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Pdf 669.06 K International Journal of Introduction International Journal of 32 Architectural Technology Architectural Technology 33 No : 1 / Autumn: 2012 Iran “pre-Islam” architecture was widespread in different rich forms in Syria, No : 1 / Autumn: 2012 North India, China’s borders, Caucasus and Zangbar (in Africa). This method Wonders of Iran’s Figure 1. a part of Tape Zaghe of architecture and its designing and representation methods has found its remains, Ghazvin plateau; seventh way into the architecture of other enthusiast nations. millennium A.D. Architectural “Pre-Islam” architecture, (like “post-Islam” architec- ture), was always logical, and was full of spiritual val- ues of good breeding and Iranian wise nation. There is Works Before no similar philosophical architecture in other parts of the world. If there is any, it is just an imitation of the Iranian artful architecture. the Islamic Era It must be mentioned that, this kind of architecture is 1) Associate professor, Shahid Hussein Zomarshidi1 Rajaee Teacher Training University, 1000 years old. The buildings built in this Era, show Tehran, Iran the wisdom of Iranian people. Each Era in Architectur- Adobe-made buildings around Kermanshah and Ghazvin be- al history had something valuable for the whole world. long to 8th and 7th millenniums B.C. Shahr e Sukhteh (Burnt “Pre-Islam” architectural works are abundant, and Figure 2. some parts of buildings’ town) which had contiguous buildings, belongs to the third have been widely spread in Iran, in the past and the remains of Shahr e Sookhte, the millennium B.C. Ziggurat (a brick-made building in Cheg- present time. We will briefly deal with some of them, third millennium A.D (Ilami Era) hazanbil) has specific features. It is for the end of the second which now exist in Iran. millennium B.C. 1. ANCIENT RESIDENCES The 17 stone palaces of Takht e Jamshid, which belong to Skeletons of adobe-made residences which belong to Hakhamaneshi Era, reveal high value of world architecture 8th millennium B.C are located ten kilometers far from and unique ways of building. Arch buildings of Ashkani Era, Hersin, a town near Kermanshah. There are some including temples and palaces, have brought some advan- simple adobe-made buildings in “Ganje Tape Zaghe” tages for Iran’s architecture. Unique architecture of Sassanid valley, in Ghazvin plateau. Their ceiling lining was dehiscent Era (for example bases of arch buildings, their plan baldchin. So the ceilings were destroyed, but their skeletons have been saved up to the present. and frameworks, their surfaces, arches, and domes) resulted Figure 3. Adobe–made arch lin- In different buildings (such as palaces, fire temples, inns, etc) ings, niches,… Shahr e Sookhte (third millennium A.D). In all, many of worthy methods of “pre-Islam” architecture, is 2. SHAHR E SUKHTEH the basis of “post-Islam” architecture in Iran. Archeological investigations were done by an Italian archeology team, (under the supervision of Profes- sor Martin Toozi) and Iranian archeology team. These investigations took place in 3 stages (from 1968 to 1979). Shahr e Sukhteh’s works (of the third millen- nium B.C.) was exhumed at this time. Some adobe-made contiguous houses have nim god “Eskonj”-made arch linings. There are some layers which are called “Lapoosh”, in the middle parts of arches. “Eskonjs” of these houses resulted in “Shekonj buildings” in Firooz Abad palace, in Fars (See figures 2 and 3). 3. CHEGHAZANBIL BUILDING The wonderful Cheghazanbil building belongs to 1250 years B.C. It is located in “Haft Tape” in Khuzestan Prov- ince. This building is built in 5 stories. Its shape has not changed through years. The first story is in the shape of a square and is 105/20 ×105/20 meters wide. Every story had “Pasneshin” (indoors). This brick-made build- Keywords: Shahr e Sukhteh (Burnt Town), Takht e Jamshid, Hitra Palace, ing is 54 meters high. This building is known as “Ziggu- Firooz Abad Palace, Kasra arch. rat”. Cheghazanbil building has two underneath stories. These stories are where Ilami the Great and kings used International Journal of to pray. Stories have relationship with each other by a direct and long stair- 4. HAKHAMANESHI (ACHAEMENID) ERA AND TAKHT E JAM- International Journal of 34 Architectural Technology Architectural Technology 35 No : 1 / Autumn: 2012 way. An interesting “Kamani” arch is between the rims of the stairway. SHID WORKS No : 1 / Autumn: 2012 Point: This arch construction is assumed as an invention. It has been used Some interesting, magnificent and philosophically-rich works were built in arch elements in the world and has been very influential. These are the beside Rahmat Mountain in Marvdasht, in Fars Province. These works were Figure 6. Cheghazanbil: Nacreous Figure 4. Some parts of Cheg- empty glass pipes, Iran national hazanbil building (Ilami Era) characteristic features of that