Owfi, Vegetos 2017, 30:4
Plant 10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00192.6 or Re F s y e t a e i r c c h Vegetos- An International o
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Research Article a SciTechnol journal
[10]. Annual rainfall of Iran is 260 millimeters and more than 90% Vegetation of Saline Regions of of country is in arid and semiarid regions [11]. Also, in many parts of Iran, evaporation is greater than rainfall, which reaches even up to Fars Province, Iran 80 times in the deserts [12]. The geological structure of some regions Owfi RE* of Iran has a saline bed rock that not only makes the saline region, but also makes saline groundwater and running water in the region. On the other hand, lack of proper irrigation contributes to salinity in Abstract agricultural areas of the country. Considering these factors, there is about "18 million hectares of saline land in Iran that covers 10 percent Vegetation in saline areas of Fars region was contemplated, for of the country [12]. Halophyte Communities of Iran are still among this reason; soil consider reports were set up in 31 focuses in the region, having recognized saline zones, vegetation of them was the most poorly known vegetation units in Iran. This is mainly due to examined. Saline areas were significant accounting for 10.1% of the absence of up-to-date informations on the halophytes and interest whole area, which located in south and southeast of province and of most of botanists and ecologist in the rich flora of low-salt or salt- had moderate winter and very hot summer with rainfall of 100-200 free habitats [13]. millimeters. Largest saline area was in lands of class II followed by those in class III. Such plants as stragalus sp and tamarix sp were Fars province has an area of 13/329/900 hectares that accounts found in all saline areas of Fars while some species like Holtemia for 8.1 percent of the area of country, of which 1/760/000 hectares persica were found in few areas. By and large, plants of saline is saline land, that is equal to 10.1 of a percent of the total area of the ranges of Fars are critical and merit examine for soil conservation, province [12]. It has three climatic parts: the North and North West sustenance and medication applications, modern application and has mountainous climate with abundant rain and snow of more than above all as fields and to deliver meat. 400 millimeters and sparse forests with species of Amygdalus scoparia, Keywords Ficus johannis, Juniperus excelsa, Juglans regia, Ziziphus spina-christi, Pistacia atlantica, Crataegus azarolus. Central areas with mild winter Saline regions-Fars province and hot and dry summer, with rainfall of 200 to 400 millimeters with vegetation of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alhagi camelorum, Acanthophyllum Introduction sp, Gundelia sp, Achillea santolina, Prangos ferulacea. South and South-East that has mild winter and very hot summer and rainfall of Saline soil is found in many parts of the world. Many arid and 100 to 200 millimeters and vegetation of Artemisia sieberi, Astragalus semiarid regions in the world contain soil and water resources that sp, Tamarix sp, Peganum harmala, Glycyrrhiza glabra, which are have high salinity rates not suitable for most common economic crops located most saline areas of the province in this section. The total [1]. Large-scale soil salinization has mostly occurred in arid and semi- area of forests and pastures is 9/803/273, of which 8/600/00 include arid regions [2]. These are saline because of high evaporation, low steppe, semi-steppe and semi-desert rangelands, high mountains, dry rainfall, topography, improper water irrigation and saline bed rock forests and saline rangelands. About 10 million animals exist in this [3]. Their drainage is improper and they have much salt. Their color is province. Figure 1 shows the position of Fars Province in Iran. usually bright [4]. Organic matters are low in them [5]. Their physical structure is friable and shell-like. Groundwater level is usually near The first comprehensive study about soils in Iran was done in surface at depth of 1-3 m, which is often very salty [6]. Lands where 1964 by Madan Laal Dewan and Jalal Famouri, with using of results of saline soils are located are usually flat or almost flat and in some cases, soil studies and classification of lands and soil fertility also collected are lowland and