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Schistosoma Incognitum and Its Zoonotic Potential Role in Phitsanulok and Phichit Provinces, Northern Thailand

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Schistosoma Incognitum and Its Zoonotic Potential Role in Phitsanulok and Phichit Provinces, Northern Thailand SCHISTOSOMA INCOGNITUM AND ITS ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL ROLE IN PHITSANULOK AND PHICHIT PROVINCES, NORTHERN THAILAND TH:ANONGSAK BUNNAG, SANARM TH:IRACH:ANDRA, PAISAL !MPAND, PRASART VORASANTA and SOMCH:AI IMLARP Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. INTRODUCTION manent natural water bodies or reservoirs and ditches or canals where there are high water Four species of mammalian schistosomes table all year round. A total of 24 water­ have been recorded in Thailand : 1) Schisto­ bodies in Phitsanulok and Phichit areas were soma japonicum-like in man in Nakornsri­ included in the study. The characteristics of thammaraj, southern Thailand (Chaiyaporn these natural water reservoirs are specifically et a!., 1959; Harinasuta and Krautrachue, described. 1962) in Phitsanulok, northern region and in Ubon, northeastern region (Lee eta!., 1966); Swampy habitat : 13 swamps were situated 2) S. spindale, blood fluke of cattle and within cultivated rice fields, and were charac­ water buffalo producing cercaria! dermatitis terized by thick bushes of tall grass intermixed in man (Harinasuta and Sornmani, 1965) ; with herbaceous vegetation at the edge of 3) Orientobi/harzia harinasutai in water buffa­ habitat, forming a dense cover which was lo in southern region (Kruatrachue et al., difficult to penetrate. 1965); and 4) S. incognitum, blood fluke of a Ditch habitat : The habitat was, in general, variety of rodents in Phitsanulok (Lee and characterized by high gradient banks covering Wykoff, 1966); and Khon Kaen (Harinasuta with fast growing species of vegetation, wild and Kruatrachue, 1967) causing dermatitis banana, vines or some taller bamboos. There in man. were also emerged, floating water plants­ During the course of snail surveys on Eichornia sp., Pistia sp. or Typha sp. densely water-borne parasitic infections in the area covering the water surface. Usually the under the Phitsanulok Irrigation Project in habitat almost dried up or few collections of 1978 and 1979, we found a high prevalence water beds were seen during the dry season. rate of S. incognilum in domestic mammal During 1978 and 1979, 3 field trips were and rodents and some ecological aspects of made to the studied areas on 3 different this parasite were observed and described in seasons to collect both mammal and aquatic this paper. intermediate hosts : June-July 1978 (rainy season), November-December 1978 (cool-dry MATERIALS AND METHODS season), and March-April 1979 (dry season). Physico-chemical properties of surface water Study areas : General topographic terrain from each waterbody were determined by and environmental conditions of the Phit­ Hach Portable water engineering's laboratory sanulok Irrigation Project were described -DR- EL series (Hach Chemical Co., Iowa, elsewhere (Bunnag eta!., 1980 a, b). Trapping U.S.A.) Weather and environmental condi­ sites in this study were mainly around per- tions on that experimental day were also Vol. 14 No. 2 June 1983 163 ~ Table 1 ~ Analysis of water from different sources of waterbeds in Phitsanulok and Phichit provinces during 1978-1979. Temp°C Chemistry mg/1 Turbidity D.O Period/Habitats pH (FTU) mg/1 Water Air Mg Ca CaC03 NaCl CI- so- 4 Jun.-Jul. 78 Swampy 28.6 30.3 6.1 146 5.2 30 37 17.9 21.4 12.9 23.2 til (5.1-6.7) (15-740) (2.0-8.5) (11-67) (14-123) (3.5-423) ~ Ditch 29.5 31.3 7.2 75 5.1 26 35 20.4 21.9 13.3 17.7 ...,~ > (5.4-7.8) (12-188) (1.2-8.5) (5-46) (15-52) (3.5-77.5) "' ~ ;-< Nov.-Dec. 78 ~ Swampy 25.1 27.5 8.1 22 4.9 21 25 3.7 3.4 2.04 9.7 ~ (7.4-8.5) (5-40) (3.0-7.0) (10-40) (12-60) (0.7-7.7) f Ditch 26.8 28.4 8.0 29.5 3.9 15.5 29 3.2 4.5 2.5 6.8 g"'C (7.4-8.3) (10-59) (2.0-8.0) (10.0-31.0) (11-70) (0.7-7.7) Mar.