DOCSLIB.ORG

Interlinking of River Basins-A Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interlinking of River Basins-A Review International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD) ISSN(P): 2249-6866; ISSN(E): 2249-7978 Vol. 4, Issue 2, Apr 2014, 33-46 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. INTERLINKING OF RIVER BASINS-A REVIEW MARY C. GEORGE1, PRAKASH D. KORGAONKAR2 & K. GEETHA3 1,2M.E Student, Water Resources Engineering, YTCEM, Maharashtra, India 3Visiting Professor, YTCEM, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT The interlinking of rivers is a major endeavor to create additional storage facilities and transfer water from water-surplus regions to more drought-prone areas through inter-basin transfers. Interlinking of major rivers in India, aims at modifying the acute spatial inequity in the availability of water resources in India. An integrated approach becomes necessary when dealing with resources such as water, which transcend state boundaries and form lifelines for entire communities. River deltas and drainage areas suffer from disequilibrium in water supplies that may necessitate the transfer of water from surplus to deficit areas. The concept of inter-basin transfer on a large scale has been under consideration for some time. The idea was mooted in as early as 1926 by Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyarand then by K.L. Rao and Capt. Dastur in 1970 and 1980, respectively. Some of the benefits due to interlinking of rivers are in the area of irrigation, flood prevention, hydropower generation, navigation etc., whereas the area of concerns are ecological issues, deforestation, aqua life, submergence of habitable or reserved lands, displacement of people, etc. This paper highlights the concept of inter-basin transfer of water, related issues and concerns of interlinking of rivers, economic and ecological benefits leading to sustainable development of region as well as adverse impacts due to inter-basin water transfer. KEYWORDS: Cloud Seeding, Cost Benefit Project, GIS (Geographical Information System), Tunnel, Zero Land Acquisition Cost INTRODUCTION The availability of freshwater at various spots on the Earth's terrestrial surface will continue to be determined by the hydrological cycle, till such a time when technologies like desalination of seawater is practiced on a reasonably extended scale. The rapid growth in the demand of freshwater driven by growth in the global population and of the economies, has led to this natural resource becoming scarce in many parts of the world. As a result, the ratio between the number of people and the available water resource is worsening day by day. By 2020, the global population is projected to touch 7.9 billion, which is 50 percent larger than that in 1990 [1]. It is a boon that water constitutes more than three fourths of the area of the earth and hence, it is designated, appropriately, as ‘watery planet’ or ‘blue planet’. Of the total water resources of the earth, the un-utilizable component accounts for more than 99%, this includes 97.2% of oceanic waters, 2.15% of glaciers and icecaps comparatively; a trivial quantity of less than 0.4%, including 0.3% of usable groundwater and even less percentage surface water is available for direct consumption. Thus, the utilizable surface water constitutes a very meagre percentage in the total global water resources. Hence, proper planning is essential for judicious utilization of this precious commodity for striking an appropriate balance between demand and availability, and availability and utilization at the global, regional and local levels for the sustainability of their ecosystems. There the concept of basin www.tjprc.org [email protected] 34 Mary C. George, Prakash D. Korgaonkar & K. Geetha transfer or interlinking comes. In the global picture, India is identified as a country where water scarcity is expected to grow considerably in the coming decades. Further, drought conditions are resulting from climatic and geographic variability and cause considerable human suffering in many parts of the country, in the form of scarcity of water for both satisfaction of domestic needs and for crop protection. The spatial and temporal variations in the rainfall over India has led to denotation of water ‘surplus’ and water scarce river basins in the country. The project for interlinking of rivers of India is a desire of the political leadership of the country to bring a permanent solution to the negative impacts of drought and water shortages in these parts [2]. Such a desire is, without question, worthy