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O'zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Va O'rta Maxsus Ta'lim Vazirligi Qo'qon Davlat Pedagogika Instituti

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O'zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Va O'rta Maxsus Ta'lim Vazirligi Qo'qon Davlat Pedagogika Instituti O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI QO’QON DAVLAT PEDAGOGIKA INSTITUTI “KIMYO VA UNI О‘QITISH METODIKASI” kafedrasi H.U.Dehqonov, S.A.Movlonova KIMYO (5110500-Geografiya o’qitish metodikasi ta’lim yо‘nalishi talabalari uchun о‘quv qо‘llanma) TOSHKЕNT – 2020 Kirish. Kimyo fani mo’jizakor fan. Kimyo fani yutuqlarini har sohada ko’rishimiz mumkin. Kiyib yurgan kiyimimiz, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari, dori-darmon vositalari, xo’jalik mollari, parfyumeriya sohasi, energetika sohasi va bir qancha sohalarda kimyo fanining o’rni beqiyos. Kimyo fanini o’rganish davomida biz uning qanday fan ekanligini, o’rganilish sohalarini, kimyo fanidagi kimyoviy jarayonlarning reaksiya tenglamalari orqali ifodalanishini o’rganamiz. Hozirgi kunda kimyo fanini o’rganishda kompyuterdan foydalanish, ya’ni demonstratsion tajribalarni kompyuter yordamida tushuntirish talabalarning tasavvur qilish qobiliyatini kengaytirishga xizmat qiladi. Ushbu o’quv qo’llanma pedagogika universitetlarining geografiya o’qitish metodikasi ta’lim yо‘nalishi talabalari uchun tasdiqlangan, kimyo о‘quv dasturi asosida tuzilgan bо‘lib, asosiy maqsad nazariy-amaliy va mustaqil mashg‘ulotlarni talabalar tomonidan osonroq о‘zlashtirilishiga qaratilgan, ayniqsa mustaqil bajariladigan amaliy mashg‘ulotlarni sifatli uyushtirish uchun, talabalarni о‘quv qо‘llanmalar bilan ta’minlash zarur. Hozirgi mavjud qо‘llanmalar asosan rus tilida, о‘zbek tilida chiqqanlari aynan universitet shu yо‘nalish talabalari uchun dastur asosida yozilmagan. Talabalar kurs davomida mustaqil ishlash uchun anorganik birikmalarning nomenklaturasini, tuzilishini, olinish usullarini, fizikaviy va kimyoviy xossalarini sinchkovlik bilan о‘rganishlari talab qilinadi. Buning uchun ular: anorganik moddalar о‘rtasidagi genetik bog‘lanishni, modda molekulasini kimyoviy tuzilishini, elektron tuzilishini, qutblanish va orbitallarni tuzilishini, modda molekulalari о‘rtasidagi boradigan reaksiyalar, reaksiya mexanizmlari, reaksiy turlari, muhitning ta’siri hamda olingan bilimlarni amaliy jihatdan qо‘llay bilishlari kerak. Kimyo fani bо‘yicha amaliy mashg‘ulotlarni bajarishdan avval talaba shu mavzuga oid moddalarning kimyoviy xossalari bilan tanish bо‘lishi kerak. Talaba mazkur kurs davomida D.I.Mеndеlеyevning dаvriy jаdvаli vа dаvriy qоnuni, Dispеrs sistеmalarning tuzilishi va tarkibi, metallmaslar, suvning qattiqligi va uni yumshatish usullari, cho’yan va po’lat ishlab chiqarish, mineral ma’danlarning tuzilishi va tarkibi, Neft va uning tarkibini o’rganish, miqdoriy analizning perganometriya, yodometriya, kompleksometriya metodlari, O’zbekistondagi tabiiy qazilma boyliklari, konlar, ishlab chiqarish korxonalari, ularning xaritadagi o’rnini aniqlash, tabiiy xaritalarda zahiralarning o’rnini belgilashlarni o’rganishi uchun ma’ruza mashg’ulotidagi mavzularni to’liq egallashlari zarur. Mazkur о‘quv qо‘llanmada dasturga kо‘ra о‘nta mavzuga tegishli amaliy mashg‘ulot ishlari kiritilgan bо‘lib, har bir mavzudan