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Water Quality Status of River Yamuna in Delhi with Reference to Presence of Heavy Metals: a Review

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Water Quality Status of River Yamuna in Delhi with Reference to Presence of Heavy Metals: a Review Int. J. Pharm. Med. & Bio. Sc. 2012 Divya Christopher and Simarpreet Kaur, 2012 ISSN 2278 – 5221 www.ijpmbs.com Vol. 1, No. 2, October 2012 © 2012 IJPMBS. All Rights Reserved Research Paper WATER QUALITY STATUS OF RIVER YAMUNA IN DELHI WITH REFERENCE TO PRESENCE OF HEAVY METALS: A REVIEW Divya Christopher1* , Simarpreet Kaur2 and Rachana Singh1 *Corresponding Author: Divya Christopher, [email protected] Yamuna is the major tributary of River Ganges serving almost 57 million people across its travelling length in India. Apart from being mythologically associated with the Hindus, it caters to diverse needs of the people across such as power generation, domestic water supply, irrigation, fish farming and more. With such great dependence on its waters, the after effects are many. Increasing pollution of the river has been alarming since quite a long time in India. Over the last few years, the water quality of Yamuna has deteriorated despite huge expenditure and efforts put by the government. One of the potent effects of the polluted water is occurrence of heavy metals. Which are harmful and toxic at high concentrations affecting aquatic animals as well as human life. The article reviews the present status of Yamuna and describes the major studies across this topic. Emphasis has been laid on the waters entering Delhi region and the control exerted by the Government. The water quality of Yamuna at the point of its entry into Delhi fits to water quality standards in terms of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). However, during its exit, the water quality becomes unfit for any purpose. Keywords: Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Yamuna River, Heavy Metals INTRODUCTION as far as Indian population is concerned. In Hindu River Yamuna originates from Yamunotri glacier Mythology, it is worshipped as goddess Yamuna in Himalayas and is the largest tributary of River and it is believed that bathing in waters of Yamuna Ganges in India. Of its total travelling length of eradicates all the sins. Table 1 shows the area about 1380 km, it crosses many states such as covered by Yamuna in various states. The total Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, catchment basin of the Yamuna River is 3,66,223 Haryana and Delhi. Almost 57 million people sq.km which is 42.5% of the Total Ganga basin depend on this river for various needs. area and around 11% of the total landmass of the Mythologically, Yamuna has a great significance country. 1 Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida. 2 IMS Health, The Millenia, Tower D, Level 3, Murphy Road, Ulsoor, Banagalore, 560008. 266 Int. J. Pharm. Med. & Bio. Sc. 2012 Divya Christopher and Simarpreet Kaur, 2012 washing clothes and utensils by nearby Table 1: Catchment Area of River Yamuna community. Name of the State Total Catchment Area in Yamuna (sq.km) • Moreover, it is estimated that about 70% of the UP (including Uttaranchal) 74208 total cattle population in the Yamuna basin uses flowing water of river and canals for Himachal Pradesh 5799 bathing. Haryana 21265 With such a high dependence on its waters, Rajasthan 102883 this river surely is one of the biggest areas of Madhya Pradesh 14028 concern as far as environmental impacts are Delhi 1485 concerned. The river is one of the most polluted Source: CWC rivers in the world. Figure 1 shows the pollution sources. USES OF YAMUNA WATER Figure 1: Pollution Sources of River Yamuna Even today, water stands as one of the most essential requirements of life. We cannot think our livelihood without water. Yamuna waters contribute a lot to sustaining our lives in every manner. Some of the uses of its waters are as follows: • Areas like Delhi, Mathura, Agra and Allahabad use the Yamuna water for domestic water supplies. In Delhi, at a specific location i.e. Wazirabad, the entire water is diverted specifically for domestic supplies. • Almost 93% of Yamuna water is used for the purpose of irrigation with the help of four irrigation canals which are Western Yamuna WATER QUALITY OF RIVER canal, Eastern Yamuna canal, Agra canal & YAMUNA Gurgaon canal. Water quality of a river is assessed and • The Yamuna basin also has huge potential to categorized with reference to its use: generate hydropower & currently almost 400 a) Raw water fit for drinking purposes MW of hydropower is being channeled through this basin. b) Raw water fit for bathing purposes • River Yamuna provides a large scope of c) Raw water fit for agricultural use farming for fish and other aquatic animals. The categorization of water for its different • Waters of Yamuna are also used for bathing uses is based on three parameters as depicted by Hindu mythology and also for a) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 267 Int. J. Pharm. Med. & Bio. Sc. 2012 Divya Christopher and Simarpreet