of applause because satisfaction of domestic water needs should be considered as a human right and be given the top priority. The project for interlinking the rivers in India aims at transferring water from water ‘surpluses to the water scarce basins if any. STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA The average annual rainfall in India is about 1170 mm [3]. This is considerable variation in rain both temporarily and spatially. Most rain falls in the monsoon season (June-September), necessitating the creation of large storages for maximum utilization of the surface run-off. Within any given year, it is possible to have both situations of drought and of floods in the same region. Regional varieties are also extreme, ranging from a low value of 100 mm in Western Rajasthan to over 11,000 mm in Meghalaya in North-Eastern India. Possible changes in rainfall patterns in the coming decade, global warming and climate change and other predicted or observed long-term trends on water availability could affect India’s water resources. Table 1: Land and Water Resources of India Particulars Quantity Geographical Area 329 million ha Flood Prone Area 40 million ha Total Cultivable Land Area 184 million ha. Net Irrigated Area 50 million ha Natural Runoff (Surface 1869 Cubic Water and Ground Water) km. Estimated Utilizable 690 Cubic km. Surface Water Potential Groundwater Resource 432 Cubic km Available Groundwater 361 Cubic km. resource for Irrigation Net utilizable Groundwater 325 Cubic km. resource for irrigation Water Resource India, National Institute of Hydrology. Website: www.nih.ernet.in; Source: National Institute of Hydrology HISTORICAL ASPECTS Human beings started diversion of water from local resources ever since, they started agriculture, by construction of earthen “anicuts” across local streams. The “grand anicut” of the 2nd century over the river Cauvery, recorded to be functioning till mid -19th century providing irrigation to 25,000 hectares resisting the impact of floods for 1600 long years, was the earliest known major diversion undertaken in India. Since historical times irrigation canals were developed by Cholas, Pandyas rulers of Vizianagarm and Kakatiyas for diverting the waters from Cauvery, Tungbadhra and Vaigai. The western Yamuna Canal and Agra Canal were built during the Mughal reign. The British rulers in India proposed to Impact Factor (JCC): 5.7179 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0 Interlinking of River Basins-A Review 35 link Calcutta, when it was the capital, with Karachi and Madras through a link canal combining all the rivers in the peninsula. Later they did not pursue the matter further, probably because the capital was shifted, the expenditure was huge, and their interests were probably more vested than rested on the welfare of India. Sir Arthur Cotton, the pioneer of modern irrigation, constructed anicuts over the rivers Krishna and Godavari for diversion of the waters [4]. In the recent past the proposal of interlinking rivers was put forth by Minister for Irrigation K. L. Rao in 1972.He proposed a 2640 kilometer long link between the Ganges and Kaveri rivers. A few years later, Captain Dastur, a pilot speculated aloud about a lateral Himalayan canal from the Ravi to the Brahmaputra along a constant 400-metre contour interconnected with a Garland Canal girdling peninsular India. But ideas like the Garland canal and the Ganga-Cauvery Link were routinely dismissed as too grandiose for a resource-strapped nation. Based on the various studies, National Water Development Authority (NWDA) has identified 30 Inter Basin Water Transfer Links under the National Perspective Plan for preparation of feasibility reports. A vivid understanding of the present proposal can be derived from Figure 1, ‘Proposed Inter Basin Water Transfer Links’. [5] NECESSITY TO CONSERVE FRESH WATER The need to conserve water arises from its wide applications. Water is absolutely important to sustain flora, fauna and human life. This highlights its first importance. But other than this primary use of water there is a wide application of freshwater as enlisted below. Agriculture The most important use of water in agriculture is for irrigation, which is a key component to produce enough food. Irrigation takes up to 90% of water withdrawn in some developing countries. Drinking Figure 1: Proposed Inter Basin Water Transfer Links www.tjprc.org [email protected] 36 Mary C. George, Prakash D. Korgaonkar & K. Geetha The human body contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size. To function properly, the body requires