Topic 5. the Nature of Jiva and Isvara. 1. Both Are Reflections. the Reflection of Consciousness in Maya Which Is Indescribable As Real Or Unreal Is Isvara
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A Catechism on Hinduism
A CATECHISM ON HINDUISM SWAMI KRISHNANANDA The Divine Life Society Sivananda Ashram, Rishikesh, India Website: www.swami-krishnananda.org (Swami Krishnananda answers questions regarding Hinduism) Q: When was Hinduism founded? A: The word ‘Hinduism’ originated due to historical and linguistic circumstances, and refers to what more properly be designated as Bharatiya-dharma, or Sanatana-dharma. There is no personal founder for Hinduism. People who follow the faith or religion which goes by the name of Hinduism hold that the foundation of this outlook of life, or way of living, is eternal, since the way of life is an expression of the basic law operating in the universe. In fact, what popularly is known as Hinduism is a practical and ethical manifestation in day-to-day living of what should be considered as the inviolable law of existence, both in its immutable form known as Satya and operating form known as Rita. Hence, the name Sanatana (eternal or ever-present) associated with this inclusive ‘attitude to life’. Q: Where was it founded, and who founded it? A: Hinduism is not believed to be founded in any place, since it has no founder. Q: What were the prevailing circumstances when it was founded? A: While Hinduism has no founder, and therefore no circumstances can be cited in that regard, students of Hinduism and scholars who are accustomed to do research in its field have usually traced some sort of a logical background of the general structure of Hinduism in the panoramic vision of the Supreme Being as recorded in the Veda-Samhitas, which are supposed to find their detailed promulgation in the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads. -
Dvaita Vs. Advaita
> Subject: dvaita vs advaita > I have a very basic question to this very learned group. could someone please > tell us what exactly does dvaita and advaitha mean. kanaka One of the central questions concerning Vedanta philosophers is the relationship of the individual self to the Absolute or Supreme Self. The sole purpose for this question is to determine the nature of contemplative meditation and to determine whether moksha, the state of release, is something worth seeking. The Dvaita school, inaugurated by Madhvacharya (Ananda Tirtha), argues that there is an inherent and absolute five-fold difference in Reality -- between one soul and another, between the soul and God, between God and matter, between the soul and matter, and between matter and matter. These differences are not only individuations, but also inherent qualitative differences, i.e., in its essentially pure state, one individual self is _not_ equal to another in status, but only in genus. Therefore, there are inherently female jIvas, inherently male jIvas, brahmin jIvas, non-brahmin jIvas, and this differentiation exists even in liberation. Consequently, any sort of unity, whether it be mystical or ontological, between the individual self and God is impossible in Dvaita. Hence the term ``Dvaita'' or ``dualism''. Liberation consists of experiencing one's essential nature in parama padam as a reflection of God's glory. Such liberation is achieved through bhakti or loving devotion. The Advaita school, represented in its classical and most powerful form by Sankaracharya, argues that only the Absolute Self exists, _and_ all else is false. The universe and our existence as individuals is not _unreal_, mind you, but a false imposition on a real substrate, the non-dual, undifferentiated principle of consciousness. -
Brahma Sutra
