Grapevine Responses to Injuries Caused by Different
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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators. -
Exposure to Herbicides in House Dust and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2013) 23, 363–370 & 2013 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved 1559-0631/13 www.nature.com/jes ORIGINAL ARTICLE Exposure to herbicides in house dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia Catherine Metayer1, Joanne S. Colt2, Patricia A. Buffler1, Helen D. Reed3, Steve Selvin1, Vonda Crouse4 and Mary H. Ward2 We examine the association between exposure to herbicides and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Dust samples were collected from homes of 269 ALL cases and 333 healthy controls (o8 years of age at diagnosis/reference date and residing in same home since diagnosis/reference date) in California, using a high-volume surface sampler or household vacuum bags. Amounts of agricultural or professional herbicides (alachlor, metolachlor, bromoxynil, bromoxynil octanoate, pebulate, butylate, prometryn, simazine, ethalfluralin, and pendimethalin) and residential herbicides (cyanazine, trifluralin, 2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), mecoprop, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), chlorthal, and dicamba) were measured. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by logistic regression. Models included the herbicide of interest, age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, year and season of dust sampling, neighborhood type, and residence type. The risk of childhood ALL was associated with dust levels of chlorthal; compared to homes with no detections, ORs for the first, second, and third tertiles were 1.49 (95% CI: 0.82–2.72), 1.49 (95% CI: 0.83–2.67), and 1.57 (95% CI: 0.90–2.73), respectively (P-value for linear trend ¼ 0.05). The magnitude of this association appeared to be higher in the presence of alachlor. -
The 2020 Vintage in Bordeaux
The 2020 vintage in Bordeaux Professor Laurence GENY and Professor Axel MARCHAL Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences of Bordeaux University, Oenological Research Unit in conjunction with V. LAVIGNE, E. GUITTARD, N. DANEDE, A. BARSACQ, and A. RABOT After 2019, whereby the presentation and marketing campaign were uniquely altered by the COVID-19 pandemic, the entire 2020 vintage was affected by the health crisis. In particular, the issue of organising the harvest greatly worried winegrowers. Although various adjustments were required, the harvest nevertheless unfolded under good conditions, and wines from the 2020 vintage were produced unhindered. Before analysing the weather conditions in 2020 and the characteristics of wines from this vintage, it is important to bear in mind, as we do so each year, the five prerequisites to create a great red Bordeaux. Please note that they serve only as a guide in our analysis and should not be interpreted as a score chart for the year. 1) and 2) Relatively quick and even flowering and fruit-set during weather that is sufficiently warm and dry to ensure good pollination and predispose towards even ripening. 3) Gradual onset of water stress thanks to a warm, dry month of July in order to slow down and then put a definitive stop to vine growth no later than véraison (colour change). 4) Completely ripe grapes thanks to optimum photosynthesis in the leaves up until the harvest, without any noteworthy resumption of vegetative growth. 5) Fine (relatively dry and medium-warm) weather during the harvest, making it possible to pick the grapes in each plot at optimum ripeness without running the risk of dilution, rot, or loss of fruity aromas. -
INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES
US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES Note: Pesticide tolerance information is updated in the Code of Federal Regulations on a weekly basis. EPA plans to update these indexes biannually. These indexes are current as of the date indicated in the pdf file. For the latest information on pesticide tolerances, please check the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfrv23_07.html 1 40 CFR Type Family Common name CAS Number PC code 180.163 Acaricide bridged diphenyl Dicofol (1,1-Bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) 115-32-2 10501 180.198 Acaricide phosphonate Trichlorfon 52-68-6 57901 180.259 Acaricide sulfite ester Propargite 2312-35-8 97601 180.446 Acaricide tetrazine Clofentezine 74115-24-5 125501 180.448 Acaricide thiazolidine Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 128849 180.517 Acaricide phenylpyrazole Fipronil 120068-37-3 129121 180.566 Acaricide pyrazole Fenpyroximate 134098-61-6 129131 180.572 Acaricide carbazate Bifenazate 149877-41-8 586 180.593 Acaricide unclassified Etoxazole 153233-91-1 107091 180.599 Acaricide unclassified Acequinocyl 57960-19-7 6329 180.341 Acaricide, fungicide dinitrophenol Dinocap (2, 4-Dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate and 2,6-dinitro-4- 39300-45-3 36001 octylphenyl crotonate} 180.111 Acaricide, insecticide organophosphorus Malathion 121-75-5 57701 180.182 Acaricide, insecticide cyclodiene Endosulfan 115-29-7 79401 -