between one and seven liters of water per day to avoid dehydration; the precise amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors. Washing The propensity of water to form solutions and emulsions is useful in various washing processes. Many industrial processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water, suspension of solids in water slurries or using water to dissolve and extract substances. Washing is also an important component of several aspects of personal body hygiene. Transportation The use of water for transportation of materials through rivers and canals as well as the international shipping lanes is an important part of the world economy. Chemical Uses Water is widely used in chemical reactions as a solvent or reactant and less commonly as a solute or catalyst. Heat Exchange Water and steam are used as heat transfer fluids in diverse heat exchange systems, due to its availability and high heat capacity, both as a coolant and for heating. Cool water may even be naturally available from a lake or the sea.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Interlinking of Rivers in India: Proposed Sharda-Yamuna Link
    IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 9, Issue 2 Ver. II (Feb 2015), PP 28-35 www.iosrjournals.org Interlinking of rivers in India: Proposed Sharda-Yamuna Link Anjali Verma and Narendra Kumar Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow-226025, (U.P.), India. Abstract: Currently, about a billion people around the world are facing major water problems drought and flood. The rainfall in the country is irregularly distributed in space and time causes drought and flood. An approach for effective management of droughts and floods at the national level; the Central Water Commission formulated National Perspective Plan (NPP) in the year, 1980 and developed a plan called “Interlinking of Rivers in India”. The special feature of the National Perspective Plan is to provide proper distribution of water by transferring water from surplus basin to deficit basin. About 30 interlinking of rivers are proposed on 37 Indian rivers under NPP plan. Sharda to Yamuna Link is one of the proposed river inter links. The main concern of the paper is to study the proposed inter-basin water transfer Sharda – Yamuna Link including its size, area and location of the project. The enrouted and command areas of the link canal covers in the States of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh in India. The purpose of S-Y link canal is to transfer the water from surplus Sharda River to deficit Yamuna River for use of water in drought prone western areas like Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Condition of the Yamuna River - an Overview of Flow, Pollution Load and Human Use
    Current condition of the Yamuna River - an overview of flow, pollution load and human use Deepshikha Sharma and Arun Kansal, TERI University Introduction Yamuna is the sub-basin of the Ganga river system. Out of the total catchment’s area of 861404 sq km of the Ganga basin, the Yamuna River and its catchment together contribute to a total of 345848 sq. km area which 40.14% of total Ganga River Basin (CPCB, 1980-81; CPCB, 1982-83). It is a large basin covering seven Indian states. The river water is used for both abstractive and in stream uses like irrigation, domestic water supply, industrial etc. It has been subjected to over exploitation, both in quantity and quality. Given that a large population is dependent on the river, it is of significance to preserve its water quality. The river is polluted by both point and non-point sources, where National Capital Territory (NCT) – Delhi is the major contributor, followed by Agra and Mathura. Approximately, 85% of the total pollution is from domestic source. The condition deteriorates further due to significant water abstraction which reduces the dilution capacity of the river. The stretch between Wazirabad barrage and Chambal river confluence is critically polluted and 22km of Delhi stretch is the maximum polluted amongst all. In order to restore the quality of river, the Government of India (GoI) initiated the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) in the1993and later YAPII in the year 2004 (CPCB, 2006-07). Yamuna river basin River Yamuna (Figure 1) is the largest tributary of the River Ganga. The main stream of the river Yamuna originates from the Yamunotri glacier near Bandar Punch (38o 59' N 78o 27' E) in the Mussourie range of the lower Himalayas at an elevation of about 6320 meter above mean sea level in the district Uttarkashi (Uttranchal).
