DOCSLIB.ORG

Political Correctness and Freedom of Expression

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

POLITICAL CORRECTNESS AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS IN POLITICS of RHODES UNIVERSITY Supervisor: Dr Antony Fluxman By: Geoffrey Embling January 2017 Abstract A brief history of political correctness is discussed along with various definitions of it, ranging from political correctness being a benign attempt to prevent offense and avert discrimination to stronger views equating it with Communist censorship or branding it as "cultural Marxism". The aim of the research is to discover what political correctness is, how it relates to freedom of expression and what wider implications and effects it has on society. The moral foundations of rights and free speech in particular are introduced in order to set a framework to determine what authority people and governments have to censor others' expression. Different philosophical views on the limits of free speech are discussed, and arguments for and against hate speech are analysed and related to political correctness. The thesis looks at political correctness on university campuses, which involves speech codes, anti­ discrimination legislation and changing the Western canon to a more multicultural syllabus. The recent South African university protests involving issues such as white privilege, university fees and rape are discussed and related to political correctness. The thesis examines the role of political correctness in the censorship of humour, it discusses the historical role of satire in challenging dogmatism and it looks at the psychology behind intolerance. Political correctness appeals to tolerance, which is sometimes elevated at the expense of truth. Truth and tolerance are therefore weighed up, along with their altered definitions in today's relativistic society. The last part of the thesis looks at South Africa's unique brand of political correctness, along with Black Economic Empowerment, colonialism and white guilt, and the research concludes that political correctness is a distinct form of censorship which has developed in modern democracies. The new forms of justice and morality seen in political correctness are distortions of left-wing liberalism, which appeal to different values to those of traditional liberalism. 1 2 Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr Antony Fluxman for his sensible judgment and for keeping me from wandering far off track, and I would like to thank my parents for their encouragement. 3 4 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Different Interpretations of Political Correctness - pg. 7 The Fellow Travellers and the New Left Feminism and Political Correctness Multiculturalism and Egalitarianism Political Correctness and Cultural Marxism Political Correctness and Religion What is Political Correctness? Chapter 2 The Moral Foundations for Rights and Freedom of Expression - pg. 19 Natural Law and the Enlightenment Way of Thinking The Workmanship Ideal The Social Contract and Natural Rights The Social Contract and Constitutional Law Practical Legal Reasons for Forming a Social Contract Negative Rights Positive Rights Occam's Razor and Rights Secularising the Principles of Natural Law Utilitarianism and its Effects on Rights John Stuart Mill and the Rights-Utility Synthesis The Harm Principle Scientific Argument and Free Speech The Competition of Ideas Democratic Decision-Making and Social Disapprobation When Should Free Speech Be Restricted? The Era of Political Correctness Chapter 3 Hate Speech in Modern Democracies - pg. 40 Downplaying Speech to Just Another "Good" Altered Definitions of Harm The Anti-Absolutist Argument The Offense Principle Censoring Speech May Also Cause Harm The Not Speech Argument The Globalisation Argument The Snowball and Indirect Harm Arguments The Incitement Argument The Disproportionate Impact Argument The Morals and Symbols Argument The Positive Law and Majoritarian Arguments The Newly Proposed Hate Speech Laws in South Africa Chapter 4 Political Correctness in Universities - pg. 51 The University Curriculum Rights vs. Responsibility Relevant Voices to Represent Groups Political Correctness at Publishing Houses The Metonymic Principle - Substituting a Part for the Whole 5 Another Possible Reason for a Multiculturalist Syllabus Speech Codes on Campuses Privatisation (Property Rights) and Speech Offensive Speech and the Golden Rule An Atmosphere of Fear in Universities A Recent Wave of Political Correctness in the United States Political Correctness and a New Type of Justice The Rhodes University Rape Protests Blackstone's Ratio Turned Upside Down Free Speech and the "Punching Up, Punching Down" Debate Straining Out the "Gnats" - Eschewing Controversial Guest Speakers The Future of Universities Chapter 5 Humour, Satire and Political Correctness - pg. 73 Political Correctness and Its Impact on Humour The Danish Cartoons How Humour Helps to Integrate Minority Groups into Society If One Group Has Special Protection Then Other Groups Demand It Too Political Correctness Can Backfire on Minorities How Politically Correct Debates Can Benefit Liberalism How Free Expression Strengthens Religion Difficult Decisions Arising from Globalisation Tolerance Has Changed Its Meaning Chapter 6 Truth, Tolerance and Psychology - pg. 81 The Paradox of Being Intolerant of Intolerance The History of Tolerance Cultural Relativism and Political Correctness The Attraction of Political Correctness and Revolutionary Politics Disapproval of the Establishment and Status Quo Religious Radicalism and Intolerance The Emotional Frustration of Keeping Silent Why Fundamentalists Are Prone to Mockery Political Correctness - a New Religion Chapter 7 South Africa - A Perfect Petri-dish for Political Correctness - pg. 92 ANC Hegemony How Institutions Use Political Correctness Politically Correctness as a Counterbalancing Moral Code Middle Class Opinion-formers and Policy-makers The Ad-Hominem Attack Political Correctness on the Job Front Affirmative Action and Black Economic Empowerment The Irony of BEE Collectivism and Political Correctness Some Minorities Are "More Equal" Than Others A Debate About White Privilege in 1825 Autres Temps, Autres Moeurs - Other Times, Other Customs White Guilt and Political Correctness What Is Modern-Day Political Correctness? Bibliography - pg. 111 6 Chapter 1 Different Interpretations of Political Correctness Peter Coleman, an Australian writer and former parliamentarian, edited a book called Double Take in 1996 which contained contributions from journalists, editors, poets and artists who were all concerned about the decline of Western liberalism from the 1960's onwards. Coleman says that the various authors didn't plan to write specifically about political correctness but after they had finished their contributions it became clear that the ultimate target was political correctness (Coleman, 2000: 5). 'Double Take' was well received after it was published but a persistent complaint about the book was that many people didn't know what was meant by political correctness, which is understandable as the term has different meanings in different countries and often has different meanings within the same country (Coleman, 2000:5). An individual who hasn't thought too deeply about political correctness may think that its sole purpose is to prevent offense, and he or she might find some of its euphemisms mildly amusing such as melanin enriched (for black people), vertically challenged (for short people), cerebrally, intellectually or educationally challenged (for unintelligent people), differently abled (for disabled people) and aesthetically challenged (for unattractive people). Political correctness has changed the elderly into senior citizens, prostitutes into sex workers, homosexuals into gays, and pupils and teachers are deemed to be inegalitarian terms which smack of hierarchy and have been changed into learners, and facilitators or educators (Johnson, 2000: 34). This process of name changing is in order to take sensitivities into account and it constitutes a re-evaluation and reversal of the past which has come to be seen as morally wrong (Johnson, 2000: 34). There is no shortage of satirical jokes, epithets and cartoons directed towards political correctness, an example being James Finn Garner's book called Politically Correct Bedtime Stories: Modern Tales for Our Life and Times (1994). Garner's book satirizes the censorship of children's stories by altering well-known stories to show how a parent might avoid prejudice and make the stories more ethical. Those who look deeper into political correctness recognise that it is an attempt to correct discrimination and past injustice and they see affirmative action, speech codes in universities, changing academic syllabi and furthering laws against hate speech as an outworking of political correctness in order to make life fairer for all. Conservatives and traditional (classical) liberals tend to take a less benign view towards political correctness and some view it as an insidious plan to undermine Western culture. Strong conservatives such as the American commentator Paul Weyrich claim that political correctness is a form of 'Cultural Marxism', which is Marxism without the 7 economics, aimed at enforcing the 'correct values' by means of changing cultural institutions such as universities from within (Coleman, 2000: 6). Marilyn Friedman (1995), an American philosopher and feminist, describes political correctness as comprising a host of social attitudes and reforms which are intended to rectify wrongs of the past,
Recommended publications
  • Market Design in the Presence of Repugnancy: a Market for Children