they are rarely found on land with a slope of more data and results of study of vegetation, agriculture, meteorology and than one percent. These soils are unsuitable for farming because geology. Then published under the title of the soils of Iran by FAO of the stress that is caused by high amount of Sodium Chloride in [12]. In addition, studies have been conducted in other regions by plants. In the salty soils due to the increase in the soluble salts, the organizations like Water and soil general office, pedology and soil fertility institute, etc. since 1951, which are published as reports. water absorption via osmotic processes is disrupted [7]. Reclamation of these soils is costly and in some cases impossible, but some of Iran has large saline areas due certain geographical reasons with them are modifiable. According to Pedology science, these soils have 10 percent of its area, Fars province is also covered by these regions saturated electrical conductivity (Ece) of more than 4 ds/m and with 10 percent of its area [12]. These regions have special plants that Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is less than 13 [8]. can be used as pastures, and drug, and are generally economically valuable. So, special studies for proper use of them is required. Iran as a whole is a semiarid country [9]. In Iran, due to climatic According to special ecosystem of these regions, proper use of them conditions, there is suitable ground for the creation of saline soils must be considered. Procedure
*Corresponding author: Reza E. Owfi, Faculty of Natural Resources, First, preparation and interpretation of aerial photos: All needed 1 Department of Rangeland Management, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural equipment such as aerial photos and terrain plan to a scale of Resources University, Sari, Iran, E-mail: [email protected] 50.000 and field equipment were procured and necessary information Received: August 04, 2017 Accepted: August 21, 2017 Published: August 28, 2017 related to studies field such as statistics meteorology, hydrology,
All articles published in Vegetos: International Journal of Plant Research are the property of SciTechnol, and is protected by
International Publisher of Science, copyright laws. Copyright © 2017, SciTechnol, All Rights Reserved. Technology and Medicine Citation: Owfi RE (2017) Vegetation of Saline Regions of Fars Province, Iran. Vegetos 30:4.
doi: 10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00192.6
Figure 1: The position of Fars Province in Iran. geology, native vegetation and agricultural vegetation were collected. by soil series of soil studies from adjacent lands. Based on the USDA The stereoscope and additionally techniques for physiography were taxonomy method, they were categorized at family level and at large utilized given land shape, incline, geography, disintegration, waste, subgroup level using FAO method. topography, vegetation and setting shade of airborne photos were Also within the area of study, we identifed plant species and a utilized to decipher them and the underlying arrangement was number of plant species that were identified in the field were sent to readied. the Laboratory of Botany. Then of the whole class profile, samples were Second, field and laboratory work: Using aerial photographs taken and preliminary tests were done to determine the necessary soil interpreted as mentioned above and initial topographic maps of scale pH, EC, the amount of calcium carbonate, gypsum, etc., and the results 1 of the studies were controlled by field studies and after determining the of , studied points of distances of 2 × 2 kilometers and about 2 50.000 control profiles, different series of soil from all classes of each profile to 3 profiles per 1,000 hectares were determined and by excavating and were sampled, and sent to central lab of Jihad Keshavarzi of Fars for studying the profiles, various classes were distinguished and similar physicochemical tests such as testing of saturation percentage, soluble soils in terms of color, texture, structure, focus of lime, gypsum, salt, salts, percentage of calcium carbonate, gypsum, organic carbon, clay and genetic horizons were assigned series name and nominated phosphorus and potassium absorbed, texture, anions and cations
Volume 30 • Issue 4 • 1000324 • Page 2 of 6 • Citation: Owfi RE (2017) Vegetation of Saline Regions of Fars Province, Iran. Vegetos 30:4.
