Aug. 10, 1971 G. H. KLINGER 3,598,593 PHOTOGRAPHIC EMUISIONS and METHOD of MAKING Filed Dec
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Aug. 10, 1971 G. H. KLINGER 3,598,593 PHOTOGRAPHIC EMUISIONS AND METHOD OF MAKING Filed Dec. 21, 1965 FG4 MINUTES TIME FG.2 8 OO INVENTOR GUENTHER H. KLINGER O 6 .O 1.4 .8 222.2 262.6 3.O 388 4.42 w). (e 38. CRYSTAL DIAMETER (MICRONs) by f 1 ( i I F.G. 5 v. T. ATTORNEYs 3,598,593 United States Patent Office Patented Aug. 10, 1971 1. 2 In the general case of ammonia emulsions, the am 3,598,593 monia can either be added with the silver nitrate solu PHOTOGRAPHC EMULSIONS AND METHOD OF MAKNG tion or it may be added after mixing the silver nitrate and Guenther Harald Kinger, Binghamton, N.Y., assignor to part or all of the halide solution. GAF Corporation, New York, N.Y. 5 According to further aspects of the present invention, Filed Dec. 21, 1965, Ser. No. 515,391 after it was found that it is not essential to maintain a Int, C. G03c 1/02 substantial excess of halide ions, a more detailed in U.S. C. 96-94 8 Claims vestigation on correlation of crystal growth and ion con centrations in the photographic emulsions was under 10 taken. As a result of this investigation it was further found ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE that it is possible to use only a very small excess of Preparation of gelatin-silver bromide photographic halide ions and still obtain excellent products. It was also emulsions, involving precipitation of the silver bromide by found that even a small excess of silver ions could be admixture of aqueous solutions of a water soluble silver employed during the crystal silver halide grain formation. salt and a water soluble bromide, wherein the pbr is 5 With proper control, neither of these procedures causes maintained above 5 during formation of the major por emulsion fog. Furthermore, the growth of the silver halide tion of the silver bromide, whereby the average particle crystals to larger grain sizes, on the average, and of size of the silver bromide forming is above 0.8 micron, greater uniformity, is enhanced. The new process permits and finally adding excess bromide solution at the end of preparation of silver halide crystals with an average size the silver bromide formation. 20 above about 1.5 microns and also with a narrow crystal size distribution. In the prior art, by analogous procedures, the average size was smaller and size distribution was The present invention relates to photographic emul wider. Moreover, the emulsions so prepared may be made sions and to a method of making the same. It has par under much milder conditions than has been considered ticular application to the making of silver halide emul 25 possible with conventional prior art procedures. sions wherein the grain size of the silver halide particles A further advantage resulting from the invention is is carefully controlled. In general, it is applicable more that optical sensitization of the emulsion crystals seems especially to ammonia type emulsions, although not to be facilitated, as compared with conventional emul necessarily limited thereto. sions, using the new technique. In the prior art, emulsions of this general type are 30 It has also been found that by holding the halide ion usually made either by addition of an ammoniacal silver concentration constant during crystal formation the nitrate solution to a solution of alkali halides and gelatin, growth of crystals is definitely inhibited. As a matter of or by the simultaneous and controlled rate addition of fact, the crystals will grow only to a limited size when an ammoniacal silver nitrate solution and of a solution a fairly narrow distribution of crystal sizes is to be main of alkali halides to a gelatin solution. The scheme first 35 tained. Ordinarily, the largest average crystal size which mentioned is commonly referred to as the single jet addi may be obtained in this manner is about 0.8 micron di tion method. The second scheme is commonly referred to ameter. as double jet addition, wherein the two main silver halide In the past, Several procedures have been used in pre forming ingredients are added simultaneously. The same 40 paring single jet photographic emulsions. Generally, the general procedures may be applied to emulsions which total halide ions are placed in the vessel prior to addition do not involve ammonia but, generally speaking, am of silver. This meant that the halide ion concentration in monia is employed in making such emulsions and is pre Solution in the preparation vessel was very high as silver ferred. addition was started. As silver nitrate was added, the In the past it has generally been believed that it is 45 halide ion concentration, of course, dropped continuously, quite