    Market Design in the Presence of Repugnancy: a Market for Children

    Shane Olaleye Market Design in the Presence of Repugnancy: A Market for Children Shane Olaleye Abstract A market-like mechanism for the allocation of children in both the primary market (market for babies) and the secondary market (adoption market) will result in greater social welfare, and hence be more efficient, than the current allocation methods used in practice, even in the face of repugnancy. Since a market for children falls under the realm of repugnant transactions, it is necessary to design a market with enough safeguards to bypass repugnancy while avoiding the excessive regulations that unnecessarily distort the supply and demand pressures of a competitive market. The goal of designing a market for children herein is two-fold: 1) By creating a feasible market for children, a set of generalizable rules and principles can be realized for designing functioning and efficient markets in the face of repugnancy and 2) The presence of a potential, credible and efficient market in the presence of this repugnancy will stimulate debate into the need for such markets in other similar areas, especially in cases creating a tradable market for organs for transplantation, wherein the absence of the transaction is often a death sentence for those who wish to, but are prevented from, participating in the market. Introduction What is a Repugnant Transaction? Why Care About It? Classical economics posits that when the marginal benefit of an action outweighs its marginal cost, a market mechanism can be implemented wherein an appropriate price emerges that balances the marginal benefit and marginal cost of the action through a suitable transaction between counterparties.
  • 01A — Page 1-21 — the SA Pink Vote (13.08.2021)

    01A — Page 1-21 — the SA Pink Vote (13.08.2021)

    August 2021 Published by the South African Institute of Race Relations (IRR) P O Box 291722, Melville, Johannesburg, 2109 South Africa Telephone: (011) 482–7221 © South African Institute of Race Relations ISSN: 2311-7591 Members of the Media are free to reprint or report information, either in whole or in part, contained in this publication on the strict understanding that the South African Institute of Race Relations is acknowledged. Otherwise no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronical, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. While the IRR makes all reasonable efforts to publish accurate information and bona fi de expression of opinion, it does not give any warranties as to the accuracy and completeness of the information provided. The use of such information by any party shall be entirely at such party’s own risk and the IRR accepts no liability arising out of such use. Editor-in-chief: Frans Cronje Authors: Gerbrandt van Heerden Typesetter: Martin Matsokotere Cover design by Alex Weiss TABLE OF CONTENTS THE SA PINK VOTE . .4 Introduction . 4 Purpose of the study . 5 Why is it important to monitor the Pink Vote? . 5 Th e track record of South Africa’s political parties in terms of LGBTQ rights . 7 African National Congress (ANC). 7 Democratic Alliance (DA) . 10 Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) . 12 Opinion poll results . 14 Key Findings . 15 South African LGBTQ voters are highly likely to turn out at the ballot box .
  • BORN out of SORROW Essays on Pietermaritzburg and the Kwazulu-Natal Midlands Under Apartheid, 1948−1994 Volume One Compiled An

    BORN out of SORROW Essays on Pietermaritzburg and the Kwazulu-Natal Midlands Under Apartheid, 1948−1994 Volume One Compiled An

    BORN OUT OF SORROW Essays on Pietermaritzburg and the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands under Apartheid, 1948−1994 Volume One Compiled and edited by Christopher Merrett Occasional Publications of the Natal Society Foundation PIETERMARITZBURG 2021 Born out of Sorrow: Essays on Pietermaritzburg and the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands under Apartheid, 1948–1994. Volume One © Christopher Merrett Published in 2021 in Pietermaritzburg by the Trustees of the Natal Society Foundation under its imprint ‘Occasional Publications of the Natal Society Foundation’. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without reference to the publishers, the Trustees of the Natal Society Foundation, Pietermaritzburg. Natal Society Foundation website: http://www.natalia.org.za/ ISBN 978-0-6398040-1-9 Proofreader: Catherine Munro Cartographer: Marise Bauer Indexer: Christopher Merrett Design and layout: Jo Marwick Body text: Times New Roman 11pt Front and footnotes: Times New Roman 9pt Front cover: M Design Printed by CPW Printers, Pietermaritzburg CONTENTS List of illustrations List of maps and figures Abbreviations Preface Part One Chapter 1 From segregation to apartheid: Pietermaritzburg’s urban geography from 1948 1 Chapter 2 A small civil war: political conflict in the Pietermaritzburg region in the 1980s and early 1990s 39 Chapter 3 Emergency of the State: detention without trial in Pietermaritzburg and the Natal Midlands, 1986–1990 77 Chapter 4 Struggle in the workplace: trade unions and liberation in Pietermaritzburg and the Natal Midlands: part one From the 1890s to the 1980s 113 Chapter 5 Struggle in the workplace: trade unions and liberation in Pietermaritzburg and the Natal Midlands: part two Sarmcol and beyond 147 Chapter 6 Theatre of repression: political trials in Pietermaritzburg in the 1970s and 1980s 177 Part Two Chapter 7 Inkosi Mhlabunzima Joseph Maphumulo by Jill E.
  • Should Like Cases Be Decided Alike? a Formal Analysis of Four Theories of Justice

