Waiting and the Temporalities of Irregular Migration
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Waiting and the Temporalities of Irregular Migration This edited volume approaches waiting both as a social phenomenon that proliferates in irregularised forms of migration and as an analytical per- spective on migration processes and practices. Waiting as an analytical perspective offers new insights into the complex and shifting nature of processes of bordering, belonging, state power, exclu- sion and inclusion, and social relations in irregular migration. The chapters in this book address legal, bureaucratic, ethical, gendered, and affective dimensions of time and migration. A key concern is to develop more the- oretically robust approaches to waiting in migration as constituted in and through multiple and relational temporalities. The chapters highlight how waiting is configured in specific legal, material, and socio-cultural situa- tions, as well as how migrants encounter, incorporate, and resist temporal structures. This collection includes ethnographic and other empirically based mate- rial, as well as theorizing that cross-cut disciplinary boundaries. It will be relevant to scholars from anthropology and sociology, and others interested in temporalities, migration, borders, and power. Christine M. Jacobsen is a Professor of Social Anthropology and the Direc- tor of the Centre for Women’s and Gender Research (SKOK) at the Univer- sity of Bergen, Norway. Marry-Anne Karlsen is a Researcher in the Centre for Women’s and Gender Research (SKOK) at the University of Bergen, Norway, and heads IMER Bergen (International Migration and Ethnic Relations research unit). Shahram Khosravi is Professor of Social Anthropology at Stockholm University, Sweden. Waiting and the Temporalities of Irregular Migration Edited by Christine M. Jacobsen, Marry-Anne Karlsen and Shahram Khosravi LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business ©2021 selection and editorial matter, Christine M. Jacobsen, Marry- Anne Karlsen and Shahram Khosravi; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Christine M. Jacobsen, Marry-Anne Karlsen and Shahram Khosravi to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www. taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Jacobsen, Christine M., 1971– editor. | Karlsen, Marry- Anne, editor. | Khosravi, Shahram, editor. Title: Waiting and the temporalities of irregular migration / [edited by] Christine M. Jacobsen, Marry-Anne Karlsen and Shahram Khosravi. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020026545 (print) | LCCN 2020026546 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367368470 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429351730 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Emigration and immigration—Social aspects. | Illegal aliens—Social conditions. | Waiting (Philosophy) | Time. Classification: LCC JV6225 .W35 2020 (print) | LCC JV6225 (ebook) | DDC 304.8—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026545 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026546 ISBN: 978-0-367-36847-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-35173-0 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by codeMantra Contents List of contributors vii Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction: unpacking the temporalities of irregular migration 1 CHRISTINE M. JACOBSEN AND MARRY-ANNE KARLSEN PART I The multiple tempos of waiting 21 2 The violence of accelerated time: waiting and hasting during ‘the long summer of migration’ in Greece 23 K ATERI NA ROZAKOU 3 ‘They said wait, wait – and I waited’: the power chronographies of waiting for asylum in Marseille, France 40 CHRISTINE M. JACOBSEN 4 Filling the apps: the smartphone, time and the refugee 57 THOMAS HYLLAND ERIKSEN PART II The social relations of waiting 73 5 Mo’s challenge. Waiting and the question of methodological nationalism 75 KARI ANNE DRANGSLAND vi Contents 6 Migration control, temporal irregularity and waiting: undocumented Zimbabwean migrants’ experiences of deportability in South Africa 96 JOHANNES MACHINYA 7 Waiting out the condition of illegality in Norway 113 MARRY-ANNE KARLSEN 8 ‘Go fund me’: LGBTI asylum seekers in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya 131 B CAMMINGA PART III Legal temporalities and waiting 149 9 The truth of the body as controversial evidence: an investigation into age assessments of migrant minors in France 151 SANDRINE MUSSO 10 An end to asylum? Temporary