keyin tegishli amaliy mashg‘ulotlarni bajarish uchun keltirilgan hamda kollokvium savollari va mustaqil о‘rganish uchun testlar berilgan. Test savollari dasturga binoan beriladigan ma’ruzalar matni asosida tuzilgan bо‘lib, bu savollardan nazorat uchun bir necha variantlar tayyorlanadi va shunga о‘xshash boshqa savollar bilan oson almashtirilib yangilanadi. Test savollari bо‘yicha tayyorlangan va ularga javob bera oladigan talaba kimyoni tо‘la о‘zlashtirgan deb hisoblanishi mumkin. Talaba mustaqil o’rganishi uchun mavzular asosida qo’shimcha adabiyotlardan foydalanishlari va yanada ko’proq ma’lumotlarga ega bo’lishi lozim. Fanning ma’ruza va amaliy mavzulari uchun ajratilgan soatlar taqsimoti: № D Ma’ruzalar mashg’ulot mavzulari ars soatlari hajmi 1 Кimyo fаni va uning аsоsiy vazifalаri. 2 D.I.Mеndеlеyevning dаvriy jаdvаli vа dаvriy qоnuni. 2 Dispеrs sistеmalar 2 3 Metallmaslar haqida tushuncha 2 4 Kislorodning allotropik shakl o’zgarishlari. Suv va uning 2 tarkibi 5 Uglerod va uning birikmalari 2 6 Metallarning umumiy xossalari. Mineral ma’danlarning 2 tuzilishi va tarkibi 7 Uglevodorodlar 2 8 Miqdoriy analiz va uning metodlari 2 9 O’zbekistonning tabiiy qazilma boyliklari 2 Jami: 1 8 soat Dars № Amaliy mаshg‘ulоti mаvzulari soatlari hajmi 1 D.I.Mеndеlеyevning dаvriy jаdvаli vа dаvriy qоnuni. 2 2 Dispеrs sistеmalarning tuzilishi va tarkibini o’rganish 2 3 Metallmaslarning xossalarini o’rganish 2 4 Suvning qattiqligi va uni yumshatish usullari. 2 5 Cho’yan va po’lat ishlab chiqarish. 2 6 Mineral ma’danlarning tuzilishi va tarkibi. 2 7 Neft va uning tarkibini o’rganish 2 8 Miqdoriy analizning perganometriya, yodometriya, 2 kompleksometriya metodlari 9 O’zbekistondagi tabiiy qazilma boyliklari. Konlar. Ishlab 2 chiqarish korxonalari. Ularning xaritadagi o’rnini aniqlash. 1 Tabiiy xaritalarda zahiralarning o’rnini belgilash. 2 0 Jami: 2 0 soat Mustaqil ta’lim: Dars № Mustaqil ta’lim mavzulari soatlari hajmi 4-sеmеstrda 1 Dunyo xaritasidagi tabiiy boyliklarning belgilanishini 4 o’rganish 2 Xaritadagi tabiiy zahiralarning o’rnini belgilash 4 3 Оksidlаnish-qаytаrilish rеаksiyalаri 4 4 Kimyo fanining rivojlanishiga hissa qo’shgan olimlar 4 5 Eritmalar va ularning turlarini o’rganish 4 6 Metаllurgiya sаnоаtidа cho`yan vа po`lаt ishlаb chiqаrish 4 7 Ishqoriy va ishqoriy yer metallarining xossalari bilan 4 tanishish 8 Tаbiаtdа аzоt, fоsfоr elementlаrini tаrqаlishi 4 9 Suvning qattiqligi va uni yumshatish usullari 4 1 Havoning tarkibidagi elementlarni o’rganish 4 0 1 Ozon qatlami va ahamiyati 4 1 1 Kimyoviy reaksiyalar tezligiga ta’sir etuvchi omillar 4 2 Kislorod va oltingugurt. 13 Tabiiy o`g`it xillari 4 14 1 Uglevodorodlarning tabiiy manbalari 4 5 1 Kоrrоziya vа gаlvаnik elementlаri hаqidа tushunchа 4 6 1 Tuproq turlari, tarkibi va minerallarning taqsimlanishi 7 1 Miqdoriy analizning perganometriya, yodometriya, 4 8 kompleksometriya metodlari 1 Miqdoriy analizning kompleksometriya metodlari 4 9 2 Atmosfera va gidrosferaning tuzilishini o’rganish 4 0 2 Minerallar tarkibini o’rganish 4 1 2 Polimerlarning fizik va kimyoviy xossalari 4 2 2 Neft va uning kimyoviy tarkibini o’rganish 4 3 2 Disaxaridlar. Tuzilishi, fizik va kimyoviy xossalari 4 4 2 O’zbekistondagi qazilma boyliklarini xaritada belgilash. 