    Should Like Cases Be Decided Alike? a Formal Analysis of Four Theories of Justice

    Should Like Cases be Decided Alike? A Formal Analysis of Four Theories of Justice Benjamin Johnson Richard Jordan Princeton University Baylor University Abstract The maxim ‘treat like cases alike’ has underpinned theories of justice since Aristotle. It is commonly wielded as a shield against arbitrary rule and as a sword for civil rights. But it is not clear what the maxim actually means. In this paper, we formalize and evaluate possible definitions of the maxim, including those of John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, HLA Hart, and Aristotle. We demonstrate that, as a theoretical principle, the maxim is always either unhelpful or pernicious. It provides no moral reason to make any particular decision. Importantly, we limit our inquiry to pure theory, and so there may still be room for using the maxim in practice. But such pragmatic use could only be justified with reference to other values, since the maxim contains no moral force of its own. Our findings should encourage political and legal theorists to reexamine some core assumptions of our normative theories. 9973 Words 1 [J]ustice demands, wherever that concept is found, that like men be treated alike in like conditions. Why, I do not know; the fact is given. – Karl Llewellyn, The Bramble Bush 1 Introduction About 2,400 years ago, Aristotle argued that like cases should be treated alike. This Like Cases Maxim (LCM) has been a core feature of political philosophy ever since. The maxim was at the heart of some of the most important theoretical disputes of the last several decades. For political theorists in the liberal tradition like John Rawls, a maxim rooted in shared, objective features could hold ground against utilitarian theories that rest on subjective individual preferences.
  • EASTERN CAPE NARL 2014 (Approved by the Federal Executive)

    EASTERN CAPE NARL 2014 (Approved by the Federal Executive)

    EASTERN CAPE NARL 2014 (Approved by the Federal Executive) Rank Name 1 Andrew (Andrew Whitfield) 2 Nosimo (Nosimo Balindlela) 3 Kevin (Kevin Mileham) 4 Terri Stander 5 Annette Steyn 6 Annette (Annette Lovemore) 7 Confidential Candidate 8 Yusuf (Yusuf Cassim) 9 Malcolm (Malcolm Figg) 10 Elza (Elizabeth van Lingen) 11 Gustav (Gustav Rautenbach) 12 Ntombenhle (Rulumeni Ntombenhle) 13 Petrus (Petrus Johannes de WET) 14 Bobby Cekisani 15 Advocate Tlali ( Phoka Tlali) EASTERN CAPE PLEG 2014 (Approved by the Federal Executive) Rank Name 1 Athol (Roland Trollip) 2 Vesh (Veliswa Mvenya) 3 Bobby (Robert Stevenson) 4 Edmund (Peter Edmund Van Vuuren) 5 Vicky (Vicky Knoetze) 6 Ross (Ross Purdon) 7 Lionel (Lionel Lindoor) 8 Kobus (Jacobus Petrus Johhanes Botha) 9 Celeste (Celeste Barker) 10 Dorah (Dorah Nokonwaba Matikinca) 11 Karen (Karen Smith) 12 Dacre (Dacre Haddon) 13 John (John Cupido) 14 Goniwe (Thabisa Goniwe Mafanya) 15 Rene (Rene Oosthuizen) 16 Marshall (Marshall Von Buchenroder) 17 Renaldo (Renaldo Gouws) 18 Bev (Beverley-Anne Wood) 19 Danny (Daniel Benson) 20 Zuko (Prince-Phillip Zuko Mandile) 21 Penny (Penelope Phillipa Naidoo) FREE STATE NARL 2014 (as approved by the Federal Executive) Rank Name 1 Patricia (Semakaleng Patricia Kopane) 2 Annelie Lotriet 3 Werner (Werner Horn) 4 David (David Christie Ross) 5 Nomsa (Nomsa Innocencia Tarabella Marchesi) 6 George (George Michalakis) 7 Thobeka (Veronica Ndlebe-September) 8 Darryl (Darryl Worth) 9 Hardie (Benhardus Jacobus Viviers) 10 Sandra (Sandra Botha) 11 CJ (Christian Steyl) 12 Johan (Johannes
  • Paradoxes Situations That Seems to Defy Intuition