BRAHMA SUTRA CHAPTER 1 1st Pada 1st Adikaranam to 11th Adhikaranam Sutra 1 to 31 INDEX S. No. Topic Pages Topic No Sutra No Summary 5 Introduction of Brahma Sutra 6 1 Jijnasa adhikaranam 1 a) Sutra 1 103 1 1 2 Janmady adhikaranam 2 a) Sutra 2 132 2 2 3 Sastrayonitv adhikaranam 3 a) Sutra 3 133 3 3 4 Samanvay adhikaranam 4 a) Sutra 4 204 4 4 5 Ikshatyadyadhikaranam: (Sutras 5-11) 5 a) Sutra 5 324 5 5 b) Sutra 6 353 5 6 c) Sutra 7 357 5 7 d) Sutra 8 362 5 8 e) Sutra 9 369 5 9 f) Sutra 10 372 5 10 g) Sutra 11 376 5 11 2 S. No. Topic Pages Topic No Sutra No 6 Anandamayadhikaranam: (Sutras 12-19) 6 a) Sutra 12 382 6 12 b) Sutra 13 394 6 13 c) Sutra 14 397 6 14 d) Sutra 15 407 6 15 e) Sutra 16 411 6 16 f) Sutra 17 414 6 17 g) Sutra 18 416 6 18 h) Sutra 19 425 6 19 7 Antaradhikaranam: (Sutras 20-21) 7 a) Sutra 20 436 7 20 b) Sutra 21 448 7 21 8 Akasadhikaranam : 8 a) Sutra 22 460 8 22 9 Pranadhikaranam : 9 a) Sutra 23 472 9 23 3 S. No. Topic Pages Topic No Sutra No 10 Jyotischaranadhikaranam : (Sutras 24-27) 10 a) Sutra 24 486 10 24 b) Sutra 25 508 10 25 c) Sutra 26 513 10 26 d) Sutra 27 517 10 27 11 Pratardanadhikaranam: (Sutras 28-31) 11 a) Sutra 28 526 11 28 b) Sutra 29 538 11 29 c) Sutra 30 546 11 30 d) Sutra 31 558 11 31 4 SUMMARY Brahma Sutra Bhasyam Topics - 191 Chapter – 1 Chapter – 2 Chapter – 3 Chapter – 4 Samanvaya – Avirodha – non – Sadhana – spiritual reconciliation through Phala – result contradiction practice proper interpretation Topics - 39 Topics - 47 Topics - 67 Topics 38 Sections Topics Sections Topics Sections Topics Sections Topics 1 11 1 13 1 06 1 14 2 07 2 08 2 08 2 11 3 13 3 17 3 36 3 06 4 08 4 09 4 17 4 07 5 Lecture – 01 Puja: • Gratitude to lord for completion of Upanishad course (last Chandogya Upanishad + Brihadaranyaka Upanishad). -
Is the 'Desire' Desirable
IS THE ‘DESIRE’ DESIRABLE (SWAMI SHUDDHABODHANANDA SARASWATI) ……………Continued from previous issue Disciple: Yes guro, but if I am not impertinent, may I ask another question? Guru : Go ahead. Disciple: It is true that the desire is a produced entity whereas saguna-brahma or Isvara is the Creator. Therefore we are told that Bhagavan’s statement ‘I am kaama’ does not mean an equation in the form of ‘Isvara is equal to kaama’. But the sruti itself tells us in the form of an equation: ‘Sarvam Brahman’ (Everything is Brahman). Is there not a contradiction? Guru : My dear, both these statements are from two different standpoints. The statement from the Gita takes for granted the Isvara, jagat and everything that is there in it at the level of vyavahara to describe Isvara’s glories which are useful to mumukshus and devotees in their saadhanaa. But the sruti declarations such as sarvam Brahma’ is only to reveal the immanent (sarvavyapi) nature of Brahman as the basis (adhisthana) of the entire adhyasta jagat. The jagat has no independent existence apart from Brahman. Such sruti statements do not intend to confer the status of nirvikari (changeless) Brahman on the vikari (ever-changing) jagat. The samanadhikaranya (juxtaposition) ‘sarvam Brahma’ is used only for the sake of dissolving Creation (prapancha-pravilapanartham) (Br.Su.bh.1-3-1). The principle is: though the jagat is non-different (ananya)from Brahman on account of the cause-effect relation between the two, the true nature of jagat is Brahman but the true nature of Brahman is not jagat (Br.Su.bh.2-1-9). -
Chapter 9 INDEX S
Chapter 9 INDEX S. No. Title Page No. XI Chapter 9 1. Summary 649 2. Verse 1 650 3. Verse 2 653 4. Verse 3 656 5. Verse 4 658 6. Verse 5 662 7. Verse 6 665 8. Verse 7 667 9. Verse 8 672 10. Verse 9 675 11. Verse 10 677 12. Verse 11 681 13. Verse 12 683 14. Verse 13 685 S. No. Title Page No. 15. Verse 14 687 16. Verse 15 689 17. Verse 16 695 18. Verse 17 698 19. Verse 18 702 20. Verse 19 706 21. Verse 20 709 22. Verse 21 713 23. Verse 22 716 24. Verse 23 719 25. Verse 24 722 26. Verse 25 724 27. Verse 26 726 28. Verse 27 729 29. Verse 28 732 S. No. Title Page No. 30. Verse 29 734 31. Verse 30 737 32. Verse 31 739 33. Verse 32 741 34. Verse 33 743 35. Verse 34 745 Chapter 9 6 Topics (1) (3) (5) - Introduction to the - Sakama and Nishkama knowledge, its glory and - Cause of Bondage. Bhaktas. necessary qualification. - Verse 11 - Verse 20 – 29. - Verse 1 – 3 (2) (4) (6) - Nature of God - Atheists, Theists, types of - Glory of Bhakti - Verse 4 – 10 Upasana. - Verse 30 - 34 - Very important - Verses 12 - 19 649 Topic : • Introduction to Jnanam its Glory and necessary Qualifications – Verse 1 – 3. Verse 1 : The Blessed Lord said : To you who do not cavil, I shall now declare this, the greatest secret, the most profound knowledge combined with experience (or Realisation); which having known, you shall be free from the sorrows of life. -