doi: 10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00192.6 exchangeable etc. was sent to the lab agricultural research center of are 6 classes and 5 sorts of restriction. Here, given vegetation of saline Fars. Then, using data obtained, map of soils was prepared based on areas is being referred to, just restriction sort an identifying with the field studies and interpretation of results of laboratory test and based impediment of saltiness and alkalinity was utilized, which has been classification of lands for irrigation guideline and soil studies, soil viewed as just as far as saltiness. Saline areas are land with more than studies, map of lands classification was prepared and by combining 4 dS/m Ece and SAR of smaller than 13. Table 1 shows information 1 aerial photographs and topographical maps to a scale of 1 , final about 31 studies mentioned. 50.000 1 map scale of was obtained. Discussion 50.000 Stage three, preparation of final report and maps: Having Table 1 shows all data obtained from studies in Fars province. controlled soil maps and classification of lands, their manual was Of 31 areas, 11 districts had no salinity limitation, which means that prepared for publishing in Persian and English. Then, using all data salt in the district was not limited, but in 20 other districts, the highest obtained, final report was published. Remarkable in these reports of salinity limitation was found in class II and then, land class III. Class soil study was that plain species of study region were identified and Í lacked any "salinity limitation and other classes to accounted less for included in report alongside soil studies. such limitation. Plant species of these areas are distributed based on Results salinity of lands and their tolerance of salinity and like other parts of country; most salt-friendly species are from Chenopodiceae family. In In connection to soils and vegetation of Fars region, 31 wonderful the regions where salinity was high, only plants capable of tolerating examinations have been done that are semi-point by point brief or such salinity like Salicornia sp and Salsola rigida were found, but as itemized. In these investigations, saline terrains have been indicated. salinity reduced, plants with less salinity resistance such as Tamrix sp The overall area of study in these 31 studies is 5,607,045 hectares, or were found and finallyArtemisia sp scattered communities with no 42 percent of the total area of Fars province. In these examinations, salt tolerance were seen. Species such as Tamarix sp and Stragalus sp arrangement has been made in view of strategy for order of grounds can be almost found in "the entire study area”, which indicates coping for water system as set in Iran in 1953, as indicated by which there with these areas, but species such as Holtemia persica can be found
Table 1: Soil studies data about 31 districts of Fars Province.
Area of area of saline regions Class and Distance of city from Vegetation of Type of Year of No. Name of region region subclass of Shiraz (kilometer) saline lands study study (hectare) Hectare Percent saline lands Stragalus sp- Lar, Gerash, Evaz, tamarix sp-peganum 1 Kaasehdar plains 340 to 400 Southeast 48500 525 Jan-15 ШA harmala-alhaji Brief 1995 [14] camelorum-prosopis stephaniana