building: built during 550 B.C to 330 B.C. These buildings are based upon some museum 1. Lighting: There were some nacreous glass pipes pre- assigned or completed maps for the seventeenth which were placed on the surface of every Pasneshin palaces in Parsieh, Takhte Jamshid. These palaces (indoor) of the stories. were mostly made of stones and had baldchin ceil- 2. Big and thick written bricks with Ilami calligraphy ings. Their base was about 300×450 meters wide. (which is the root of cuneiform calligraphy) on their There were built on the mountain (Rahmat) slopes. thick parts, that shows the commands (laws) of that The distance between the yard and “Soffa” was as Era. These written bricks which are on the facades high as 110 stairs. The stairs were wide, short and of the building and between earth tables are very made of stone. Great sculptors such as “brave men interesting. with wings” which are in “nation’s gates”, and some 3. There were some glazed bricks in the canyons that very philosophical and magnificent shaped stones which belonged to Figure 7. Maze Dar arch lining (parabola), Shoosh (Ilami Era) prevented friction. different nations, in addition to some very elegant and unique clothing, 4. Ab Shishe is used in insulating the bases. This kind statures and some head and facial expressions were created in this Era. of damp insulating was unique with Iran. The pictures of queuing of Javidan soldiers, public levee of Daryoosh (and Remember: There was a platform in front of the build- other Hakhamaneshi kings) to governors and great men of the country ing which was an altar. In this altar, there was used an and nations’ heads in palaces also have been made. The show of horse- interesting bay which is technically called Noghooldar men, quadrupeds and kingdom thrones’ ornaments and many other things, with Haloochin arch. This kind of arch became the such as high column with axels between them, reveal the greatness of the basic of bays of Ivan Madaaeen in Sassanid Era (see palaces. Cow-shaped capitals and painted (engraved) long girders, (in all), figure 3). industry and stone carving art, created unique works which had no peer Furthermore, thirty meters from Cheghzanbil, crypts in other stone works appeared later in Greek, Rome, Eastern Rome, etc. of Ilami kings graves, with arch linings, remain in the form of Maze dar parabola. Point: The samples of Mazidar arches found in Shuooh and belong to the Ilami Era are a kind of quite techni- 1. Entrance stairs Figure 8. Takht- e Jamshid gen- cal arch and arch lining. These arch linings are the 2. Nations’ gates eral plan, seventeenth palaces,… 3. Defending rampart northern (Hakhamaneshi Era) Figure 5. Cheghazanbil engraved bases of arch linings of Ashkani Era. (See figure 7). part written bricks 4. Not completed gate 5. Apadana 6. 100 column hall 7. Darius Palace 8. Third Ardeshir Palace 9. Central building 10. Indoors 11. First Ardeshir Palace 12. Khashayar Shah Palace 13. Central buildings 14. Ganj Khane 15. Defending rampart eastern part 16. Major southern entrance Figure 9. Stone sculptors, stairway to Darius Palace; Takht e Jamshid (Hakhamaneshi Era) International Journal of Because these works had spiritual values. Wherever the spirituality exists, International Journal of 36 Architectural Technology Architectural Technology 37 No : 1 / Autumn: 2012 the art promotes; as in the cases of “Takht e Jamshid”, “Naghsh e Rostam”, No : 1 / Autumn: 2012 “Pasargad”, “shoosh”, etc. Unfortunately, Alexander, of the Macedonia Figure 13. blocked painted tiles, and Arabs’ invasions hurt many valuable works. However, many remaining lion with wings and horns; louver works show the insight, maturity, attention, feeling and art of a strong, wise museum, Paris (Hakhamaneshi Era) and civil nation. It also revealed the unique diplomacy of penetrated Darius, The great. These things are from different nations under the sovrenty of Iran. Remember: In addition to stonecutting art, pottery, tile maker’s craft, smoothing the skin, admiralty metal/ bronze making and gilding promoted very much in the Hakhamaneshi Era. These arts had attracted the atten- tion of great artists, scholars, historians, architects and all inquisitive people in the world. 5. ASHKANI ERA Because of the bitter accident of “the collapse of the ceiling of Takhte Jamshid because of fire”, arch lining was used in Ashkani Era (started at 250 B.C). We can see some samples of them in Nesa Palace in the southern Torkamanestan, the Palace and the Temple of Khaje Mountain Figure 14. A part of Anahita temple beside Hamoon Lake, Anahita Temple in Kangavar and Hitra (Alhazr) Palace, column wall, Kangavar (Ashkani Era) 3 kilometers from Dejle River, south of Mosel in Iraq and Ashkani Palace in central Iraq. Remember: Arch buildings of Ashkani Era were the bases of two and four porch- mosques, schools and caravanserais in “Post-Islam” Era.
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