Powers of Atman: 47 Shaktiyan As Described by Acharya Amritchandra
47 Powers of Soul 47 Shaktiyan as described by Acharya Amritchandra Dr Narayan Lal Kachhara With a Foreword and Summary by Dr Paras Mal Agrawal Publisher 1 Foreword I feel privileged to have an opportunity of writing a few words regarding the author and the subject matter of this publication. Dr. Narayan Lal Kachhara is a dedicated Jain scholar. It is his mission that the novel, valuable, and powerful concepts described by Jain Acharyas become available to English speaking community. By profession he is a Mechanical Engineer. This makes his writing concise and scientific. Earlier I came across his work on Karma Theory, Vargana, etc. But when he showed me this work on 47 Shaktiyan, then I realized that his interest in Adhyatmic aspect of Jainology can be valuable to all those who want to read Adhyatma in simple language. Samayasaar is the best work of Acharya Kundkund who is regarded as the most respectable Digambar Acharya of the modern fifth era. 1000 years after Acharya Kundkund, Acharya Amritchandra wrote the commentary on Samayasaar. It is known as Atmkhyati. The work of Dr. Kachhara presented here is based on the description given by Acharya Amritchandra in the appendix of Atmkhyati. In Atmkhyati, we find the narration of 47 Shaktiyan in about two pages just after Kalash number 263. For many, it may be very difficult to comprehend the two pages written by Acharya Amritchandra. Dr. Kachhara also got interested in this treasure only when he read the detailed explanation of Amritchandra’s work presented by Dr. Hukum Chand Bharill in Gyayak Bhava Prabodhini Hindi Tika of Samayasaar. -
Against a Hindu God
against a hindu god Against a Hindu God buddhist philosophy of religion in india Parimal G. Patil columbia university press——new york columbia university press Publishers Since 1893 new york chichester, west sussex Copyright © 2009 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Patil, Parimal G. Against a Hindu god : Buddhist philosophy of religion in India / Parimal G. Patil. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-231-14222-9 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-231-51307-4 (ebook) 1. Knowledge, Theory of (Buddhism) 2. God (Hinduism) 3. Ratnakirti. 4. Nyaya. 5. Religion—Philosophy. I. Title. BQ4440.P38 2009 210—dc22 2008047445 ∞ Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. For A, B, and M, and all those who have called Konark home contents abbreviations–ix Introduction–1 1. Comparative Philosophy of Religions–3 1. Disciplinary Challenges–5 2. A Grammar for Comparison–8 3. Comparative Philosophy of Religions–21 4. Content, Structure, and Arguments–24 Part 1. Epistemology–29 2. Religious Epistemology in Classical India: In Defense of a Hindu God–31 1. Interpreting Nyaya Epistemology–35 2. The Nyaya Argument for the Existence of Irvara–56 3. Defending the Nyaya Argument–69 4. -
Yogavaasishta the Calm Down
YOGAVAASISHTA Part V THE CALM DOWN 1. Background: We had seen in Prat II and III of our Series on Yogavaasishta that the venerated Vedic dictum: “Yatovaa imani bhutani jaayante Yena jaataani jeevanti” - Taittiriya Upanishad was the fundamental principle based on which Sage Vasishta designed the course of his talks in imparting philosophical wisdom to Lord Rama. After an opening discussion as an introductory to the subjects of detachment and intense longing for liberation, (Part I of this Series on Yogavaasishta), the sage dealt with Origination (Utpatti) of the visible universe (Jagat) and later its Sustenance (Sthiti) in accordance