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The Biology and Ecology of Schistosoma Spindale in Relation to the Epidemiology of Cercarial Dermatitis in Peninsula.R Malaysia

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The Biology and Ecology of Schistosoma Spindale in Relation to the Epidemiology of Cercarial Dermatitis in Peninsula.R Malaysia • THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALE IN RELATION TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CERCARIAL DERMATITIS IN PENINSULA.R MALAYSIA M. KRISHNASAMY UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 1999 THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALE IN RELATION TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CERCARIAL DERMATITIS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA BY KRISHNASAMY SIO MUTHUSAMY Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY April 1999 \ ' PRAYER Oh! Lord I prostrate before thee For without thee, I would not have been able to complete this task which I so willingly accepted. I thank you again Oh! Lord for giving me (the wisdom and power of energy to my brain), the strength, the good health and courage to go through all the trials and tribulations and emerge in victory. Oh! Lord with your sale power I am able to bring out this original work in the form of a thesis, all for your glory. \ ' SPECIAL APPRECIATION I extend a special word of appreciation to the Senior Scientific Committee Members, who supported my Masters (MSc) degree in Scotland, University of Dundee: Dr. N. Satgunasingam, the former Head of Division of Endocrinology, Dato Dr. M. Jegathesan, the former Director and Dr. Mak Joon Wah, the former Director of Institute for Medical Research. They have helped me to reach this level today. I also remember today, my supervisor, Dr. John Riley, Department of Biology, University of Dundee, Scotland, who admitted me in his department with the approval of the Senate Committee of the University of Dundee. And many senior scientists throughout the world, particularly Professor Emeritus Dr. J. Teague Self from the University of Oklahoma USA, Professor Dr. Pakeer Oothuman and Professor Dr. Edariah Abu Bakar, (UKM) National University of Malaysia, who gave full encouragement and full support for my M.Sc and my current Ph.D work. lowe a special debt of profound gratitude to the Senior Scientific Committee Members, for without their encouragement I would not have been able to complete my M.Sc. The interest they generated towards me during the Masters program spurred me on to do the Ph.D study. therefore, dedicate this thesis to every member of the Committee. \ ' ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study would not have been possible without the support of many people. Firstly, I wish to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my Chief supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Chong Ngo Long, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia and CO-supervisor Dr. Stephen Ambu, Head of Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research. My thanks to Professor Dr. Leong Tak Seng, (USM) for his encouragement, advice and valuable discussion. Thanks are also due to members of my supervisory committee. I am grateful to Data Dr. M. Jegathesan, Director of the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur for his interest and support for this study, and also for permission to do a higher degree. I am also very grateful to the Former Head of Medical Ecology Division, Dr. K. Inder Singh and the present Head of the Division, Dr. Stephen Ambu. (EHRC), for making available all the facilities needed for the study and for the interest and guidance. My sincere appreciation is expressed to all the staff of the former Division of Medical Ecology, for their untiring efforts in the field and laboratory. And especially, to (i) \ ' Mansor. MS. Maspura Nawi, MS. Maslah Doat, Hj. Zamani Burhan, K. Kumar and Mr. S. Saranga Bani who gave full support on technical matters. My sincere thanks are also due to the following: Professor Dr. Jambari Ali, Universiti Putra Jaya (UPM) for his help and advice on the water bodies and snails, and Mr. Anthonysam who helped in the identification of the water plants. My sincerest gratitude to Dr. K. Gunasekaran and Dr. Krishnamoorthy, from Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry. India, and also Mr. A. Manoharan, from Stamford College, Petaling Jaya, for reading and critically reviewing the manuscript, correcting of grammatical errors, and for their helpful discussion, especially in the Computer biostatistical guidance, and for their scientific opinion and discussions are gratefully acknowledge. And my thanks to Mr. Wong Wee Kong for Photographic assistance. I wish to place on record my deep gratitude to many friends and colleagues at the Institute of Medical Research, Malaysia, National University of Malaysia, University of Agriculture Malaysia and University of Malaya for a" their support. I am particularly grateful to Professor Dr. Jozof Vercuysse, from State University of Gent, Belgium, Professor Dr. Martin Geoffery Taylor, from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine of University of London, who (ti) \ ', send me important documents of references for this study. And special thanks to my dearest friend