    [Show full text]
  • On the Brink: Water Governance in the Yamuna River Basin in Haryana By
    Water Governance in the Yamuna River Basin in Haryana August 2010 For copies and further information, please contact: PEACE Institute Charitable Trust 178-F, Pocket – 4, Mayur Vihar, Phase I, Delhi – 110 091, India Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development PEACE Institute Charitable Trust P : 91-11-22719005; E : [email protected]; W: www.peaceinst.org Published by PEACE Institute Charitable Trust 178-F, Pocket – 4, Mayur Vihar – I, Delhi – 110 091, INDIA Telefax: 91-11-22719005 Email: [email protected] Web: www.peaceinst.org First Edition, August 2010 © PEACE Institute Charitable Trust Funded by Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development (SPWD) under a Sir Dorabji Tata Trust supported Water Governance Project 14-A, Vishnu Digambar Marg, New Delhi – 110 002, INDIA Phone: 91-11-23236440 Email: [email protected] Web: www.watergovernanceindia.org Designed & Printed by: Kriti Communications Disclaimer PEACE Institute Charitable Trust and Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development (SPWD) cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in this report. All rights reserved. Information contained in this report may be used freely with due acknowledgement. When I am, U r fine. When I am not, U panic ! When I get frail and sick, U care not ? (I – water) – Manoj Misra This publication is a joint effort of: Amita Bhaduri, Bhim, Hardeep Singh, Manoj Misra, Pushp Jain, Prem Prakash Bhardwaj & All participants at the workshop on ‘Water Governance in Yamuna Basin’ held at Panipat (Haryana) on 26 July 2010 On the Brink... Water Governance in the Yamuna River Basin in Haryana i Acknowledgement The roots of this study lie in our research and advocacy work for the river Yamuna under a civil society campaign called ‘Yamuna Jiye Abhiyaan’ which has been an ongoing process for the last three and a half years.
    [Show full text]
  • Are You Suprised ? F…
    1.0 INTRODUCTION The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 has been aimed to fulfill the water quality requirement of designated-best-uses of all the natural aquatic resources. Loss of bio-diversity on account of degradation of habitat has become the cause of major concern in recent years. Central Pollution Control Board, while executing the nation wide responsibility for water quality monitoring and management has established water quality monitoring network in the country. The Water Quality Monitoring Network constitutes 784 monitoring stations located on various water bodies all over the country. However, wetland areas have not been included as part of regular water quality monitoring network in the country. Keeping in view the importance of water quality of wetland areas, Central Pollution Control Board has initiated studies on Bio-monitoring of selected wetlands in wildlife habitats of the country. Bio monitoring of wetlands in wild life sanctuaries has been considered as most suitable measure to evaluate the health of wildlife ecosystem. Further, the monitoring of environmental variables will be immensely helpful in protecting and restoring the ecological status in these threatened habitats. 2.0 CPCB’S INITIATIVES FOR BIO-MONITORING OF WETLANDS Under the Indo-Dutch collaborative project, the development of bio- monitoring methodology for Indian river water quality evaluation was initiated during 1988. The Central Pollution Control Board carried out a pilot study on the River Yamuna for a selected stretch from Delhi upstream to Etawah downstream. The main objective of this study was to formulate strategic methods, which can be accepted in scientific and legislative framework for water quality evaluation.
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Riverriver