with the above scriptural statement. In the chapter on Creation (Part II in this Series) it was maintained that the origination of the universe was purely incidental to the mind of the onlooker. In the chapter on Sustenance (Part III in this Series) it was established that the universe draws its sustenance also from mind. Now it remains to be shown that the dissolution of the universe too is dependent on the mind of the seer. But could the dissolution, i.e. ending of the universe, depend on mind? If mind at all exists, the universe inevitably follows it one way or other - either by origination or by sustenance. So there is no possibility of the universe being annulled by the mind if the mind manages to continue its existence. For this reason it was repeatedly pointed out in the earlier chapters (refer to Part II and III of Yogavaasishta) that the universe would end only when the mind ended and there was no other way to dissolve the universe. -
Key to Moksha
THE KEY TO MOKSHA - Dr. Jayanti Lal Jain The path to moksha lies in change of perception about our own self. The moment one perceives oneself as the pure soul, understands its nature and functioning, the journey to moksha begins. When the same perception is pursued relentlessly, one achieves moksha. The changed perception of the self encompasses in itself the knowledge and realization of operations of infinite properties of the soul. A divine view of soul is realized which is beyond words. Benefits There are immense and invaluable benefits of knowing about the properties of soul and a few of them are mentioned here: (i) promotes belief in existence of soul as its image emerges through knowing the functioning of properties; (ii) strengthens belief in it where already exists; (iii) brings about a change in perception of the self and the world around us; (iv) the changed perception leads to experience/realization of soul; (v) with realization of the self, the goal of life (achievement of eternal happiness) becomes clear; (vi) as one focuses on the self, one becomes less and less interested in material happiness; (vii) one develops better understanding of vratas, upvaas, tap, diksha, the object of meditation/ dhyan etc.; (viii) such an understanding helps in prevention of karmic bondage; (ix) continuous pursuit of the goal of realization of pure soul results in shedding of karmas; (x) complete and constant realization of the same ultimately culminates into attainment of supreme happiness/moksha and complete destruction of all karmas for ever. Properties A brief description of 47 such properties is given below to have a glance of the soul and to show how it functions. -
The Chhandogya Upanishad
THE CHHANDOGYA UPANISHAD SWAMI KRISHNANANDA The Divine Life Society Sivananda Ashram, Rishikesh, India Website: www.swami-krishnananda.org ABOUT THIS EDITION Though this eBook edition is designed primarily for digital readers and computers, it works well for print too. Page size dimensions are 5.5" x 8.5", or half a regular size sheet, and can be printed for personal, non-commercial use: two pages to one side of a sheet by adjusting your printer settings. 2 CONTENTS Publishers’ Preface ...................................................................... 6 Chapter I: Vaishvanara-Vidya .................................................. 9 The Panchagni-Vidya ......................................................... 9 The Course of the Soul After Death ................................... 11 Vaishvanara, The Universal Self ......................................... 58 Heaven as the Head of the Universal Self ......................... 65 The Sun as the Eye of the Universal Self ........................... 67 Air as the Breath of the Universal Self .............................. 68 Space as the Body of the Universal Self ............................. 69 Water as the Lower Belly of the Universal Self ................. 70 The Earth as the Feet of the Universal Self ....................... 70 The Self as the Universal Whole ........................................ 71 The Five Pranas ................................................................... 78 The Need for Knowledge is Stressed ................................. 82 Conclusion ........................................................................... -
