information have recreational, scientific, or educational factor that has an impact on the been developed to generate projections purposes pose a threat to the species. Tamaulipan agapema, due to the extent that are more specific to regional or Therefore, we find that the Tamaulipan of agricultural croplands that occur relatively local areas (see Glick et al. agapema is not threatened by within the range of the species. The 2011, pp. 58–61 for a summary overutilization now or likely to become Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas is a description of downscaling). In so. major agriculture production area, with over 75 percent of its geographic area conducting status assessments of Factor C. Disease or Predation species, we use downscaled projections devoted to cropland (White et al. 1983, when they are the best scientific The Tamaulipan agapema may be p. 331; Wainwright et al. 2001, p. 101). information available regarding future preyed upon by natural predators at As in many agricultural areas, pesticides climate change. various life stages. In 1961 in a suburb are commonly used on croplands, and However, we have no information for of Brownsville, Texas, large ants were have been found at relatively high levels the local geographic area of south Texas observed preying upon Tamaulipan in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (White or northern Mexico. While it appears agapema cocoon masses in et al. 1983, p. 325; Wainwright et al. reasonable to assume that climate Pithecellobium ebano (ebony) trees 2001, p. 109). However, pesticides have change will occur within the range of (Peigler and Kendall 1993, p. 5). At that not been linked to population declines the Tamaulipan agapema, we lack time, the impact of ants on populations of the Tamaulipan agapema. We have no sufficient information to know of this moth was undetermined (Peigler information to indicate that the specifically how climate change may and Kendall 1993, p. 5). While Tamaulipan agapema use croplands and affect the species or its habitat. We have predation by ants may occur on are thus exposed to pesticides. Because not identified, nor are we aware of, any Tamaulipan agapema cocoon masses, we have no link between pesticide use data on an appropriate scale to evaluate we have no information that the loss of and population abundance, we have no habitat or population trends for the cocoon masses presents a threat to the evidence that the Tamaulipan agapema species, or to make predictions on species. In fact, we have no information is threatened by pesticide use now or future trends and whether the species linking ant predation to Tamaulipan likely to become so. will actually be impacted. Therefore, we agapema population estimates. have no evidence to conclude that Parasitic flies, such as Euphorocera Small Population Size climate change is a threat to the sp. and Lespesia sp., have also been Historical habitat loss due to Tamaulipan agapema now or in the reported to prey on the Tamaulipan agricultural development may have foreseeable future. agapema (Peigler and Kendall 1993, p. reduced the Tamaulipan agapema’s

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range to small, isolated patches of unable to determine if there may be future declines of the species, we have habitat. In many cases, small, isolated inherent vulnerabilities of small determined that Tamaulipan agapema is populations are subject to increased risk populations and restricted geographic not in danger of extinction now or in the of extinction from stochastic (random) range. Therefore, we find that the foreseeable future due to agricultural environmental, genetic, or demographic Tamaulipan agapema is not threatened development. events (Brewer 1994, p. 616). by natural or other manmade factors Urban development is expected to Environmental changes, such as drought now or likely to become so. occur as human populations in Texas or severe storms, can have severe continue to increase, but we have no Finding for the Tamaulipan Agapema consequences if affected populations are information that it will occur in the small and clumped together (Brewer As required by the Act, we considered remaining woodland areas of the Lower 1994, p. 616). Loss of genetic diversity the five factors in assessing whether the Rio Grande Valley within the United can lead to inbreeding depression and Tamaulipan agapema is endangered or States. Also, we do not have the an increased risk of extinction threatened throughout all of its range. information needed to assess whether (Allendorf and Luikart 2007, pp. 338– We examined the best scientific and climate change is a threat to this 343). Populations with small effective commercial information available species. And, we have no evidence that size show reductions in population regarding the past, present, and future overutilization, predation, disease, growth rates, loss of genetic variability, threats faced by the Tamaulipan inadequacy of existing regulatory and increases in extinction probabilities agapema. We reviewed the petition, mechanisms, pesticide use, and small (Leberg 1990, p. 194; Jimenez et al. information available in our files, other population size are threats to the 1994, p. 272; Allendorf and Luikart available published and unpublished species. In the absence of information 2007, pp. 338–339). Because the information, and we consulted with that allows us to make a reasonable information available does not allow us recognized moth experts and State connection between the impacts of these to assess historic or current population agencies. We evaluated historic threats activities and current or future declines estimates, nor the extent of the species’ with respect to current and future of the Tamaulipan