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Z.Yo'ldoshev X.Xalilova MILLIY VA JAHON IQTISODIYOTI O'quv Qo

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Z.Yo'ldoshev X.Xalilova MILLIY VA JAHON IQTISODIYOTI O'quv Qo O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKA OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI TOSHKENT MOLIYA INSTITUTI Z.Yo’ldoshev X.Xalilova MILLIY VA JAHON IQTISODIYOTI o’quv qo’llanma TOSHKENT – 2013 Z.Yo’ldoshev X.Xalilova. Milliy va jahon iqtisodiyoti. (o’quv qo’llanma). Toshkent, Toshkent Moliya instituti, 2013. 220 bet. “Milliy va jahon iqtisodiyoti” kursi bo’yicha qayta tayyorlangan mazkur o’quv qo’llanmada Milliy va jahon iqtisodiyoti tushunchasi, O’zbekiston Respublikasining davlat mustaqilligi, uni bozor iqtisodiyotiga o’tishi, Respublikada milliy iqtisodiyotning shakllanishi, uning rivojlanishini ta’minlovchi omillar, milliy iqtisodiyotning tarkibini qayta qurish, ishlab chiqarish va sotsial majmualarni isloh qilish va rivojlantirish masalalari yoritilgan. SHuningdek qo’llanmada strategik rejalashtirish, O’zbskistonning tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyati, rivojlangan, rivojlanayotgan hamda iqtisodi o’tish davriga xos bo’lgan mamlakatlar iqtisodiyotining o’ziga xos xususiyatlari ham ko’rsatilgan. Mazkur o’quv qo’llanma iqtisodiy oliy o’quv yurtlari talabalari, professor- o’qituvchilari hamda milliy va xalqaro iqtisodiyotta qiziquvchi kitobxonlarga mo’ljallangan. Mazkur o’quv qo’llanma Toshkent Moliya instituti “Mintaqaviy iqtisodiyot” kafedrasining 2013 yil 5 fevraldagi ___-qarori bilan institut qoshidagi Oliy o’quv yurtlararo ilmiy uslubiy kengashning 2013 yil ___ fevralida muhokama qilingan va ___-sonli Qaror bilan nashrga tavsiya qilingan. Ma’sul muharrir: i.f.d., prof. N.Xaydarov Ichki taqrizchi: i.f.d., prof. Yo. Abdullaev Tashqi taqrizchi: i.f.d., prof. A.Bekmurodov 2 KIRISH O’zbekistonda siyosiy va davlat mustaqilligi kamol topishi bilan uning bozor munosabatlariga asoslangan Milliy iqtisodiyoti shakllana boshladi. Milliy iqtisodiyot - bu ma’lum bir davlat hududida tarixan tashkil topgan, bir-biri bilan maqsadi va mehnat taqsimoti bog’liq bo’lgan tarmoqlar yig’indisidir. Yagona tizim sifatida milliy iqtisodiyot o’ziga xos bo’lgan munosabatlari, boshqaruv tizimi, umumiqtisodiy infrastrukturasi va mustaqil qonunchiligiga ega bo’lgan mustaqil davlatchilikni taqozo qiladi. Jahon (xalqaro) iqtisodiyoti esa bir-biriga o’zaro ta’sir etuvchi, xalqaro aloqalarga intiluvchi barcha milliy iqtisodiyotlar yig’indisidir. Milliy va jahon iqtisodiyotining o’ziga xos xususiyatlari, integratsiyalashuv omillari, tendentsiyalarini iqtisodiy oliy o’quv yurti talabalarining bilishlari maqsadga muvofiqdir. Bakalavr darajasini olayotgan har bir talaba mustaqil davlatning iqtisodiy siyosatini, bozor iqtisodiyotiga o’tishning o’z modelini, uning shakllanish jarayonini bilmog’i lozimdir. Milliy va jahon iqtisodiyoti kursi Oliy o’quv yurtlarining moliya, bank ishi, soliq va soliqqa tortish, sug’urta ishi, buxgalteriya hisobi va audit hamda boshqa iqtisodiy yo’nalishlarida o’qiyotgan bakalavr-talabalari uchun mo’ljallangan bo’lib, ularni mamlakat iqtisodiyotida kechayotgan chuqur va ko’p qirrali jarayonlarni o’rganishga undaydi. Milliy va jahon iqtisodiyoti kursi O’zbekiston iqtisodiyotining bozor munosabatlariga o’tishi, itisodiyotni isloh qilish