Fruit from the Garden of Wisdom
FFRRUUIITT FFRROOMM TTHHEE GGAARRDDEENN OOFF WWIISSDDOOMM by Swami Krishnananda The Divine Life Society Sivananda Ashram, Rishikesh, India (Internet Edition: For free distribution only) Website: www.swami-krishnananda.org CONTENTS 1. The Phenomenon and the Noumenon 3 2. Creation and Evolution 5 3. Religious Awakening 7 4. Spiritual Research 9 5. The Yoga Vasishtha 11 6. Yoga and Meditation 14 7. Mantra Shakti 17 8. Bhakti and Jnana 19 9. Renunciation 21 10. Asti, Bhati, Priya 23 11. Reincarnation 25 12. Where is the Soul? 27 13. Archetype/Prototype 28 14. Ontological Existence 29 15. The Balance of Nature 30 16. Spirituality and Materialism 32 Fruit From thethe Garden ofof WisdomWisdom byby Swami Swami Krishnananda Krishnananda 21 1. THE PHENOMENON AND THE NOUMENON You must be affectionate, kind and compassionate, serviceful, and charitable, they say. All this is very, very important indeed, but there is something more important than all these things, which is the destiny of the soul of the human individual, -- what happens, finally. This world shall vanish one day, with all its humanity. If it had a beginning, it shall have an end, also. Even the solar system may not survive eternally. It would not be a wise complacence on the part of anyone to imagine that everything is fine, as it appears on the surface to the sense organs. Things come, and things go. People are born, and people die. Empires rise, and empires fall. Caesars and Napoleons have come, and many have gone, also, at the same time. Nothing remains. What is this drama? In this mysterious presentation of the history of the universe, the history of humanity, nothing seems to be enduring, and even when something appears to be enduring for sometime, we do not know for how long it will endure. -
Introduction*
INTRODUCTION | 1 Introduction* Radhavallabh Tripathi IT is almost an impossible task for a single person to present a comprehensive view on the status and trends of Sanskrit studies in a vast country like India. What is being done here would just appear to be a sketchy account, containing snippets of information, that is to be further corroborated, properly analysed and explored. India is divided into 28 states, 7 union territories and 644 districts. There is hardly any district or region where Sanskrit is not studied in some form or the other. Sanskrit is mentioned in the list of 22 major languages, officially accepted in the Constitution of India, and it is also one of the three languages there, that have an all India character. Teaching, Education and Research In India there are 282 universities as per the records with the AIU, at least 112 of which have postgraduate and research departments of Sanskrit. The number of colleges teaching Sanskrit is around 10,000. “Modern methods” are adopted in these institutions for teaching programmes in Sanskrit. Apart from these universities and colleges, there are 16 Sanskrit universities and a number of Sanskrit pÀÇhaœÀlÀs or Sanskrit * This is an enlarged and revised version of my paper “Sanskrit Studies in India” published in the Bulletin of IASS, 2012. 2 | SIXTY YEARS OF SANSKRIT STUDIES: VOL. 1 colleges where traditional method also known as pÀÇhaœÀlÀ paddhati is practised. As per a recent state-wise survey conducted by the Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (RSkS) the number of Sanskrit pÀÇhaœÀlÀs in Madhya Pradesh is 644, in Chhattisgarh 32, in Uttar Pradesh 1347, Uttarakhand 115, in Karnataka it is 290, in Orissa 433, Punjab 8, Rajasthan 1698, Sikkim 36, Tamil Nadu 55, and in Himachal Pradesh 129, Andhra Pradesh 509, Assam 83, Bihar 717, Goa 4, Gujarat 63, Haryana 74, Jammu & Kashmir 43, Jharkhand 3, Kerala 31, Maharashtra 63, Manipur 8.