∏AS-∏AST- Salsola sp-salicornia Plains of ∏ASW-ШA- sp-atriplex sp- Semi- 2 Saadatshahr, Sivand, 60 to 100 northeast 85800 16425 28 1991 ШAW-VA- seidlitzia sp- Detailed Seyedan, Arsanjan VAW-VIA stragalus sp surround areas [15] Stragalus sp-tamarix sp-salicornia sp- ∏A-∏AS-∏AT- peganum harmala- 3 Juyom Larestan [16] 230 Southeast 112000 50775 45/3 ШA-VA-VIA- Brief 1994 seidlitzia sp-alhaji VIAW camelorum prosopis stephaniana Salicornia sp- ∏A-∏ATW- tamarix sp-stragalus Kohneh and Kureh 4 203 to 340 Southeast 45200 25625 56/6 ∏AST-ШA-VA- sp-seidlitzia sp-alhaji Brief 2000 plains [17] VIA camelorum-prosopis stephaniana tamarix sp-stragalus ∏A-∏AS-∏AT- sp-seidlitzia sp-alhaji Semi- 5 Shiraz [18] 125000 24815 19-Aug ∏AW-ШA-VA- 1964 camelorum-prosopis Detailed VAW stephaniana ∏A-∏AS-∏AT- Astragalus sp- ∏AST-ШA- Semi- 6 Fasa [19] 172 Southeast 73840 12470 16-Aug atriplex sp-alhaji 1961 ШAT-ШATW- Detailed camelorum VA Semi- 1961 ــــــ ــــــ ــــــ ــــــ Kazerun [20] Western 124 33000 7 Detailed Brief 1989 ــــــ ــــــ ــــــ ــــــ Meymand [21] 110 South 31250 8 Semi- 1974 ـــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ Firuzabad [22] 110 South 7200 9 Detailed Atragalus sp- Ardakan-Mamasani 10 100 Northwest 1244000 200000 16 ШAWS holtemia persica- Brief 1987 [23] peganum harmala Brief 1989 ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ Khafr [24] 100 South 36500 11
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doi: 10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00192.6
Suaeda sp- salicornia sp- 12 Shapur Dalaki [24] 165 West to 245 90000 10650 ∏AT-VA Brief 1977 tamarix sp-prosopis stephaniana Detailed 1975 ــــ ــــ ـــــ ـــــ Marvdasht [25] 50 northeast 300 13 ШA-ШAW-VA- Suaeda sp-salicornia 14 Shabankareh [26] 110 South 16500 12453 75/4 Detailed 1976 VAW-VIA sp-tamarix sp Plain of Ghaderabad Brief 1995 ــــ ــــ ـــــ ـــــ Northeast 20500 130 15 [27] Semi- 1989 ــــ ــــ ـــــ ـــــ Ardakan plain [28] 70 North West 10600 16 Detailed Stragalus sp-tamarix sp-Atriplex sp- Plain of Abadeh ∏A-∏AT-ШA- suaeda sp-salicornia 17 Tashk 200 East 32700 7350 22-Apr Brief 1995 VA-VIA sp-seidlitzia sp- [29] salsola sp-prosopis stephaniana Peganum West and North West harmala-suaeda of Larestan Plains ∏A-∏AT- sp-salicornia sp- (Plains of khonj - ∏AST-ШA- 18 260 Southeast 67000 27400 40/8 salsola sp-seidlitzia Brief 1995 Seifabad - Laghar - ШAT-VA-VAW- sp-stragalus Hamami -Shahrestan VIA sp-prosopis - Laleh) [30] stephaniana peganum harmala- Semirom – Izadkhast 19 350 North 1528000 110000 07-Jan ∏A stragalus sp-salsola Brief 1990 [31] sp-holtemia persica Brief 1993 ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ Darab – Fork [32] 260 Southeast 1577000 20 Areas under Toghor Semi- 1995 ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ dam (Surmagh plain) 50 2 North 6830 21 Detailed [33] ∏AS-∏ASW- stragalus sp- ШA-ШAS- 22 Aspas plain [34] 170 North 35600 1210012100 33/9 tamarix sp-prospolis Brief 1996 ШAW-ШASW- stephaniana VA tamarix sp- ∏A-∏AT-∏AS- seildlitzia sp-salsola Khasuyeh- Haji Abad 23 300 Southeast 9300 31250 33/6 ∏ASW-ШA- sp-salicornia Brief 1989 of Darab [35] ШAS-VA-VIA sp- prospois stephaniana ∏AS-∏AW- stragalus sp- tamarix Semi- 24 Dorudzan [36] 40 North 160000 25550 15-Sep ∏ASW-ШA- 1954 sp Detailed ШAW-VA-VAW ∏A-∏AS-∏AT- holtemia persica- Semi- 25 Jahrom [37] 200 Southeast 47400 17800 37/5 ∏AST-ШA- tamarix sp- stragalus 1967 Detailed ШAS-ШAT-VA sp North and North tamarix sp- stragalus East Larestan Plains sp-peganum (Plains of Kurdeh,- ∏AT-∏ATW- harmala-suaeda 26 420 Southeast 29250 7875 26-Sep Brief 1996 Dehkuyeh –Beriz- ШA-ШASW-VA sp-salicornia Sefidban - Berkeh sp-peosopis Sheikh) [38] stephaniana Seidlitzia sp-suaeda Ard Larestan plain ∏AT-∏AST- sp-salicornia sp- 27 300 Southeast 75500 26525 35/1 Brief 1991 [39] ШA-ШAST-VA tamarix sp-prosopis stephaniana Arsanjan and Brief 1993 ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ Sarpaniran plains 120 Northwest 31000 28 [40] Semi- 1991 ــــ ــــ ــــ ــــ Daranjan Plain [41] 150 Southwest 22000 29 Detailed stragalus sp- ∏A-∏AST- peganum harmala- Ghareh Bagh Plain ∏ASW- -salsola sp-suaeda Semi- 30 10 Southeast 24000 9500 39/5 1989 [42] ∏ASWT-ШA- sp-salicornia Detailed ШAW-VA-VAW sp-prosopis stephaniana salsola sp- salicornia ∏A-∏AT- sp- suaeda Semi- 31 Darab [43] 270 Southeast 52000 13430 25-Aug ∏ASW-ШA- 1967 sp- prosopis Detailed ШAW-VA-VAW stephaniana