    Reviving River Yamuna An Actionable Blue Print for a BLUEBLUE RIVERRIVER Edited by PEACE Institute Charitable Trust H.S. Panwar 2009 Reviving River Yamuna An Actionable Blue Print for a BLUE RIVER Edited by H.S. Panwar PEACE Institute Charitable Trust 2009 contents ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... v PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 Fact File of Yamuna ................................................................................................. 9 A report by CHAPTER 2 Diversion and over Abstraction of Water from the River .............................. 15 PEACE Institute Charitable Trust CHAPTER 3 Unbridled Pollution ................................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER 4 Rampant Encroachment in Flood Plains ............................................................ 29 CHAPTER 5 There is Hope for Yamuna – An Actionable Blue Print for Revival ............ 33 This report is one of the outputs from the Ford Foundation sponsored project titled CHAPTER 6 Yamuna Jiye Abhiyaan - An Example of Civil Society Action .......................... 39 Mainstreaming the river as a popular civil action ‘cause’ through “motivating actions for the revival of the people – river close links as a precursor to citizen’s mandated actions for the revival
    [Show full text]
  • E-Flow) in River Yamuna
    Environmental flow (E-Flow) in river Yamuna Context: The Hon’ble NGT in its judgment dated 13 January 2015 and through subsequent directions in OA No 6 of 2012 and 300 of 2013 given directions for the maintenance of requisite environmental flow in river Yamuna downstream of the barrage at Hathnikund in Haryana and at Okhla in Delhi so that there is enough fresh water flowing in the river till Agra for restoration of the river’s ecological functions. The Hon’ble Supreme Court had in W.P. ( C ) 537 of 1992 directed on 14 May 1999, that “a minimum flow of 10 cumecs (353 cusec) must be allowed to flow throughout the river Yamuna”. The report of the three member committee of MoWR, RD and GR on Assessment of Environmental Flows (E-Flows) has in March 2015 determined scientifically that E Flows as % of 90% dependable virgin flow at downstream Pashulok Barrage, Rishikesh on river Ganga should be 65.80%. It may be noted that the situation of river Yamuna at the Hathnikund barrage in Haryana is comparable to the situation at Rishikesh on river Ganga. In addition river Ganga at Rishikesh carries far more virgin flow in it as compared to leaner river Yamuna at Hathnikund. E – Flow in river Yamuna In view of the above it has been estimated that the E Flow in river Yamuna downstream of the barrage at Hathnikund should be no less than 2500 cusec (around 70% of the average minimum virgin flow of 3500 cusec reported at Hathnikund barrage during the leanest month of January).
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling the Efficacy of the Ganga Action Plan's Restoration of The
    Modeling the Efficacy of the Ganga Action Plan’s Restoration of the Ganga River, India By Shaw Lacy A thesis submitted In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science Natural Resources and Environment at The University of Michigan August 2006 Thesis Committee: Professor Michael Wiley Professor Jonathan Bulkley Abstract. To combat rising levels of water pollution in the Ganges River, the Indian gov- ernment initiated the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) in 1984. After twenty years, it is a com- mon perception that the GAP has failed to achieve the goals of a cleaner river. Using available government data on pollution levels and hydrology, I undertook an of the GAP efficacy for fifteen pollution parameters across 52 water quality sampling points moni- tored by India’s Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) within the Ganga Basin. Dis- solved oxygen, BOD, and COD showed a significant improvement of water quality after twenty years. In addition, fecal and total coliform levels, as well as concentrations of cal- cium, magnesium, and TDS all showed a significant decline. Building on this analysis, a GIS analysis was used to create a spatial model of the majority of the Ganga River net- work using a reach-based ecological classification approach. Using recent GAP monitor- ing data, a multiple linear regression model of expected pollutant loads within each reach (VSEC unit) was created. This model was then used to inventory water quality across the entire basin, based on CPCB criteria. My analysis showed 208 river km were class A, 1,142 river km were class B, 684 river km were class C, 1,614 river km were class D, and 10,403 river km were class E.
