Kunskapssammanställning Över Introduktionen Av Elbilar

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Kunskapssammanställning Över Introduktionen Av Elbilar VTI notat 21-2014, reviderad utgåva 1 www.vti.se/publikationer Utgivningsår 2014 Kunskapssammanställning över introduktionen av elbilar Christina Stave Annelie Carlson Hans Antonson Jan Wenäll Förord VTI skriver i sin verksamhetsplan 2013 att ”framtiden kommer att innebära ökade krav på ett långsiktigt hållbart transportsystem där tillgänglighet, transporteffektivitet, trafiksäkerhet, klimat och miljö är viktiga ingredienser. För att begränsa utsläpp av växthusgaser framhåller EU-kommissionen ett antal åtgärder där det kan förväntas ett ökat forskningsbehov. Det är till exempel ekonomiska styrmedel och nya tekniska lösningar för fordon och infrastruktur. Kraven på ökad energieffektivitet växer, vilket ökar efterfrågan på forsknings- och utvecklingsinsatser för fordon och bränslen, energieffektivt byggande och energieffektiv infrastruktur. Den tekniskt inriktade forskningen behöver kompletteras med forskning och utveckling kring beteende- vetenskapliga, ekonomiska och andra styrmedel i transportpolitiken”. ”Ett övergripande mål inom Sverige och inom EU är att arbeta för att minska energianvändningen där ett stort fokus har legat på att minska elförbrukningen, både inom hushållen och i industrin. Det kan därför upplevas att det finns en målkonflikt med att man inom transportsektorn arbetar för att det ska bli en ökad användning av el för framdrivning i syfte att bli mer energieffektiv. Ett ofta framfört argument är också att elfordon kommer att leda till lägre klimatpåverkan eftersom inga fossila bränslen förbränns under framdrivningen”. I verksamhetsplanen står det vidare att det finns antaganden om att ”miljön kommer att förbättras i stort eftersom elfordon inte släpper ut några emissioner på samma sätt som konventionella fordon. En fördel i sammanhanget är också att det finns bättre möjligheter till rening och kontroll i större kraftverk än vad det gör i varje enskilt fordon”. Som ett led i denna framtidsstrategi beviljades författarna av denna rapport finansiering för ett temaprojekt; EBBE – Elbilar och beredskap inför en ökad användning. Denna rapport är en kunskapsöversikt över introduktionen av elbilar. Vi vill tacka Arne Nåbo, forskare på VTI för utmärkta tips och kunskap inom elbils- området, samt övriga forskare som presenterat sin forskning och de personer som bidragit i intervjuer per telefon eller mail. Presentation av författarna: Christina Stave (fil. dr) forskar inom lärande, förändringsprocesser och säkerhetskultur. Annelie Carlsson (fil. dr) forskar inom energi och emissioner inom transporter. Hans Antonson (fil. dr) forskar inom planeringsprocesser, bland annat klimatförändringar. Jan Wenäll (forskningsingenjör) mångårig erfarenhet från VTIs krocksäkerhetslabb. Revisionshistorik Revision Datum Sida Ändring 1 2014-08-28 5, 7, 84 Referens borttagen 1 2014-08-28 21 Kap 4.4 stycke ett raderat VTI notat 21-2014 Diarienr: 2012/0648-242 Process för kvalitetsgranskning Intern peer review har genomförts 11 april 2014 av Arne Nåbo, forskare på VTI. Christina Stave har genomfört justeringar av slutligt rapportmanus 11 maj 2014. Projektledarens närmaste chef Nils Petter Gregersen har därefter granskat och godkänt publikationen för publicering 4 juni 2014. De slutsatser och rekommendationer som uttrycks är författarnas egna och speglar inte nödvändigtvis myndigheten VTI:s uppfattning. Process for quality review Internal peer review was performed on 11 April 2014 by Arne Nåbo, researcher at VTI. Christina Stave has made alterations to the final manuscript of the report 11 May 2014. The research director Nils Petter Gregersen examined and approved the report for publication on 4 June 2014. The conclusions and recommendations expressed are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect VTI’s opinion as an authority. Tryckt på VTI Linköping 2014 VTI rapport 3 Innehållsförteckning Sammanfattning ................................................................................................. 5 Summary ............................................................................................................ 7 1 Bakgrund ............................................................................................... 10 2 Syfte....................................................................................................... 12 3 Metod ..................................................................................................... 13 4 Tekniklösningar för elbil ......................................................................... 14 4.1 Fordon ................................................................................................... 14 4.2 Batterilösningar ...................................................................................... 