Volume 30 • Issue 4 • 1000324 • Page 4 of 6 • Citation: Owfi RE (2017) Vegetation of Saline Regions of Fars Province, Iran. Vegetos 30:4.
doi: 10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00192.6 only in some places. As for economic and applied use of such fragile 18. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Organization, Institute of Soil and Water Research. 1964. Semi-detailed Report of soil study ecosystems, it can be said given climatic condition of Fars, many of for Shiraz. said areas are proper context for water and wind erosion, and given some of them have ideal conditions for wind erosion, vegetation 19. The General Directorate of Water and Soil, Irrigation independent firm. 1961. Semi-detailed soil report for Fasa area. Journal 54. of arid and saline lands that often has weak vegetation shows defensive effect against erosion, and thus for this purpose, Natural 20. The General Directorate of Water and Soil, Irrigation independent firm. 1961. Semi-detailed soil report for Kazeroon area. Journal 36. resources department of Fars has planted species such as Tamarix sp and Haloxylon in some of these regions. Because improvement 21. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Organization, Institute of Soil and Water Research. 1989. Semi-detailed Report of soil study of these lands is impossible and not cost-effective in some cases, for Meimand. Journal 788. other ways to make economic use of them should be found, one of 22. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Organization, which is industrial, drug and food use of them. For example, some Institute of Soil and Water Research. 1954. Semi-detailed Report of soil study species of Tamarix sp have food uses and also Peganum harmala for Firuzabad. Journal 394. has drug applications. Stragalus sp strengthen hair and is used in 23. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Organization, textile industry. Also, they are mainly used for feeding livestock Institute of Soil and Water Research. 1987. Semi-detailed Report of soil study because they are part of pastures and function to preserve and for Ardakan, Mamasani. Journal 735. produce soil, control surface water and feed groundwater and 24. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Organization, support wildlife, etc. Institute of Soil and Water Research. 1991. Semi-detailed Report of soil study for Khafr. Journal 776. References 25. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Organization, 1. Batarseh M (2017) Sustainable management of Calcareous saline-sodic soil Institute of Soil and Water Research. 1977. Semi-detailed Report of soil study in arid Environments: The leaching process in the Jordan valley. Hindawi for Shapur Dalaki. Journal 506. Journal 9. 26. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Organization, 2. Fujiyama H, Magara Y (1995) Salinization of soils.Water quality and Institute of Soil and Water Research. 1975. Semi-detailed Report of soil study standards Journal 2: 6. for Marvdasht. Journal 426.
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doi: 10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00192.6
40. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Organization, 42. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Organization, Institute of Soil and Water Research. 1991. Semi-detailed Report of soil study Institute of Soil and Water Research. 1991. Semi-detailed Report of soil study for Ard of Larestan. Journal 814. of Daranjan plain. Journal 734.
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Author Affiliations Top Faculty of Natural Resources, Department of Rangeland Management, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
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