essential in either the single jet or the double jet usually following a loge function. type of emulsion formation to maintain always a sub On the other hand, when the double jet addition proce stantial excess of halide ions. Otherwise, it has been dure of the prior art is followed the halide concentration feared that the emulsion might show high fog levels. In in the solution may be controlled in various ways. Thus, it fact, in many cases, high fog levels have resulted from 50 can either be kept constant during the entire addition other methods of preparation. period or it can be changed continuously. It may start According to the present invention, however, it has high and drop to a lower level or it may start low and keep been found that it is not necessarily true that high fog building up as the procedure continues, depending on the levels will result if there is not a substantial excess of relative addition rates of silver and halide. Thus, some halide ions maintained. As a matter of fact, it is found 55 what as in the case of single jet addition, the halide ion that with proper control of ion concentrations, ammonium concentration may be high at the beginning and decrease emulsions may be made successfully even though during continuously or, alternatively, the silver ion concentration the crystal formation there is no excess of halide ions at may be very high at the beginning of the making and any time or even when there is, for a time at least, a slight gradually decrease towards the end of the addition of the excess of silver ions, one can still obtain good emulsions 60 two main reactants. of low fog level. Also, it has been found further that by The scheme just mentioned, of starting off with a high a careful and continuous control of the concentration of silver ion concentration which gradually decreases toward the respective ions, photographic emulsions having very the end of the addition, apparently has attracted little interesting properties, and sometimes very desirable attention in the past, probably because of the fear that properties, may be obtained. The crystal growth and the 65 Such emulsions would show unduly high fog density. Ac eventual crystal size of the silver halide particles, in par cording to the present invention, however, it has been ticular, may be controlled quite well and a superior found, as suggested above, that emulsions prepared ac product may be obtained in this manner. cording to this Scheme do not necessarily possess high fog 8,598,593 3 4 densities but under proper control, can be made to pos vessel at a temperature of 48° C. The addition scheme of sess very interesting properties, making them useful for FIG. 4 was followed, the ion concentration being con some practical purposes. trolled by adjustment of both jets. When all the silver The invention will be more fully understood by refer nitrate solution was added, the remaining salt solution was ence to the attached drawing and the deailed specification added slowly to bring the pBr back to the starting level, which follows wherein examples are set forth. Referring covering a period of about 2 minutes. 320 ml. of am first to the drawing: monia solution (28%) were added last and the mixture FIG. 1 shows a system starting with low halide ion con was digested for 90 minutes. Thereafter, the emulsion was centration which boulds up as the work proceeds. precipitated, washed and reconstituted. FIG. 2 shows graphically the maintenance of a constant O The products of the emulsions were anlyzed by elec halide ion concentration in a double jet addition process. tron microscopy. The size of the silver grains and their FIG. 3 shows a system of double jet addition having relative proportions are indicated in the table below. It silver ion excess at the start. will be noted that the great bulk of the grain sizes were FIG. 4 shows graphically a scheme of ion concentration between 0.8 and 2.0 microns in diameter. control which is particularly suitable for the present inven 15 TABLE tion wherein the halide ion concentration starts off high, drops gradually and more or less exponentially, being built X () s(u) V (percent) M (p) i (pi) up at the end of the mixing procedure to the desired level. 62512 80534 49, 55580 1.41168 2000 FIG. 5 shows graphically the distribution of grain sizes obtained by a preferred procedure. 20 SK B 62 X() Y In preparing for the examples which are detailed below .79507 1.59666 4.1891 1.6252 99.07389 ammonia emulsions were made, using two different tech Measured Midpoint niques. In the first of these, the silver halide was formed in dia. (cm.) f fi000 (p) Y complete absence of ammonia, the ammonia being added 6 ------------------------------------------------ later, at the beginning of the digesting.