    Paradoxes Situations That Seems to Defy Intuition

    Paradoxes Situations that seems to defy intuition PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Tue, 08 Jul 2014 07:26:17 UTC Contents Articles Introduction 1 Paradox 1 List of paradoxes 4 Paradoxical laughter 16 Decision theory 17 Abilene paradox 17 Chainstore paradox 19 Exchange paradox 22 Kavka's toxin puzzle 34 Necktie paradox 36 Economy 38 Allais paradox 38 Arrow's impossibility theorem 41 Bertrand paradox 52 Demographic-economic paradox 53 Dollar auction 56 Downs–Thomson paradox 57 Easterlin paradox 58 Ellsberg paradox 59 Green paradox 62 Icarus paradox 65 Jevons paradox 65 Leontief paradox 70 Lucas paradox 71 Metzler paradox 72 Paradox of thrift 73 Paradox of value 77 Productivity paradox 80 St. Petersburg paradox 85 Logic 92 All horses are the same color 92 Barbershop paradox 93 Carroll's paradox 96 Crocodile Dilemma 97 Drinker paradox 98 Infinite regress 101 Lottery paradox 102 Paradoxes of material implication 104 Raven paradox 107 Unexpected hanging paradox 119 What the Tortoise Said to Achilles 123 Mathematics 127 Accuracy paradox 127 Apportionment paradox 129 Banach–Tarski paradox 131 Berkson's paradox 139 Bertrand's box paradox 141 Bertrand paradox 146 Birthday problem 149 Borel–Kolmogorov paradox 163 Boy or Girl paradox 166 Burali-Forti paradox 172 Cantor's paradox 173 Coastline paradox 174 Cramer's paradox 178 Elevator paradox 179 False positive paradox 181 Gabriel's Horn 184 Galileo's paradox 187 Gambler's fallacy 188 Gödel's incompleteness theorems
  • 12-Politcsweb-Going-Off-The-Rails

    12-Politcsweb-Going-Off-The-Rails

    http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/going-off-the-rails--irr Going off the rails - IRR John Kane-Berman - IRR | 02 November 2016 John Kane-Berman on the slide towards the lawless South African state GOING OFF THE RAILS: THE SLIDE TOWARDS THE LAWLESS SOUTH AFRICAN STATE SETTING THE SCENE South Africa is widely recognised as a lawless country. It is also a country run by a government which has itself become increasingly lawless. This is so despite all the commitments to legality set out in the Constitution. Not only is the post–apartheid South Africa founded upon the principle of legality, but courts whose independence is guaranteed are vested with the power to ensure that these principles are upheld. Prosecuting authorities are enjoined to exercise their functions “without fear, favour, or prejudice”. The same duty is laid upon other institutions established by the Constitution, among them the public protector and the auditor general. Everyone is endowed with the right to “equal protection and benefit of the law”. We are all also entitled to “administrative action that is lawful, reasonable, and procedurally fair”. Unlike the old South Africa – no doubt because of it – the new Rechtsstaat was one where the rule of law would be supreme, power would be limited, and the courts would have the final say. This edifice, and these ideals, are under threat. Lawlessness on the part of the state and those who run it is on the increase. The culprits run from the president down to clerks of the court, from directors general to immigration officials, from municipal managers to prison warders, from police generals to police constables, from cabinet ministers to petty bureaucrats.
  • List of Paradoxes 1 List of Paradoxes