jarayonlarini, o’zbek milliy modelining mohiyatini hamda respublika aholisining yuqori turmush darajasiga ega bo’lgan iqtisodiy rivojlangan davlatlar qatoriga bosqichma-bosqich o’tish jarayonlarini o’rganishni o’z oldiga maqsad qilib qo’yadi. Milliy va jahon iqtisodiyoti kursi quyidagi vazifalarni hal qilishga e’tiborni qaratadi: - Mamlakatni ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy qayta qurish va rivojlanishning o’ziga xos yo’llarini va muammolarini o’rganadi. - Respublikaning iqtisodiy potentsialini, uning tarkibini, o’sish dinamikasini tahlil qiladi. - Iqtisodiyotni boshqarish vazifalarini va asosiy printsiplarini hamda bozor iqtisodiyoti sharoitida strategik rejalashtirish va davlat tomonidan iqtisodiyotni tartibga solish tizimini o’rganadi. - Mamlakatni tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyatini tashkil qilish, xorijiy davlatlar bilan iqtisodiy hamkorlik o’rnatish tartibini o’rganadi. - Globallashuv jarayoni va jahon iqtisodiyotiga integratsiyalashuv shakllari, uning mexanizmlarini o’rganadi va h.k. Milliy va jahon iqtisodiyoti kursi mamlakatimiz iqtisodiyoti, uning iqtisodiy komplekslari, iqtisodiy islohotlar, ularning natijalari, bir-biri bilan bog’liq bo’lgan tarmoqlarini hamda rivojlangan, rivojlanayotgan va o’tish davriga xos bo’lgan davlatlar iqtisodiyotining o’ziga xos bo’lgan xususiyatlarini o’rganishni taqozo qiladi. 3 O’quv qo’llanma moliya, bank ishi, soliq soliqqa tortish, sug’urta ishi, buxgalteriya hisobi va audit, qimmatli qog’ozlar va birja ishi hamda boshqa iqtisodiy yo’nalishlarda o’qitilishini nazarda tutib hamda ishchi o’quv rejasidagi ajratilgan soatlarni kamligini e’tiborga olib, unga O’zbekiston iqtisodiyotini rivojlanishida moliya-kredit tizimi kabi ixtisoslik fanlaridan o’tiladigan hamda alohida fan sifatida o’qitiladigan xususiylashtirish va tadbirkorlikning ayrim mavzulari qaytarish bo’lmasligi uchun, ongli ravishda mazkur kursga kiritilmadi. Mazkur o’quv qo’llanma tayyorlash va nashr qildirishda yaratilgan sharoit va yordam uchun Toshkent Moliya instituti rektori U.Azizovga hamda “Mintaqaviy iqtisodiyot” kafedrasi mudiri Z.Abdalovaga mualliflar minnatdorchilik bildiradi. SHuning bilan birga mualliflar statistik ma’lumotlarni yangilashda, ularni tahlil qilishda ko’rsatgan amaliy yordami uchun “Mintaqaviy iqtisodiyot” kafedrasi o’qituvchisi Aliev Sanjarga ham o’z minnatdorchiligini bildiradi. 4 I BOB. MILLIY IQTISODIYoTNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI REJA: § 1. Milliy va jahon iqtisodiyot tushunchasi, mazmuni, kursning predmeti. § 2. O’zbekiston Respublikasining bozor iqtisodiyotiga o’tishi va milliy iqtisodiyotni shakllanishi. 1.1. Milliy iqtisodiyot tushunchasi, mazmuni, kursning predmeti. Iqtisodiyot keng ma’noda – bu bir tomondan, o’ziga xos qonunlar asosida rivojlanadigan ishlab chiqarish va noishlab chiqarish tarmoqlarini birlashtirgan xo’jalik bo’lib, ikkinchi tomondan iqtisodiyot, yuqori mehnat unumdorligiga erishish, aholini turmush darajasini yaxshilash va cheklangan resurslardan unumli foydalanish maqsadida iqtisodiy qonunlarni o’rganish bilan shug’ullanadigan eng qadimiy fanlardan biridir. Iqtisodiyotning 3 xil tushunchasi bor: · Ishlab chiqarish munosabatlarining yig’indisi; · Tuman xo’jaligi, mamlakat yoki mamlakatlar xo’jaligi yoki dunyo xo’jaligi; · Iqtisodiy munosabatlarni tarmoqlararo yoki funktsional