Flowering and Fruitset of the Grapevine
Flowering and fruitset of the grapevine FINAL REPORT to GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Project Number: UA 04/02 Project Supervisor: Associate Professor Peter Dry Principal Investigator: Dr Cassandra Collins Research Organisation: University of Adelaide Start Date: September 2004 Flowering and fruitset of the grapevine GWRDC Final Report Project No. UA 04/02 Project Supervisor: Associate Professor Peter Dry Principal Researchers: Dr Cassandra Collins Dr Susan Wheeler (2007-2008) Dr Mardi Longbottom (PhD) University of Adelaide August 2008 Any recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily represent current GWRDC policy. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication, whether as to matters of fact or opinion or other content, without first obtaining specific independent professional advice in respect of the matters set out in this publication. 2 ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................6 1. BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................9 2. PROJECT AIMS ...........................................................................................................13 3. EFFECT OF SITE AND SEASON ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF TEN VARIETIES..............................................................................................................15 -
2016 SWK Vineyard
2016 SWK Vineyard History Occidental is Steve Kistler’s pinot noir project with a singular focus – to make world-class pinot noir from unique sites on the headlands in the Freestone-Occidental area. Since the early 1990s, Steve Kistler has believed that the climate and soils on the uplifted marine terraces and ridges around the town of Bodega would be ideal for growing distinctive and Burgundian-style pinot noir. He founded Occidental as a small, family brand in 2011, and built a state- of-the-art winery just east of Bodega overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Peak production is planned to reach around 7,500 cases of pinot noir. Steve’s daughters Catherine and Lizzie have joined him at Occidental, along with many members of the original Kistler Vineyards farming and cellar crews. Viticulture The field selections planted in the Occidental vineyards represent years of experimentation and refinement. Back in the early 1990s, the initial field selections were collected from two grand cru vineyards in Vosne Romanée. Steve first propagated these selections as individual mother vines in order to identify which selections had the desired characteristics to be used in future Occidental plantings. Occidental’s approach to farming seeks to develop vineyards that are as naturally self-regulating as possible. Yields average less than two tons per acre. The low crop levels and the meticulous work of the vineyard crews are critically important in farming vineyards so close to the ocean. Winemaking Picking decisions are based on flavor, physiological maturity, and on natural acidity and pH to preserve freshness and energy. -
Corn Herbicides to Control Glyphsoate-Resistant Canola Volunteers
AGRONOMY SCIENCES RESEARCHRESEARCH UPDAUPDATETE Corn Herbicides to Control Glyphosate-Resistant Canola Volunteers 2013 Background Table 1. Herbicide treatments. • With the rapid adoption of glyphosate-resistant corn in Western Treatment Application Rate/Acre Canada, glyphosate-resistant canola volunteers have become a major weed concern to corn producers in the region. 1 Gly Only (Check) 1 L/acre (360g ae) • The Pest Management Regulatory Agency now allows 2 Gly + Dicamba 1 L/acre + 0.243 L/acre herbicides to be tank-mixed if they have individual registrations 3 Gly + 2,4-D 1 L/acre + 0.4 L/acre (600g/L) on the crop and have a common application timing. 