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Honamli Keçisinin Bazi Morfolojik Özellikleri Döl Verimi Ve Kazein Genleri Polimorfizmi Bakimindan Incelenmesi

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Honamli Keçisinin Bazi Morfolojik Özellikleri Döl Verimi Ve Kazein Genleri Polimorfizmi Bakimindan Incelenmesi HONAMLI KEÇİSİNİN BAZI MORFOLOJİK ÖZELLİKLERİ DÖL VERİMİ VE KAZEİN GENLERİ POLİMORFİZMİ BAKIMINDAN İNCELENMESİ Orhan KARADAĞ Doktora Tezi Zootekni Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. M. İhsan SOYSAL 2016 T.C. NAMIK KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ HONAMLI KEÇİSİNİN BAZI MORFOLOJİK ÖZELLİKLERİ DÖLVERİMİ VE KAZEİN GENLERİ POLİMORFİZMİ BAKIMINDAN İNCELENMESİ Orhan KARADAĞ ZOOTEKNİ ANABİLİM DALI DANIŞMAN: Prof. Dr. M. İhsan SOYSAL TEKİRDAĞ-2016 Her hakkı saklıdır Bu tez Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü (TAGEM) tarafından TAGEM/HAYSÜD/08/A01/P02/01- 039 numaralı proje ile desteklenmiştir. Prof. Dr. M. İhsan SOYSAL danışmanlığında, Orhan KARADAĞ tarafından hazırlanan “Honamlı Keçisinin Bazı Morfolojik Özellikleri Döl Verimi ve Kazein Genleri Polimorfizmi Bakımından İncelenmesi” isimli bu çalışma aşağıdaki jüri tarafından Zootekni Anabilim Dalı’nda Doktora tezi olarak oybirliği ile kabul edilmiştir. Jüri Başkanı : Prof. Dr. M. İhsan SOYSAL İmza : Üye : Prof. Dr. Şefik KURULTAY İmza : Üye : Prof. Dr. Cengiz ELMACI İmza : Üye : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Süleyman KÖK İmza : Üye : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Emel ÖZKAN ÜNAL İmza : Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulu adına Prof. Dr. Fatih KONUKCU Enstitü Müdürü ÖZET Doktora Tezi HONAMLI KEÇİSİNİN BAZI MORFOLOJİK ÖZELLİKLERİ DÖLVERİMİ VE KAZEİN GENLERİ POLİMORFİZMİ BAKIMINDAN İNCELENMESİ Orhan KARADAĞ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Zootekni Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. M. İhsan SOYSAL Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de Akdeniz Bölgesi Toros Dağlarında yaygın olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan Honamlı keçi ırkının bazı morfolojik özellikleri, döl verimi özellikleri ve kazein genleri polimorfizminin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Araştırma Konya ilinde ekstansif koşullarda yetiştirilen, Türkiye Evcil Hayvan Genetik Kaynakları Koruma Projesi kapsamındaki 170 keçi, 7 teke ve 190 baş oğlak üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Morfolojik özelliklerin belirlenmesi, canlı ağırlık, tanımlayıcı vücut ölçülerinin değerlendirilmesi sonucu saptanmıştır. Döl verimi özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde keçilerde doğum oranı, kısırlık oranı, tek ve ikiz doğum oranları hesaplanmıştır. CSN1S1 ve CSN1S2 genlerindeki süt protein polimorfizmi PCR-AS ve PCR-RFLP metotları kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Honamlı, Keçi, Vücut Ölçüleri, Döl Verimi, Büyüme Özellikleri, Süt Proteini DNA Polimorfizmi, CSN1S1, CSN1S2 2016 , 78 sayfa i ABSTRACT Ph.D. Thesis A STUDY ON THE INVESTİGATİON OF HONAMLI GOAT THROUGH SOME MORPHOLOGİCAL CHARACTERİSTİCS FERTİLİTY AND CASEİN GENES POLYMORPHİSM Orhan KARADAĞ Namık Kemal University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Animal Science Supervisor: Prof. Dr. M. İhsan SOYSAL The aim of this study was to determine some morphological characteristics, fertility and casein genes polymorphism of Honamlı goats which is common in Turkey’s Mediterranean Region (The Taurus Mountains). This study has been carried out on Honamlı herd that consist of 170 goats, 7 bucks and 190 kids and that have been breed in the Genetic Resources Conservation Project in Konya province under extensive conditions. In this research, some morphological characteristics were determined from body weight and evaluation of identifier body measurements. For the determination of reproductive traits, fertility and infertility rates, the birth rate, single and twin birth rates were calculated in goats. PCR-RFLP and PCR-AS methods were used for determining of the milk protein gene polymorphism in CSN1S1 and CSN1S2. Keywords : Honamli Goat, Liwe Weight, Body Measurements, Fertility, Milk Protein Polymorphism, CSN1S1, CSN1S2, 2016, 78 pages ii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... ii İÇİNDEKİLER.............................................................................................................. iii ÇİZELGE DİZİNİ...........................................................................................................v ŞEKİL DİZİNİ.............................................................................................................. vii KISALTMALAR......................................................................................................... viii ÖNSÖZ .............................................................................................................................x 1. GİRİŞ............................................................................................................................1 