    [Show full text]
  • Chief Engineer (Yamuna) Okhla, New Delhi- 110 025
    PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT Project for Construction of Rubber Dam at 1.5 K.M Downstream of Taj Mahal on River Yamuna in Agra City Submitted to: The Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change, New Delhi April 2019 Submitted by: Chief Engineer (Yamuna) Okhla, New Delhi- 110 025 Irrigation and Water Resource Department, Uttar Pradesh PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND ........................................................................ 3 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................. 4 1.4 LOCATION & CONNECTIVITY............................................................................................. 5 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 LAND REQUIREMENT ...................................................................................................... 12 2.2 RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENT ..................................................................................... 13 2.3 MANPOWER REQUIREMENT .......................................................................................... 13 2.4 WATER REQUIREMENT ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report 4.2 IN-24740-R13-073
    STUDY ON PLANNING OF WATER RESOURCES OF RAJASTHAN Contents Page Table of Contents I Abbreviations and Acronyms IX Executive Summary i 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 2. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................... 3 3. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................... 4 3.1 General ................................................................................................................ 4 3.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 4 3.2.1 General .................................................................................................. 4 3.2.2 Data Collection and Validation ................................................................ 5 3.2.3 Modelling for Assessment of Surface Water Potential............................. 9 3.2.4 Inter-state Water Sharing ...................................................................... 10 3.2.5 Groundwater Data Processing .............................................................. 11 3.2.6 Groundwater Abstraction Village-wise .................................................. 19 3.2.7 Assessment of Dynamic Ground Water Resources .............................. 19 3.2.8 Assessment of Static Ground Water Resources ................................... 20 4. APPLIED BACKGROUND
    [Show full text]
  • Central Pollution Control Board
    Central Pollution Control Board Concept of Bio-Mapping of Rivers Bio-Mapping of Rivers Inclusion of Biological Parameters for Bio-Mapping CPCB Initiative for Bio-Mapping of River Basins in India Methodology for Bio-Mapping Water Quality Criteria (WQC) for Evaluation of Water Bodies Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC) River Basins Bio-Mapping of River Basin - A Case Study on River Yamuna http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/bio-mapping-march1999/march1999.htm[11/29/2013 3:11:09 PM] Central Pollution Control Board Contents Water quality mapping of rivers in India is a measure to identify the reaches where the gap between the desired and the existing water quality is significant, to warrant pollution control measures. However, the existing management system is not enough to link the desired Archives quality level to the water quality level for various designated-best-use. In western countries, such as Federal Republic of Germany, the maps based on bio-monitoring have proved as a Home powerful tool for preparation of action plan for control of pollution and for improvement of water quality of rivers. The Central Pollution Control Board has taken up a project to utilize the bio-monitoring data of rivers to evolve a bio-map of entire stretches of river basins in India. In this issue of PARIVESH Newsletter the methodology of biological classification of various stretches of river basins has been presented. The information for the issue has been collected, compiled and collated by Dr.(Mrs.) Pratima Akolkar, Sh. G. K. Ahuja, Dr. C. S. Sharma and Ms. Chetna Kohli under supervision of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of BAPS for up Major River Basins Yamuna Basin Plan
    Government of Uttar Pradesh SWaRA State Water Resources Agency Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh Yamuna Basin Plan (Volume-I) June 2020 Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Yamuna Basin Plan Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh Yamuna Basin Plan (Volume-I) Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... i List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ v List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... viii List of Maps (at the end of Volume-I) ................................................................................................. ix List of Appendices (in Volume-II) ....................................................................................................... x Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... xii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... I 1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Inter Linking of Rivers - a Review
    International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) http://dx.doi.org/10.21172/ijiet.144.14 Inter Linking of Rivers - a Review Harbir Singh Scientist ‘C’, CSMRS, New Delhi Abstract. The rivers in India are truly speaking not only life-line of masses but also for nature. The rivers play a very important role in the life of the People. The river system facilitate us in irrigation, potable water, cheap transportation, energy as well as a resource of living for our ever growing population. Some of the major cities of India are located at the bank of holy rivers. Proper supervision of river water is the need of the hour. Indian agriculture mainly depends upon Monsoon which is always vague in nature. Hence, there is a rigorous problem of lack of irrigation in one region and water logging in other region. Damage to crops due to deficiency and pathetic drainage facility could be managed. Depleting and declining status of water resources may be one of the most essential resource issues in the 21stcentury. The core idea of the paper is to study issues and challenges in interlinking of rivers in India and to study ecological collision of Inter-River Linking Project (IRL). Inter-River Linking Project (IRL), issues and challenges Inter-River Linking Project involves multifaceted issues and challenges related to financially viable, environmental, and social costs. I. INTRODUCTION The Inter-linking of Rivers in India proposal has a long history. During the British colonial rule during 19th century engineer Arthur Cotton proposed the plan to interlink major Indian rivers in order to hasten import and export of goods from its colony in South Asia, as well as to address water shortages and droughts in southeastern India (now Andhra Pradesh and Orissa).In 1970s, Dr.
    [Show full text]