agapema, we current range, we are not able to populations, and used the best available conclude that this species is not in determine if the species’ range has been scientific and commercial information danger of extinction now or in the reduced to small, isolated patches of to make reasonable connections foreseeable future due to any of these habitat. between the historic impacts and factors. Additionally, there is no information current or future declines of the species, Therefore, based on our review of the to indicate that Tamaulipan agapema in order determine whether the species best available scientific and commercial population numbers or population is in danger of extinction now or in the information pertaining to the five dynamics are vulnerable to the effects of foreseeable future. The mere factors, we find that the potential threats small populations. We have no identification of factors that could are not of sufficient imminence, information to estimate historic or negatively impact a species is not intensity, or magnitude to indicate that current population sizes for this species. sufficient to compel a finding that Tamaulipan agapema is in danger of We have no information on the number listing is appropriate. We require extinction (endangered), or likely to of individuals, population dynamics, or evidence that these factors are operative become endangered within the evidence of genetic structuring and threats that act on the species to the foreseeable future (threatened), inbreeding for the Tamaulipan agapema. point that the species meets the throughout all of its range. definition of endangered or threatened Additionally, we do not currently have Significant Portion of the Range sufficient information on environmental under the Act. or any other factors to know whether Based on the best available Having determined that Tamaulipan they affect the species to an extent that information, there may have been agapema is not in danger of extinction a threat exists. The information historical impacts to the Tamualipan or likely to become so throughout its available does not allow us to assess the agapema from agricultural development, range, we must next consider whether magnitude or immediacy of these which is the conversion of native there are any significant portions of the impacts on the species. We have no Tamaulipan thornscrub habitat to range where it is in danger of extinction information that allows us to make a cropland; but in the absence of or is likely to become endangered in the reasonable connection between the information, we are unable to determine foreseeable future. impacts of stochastic (random) the magnitude of historic, current, or In determining whether Tamaulipan environmental, genetic, or demographic future threats from this activity. The agapema is endangered or threatened in events and current or future declines of small amount of information available is a significant portion of its range, we first the Tamaulipan agapema. We have no not sufficient to assess the extent to addressed whether any portions of the evidence that Tamaulipan agapema is which the Tamaulipan agapema’s range range warrant further consideration. We threatened by small population size may have been reduced, or if the loss of evaluated the current range of now or likely to become so. habitat has caused a decline in Tamaulipan agapema to determine if population numbers. Also, we have no there is any apparent geographic Summary of Factor E information to indicate that the concentration of the primary stressors In summary, based on the best conversion of native habitat is occurring potentially affecting the species, such as available information, we have no now or in the foreseeable future. habitat loss, climate change, predation, evidence that natural or other manmade Historic habitat loss can be evidence of pesticide use, and small population factors are likely to significantly current or future threats if those size. However, we found the stressors threaten the existence of the activities, or effects of those activities, are not of sufficient imminence, Tamaulipan agapema. We have no are still occurring in such a way that intensity, magnitude, or geographic information to indicate that the current or future populations will concentration that would warrant Tamaulipan agapema uses croplands decline to the point of extinction. In the evaluating whether a portion of the and is exposed to pesticides. Also, we absence of information that allows us to range is significant under the Act. We have no information on historic or make a reasonable connection between do not find that Tamaulipan agapema is current population sizes, so we are historic habitat loss and current or in danger of extinction now, nor is it

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likely to become endangered within the have no historic or current population under the Act. Potential factors that may foreseeable future, throughout all or a estimates for this species. In the absence affect the habitat or range of the S. significant portion of its range. of information, we are unable to blanchardi are discussed in this section, Therefore, listing Tamualipan agapema determine the species’ current including: (1) Agricultural development, as endangered or threatened under the distribution and historic or current (2) urban development, and (3) climate Act is not warranted at this time. population estimates. change. We request that you submit any new Habitat and Biology Agricultural Development information concerning the status of, or threats to, the Tamaulipan agapema to Little is known regarding the habitat The loss of Tamaulipan thornscrub our Corpus Christi Ecological Services and biology of Sphingicampa habitat has occurred