17 4.3 Tysta bilar .............................................................................................. 21 4.4 Infrastruktur ............................................................................................ 22 4.4.1 Normalladdning ...................................................................................... 23 4.4.2 Snabbladdning ....................................................................................... 26 4.4.3 Elvägen .................................................................................................. 27 4.4.4 Elförsörjningen ....................................................................................... 29 4.5 Samhället och föraren ............................................................................ 30 4.5.1 Föraren/brukaren ................................................................................... 30 4.5.2 Elbilspooler ............................................................................................ 32 4.5.3 Systemperspektiv på elanvändning ....................................................... 33 4.6 Initiativ i Sverige ..................................................................................... 34 4.6.1 Regering och riksdag ............................................................................. 34 4.6.2 Premier och subventioner ...................................................................... 36 4.6.3 Elbilsupphandlingen ............................................................................... 38 4.6.4 Myndigheter ........................................................................................... 39 4.6.5 Organisationer och föreningar ............................................................... 42 4.6.6 Tankesmedjor och forum på nätet ......................................................... 43 4.6.7 Konsortier, centra och demonstrationsplatser ........................................ 44 4.6.8 Städer, kommuner och regioner ............................................................ 52 4.6.9 Pågående forskning - några exempel .................................................... 62 4.7 Internationella initiativ ............................................................................ 66 4.7.1 Övergripande ......................................................................................... 66 4.7.2 Europa - EU ........................................................................................... 69 4.7.3 Norge och Danmark ............................................................................... 77 4.7.4 Övriga världen ....................................................................................... 81 Referenser........................................................................................................ 84 VTI notat 21-2014 VTI notat 21-2014 Kunskapssammanställning över introduktionen av elbilar av Christina Stave, Annelie Carlson, Hans Antonson och Jan Wenäll VTI, Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut 581 95 Linköping Sammanfattning Kunskapssammanställningen syftar till att ge en övergripande bild över introduktionen av elbilar, både vad avser fordon och initiativ för att stödja utvecklingen. I föreliggande rapport redovisas några av de tekniklösningar som finns tillgängliga och de som kan realiseras i framtiden. Här ingår information om själva fordonen vad gäller drift och olika batterilösningar, samt olika lösningar på infrastrukturen för överföring och försörjningen av elektricitet. Här redovisas även kort om samhället, föraren och det systemperspektiv som behövs för att avgöra elbilars effekt på miljön. Med i rapporten finns även ett flertal initiativ som genomförts eller som planeras vad gäller introduktion av elfordon. Fokus ligger här på den svenska marknaden, men även en internationell utblick redovisas. Regeringens och myndigheternas mål och stöd redovisas samt exempel på pågående forskning inom elbilsområdet. De metoder som använts är främst sökningar på internet men även litteraturstudier, intervjuer, studiebesök, seminarier och konferenser. Med elbil menas i första hand personbilar med varierande grad av eldrift. Övriga elektrifierade fordon såsom elbuss, lastbilar, elmoped, elcykel etcetera, har inte inkluderats. Kunskapssammanställningen ger en bild av elbilsområdet men är varken heltäckande eller djupgående. Inledningsvis redovisas olika typer av elektriska fordon, rena elbilar, elhybridfordon, plugin elhybridfordon och elbilar med bränsleceller. De kallas gemensamt för Electric Vehicles (EV). Av de laddningsbara så kallade “plug in” finns det elbilar och ladd- hybrider. Den 30 april 2014 var personbilsbeståndet av laddningsbara elbilar i Sverige 3 714 stycken, varav 1 260 helt eldrivna och 2 454 laddhybrider. Den vanligaste batteritypen i dagens elbilar är litiumjonackumulatorn.
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