-Apr. 79 ~ Swampy 28.1 31.7 8.1 55 4.6 34 40 17.8 29.3 17.7 15.9 ~ (7.8-8.3) (10-161) (2.0-7.5) (5-95) (10-110) (2.1-105.7) -""" z Ditch 29.2 31.9 8.0 74.8 4.2 35.4 46.9 21 13.9 8.5 10.1 0 (7.7-8.3) (13.0-145.0) (2.5-6.0) (5.0-65.0) (14.0-110.0) (2.1-105.7) !'l 2' g D.O = dissolved oxygen; Mg = magnesitun; Ca = calcium; NaCl = sodium chloride; \Q CI- = chloride; S04 = sulphate; CaCo = calcium carbonate. -00 3 .... Schistosoma incognitum IN NORTHERN THAILAND recorded. Fresh-water mollusks were col­ sis activity which resulted in moderately lected by scooping method per man per hour high dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and pH range along the edge habitat. Snails collected were (6.1-8.1). Specific abiotic factor analyses identified and recorded. Radix auricularia such as cations (Ca++, and Mg++) and anions rubiginosa snails, the intermediate host of (Cl-, S04) showed ralatively lower concen­ S. incognitum, were shed or crushed to release trations in cool-dry season than in other trematode larvae. Laboratory mice were seasons but correlated well with observed exposed to released schistosome cercariae to hardness values. obtain adult schistosomes for species con­ Natural infection in snails : A total of firmation. 44,412 fresh water mollusks of 13 different Wild rodents were trapped from 2 different species collected were examined during the ecological habitats of 24 sampling sites. period of 3 seasonal surveys. Of these, 7,186 Rodents were live trapped at night in habitats snails were R. a. rubiginosa. The populations or the rice field dikes nearby where there were of R.a. rubiginosa fluctuated according to plenty of burrows and rats' track. All animals seasons and habitats but were lower com­ were killed, identified to species and examined pared with other pulmonate species such as, for worms. Worms were collected by the Indoplanorbis exustus. Out of 7,186 Radix perfusion technique described by Y olles snails examined from all sites, 149 (2.1 %) were et al., (1947). Worms collected from each found infected with S. incognitum. Snails specimen were individually fixed in 10% that measured over 15 mm (3.4 %) exhibited formalin for further investigation. Stool the highest infective rate and 6-10 mm (0.9 %) samples of domestic animals obtained by the lowest infection rate (Table 2). Schisto­ direct rectal scraping in dogs and cats and by some cercariae shed from R. a. rubiginosa samplings from the pigsty or animal dens developed into patent S. incognitum adults in large animals were kept in vials and ex­ about 6 weeks after exposure in laboratory amined for the presence of S. incognitum ova mice but an exact prepatent period was not by merthiolate-iodine-formalin concentration established. method. All specimens were examined in the During the study period, 483 Rattus rattus, laboratory of Department of Tropical Medi­ cine in Bangkok. 280 Bandicota indica 65 B. savilei and 8 R. argentiventer were trapped. These consisted of 299 rats collected in the rainy season, 124 RESULTS in cool-dry season and 413 in hot season. Of total, 41.7% (349) were found naturally Ecological data : The climatic conditions infected with S. incognitum. during the studied period were unusual in that the rainy season was unusually short Table 3 shows the prevalence of S. incogni­ resulting in lengthened drought and the tum infection in wild rats at different seasons prolonged dry season. The average ambient and ecological habitats. The overall infection and water temperature of swampy habitats rate in four species ofrats was 46.5% (range were slightly lower than those of ditch habi­ 22-68) during rainy season, 29.8% (range tats. Table 1 summarizes the abbreviated 8-55) during cool-dry season and 41.9% physico-chemical data of the 24 various (range 10-100) during hot season. The infec­ habitats in different seasons. Both types of tion rate in these rats was statistically low habitats exhibited low turbidity, allowing during cool-dry season. R. rattus from both good light penetration and high photosynthe- habitats showed no marked difference in Vol. 14 No. 2 June 1983 165 SouTHEAST AsiAN J. TROP. MEo. PuB. HLTH. Table 2 Seasonal prevalence of S. incognitum in Radix rubiginosa from different habitats. Snail size Swampy habitat Ditch habitat Total % mm rainy* cool hot rainy cool hot <5 0/8** 0/9 0/16 0/12 1/31 OJO 1/76 1.3 6-10 3/91 5/170 0/287 1/139 0/168 1/228 10/1083 0.9 11-15 7/727 20/675 17/1137 17/375 0/500 6/534 67/3948 1.7 > 15 6/154 32/391 19/672 3/111 8/444 3/307 71/2079 3.4 *Rainy = June- July; cool = Nov.-Dec; Hot = Mar.-Apr. **Number positive/Number examined. Table 3 Prevalence of S. incognitum in field rats from different habitats. Swampy habitat Ditch habitat Rodent species No. exam. No. pos. (%) No. exam. No. pos. (%) R. rattus* 91 62 (68.1) 72 16 (22.2) B. indica 93 48 (51.6) 37 10 (27) B. savilei 6 3 (50) R. rattus* 21 9 (42.8) 37 3 (8.1) B. indica 40 22 (55) 19 2 (10.5) B. savilei 7 1 (14.2) R. rattus* 165 100 (60.6) 97 25 (25.8) R. argentiventer 4 4 (100) 4 3 (75) B. indica 42 21 (50) 49 17 (34.7) B.
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