historically within Field Office (see ADDRESSES) whenever blanchardi, and the majority of this the Lower Rio Grande Valley of south it becomes available. New information information can be found in the book Texas and northern Tamaulipas, will help us monitor the species and titled Wild Silk Moths of North America, Mexico. With the conversion of encourage its conservation. If an by Tuskes et al. (1996, pp. 88–90). Tamaulipan thornscrub to agricultural emergency situation develops for Within this book, it is noted that adults field crops and urban areas, it has only Tamaulipan agapema, or any other are associated with Pithecellobium about 5 percent of the native vegetation species, we will act to provide ebano (ebony) woodland communities, remaining in the Lower Rio Grande immediate protection. and larvae raised in captivity are known Valley by the 1980s (Jahrsdoerfer and to feed on several legume trees (trees Leslie 1988, p. 1). Much of the habitat Species Information for that produce seed pods) associated with loss that has occurred has been Sphingicampa blanchardi (No P. ebano woodlands, such as Acacia attributed to agricultural development Common Name) farnesiana (huisache), Leucaena (Tremblay et al. 2005, p. 479). In the Taxonomy and Species Description pulverulenta (tepeguiaje), and context of this finding, we consider Pithecellobium flexicaule (ebony) agricultural development to be the Sphingicampa blanchardi is another (Tuskes et al. 1996; p. 88). As noted conversion of native habitat to silk moth that occurs in the family above for Tamaulipan agapema, moths agricultural croplands. In Cameron Saturniidae (Tuskes et al. 1996; p. 88). are typically associated with host County, Texas, Tremblay et al. (2005, p. Three other Sphingicampa species plants, and are often specifically linked 481) noted that approximately 75 occur sympatrically (they occupy the to one or more plant species in order to percent of native habitat loss was due to same or overlapping geographic areas, complete their life cycle. However, we agricultural development. Tremblay et but do not interbreed) with S. do not know if S. blanchardi are like al. (2005, p. 481) also noted that the blanchardi. Sphingicampa blanchardi is other moth species that are often extent of overall habitat loss had distinguished from these related species specifically linked to one or more plant occurred by 1983. Subsequently, Jurado by its brown-to-light-yellow forewings species. et al. (1999, p. 272) noted that over 90 with shades of pink (Tuskes et al. 1996, percent of Tamaulipan thornscrub in p. 89). Sphingicampa blanchardi males Five-Factor Evaluation for northeastern Mexico has been cleared have 0.9 to 1.1 in (24 to 28 mm) long Sphingicampa blanchardi for agriculture or to create grasslands for forewings, and females have 1.2 to 1.4 In making this finding, information cattle, but they did not give a date by in (31 to 36 mm) long forewings (Tuskes pertaining to the Sphingicampa when this loss had occurred. Where the et al. 1996, p. 89). blanchardi in relation to the five factors conversion of native Tamaulipan Distribution and Status provided in section 4(a)(1) of the Act is thornscrub habitat to agricultural field discussed below. crops has occurred, it is reasonable to Sphingicampa blanchardi is known to assume that habitat loss for the Factor A. The Present or Threatened occur in a few isolated localities in Sphingicampa blanchardi has occurred Destruction, Modification, or Cameron and Hidalgo Counties, Texas because the native plant species are no Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range (Ferguson 1971, pp. 49–50; E. Riley longer available. However, we have no 2010, pers. comm., pp. 1–2; Tuskes et al. We evaluate historic threats in respect information to indicate that additional 1996, p. 88). This moth is commonly to current and future populations, conversion of native habitat to found at the Audubon Palm Grove because historic threats can be evidence agricultural croplands has occurred Sanctuary in Cameron County, Texas, of current or future threats if those since the 1980s, and we have no and is also known from a few other activities, or effects of those activities, evidence that it will happen in the localities along the United States and are still occurring in such a way that foreseeable future. Mexico border in south Texas, such as current or future populations are being While there may have been historical the Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge significantly affected. We use the best impacts to the Sphingicampa (Ferguson 1971, p. 50; E. Knudson 2010, available scientific and commercial blanchardi from agricultural pers. comm., p. 1). The range of the information to make reasonable development, the magnitude of historic, moth likely extends into Mexico; connections between the historic current, or future threats from this however, despite survey efforts, no impacts and current or future declines activity is difficult to determine, occurrences have been documented in of the species in order to determine because we have no historic or current Mexico (Ferguson 1971, pp. 49–50). whether the species is in danger of population estimates with which to However, failure to detect species when extinction now or in the foreseeable make a comparison. The information they are present is not uncommon in future. The mere identification of factors available does not allow us to assess the field surveys (Gu and Swihart 2004, p. that could negatively impact a species is extent to which the S. blanchardi 199). not sufficient to compel a finding that occurred throughout the Tamaulipan Although this moth has been reported listing is appropriate. We require thornscrub, or if the loss of habitat has to be commonly found at the Audubon evidence that these factors are operative caused a decline in population Palm Grove Sanctuary, Cameron threats that act on the species to the numbers. Also, we have no information County, Texas (Ferguson 1971, p. 50; E. point that the species meets the to indicate that additional conversion of Knudson 2010, pers. comm., p. 1), we definition of endangered or threatened native habitat to agricultural croplands