Mr. John Jeffery, (UKM) for his scientific opinion and valuable discussion and support he has given me over the many years of my association with him. Finally, I am also grateful to my wife Shanta Kumari, children and Son in-law and Daughter in-law and also my grand son and grand daughters whose patience, endurance and understanding during the period of my career development has been a great source of strength. Last, but not least, a special word of thanks to those who in one way or another has assisted me during the course of my study. This study received financial support from the IRPA grant R&D - 90 15 (IMR), from the Ministry of Science Technology and Environmental Malaysia, which I gratefully acknowledged. (ill) CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (i) CONTENTS (iv) LIST OF TABLES (x) LIST OF FIGURES (xii) LIST OF PLATES (xiii) -- LIST OF APPENDICES (xiv) ABSTRAK (xv) ABSTRACT (xix) CHAPTER 1 1 1.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 Clarification of the term "cercarial dermatitis" 3 1.3 Clinical manifestation of cercarial dermatitis 4 1.3.1 Cercarial dermatitis caused by human schistosomes 4 1.3.2 Cercarial dermatitis caused by zoonotic schistosomes 5 1.4 Etiologic agents of cercarial dermatitis caused by nonhuman 7 schistosomes 1.4.1 Etiologic agents worldwide 7 1.4.2 Etiologic agents in Malaysia 8 (iv) \ ' 1.5 Epidemiology of cercarial dermatitis 9 1.6 Epidemiology of cercarial dermatitis caused by S. spindale 11 with special emphasis on the situation in Malaysia 1.6.1 Initial reports of cercarial dermatitis in Malaysia 11 and other countries 1.6.2 Geographical distribution of S. spindale 13 ---. 1.6.3 Avian and mammalian hosts of the etiologic agents 14 ~~-. ~~"" 1.6.4 Snail intermediate hosts of the etiologic agents 15 1.6.5 Habitats associated with hosts of S. spindale 16 1.6.6 Working habits of humans infected with cercarial 16 dermatitis in Malaysia 1.6.7 Seasonal dynamics of infection 16 1.6.8 Clinical manifestations of cercarial dermatitis in 17 Malaysia 1.7 Biology of schistosomes in relation to the epidemiology of 18 cercarial dermatits 1.7.1 General life cycle of S. spindale 18 1.7.2 Cercariae emergence and behaviour 19 1.7.3 Cercarial penetration into the final host 21 1.8 Control of cercariae dermatitis 23 1.9 Objectives of present study 25 (v) CHAPTER 2 2.0 DERMATITS AMONG INHABITANTS OF AN AREA IN LABU, 27 NEGERI SEMBILAN, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, AND A SOCIAL PROFILE SURVEY OF THESE RESIDENTS 2.1 INTRODUCTION 27 2.2 Material and methods 28 2.3 Results 30 2.4 Discussion 39 CHAPTER 3 43 3.0 A SURVEY OF AQUATIC SNAILS TO DETERMINE NEW 43 FOCI FOR S. SPINDALE AND FOR THE INCRIMINATION OF NEW INTERMEDIATE HOSTS OF S. SPINDALE 3.1 INTRODUCTION 43 3.2 Materials and methods 44 3.3 Results and discussion 45 CHAPTER 4 54 4.0 THE PREVALENCE OF NATURAL INFECTIONS OF 54 SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALE IN DEFINITIVE HOSTS IN PNINSULAR MALAYSIA (vi) 4.1 INTRODUCTION 54 4.2 Materials and methods 56 4.2.1 Use of the perfusion technique to recover 62 immature and mature schistosome worms 4.3 Results 62 4.4 Discussion 71 79 CHAPTER 5 5.0 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LABORATORY AND FIELD 79 ANIMALS TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION BY SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALE 5.1 INTRODUCTION 79 5.2 Materials and methods 80 5.3 Results 82 5.4 Discussion 89 CHAPTER 6 95 6.0 SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALE CERCARIA PRODUCTION 95 AND SHEDDING PERIODICITY IN INDOPLANORBIS EXUSTUS SNAILS FROM PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 6.1 INTRODUCTION 95 (vii) 6.2 Materials and methods 96 6.2.1 Cercarial production in relation to miracidial dose 96 6.2.2 Influence of light on cercarial release from 97 experimentally infected snails 6.2.3 Periodicity in cercarial release from naturally infected 98 snails 6.2.4 Field observation on cercarial release in a 98 contaminated river 6.2.5 Periodicity of cercaria I infection 99 6.3 Results 100 6.3.1 Cercarial production in relation to miracidial dose 100 6.3.2 Influences of light on cercarial release from 102 experimentally infected snails 6.3.3 Periodicity in cercarial release from naturally infected 103 snails 6.3.4 Field observation on cercarial recovery, and adult 105 worms recovered from mice exposed to cercariae- contaminated river 6.4 Discussion 108 CHAPTER 7 116 7.0 SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALE AND ITS ZOONOTIC 116 POTENTIAL IN THE LABU EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AREA 7.1 INTRODUCTION 116 7.2 Materials and methods 117 (vtii) 7.3 Results 126 7.3.1 Natural infection in snails 126 7.3.2 Natural infection in mammalian hosts 130 7.3.3 Flora associated with the snails habitat 132 7.3.4 Other ecological data 134 7.4 Discussion 134 CHAPTER 8 144 8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 144 REFERENCES 155 APPENDICES 177 (be) LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Summary of schistosomes of animals, birds and humans 1 in Malaysia Table 2.1: Number of (adults) involved in listed activities "'" ~ Table 2.2: Distribution of farmers in various age groups ,) Table 3.1: A survey of snail hosts for S.
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