protection and the erosion of refugee status 170 JESSICA SCHULTZ 11 ‘Doin’ hard time on planet earth’: migrant detainability, disciplinary power and the disposability of life 186 NICHOLAS DE GENOVA 12 Afterword: waiting, a state of consciousness 202 SHAHRAM KHOSRAVI Index 209 Contributors B Camminga is a postdoctoral fellow at the African Centre for Migration and Society, Wits University, South Africa, and the co-convenor of the African LGBTQI+ Migration Research Network (ALMN). Their work considers the interrelationship between the conceptual journeying of the term ‘transgender’ from the Global North and the physical embodied journeying of transgender asylum seekers from the African continent. Their first monographTransgender Refugees & the Imagined South Africa (Palgrave 2019) received honourable mention in the Ruth Benedict Prize for Queer Anthropology from the American Anthropology Association and the CLAGS: Sylvia Rivera Award in Transgender Studies. The book Beyond the Mountain: Queer Life in Africa’s ‘Gay Capital’ (Unisa Press, 2020), co-edited with Dr Zethu Matebeni, explores the conflicting itera- tions of race, sex, gender and sexuality that mark Cape Town. Nicholas De Genova is a professor and chair of the Department of Compar- ative Cultural Studies at the University of Houston. He held teaching appointments in urban and political geography at King’s College Lon- don, and in anthropology at Stanford, Columbia and Goldsmiths/Uni- versity of London, as well as visiting professorships or research positions at the Universities of Warwick, Bern, Amsterdam and Chicago. He is the author of Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and ‘Illegality’ in Mex- ican Chicago (2005), co-author of Latino Crossings: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and the Politics of Race and Citizenship (2003), editor of Racial Transformations: Latinos and Asians Remaking the United States (2006), co-editor of The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Free- dom of Movement (2010), editor of The Borders of ‘Europe’: Autonomy of Migration, Tactics of Bordering (2017) and co-editor of Roma Migrants in the European Union: Un/Free Mobility (2019). For more information see: www-nicholasdegenova.com. Kari Anne Drangsland is a PhD candidate at the Centre for Women’s and Gender Research (SKOK) at the University of Bergen (UiB). Her PhD project is part of the international research project Waiting for an Uncer- tain Future: The Temporalities of Irregular Migration, where she works viii Contributors with temporalities related to irregular migration in Hamburg, Germany. Drangsland graduated as a human geographer from UiB in 2007. For the past 13 years, she has worked as a researcher, consultant and university lecturer within the field of migration, planning and urban studies. Her professional career has been guided by a profound interest in matters of migration, bordering and spatial planning. Working with such topics, she has initiated and co-produced several projects in the field of art, design and architecture, focusing on new forms of research dissemination. Thomas Hylland Eriksen is a professor of social anthropology at the Uni- versity of Oslo. He has published textbooks, essays, polemical books and monographs, including Small Places, Large Issues (2014/1995), Ethnicity and Nationalism (2010/1993) and Overheating: An Anthropology of Accel- erated Change (2016). He is currently involved in research on the coro- navirus, on small scale and globalisation, the smartphone and waiting. His most recent books in English are Boomtown: Runaway Globalisa- tion on the Queensland Coast (2018), The Mauritian Paradox (co-edited with Ramola Ramtohul, 2018) and Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Today (co-edited with Marek Jakoubek, 2019). For more information see: http:// hyllanderiksen.net. Christine M. Jacobsen is a professor of social anthropology and the di- rector of the Centre for Women’s and Gender Research (SKOK) at the University of Bergen, and has been a visiting fellow at Centre Norbert Elias, Marseille, and the Gino Germani Institute, Buenos Aires, and in- ternational fellow at Institut Convergences Migrations, Paris. Jacobsen currently heads the international research project Waiting for an Uncer- tain Future: The Temporalities of Irregular Migration and a WP in the EU-funded project The Right to International Protection: A Pendulum be- tween Globalization and Nativization? She works ethnographically in Nor- way and France, and has