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has occurred since the 1980s, and we development and current or future development will occur on agricultural have no evidence that it will happen in declines of Sphingicampa blanchardi. lands that have already been cleared of the foreseeable future. Tremblay et al. Pockets of habitat may remain along native vegetation. Therefore, in the (2005, p. 481) noted that the extent of roadways and on private land (Tuskes et absence of information that allows us to overall habitat loss had occurred by al. 1996, p. 170). But, we do not know assess the impacts of urban 1983 in Cameron County, Texas, and whether or not the species may survive development on current or future Jurado et al. (1999, p. 272) did not give in these pockets of habitat within urban declines of S. blanchardi, we concluded a date by when habitat loss had areas. Because we lack sufficient that urban development is not a threat occurred in northeastern Mexico. In the information regarding the species’ to the S. blanchardi now or likely to absence of information, we are unable to biology, we are unable to conclude become so. evaluate the historic loss of habitat with whether urban areas can harbor Climate Change respect to current population numbers. adequate habitat patches. In the absence Historic threats can be evidence of of information that allows us to assess For a more detailed description of current or future threats if those the impacts of urban development on how we consider the effects of climate activities, or effects of those activities, current or future declines of S. change as a component of our analyses are still occurring in such a way that blanchardi, we have no evidence of species under the Act, please see current or future populations will linking urban development with the Factor A, Climate Change, above under decline to the point of extinction. species’ population status. the Tamaulipan agapema. In regards to Because we lack sufficient information Furthermore, most of the remaining the Sphingicampa blanchardi, we have related to habitat loss and S. blanchardi woodland areas of the Lower Rio no information for the local geographic population numbers, we are not able to Grande Valley within the United States area of south Texas or northern Mexico. determine whether habitat loss due to are managed by the Service’s National While it appears reasonable to assume agricultural development may be a Wildlife Refuge System and other that climate change will occur within threat to the species. Therefore, based resource agencies and organizations the range of the Sphingicampa on the best available information, the (Tremblay et al. 2005, pp. 481–482). The blanchardi, we lack sufficient loss of Tamaulipan thornscrub due to South Texas Refuge Complex—which information to know specifically how agricultural development does not seem consists of Santa Ana, Laguna Atascosa, climate change may affect the species. to have caused a decline in S. and the Lower Rio Grande Valley We have not identified, nor are we blanchardi to the point of extinction. National Wildlife Refuges—during the aware of, any data on an appropriate Although we lack the information to period 1979–2009, has acquired over scale to evaluate habitat or population determine historic or current population 106,000 ac (42,896 ha) of land via fee trends for the species, or to make estimates, this moth has been reported title or conservation easements in the predictions on future trends and to be commonly found at certain Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas to whether the species will actually be localities, such as the Audubon Palm create habitat corridors between pre- impacted. Therefore, we have no Grove Sanctuary (Ferguson 1971, p. 50; existing lands of Santa Ana and Laguna evidence to conclude that climate E. Knudson 2010, pers. comm., p. 1). Atascosa National Wildlife Refuges change is a threat to the S. blanchardi Therefore, we do not consider (Service 2011, pp. 1–2). In addition to now or likely to become so. agricultural development to be a current acquiring land, the South Texas Refuge Summary of Factor A or future threat to S. blanchardi. Complex has replanted over 9,000 ac (3,642 ha) of agricultural land with over Based on the best available Urban Development 2,750,000 native Tamaulipan thornscrub information, the Sphingicampa As previously noted for Tamualipan plant species. In Cameron and Hidalgo blanchardi’s current and historical agapema above, urban development was Counties alone, the South Texas Refuge population size and distribution are identified as a cause for the loss of Complex currently manages 140,661 ac unknown. Because we have no historic Tamaulipan thornscrub in the Lower (56,923 ha) of native habitat (Sternberg or current population estimates for S. Rio Grande Valley (Jahrsdoerfer and 2011, pers. comm., p. 1), which is blanchardi, we are unable to correlate Leslie 1988, p. 1). The human protected from urban development. land use impacts with current or future population in the Lower Rio Grande In summary, urban development may species abundance, and, therefore, are Valley of south Texas increased by 40 have resulted in some historic habitat unable to determine if those impacts percent from 1990 to 2000, compared to loss for the Sphingicampa blanchardi, would