2. KURAMSAL BİLGİLER VE KAYNAK TARAMALARI.....................................6 2.1 Morfolojik Karakterizasyon ........................................................................................6 2.2 Döl Verimi.................................................................................................................13 2.3 Süt Proteinleri Polimorfzmi.......................................................................................17 2.3.1 Alfa-s1-Kazein (αs1-Cn)........................................................................................25 2.3.2 Alfa-s2-Kazein (αs2-Cn)........................................................................................29 3. MATERYAL METOD..............................................................................................33 3.1 Hayvan Materyali ......................................................................................................33 3.2 Vücut Ölçüleri ...........................................................................................................34 3.3 Döl Verim Özelikleri.................................................................................................35 3.4 Büyüme Özellikleri ...................................................................................................35 3.5 Kan Alma ve DNA ekstraksiyonu.............................................................................35 3.6 PCR-RFLP (PCR-Kesilmiş Parçacık Uzunluğu Çokşekilliliği) ...............................36 3.7 AS-PCR (Allel Spesifik Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu) ...........................................36 3.8 CSN1S1 Polimorfizmi...............................................................................................37 3.8.1. Ekzon 9’un Çoğaltılması .......................................................................................37 3.8.2. İntron 12’nin Çoğaltılması ....................................................................................38 3.8.3. Ekzon 19’un Çoğaltılması.....................................................................................39 3.9 CSN1S2 Polimorfizmi...............................................................................................40 3.9.1. Ekzon 11’in Çoğaltılması......................................................................................40 3.10 İstatistik Analizleri .................................................................................................41 iii 3.10.1. Korelasyon Katsayısı ve Regresyon Katsayısı Analizi .......................................41 3.10.2. Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısının Yorumu..........................................................42 3.10.3. Regresyon Analizi ...............................................................................................42 3.10.4. Döl Verimi Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi ..............................................................42 3.10.5. Oğlaklarda Büyüme Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi ................................................43 3.10.6. Gen Frekanslarının Hesaplanması.......................................................................43 4.BULGULAR VE TARTIŞMA ..................................................................................44 4.1 Morfolojik Karakterizasyon ......................................................................................44 4.1.1.Vücut Ölçüleri ........................................................................................................44 4.2 Döl Verimi.................................................................................................................49 4.3 Oğlaklarda Büyüme...................................................................................................51 4.4 Süt Protein Polimorfizmi...........................................................................................52 4.4.1 CSN1S1 Polimorfizmi............................................................................................52 4.4.2 CSN1S2 Polimorfizmi............................................................................................56 5. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER ..........................................................................................59 KAYNAKLAR...............................................................................................................62 EKLER.................. .........................................................................................................73 ÖZGEÇMİŞ.. .................................................................................................................78 iv ÇİZELGE DİZİNİ Sayfa Çizelge 1.2 : Dünya keçi varlığında ilk 10 ülke sıralaması........................................................ 2 Çizelge 1.2 : Yıllık 100 bin tonun üzerinde keçi sütü üreten ülkelerin dünya payları............... 3 Çizelge 2.1 : Türkiye’deki
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