4 5 Jami: 100 1-MAVZU: КIMYO FАNI VA UNING АSОSIY VAZIFALАRI. D.I.MЕNDЕLЕYEVNING DАVRIY JАDVАLI VА DАVRIY QОNUNI. Reja: 1. Kimyo fani va uning asosiy vazifalari 2. Kimyoviy elementlar davriy jadvali 3. Atom tuzilishi Tayanch so’zlar: Kimyogar olimlar, tabiy va sintertik moddalar, davriy qonun, atom, oddiy modda, murakkab modda, qator, davr, gruppalar, elementlar oilalari. Kimyo - moddalar, moddalarning xossalari va ularning bir-biriga aylanishini o‘rganadigan fandir. Kimyo tabiatdagi barcha mavjudotlar turli ko‘rinishdagi kimyoviy moddalardan tarkib topganligiga asoslangan holda, ularning bir turdan boshqa turga o‘zgarish qonuniyatlarini, shuningdek, moddalaming xossalarini o‘rganuvchi fan hisoblanadi. Kimyo fanining predmeti barcha tabiiy va sintetik moddalardir. Tabiatdagi yer, suv, havo, osmon jismlari, jonli va jonsiz barcha mavjudotlar, kundalik turmushda foydalaniladigan uy-ro‘zg‘or buyumlari, oziq- ovqat mahsulotlari, umuman, atrofimizdagi butun borliq kimyoviy moddalardan tarkib topgan. Moddalar esa hozirgi vaqtda ma’lum bo‘lgan 118 ta kimyoviy elementning u yoki bu tarzda o‘zaro birikishi natijasida hosil bo‘lgan birikmalardir. Kimyo fani butun borliqdagi kimyoviy o‘zgarishlar natijasida hosil bo‘ladigan moddalarning xossalarini o‘rganadi, ulardan foydalanish yo‘llarini aniqlaydi va insoniyat uchun muhim bo‘lgan moddalami topishda bevosita ishtirok etadi. Tabiatda mavjud bo‘lmagan, sintetik yo‘llar bilan hosil qilingan polietilen, plastmassalar, dori vositalari, kapron, neylon kabi tolalar, avtomobil va boshqa texnik vositalaming ko‘plab ehtiyot qismlari sintetik kimyoviy moddalardir. Tabiiy va sintetik kimyoviy moddalardan kimyoviy usullar yordamida inson organizmi uchun sun’iy organlar, dori-darmonlar, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari, kiyim-kechaklar, turmush uchun zarur bo‘lgan turli-tuman anjomlar, qurilish materiallari va boshqalar tayyorlashda keng foydalanilmoqda. Bulaming barchasi moddalarning fizik va kimyoviy xossalarini o‘rganish orqali amalga oshiriladi. Shiming uchun moddalarning kimyoviy va fizik xossalarini o‘rganish kimyo fanining asosiy vazifalaridan biri hisoblanadi. Hayotni kimyo fanisiz tasavvur qilish mumkin bo‘lmaganligi tufayli, atrofimizda sodir bo‘layotgan o‘zgarishlaming mohiyatini tushunish uchun moddalami va ularning kimyoviy o‘zgarishlari qonuniyatlarini bilish talab etiladi. Kimyoviy moddalar va ulardagi o‘zgarishlardan insoniyat o‘z ehtiyojlari uchun qadimdan foydalanib kelgan. Xitoy, Misr, Markaziy Osiyoda qishloq xo‘jaligi zararkunandalariga qarshi kurashda, turli xil bo‘yoqlar ishlab chiqarishda, me’moriy obidalami barpo etishda, kiyim-kechaklar tayyorlashda kimyoviy moddalar va hodisalardan keng foydalanganlar. Jahonga tanilgan buyuk ajdodlarimiz Ahmad al-Farg‘oniy, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyo ar-Roziy, Abu Nasr Forobiy, Abu Rayhon Beruniy, Abu Ali ibn Sino VIII-X asrlardayoq o‘zlarining ilmiy asarlarida kimyoviy moddalardan turmush ehtiyojlarida va turli xil xastaliklarni davolashda foydalanish yo‘llari haqida dastlabki qimmatli ma’lumotlarni keltirganlar. Abu Ali ibn Sino dorivor moddalami ma’lum tarkibda bo‘lishini ta’riflash orqali tarkibning doimiylik qonuniga, ulami sodda va murakkab dorilarga toifalash orqali atom-molekular ta’limotning dastlabki tushunchalari shakllanishiga asos solganligi yurtimizda kimyoviy bilimlar bilan shug‘ullanish tarixi chuqur ildizlarga
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