cause the species to decline to an increase of 13 percent throughout the but there is no information that allows the point of extinction. While the loss United States during the same period us to make a reasonable connection of native Tamaulipan thornscrub has (Murdock et al. 2002, p. 34). Human between impacts of urban development occurred historically, there is an population levels in the Lower Rio and current or future declines of the absence of information that allows us to Grande Valley of Texas are projected to species. Urban development is expected make a reasonable connection between increase by between 130 and 181 to occur over the next 30 years in the the impacts of habitat loss and current percent from 2000 to 2040 (Murdock et Lower Rio Grande Valley of south or future declines of the species. We al. 2002, pp. 40–43). As the human Texas, but we have no information that have no evidence that current or future population grows, it is reasonable to it will occur in the remaining woodland urban development will result in expect a concurrent increase in urban areas or at a rate or magnitude that detrimental impacts to S. blanchardi or development. As noted for the for would result in population level its habitat. The information available Tamualipan agapema, many areas in the impacts. Because most of the remaining does not allow us to assess the Lower Rio Grande Valley of south Texas woodland areas of the Lower Rio magnitude of impacts from urban where similar species of moths once Grande Valley within the United States development on the species, nor the were found have been converted to are managed by the Service’s National extent of the occupied range. Also, we residential subdivisions (Tuskes et al. Wildlife Refuge System and other lack sufficient certainty to know 1996, p. 170). However, there is no resource agencies and organizations specifically how climate change affects information demonstrating a reasonable (Tremblay et al. 2005, pp. 481–482), we the species now or in the foreseeable connection between impacts of urban expect that current and future urban future. Therefore, we conclude that the

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Tamaulipan agapema is not threatened threatened by pesticide use now or Summary of Factor E by destruction, modification, or likely to beome so. In summary, based on the best curtailment of its habitat or range now Small Population Size available information, we have no or likely to become so. evidence that natural or other manmade Factor B. Overutilization for The historical loss of Tamaulipan factors are likely to significantly Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or thornscrub habitat due to agricultural threaten the existence of the Educational Purposes development may have reduced the Sphingicampa blanchardi. We have no There is no information suggesting Sphingicampa blanchardi’s range to information to indicate that the S. that overutilization for commercial, small, isolated patches of habitat, but blanchardi uses croplands and is recreational, scientific, or educational we have no information on where or exposed to pesticides. Also, we no purposes poses a threat to the species. how many may occur. In many cases, information on historic or current Therefore, we find that the small, isolated populations are subject population sizes, so we are unable to Sphingicampa blanchardi is not to increased risk of extinction from determine if there may be inherent threatened by overutilization now or stochastic (random) environmental, vulnerabilities of small populations and likely ot become so. genetic, or demographic events (Brewer restricted geographic range. Therefore, 1994, p. 616). Environmental changes, we find that the S. blanchardi is not Factor C. Disease or Predation such as drought or severe storms, can threatened as a result of natural or other We have no information to indicate have severe consequences if affected manmade factors now or likely to that the Sphingicampa blanchardi is populations are small and clumped become so. subject to disease or predation. together (Brewer 1994, p. 616). Loss of Finding for the Sphingicampa Therefore, we find that S. blanchardi is genetic diversity can lead to inbreeding blanchardi not threatened by disease or predation depression and an increased risk of now or likely to become so. As required by the Act, we considered extinction (Allendorf and Luikart 2007, the five factors in assessing whether the Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing pp. 338–343). Populations with small Sphingicampa blanchardi is endangered Regulatory Mechanisms effective size show reductions in or threatened throughout all of its range. We are not aware of any existing population growth rates, loss of genetic We examined the best scientific and regulatory mechanisms that protect variability, and increases in extinction commercial information available Sphingicampa blanchardi or its habitat probabilities (Leberg 1990, p. 194; regarding the past, present, and future in the United States or Mexico. Jimenez et al. 1994, p. 272; Allendorf threats faced by the S. blanchardi. We However, because we have not and Luikart 2007, pp. 338–339). Because reviewed the petition, information identified any threat to the species the information available does not allow available in our files, and other under the other four listing factors us to assess historic or current available published and unpublished requiring regulatory protection, we do population estimates, nor the extent of information, and we consulted with not find that the absence of regulatory the species’ current range, we are not recognized moth experts and State mechanisms constitutes an independent able to determine the extent if the agencies. We