4 Gly + MCPA Amine 1 L/acre + 0.45L/acre • Several herbicide options are available to control glyphosate 5 Gly + Bromoxynil 1 L/acre + 0.48 L/acre tolerant canola volunteers in corn; however, some herbicides may have undesirable effects on corn. Gly / Bromoxynil 6 1 L/acre + 0.48 L/acre (Split Application*) Objectives * Glyphosate and bromoxynil applied separately at V3 stage. • Assess crop injury and yield effects of various herbicides tank- mixed with glyphosate to control glyphosate-resistant canola • Herbicide injury scores were recorded at: volunteers in glyphosate-resistant corn. • 3-5 days after treatment • 7-10 days after treatment • Identify the most suitable post-emergence strategy for • 21-24 days after treatment managing glyphosate-resistant canola volunteers in glyphosate-resistant corn. • Other recorded observations include: • Brittle snap counts Study Description • Yield (bu/acre) & moisture (%) • Test weight (lbs/bu) • The study compared the crop response of four industry leading hybrids (Pioneer® brand and competitive) with five different Results herbicide treatments (Table 1). -
AP-42, CH 9.2.2: Pesticide Application
9.2.2PesticideApplication 9.2.2.1General1-2 Pesticidesaresubstancesormixturesusedtocontrolplantandanimallifeforthepurposesof increasingandimprovingagriculturalproduction,protectingpublichealthfrompest-bornediseaseand discomfort,reducingpropertydamagecausedbypests,andimprovingtheaestheticqualityofoutdoor orindoorsurroundings.Pesticidesareusedwidelyinagriculture,byhomeowners,byindustry,andby governmentagencies.Thelargestusageofchemicalswithpesticidalactivity,byweightof"active ingredient"(AI),isinagriculture.Agriculturalpesticidesareusedforcost-effectivecontrolofweeds, insects,mites,fungi,nematodes,andotherthreatstotheyield,quality,orsafetyoffood.Theannual U.S.usageofpesticideAIs(i.e.,insecticides,herbicides,andfungicides)isover800millionpounds. AiremissionsfrompesticideusearisebecauseofthevolatilenatureofmanyAIs,solvents, andotheradditivesusedinformulations,andofthedustynatureofsomeformulations.Mostmodern pesticidesareorganiccompounds.EmissionscanresultdirectlyduringapplicationorastheAIor solventvolatilizesovertimefromsoilandvegetation.Thisdiscussionwillfocusonemissionfactors forvolatilization.Thereareinsufficientdataavailableonparticulateemissionstopermitemission factordevelopment. 9.2.2.2ProcessDescription3-6 ApplicationMethods- Pesticideapplicationmethodsvaryaccordingtothetargetpestandtothecroporothervalue tobeprotected.Insomecases,thepesticideisapplieddirectlytothepest,andinotherstothehost plant.Instillothers,itisusedonthesoilorinanenclosedairspace.Pesticidemanufacturershave developedvariousformulationsofAIstomeetboththepestcontrolneedsandthepreferred -
Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment, Final Report
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) Depository) 11-2005 Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment, Final Report Bureau of Land Management Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs Part of the Life Sciences Commons, and the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Bureau of Land Management, "Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment, Final Report" (2005). All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository). Paper 107. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs/107 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bureau of Land Management Reno, Nevada Diquat Ecological Risk Assessment Final Report November 2005 Bureau of Land Management Contract No. NAD010156 ENSR Document Number 09090-020-650 Executive Summary The United States Department of the Interior (USDI) Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is proposing a program to treat vegetation on up to six million acres of public lands annually in 17 western states in the continental United States (US) and Alaska. As part of this program, the BLM is proposing the use of ten herbicide active ingredients (a.i.) to control invasive plants and noxious weeds on approximately one million of the 6 million acres proposed for treatment. The BLM and its contractor, ENSR, are preparing a Vegetation Treatments Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to evaluate this and other proposed vegetation treatment methods and alternatives on lands managed by the BLM in the western continental US and Alaska. -
August 2014 Volume 9 Number 2 Origins of Grape and Wine Aroma. Part 1. Chemical Components and Viticultural Impacts Wine Is An