Kaur, 2012 b) Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) the quality of water at the point where the river leaves Delhi has extremely deteriorated with large c) Total Coli form (TC) quantities of untreated sewage falling into the river. Under the Water (Prevention and Control of The water quality of Yamuna at the point of its Pollution) Act, 1974, the Central Government entry into Delhi fits to water quality standards in constituted the Central Pollution Control Board terms of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Bio- (CPCB) and the State Government constituted chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). However, at similar State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB). the point of its exit from Delhi, the water quality of In Delhi, the executing agency delegated for the the river is unfit for any purpose. construction and maintenance of sewage treatment plants, sewage pumping stations and THE IMPACT trunk sewers and for treatment of domestic Over the last few years, the water quality of sewage is the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). Yamuna has deteriorated despite huge expenditure and efforts put by the government. THE SEWAGE SYSTEM IN DELHI There has been a substantial decline observed The DJB has 30 STPs at 17 locations in the NCT in the BOD and DO parameters as well as the of Delhi and 5600 kms long sewerage lines. This Coli form count, which has also deteriorated includes 28 main trunk sewers of a total length of exponentially. According to the report, published 130km. For sewage management, Delhi is by RITES in 2004, free ammonia which is toxic divided into five drainage zones of Okhla, to fish and micro-organisms was present far Keshopur, Rithala-Rohini, Coronation and above the acceptable levels. The concentration Shahdara. Also, there are newly sewered areas of heavy metals like copper, lead, nickel, zinc and of Pappan Kalan (Dwarka), Vasant Kunj, Sarita mercury were far in excess of the limits Vihar and Narela. (Measures to Control Water prescribed by the Environment Pollution Act. Also, Pollution in River Yamuna in Delhi, 2005). by the time Yamuna leaves Delhi at Okhla, the The main source of pollution of the river water wanes far below the ‘bathing standards‘ Yamuna is the domestic and industrial sewage and is considered practically unfit for any use. generated within the National Capital Territory Another effect was observed in sickness of soil (NCT) of Delhi. Despite over ten years of efforts where the capacity of the soil to retain oxygen on formation of sewage treatment infrastructure, required for biological decomposition is reduced Table 2: Parameter of Water Quality for Bathing Standard Parameter Prescribed standard Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Not less than 5 mg per liter Bio Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Not more than 3 mg per liter Total Coli form (TC) Not more than 500 per 100 ml Source: Report on Government of NCT of Delhi of 2005 268 Int. J. Pharm. Med. & Bio. Sc. 2012 Divya Christopher and Simarpreet Kaur, 2012 the ones that have no known benefits on humans Figure 2: Government Efforts to Control Contamination and their accumulation leads to major ailments. As described above, heavy metals are toxic to the human body at certain concentrations. Therefore, they have huge impacts as far as humans are concerned. These heavy metals are required in trace amounts by our body, but as their concentration increases, the toxicity associated with them also increases. These heavy metals affect humans by upsetting our cellular enzymes. They tend to remove the nutrients and bind their receptor sites. This in turn has huge effect on our nerves, digestion, hormones and our immune function. They also lead to decline in mental and cognitive health of a person. Source: TERI PRESENCE OF HEAVY METALS hindering decomposition of organic matter. IN YAMUNA Presence of heavy metals has also had a huge Till date, numerous studies have been conducted impact on the vegetables cultivated in the for testing the presence of heavy metals in river particular area. Vegetables grown in areas like Yamuna. This review article will summarize few Yamuna Pushta, Okhla, Najafgarh, etc. were of the studies to give an idea in totality about the found to have a significantly higher level of heavy metals in Yamuna waters and their potent contamination of zinc, lead and cadmium. effects. ROLE OF HEAVY METALS In a study for determination of heavy metals in In simple words, heavy metals are chemical fish species (Sen et al., 2011), characterization elements that have high density and are toxic at of heavy metals in fish elucidated that the some specific concentrations. They are capable concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Na and P were too of entering our bodies via food, water or air. Their high as compared with other metal and were not toxicity can be justified by a phenomenon known in the maximum permissible level set by World as bioaccumulation. These heavy metals tend to Health Organization (WHO).
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