evaluated historic threats threat to the species. Therefore, we find species’ range has been reduced to in respect to current and future that the S. blanchardi is not threatened small, isolated patches of habitat. populations, and used the best available by the inadequacy of existing Additionally, there is no information scientific and commercial information regulations now or likely to become so. to indicate that Sphingicampa to make reasonable connections Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade blanchardi population numbers or between the historic impacts and current or future declines of the species Factors Affecting Its Continued population dynamics are vulnerable to in order to determine whether the Existence the effects of small populations. We species is in danger of extinction now have no information to estimate historic Pesticide Use or in the foreseeable future. The mere or current population sizes for this We looked at pesticides as a potential identification of factors that could species. We have no information on the negatively impact a species is not factor that has an impact on the number of individuals, population Sphingicampa blanchardi due to the sufficient to compel a finding that dynamics, or evidence of genetic extent of agricultural croplands that listing is appropriate. We require structuring and inbreeding for the S. occur within the range of the species. evidence that these factors are operative blanchardi. Additionally, we do not The Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas threats that act on the species to the is a major agriculture production area currently have sufficient information on point that the species meets the (White et al. 1983, p. 331; Wainwright environmental or any other factors to definition of endangered or threatened et al. 2001, p. 101), and pesticides have know whether they affect the species to under the Act. been found at relatively high levels in an extent that a threat exists. The Based on the best available this area (White et al. 1983, p. 325; information available does not allow us information, there may have been Wainwright et al. 2001, p. 109). to assess the magnitude or immediacy of historic habitat impacts to the However, we are not aware of any S. these impacts on the species. In Sphingicampa blanchardi from blanchardi mortalities that have summary, we have no information that agricultural development, but in the resulted from the use of pesticides, or allows us to make a reasonable absence of information on historic or any information linking pesticides to connection between the impacts of current species range or abundance, we population declines of the S. stochastic (random) environmental, are unable to determine the magnitude blanchardi. We have no information genetic, or demographic events and of historic, current, or future threats that S. blanchardi use croplands and are current or future declines of the S. from this activity. The small amount of thus exposed to pesticides. Because we blanchardi. Therefore, we conclude that information available is not sufficient to have no link between pesticide use and S. blanchardi is not threatened by small assess the extent to which the S. population abundance, we have no population size now or likely to become blanchardi’s range may have been evidence that the S. blanchardi is so. reduced, or if the loss of native

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Tamaulipan thornscrub has caused a change, pesticide use, and small Because we lack any information on the decline in population numbers. Also, population size. However, we found the species, we cannot reach conclusions we have no evidence that the native stressors are not of sufficient about the biology or the habitat needs of Tamaulipan thornscrub is being imminence, intensity, magnitude, or the species. converted to agricultural crop fields geographic concentration that would Five-Factor Evaluation for Ursia now or in the foreseeable future. In the warrant evaluating whether a portion of furtiva absence of information that allows us to the range is significant under the Act. make a reasonable connection between We do not find that S. blanchardi is in In making this finding, information historic agricultural conversion of danger of extinction now, nor is it likely pertaining to the Ursia furtiva in native Tamaulipan thornscrub to crop to become endangered within the relation to the five factors provided in fields and current or future declines of foreseeable future, throughout all or a section 4(a)(1) of the Act is discussed the species, we have determined that S. significant portion of its range. below. blanchardi is not in danger of extinction Therefore, listing S. blanchardi as Factor A. The Present or Threatened now or in the foreseeable future due to endangered or threatened under the Act Destruction, Modification, or agricultural development. is not warranted at this time. Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range Urban development is expected to We request that you submit any new occur as human populations in Texas information concerning the status of, or The description of Ursia furtiva is continue to increase, but we have no threats to, the Sphingicampa blanchardi based on a single male specimen information that it will occur within the to our Corpus Christi Ecological collected in the Big Bend National Park, remaining woodland areas of the Lower Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES Texas (Blanchard 1971, pp. 303–305). Rio Grande Valley. Also, we do not have section) whenever it becomes available. Because we have no information about the information needed to assess New information will help us monitor the species, its habitat, and current or whether climate change is a threat to the species and encourage its historic distributions or population this species. And, we have no evidence conservation. If an emergency situation levels, we conclude that the species is that overutilization, predation, disease, develops for S. blanchardi, or any other not threatened by the destruction, inadequacy of existing regulatory species, we will act to provide modification, or curtailment of its mechanisms, pesticide use, and small immediate protection. habitat or range now or likely to become population size are threats to the so. species. In the absence of information Species Information for Ursia furtiva Factor B. Overutilization for that allows us to make a reasonable (No Common Name) Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or connection between the impacts of these Taxonomy and Species Description activities and current or future declines Educational Purposes of the S. blanchardi, we conclude that The genus of moths, Ursia, was We acknowledge that only the single this species is not in danger of originally described in 1911 by Barnes documented specimen is from Big Bend extinction now or in the foreseeable and McDunnough (1911, pp. 160–161) National Park, Texas (Blanchard 1971, future due to any of these factors. as belonging to the family Notodontidae. pp. 303–305). Therefore, any Therefore, based on our review of the The species Ursia furtiva (no common commercial, recreational, scientific, or best available scientific and commercial name) was not described until 1971, and educational collection activities would information pertaining to the five was based on a single male specimen require a permit by the National Park factors, we find that the potential threats collected in the Big Bend National Park, Service (36 CFR 2.5). Because of this are not of sufficient imminence, Texas (Blanchard 1971, pp. 303–305). regulation and the lack of information intensity, or magnitude to indicate that Distribution suggesting that overutilization for Sphingicampa blanchardi is in danger commercial, recreational, scientific, or of extinction (endangered), or likely to Even though there are anecdotal educational purposes poses a threat to become endangered, within the reports of Ursia furtiva occurring in San the species, we find that the Ursia foreseeable future (threatened) Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, and furtiva is not threatened by throughout all of its range. Lufkin, Angelina County, Texas (http:// overutilization now or likely to become www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/ so. Significant Portion of the Range Ursia-furtiva), we are aware of only one Having determined that confirmed specimen, which was Factor C. Disease or Predation Sphingicampa blanchardi is not in collected in the Big Bend National Park, We have no information to indicate danger of extinction or likely to become Texas (Blanchard 1971, pp. 303–305). that the Ursia furtiva is subject to so throughout its range, we must next Because reports of the species’ disease or predation. We have not consider whether there are any occurrence outside Big Bend National encountered any information that significant portions of the range where Park have not been confirmed, we are indicates the contrary; however, in the it is in danger of extinction or is likely not accepting those reports as records of absence of evidence that this may to become endangered in the foreseeable occurrence. Therefore, we acknowledge constitute a threat to the species, we future. only the single documented specimen conclude that the U. furtiva is not In determining whether from the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend threatened by disease or predation now Sphingicampa blanchardi is endangered National Park, Texas (Blanchard 1971, or likely to become so. or threatened in a significant portion of pp. 303–305). Thus, the distribution of its range, we first addressed whether a species cannot be described based on Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing any portions of the range warrant a single specimen. Therefore, we are not Regulatory Mechanisms further consideration. We evaluated the able to determine the distribution of We have no information to indicate current range of S. blanchardi to Ursia furtiva. that the Ursia furtiva may be affected by determine if there is any apparent the inadequacy of existing regulatory geographic concentration of the primary Habitat and Biology mechanisms. As noted above under stressors potentially affecting the We have no information about the Factor B and according to Title 32 species, such as habitat loss, climate habitat or biology of Ursia furtiva. Section 2.5 in the Code of Federal

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Regulations, any commercial, species or its habitat, from any of the species, we will act to provide recreational, scientific, or educational five factors. This species is known from immediate protection. collection activities, including the only one documented specimen. References Cited collection of Ursia furtiva, would Therefore, we lack data about Ursia require a permit by the National Park furtiva’s habitat, current or historical A complete list of references cited is Service. Also, we have not identified distributions, and susceptibility to available on the Internet at http:// any threat to the species under the other threats. Based on the very Limited www.regulations.gov and upon request four listing factors requiring regulatory information about this species, we have from the Austin and Corpus Christi protection. Consequently, we do not determined that U. furtiva is not in Ecological Services Field Offices (see find that the lack of regulatory danger of extinction or likely to