August 2014 Volume 9 Number 2 grape and wine composition comes from advances in analytical This issue of the ASEV Technical Update contains interpretive and sensory methods for identifying and quantifying the com- abstracts written by authors of articles published in the first and pounds that contribute to flavor. Therefore, Part 2 of this review second issues of the American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 2014. A link to the online Journal article appears at the end of provides an overview of the chemical and sensory analysis ap- each abstract. proaches that have been used to deconstruct wine flavor into its component parts with an aim toward relating the chemical com- position to the unique sensory properties that are associated with different wine varieties and styles. Origins of Grape and Wine Aroma. Part 1. Chemical Components and Viticultural Impacts Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 65:25-42 (2014) Anthony L. Robinson,1,2 Paul K. Boss,3 Peter S. Solomon,4 1 5 N, P, and K Supply to Pinot noir Grapevines: Robert D. Trengove, Hildegarde Heymann, and Impact on Berry Phenolics and Free Amino Acids Susan E. Ebeler5* 1 1 2 1Separation Science and Metabolomics Laboratory, Murdoch University, R. Paul Schreiner, * Carolyn F. Scagel, and Jungmin Lee Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; 2Treasury Wine Estates, P.O. Box 396, 1USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, 3420 NW Nuriootpa, SA 5355, Australia; 3CSIRO Plant Industry, P.O. Box 350, Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; and 2USDA-ARS, Horticultural Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; 4Plant Science Division, Research Crops Research Laboratory Worksite, 29603 U of I Ln., Parma, ID School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, 83660. -
List of Herbicide Groups
List of herbicides Group Scientific name Trade name clodinafop (Topik®), cyhalofop (Barnstorm®), diclofop (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*, Hoegrass®), fenoxaprop (Cheetah® Gold* , Wildcat®), A Aryloxyphenoxypropionates fluazifop (Fusilade®, Fusion®*), haloxyfop (Verdict®), propaquizafop (Shogun®), quizalofop (Targa®) butroxydim (Falcon®, Fusion®*), clethodim (Select®), profoxydim A Cyclohexanediones (Aura®), sethoxydim (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*), tralkoxydim (Achieve®) A Phenylpyrazoles pinoxaden (Axial®) azimsulfuron (Gulliver®), bensulfuron (Londax®), chlorsulfuron (Glean®), ethoxysulfuron (Hero®), foramsulfuron (Tribute®), halosulfuron (Sempra®), iodosulfuron (Hussar®), mesosulfuron (Atlantis®), metsulfuron (Ally®, Harmony®* M, Stinger®*, Trounce®*, B Sulfonylureas Ultimate Brushweed®* Herbicide), prosulfuron (Casper®*), rimsulfuron (Titus®), sulfometuron (Oust®, Eucmix Pre Plant®*), sulfosulfuron (Monza®), thifensulfuron (Harmony®* M), triasulfuron, (Logran®, Logran® B Power®*), tribenuron (Express®), trifloxysulfuron (Envoke®, Krismat®*) florasulam (Paradigm®*, Vortex®*, X-Pand®*), flumetsulam B Triazolopyrimidines (Broadstrike®), metosulam (Eclipse®), pyroxsulam (Crusader®Rexade®*) imazamox (Intervix®*, Raptor®,), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx®*, Flame®, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazapyr (Arsenal Xpress®*, Intervix®*, B Imidazolinones Lightning®*, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazethapyr (Lightning®*, Spinnaker®) B Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates bispyribac (Nominee®), pyrithiobac (Staple®) C Amides: propanil (Stam®) C Benzothiadiazinones: bentazone (Basagran®, -
Herbicide Classification Chart
HERBICIDE CLASSIFICATION Repeated use of herbicides with the same site of action can result in the development of herbicide-resistant weed populations. This chart groups herbicides by their modes of action to assist you in selecting This chart lists premix herbicides alphabetically by their trade names by MODE OF herbicides 1) to maintain greater diversity in herbicide use and 2) to rotate by PREMIX so you can identify the premix’s component herbicides and their respective ACTION among effective herbicides with different sites of action to delay the development site-of-action groups. Refer to the Site-of-Action chart on the left (effect on plant growth) of herbicide resistance. for more information. SITEOFACTION NUMBER OF RESISTANT COMPONENT COMPONENT GROUP WEED SPECIES IN U.S. SITEOFACTION SITEOFACTION GROUP GROUP CHEMICAL ACTIVE PRODUCT ACTIVE TRADE ACTIVE TRADE SITE OF ACTION FAMILY INGREDIENT EXAMPLES PREMIX ® PREMIX ® (TRADE NAME®) INGREDIENT NAME INGREDIENT NAME LIPID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS bicyclopyrone ––––– 27 acetochlor Harness 15 HARNESS XTRA clodinafop Discover NG mesotrione Callisto 27 atrazine AAtrex 5 ACURON cyhalofop Clincher atrazine AAtrex 5 clopyralid Stinger 4 Aryloxyphenoxypropio- fenoxaprop Ricestar, Tecoma, others HORNET nate (fops) s-metolachlor Dual II Magnum 15 flumetsulam Python 2 ACCASE INHIBITORS fluazifop Fusilade DX bicyclopyrone ––––– 27 pyrasulfotole ––––– 27 1 (acetyl CoA carboxylase) 15 HUSKIE quizalofop Assure II, Targa Acuron Flexi mesotrione Callisto 27 bromoxynil Buctril 6 clethodim Select Max, others