aspektlarini (tomonlarini) o’rganadigan fan tarmog’i. “Milliy iqtisodiyot” atamasi esa keyingi yillarda “mamlakat iqtisodiyoti”, “respublika iqtisodiyoti”, “milliy xo’jalik”, “xalq xo’jaligi”, “ijtimoiy ishlab chiqarish” tushunchalarining sinonimi sifatida ilmiy adabiyotga, boshqarish va xo’jalik amaliyotiga kirib keldi. Milliy iqtisodiyotning quyidagi xarakterli belgilari va shart-sharoitlari mavjud: - milliy va davlat suvereniteti; - hududiy yaxlitlik; - iqtisodiy maydon va huquqiy muhit birligi; - yagona to’lov vositasi – milliy pul birligi, moliya tizimi yaxlitligi; - ichki bozorning rivojlanganligi, tashqi iqtisodiy va geopolitik munosabatlarning barqarorligi va boshqalar. Milliy iqtisodiyot murakkab tizim sifatida tashkiliy, tuzilmaviy, resurs, institutsional va boshqa kichik tizimlar, komponentlardan tarkib topadi. Tashkiliy jihatdan – xo’jalik yuritish sub’ektlar yig’indisi – tashkilotlar, muassasalar, korxonalar, ishlab chiqarish turlari, tarmoqlar, mintaqalar, ularning o’zaro aloqalari va munosabatlaridan iborat. Tarkibiy jihatdan – xo’jalik majmualari – sanoat, agrosanoat majmuasi, yoqilg’i-energetika majmuasi, qurilish majmuasi va boshqalar. Resurslar bo’yicha – imkoniyatlar yig’indisi – tabiiy xom-ashyo, demografik va mehnat, ilmiy va innovatsion, ishlab chiqarish, ekologik xususiyatlardan iborat. Institutsional jihatdan – bozor institutlari va milliy bozor segmentlari yig’indisi – ishlab chiqarish vositalari bozori, tovar va xizmatlar bozori, kapital 5 bozori, ipoteka bozori, qimmatli qog’ozlar bozori, fond bozori, mehnat bozori, intellektual mulk ob’ektlari bozori, uy-joy bozori va boshqalardan iborat. Xarakat qilish va boshqarish darajasi bo’yicha milliy iqtisodiyot makrodarajada (butun iqtisodiyot) mezodarajada (tarmoqlar, mintaqalar) va mikrodarajada (korxona, birlashchi ishlab chiqarish) tahlil qilinadi. Milliy iqtisodiyot mamlakat iqtisodiyotining faoliyat ko’rsatish shakli bo’lib, mamlakat hududida yashovchi asosiy millat (xalq)ning tarixan shakllangan va rivojlanayotgan ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy munosabatlari bilan belgilanadigan, mahalliy, o’ziga xos xususiyatlarga ega bo’lgan xo’jalik tarmoqlari, korxonalari, mehnat uyushmalari, xududlari va mintaqalari tizimidir. Milliy iqtisodiyot fani – iqtisodiyotning shakllanish va rivojlanish muammolarini yangi sharoitda, mustaqillik sharoitida o’rganadigan iqtisodiy fanlar tizimidagi yosh fandir. Milliy iqtisodiyot – bu tarmoqlar xususiyatini birlashtirgan, mujassamlashtirgan kompleksdir. Milliy iqtisodiyot – bu mamlakat xo’jaligini, uning tarkibini, uning ayrim elementlarini o’zaro bog’liqligidir. Milliy iqtisodiyot- iqtisodiyotni ham milliy (nomos), ham iqtisodiy (oikos)qismlarini birlashtiradi. “Milliy” so’zi lotincha so’zdan olingan bo’lib “natio”-xalq so’zini bildiradi.”Iqtisodiyot” esa grekcha so’zdan olingan bo’lib “oikonomike”- uy xo’jaligini boshqarish san’ati ma’nosini anglatadi. Iqtisodiyot, milliy – deb atalsa ham, u ma’lum bir millat manfaatini ifodalamaydi, balki umummilliy manfaatlarga xizmat qiladi. Milliy iqtisodiyot kapitalizmning vujudga kelishi bilan bog’liq xodisadir. U eng avvalo, XVII asrning o’rtalarida Angliyada qaror topdi. Hozirgi paytda uning kapitalistik, sotsialistik, postsotsialistik va kam rivojlangan mamlakatlardagi kapitalistik
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