become ADDRESSES). mechanisms, other than the National so. Author Park Service’s permit requirement, Significant Portion of the Range constitutes an independent threat to the The primary author of this notice is a species. We conclude that the U. furtiva Having determined that Ursia furtiva staff member of the Southwest Regional is not threatened by the inadequacy of is not in danger of extiontion or likely Office. existing regulatory mechanisms now or to become so throughout its range, we Authority: The authority for this section likely to become so. must next consider whether there are is section 4 of the Endangered Species Act of any significant portions of the range 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade where the species is in danger of Factors Affecting Its Continued extinction or is likely to become Dated: September 7, 2011. Existence endangered in the foreseeable future. Rowan W. Gould, For a more detailed description of Because the species is known from only Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. how we consider the effects of climate one documented specimen, we lack [FR Doc. 2011–24528 Filed 9–26–11; 8:45 am] change as a component of our analyses information about U. furtiva’s habitat, BILLING CODE 4310–55–P of species under the Act, please see current or historical distributions, and Factor A, Climate Change, above under susceptibility to threats. There is the Tamaulipan agapema. While it nothing to suggest that threats are DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE appears reasonable to assume that disproportionately acting on any portion climate change will occur within Big of the species’ range such that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Bend National Park where the only species is at risk of extinction now or in Administration specimen of Ursia furtiva has been the foreseeable future. Therefore, we documented, we lack sufficient find that listing the U. furtiva as an 50 CFR Part 660 information to know specifically how endangered or threatened species is not [Docket No. 110908575–1573–01] climate change will affect the species. In warranted throughout all or a significant addition, since we have no information portion of its range. RIN 0648–BB27 of the habitat required by this species, we cannot make any predictions about Conclusion of 12-Month Finding Fisheries Off West Coast States; the effects of climate change on the We find the Tamaulipan agapema, Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery; 2012 habitat. We have not identified, nor are Sphingicampa blanchardi, and Ursia Specifications and Management we aware of, any data on an appropriate furtiva are not in danger of extinction Measures and Secretarial scale to evaluate habitat or population now, nor is any of these three species Amendment 1 trends for the species, or to make likely to become so throughout all or a predictions on future trends and significant portion of its range. AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries whether the species will actually be Therefore, listing any of these three Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and impacted. Therefore, based on the best species as endangered or threatened Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), available information, we conclude that under the Act is not warranted at this Commerce. U. furtiva is not threatened by climate time. ACTION: Proposed rule; request for change now or likely to become so. We request that you submit any new comments. information concerning the status of, or Finding for the Ursia furtiva threats to, the Taumalipan agapema or SUMMARY: This proposed action would As required by the Act, we considered Sphingicampa blanchardi to our Corpus establish the 2012 harvest specifications the five factors in assessing whether the Christi Ecological Services Field Office and management measures for certain Ursia furtiva is endangered or (see ADDRESSES) whenever it becomes groundfish species taken in the U.S. threatened throughout all of its range. available. New information will help us exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off the We examined the best scientific and monitor the species and encourage its coasts of Washington, Oregon, and commercial information available conservation. If an emergency situation California consistent with the regarding the past, present, and future develops for either the Taumalipan Magnuson-Stevens Fishery threats faced by the U. furtiva. We agapema, S. blanchardi, or any other Conservation and Management Act and reviewed the petition, information species, we will act to provide the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery available in our files, and other immediate protection. Management Plan (PCGFMP). This available published and unpublished Also, we request that you submit any action includes regulations to information, and we consulted with new information concerning the status implement Secretarial Amendment 1 to recognized moth experts and State of, or threats to, Ursia furtiva to our the PCGFMP. Secretarial Amendment 1 agencies. Austin Ecological Services Field Office contains the rebuilding plans for Based on our review of the best (see ADDRESSES) whenever it becomes overfished species and new reference available scientific and commercial available. New information will help us points for assessed flatfish species. information pertaining to the five monitor U. furtiva and encourage its DATES: Comments must be received no factors, we found no information to conservation. If an emergency situation later than 5 p.m., local time on indicate that there are threats to the develops for U. furtiva, or any other November 8, 2011.

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