    List of Paradoxes 1 List of Paradoxes

    List of paradoxes 1 List of paradoxes This is a list of paradoxes, grouped thematically. The grouping is approximate: Paradoxes may fit into more than one category. Because of varying definitions of the term paradox, some of the following are not considered to be paradoxes by everyone. This list collects only those instances that have been termed paradox by at least one source and which have their own article. Although considered paradoxes, some of these are based on fallacious reasoning, or incomplete/faulty analysis. Logic • Barbershop paradox: The supposition that if one of two simultaneous assumptions leads to a contradiction, the other assumption is also disproved leads to paradoxical consequences. • What the Tortoise Said to Achilles "Whatever Logic is good enough to tell me is worth writing down...," also known as Carroll's paradox, not to be confused with the physical paradox of the same name. • Crocodile Dilemma: If a crocodile steals a child and promises its return if the father can correctly guess what the crocodile will do, how should the crocodile respond in the case that the father guesses that the child will not be returned? • Catch-22 (logic): In need of something which can only be had by not being in need of it. • Drinker paradox: In any pub there is a customer such that, if he or she drinks, everybody in the pub drinks. • Paradox of entailment: Inconsistent premises always make an argument valid. • Horse paradox: All horses are the same color. • Lottery paradox: There is one winning ticket in a large lottery. It is reasonable to believe of a particular lottery ticket that it is not the winning ticket, since the probability that it is the winner is so very small, but it is not reasonable to believe that no lottery ticket will win.
  • Boycotts and Sanctions Against South Africa: an International History, 1946-1970

    Boycotts and Sanctions Against South Africa: an International History, 1946-1970

    Boycotts and Sanctions against South Africa: An International History, 1946-1970 Simon Stevens Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Simon Stevens All rights reserved ABSTRACT Boycotts and Sanctions against South Africa: An International History, 1946-1970 Simon Stevens This dissertation analyzes the role of various kinds of boycotts and sanctions in the strategies and tactics of those active in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. What was unprecedented about the efforts of members of the global anti-apartheid movement was that they experimented with so many ways of severing so many forms of interaction with South Africa, and that boycotts ultimately came to be seen as such a central element of their struggle. But it was not inevitable that international boycotts would become indelibly associated with the struggle against apartheid. Calling for boycotts and sanctions was a political choice. In the years before 1959, most leading opponents of apartheid both inside and outside South Africa showed little interest in the idea of international boycotts of South Africa. This dissertation identifies the conjuncture of circumstances that caused this to change, and explains the subsequent shifts in the kinds of boycotts that opponents of apartheid prioritized. It shows that the various advocates of boycotts and sanctions expected them to contribute to ending apartheid by a range of different mechanisms, from bringing about an evolutionary change in white attitudes through promoting the desegregation of sport, to weakening the state’s ability to resist the efforts of the liberation movements to seize power through guerrilla warfare.
  • Ethics and Economics by Amartya

    Ethics and Economics by Amartya

    ON ETHICS & ECONOMIC AMARTYA SEN On Ethics and Economics Copyrighted material The Royer Lectures Series Editor: John M. Letiche University of California, Berkeley On Ethics and Economics Amartya Sen Blackwell Publishing Copyrighted material ©1987, 1988 by Amartya Sen BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford 0X4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton., Victoria 3053, Australia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 1987 First published in paperback 1988 Reprinted 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 (twice), 2002, 2003, 2004 Library of Congress Cataloging- -in-Publication Data Sen, Amartya On ethics and economics. 1. Economics—Moral and ethical aspects L 174'.4 HB72 ISBN 0-631-16401 -4 (pbk) A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 11 on 13 pt Times by Columns of Reading Printed arid bound in the United Kingdom by Athenæum Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear The publisher ' s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a. sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com To Ken Arrow Copyrighted material Contents Foreword by John M.
  • An Analysis and Critique of Neoclassical Economic Thought: the Pareto Principle

    An Analysis and Critique of Neoclassical Economic Thought: the Pareto Principle

    An Analysis and Critique of Neoclassical Economic Thought: The Pareto Principle Jeff Bone Dr. Davis and Dr. Fikkert Senior Integration Paper May 2, 2002 *Notice: The views expressed in this Senior Integration Paper do not necessarily represent the views of Covenant College. Outline I. Introduction II. The Pareto Principle and Where it Comes From A. A Statement of the Pareto Principle B. The Utilitarian Background to Pareto: Why it was Necessary III. The Positive/Normative Distinction A. What it is and How the Pareto Principle Flows from It B. Breaking the Distinction: A Critique of Positivism IV. Critiquing the Pareto Principle: General Problems A. The Utilitarian Foundation: Preference Problems B. Sen’s Critique: The Impossibility of the Paretian Liberal C. Other problems with Pareto V. Christian Problems with Pareto: The Wrong Standard A. Some Basic Christian Principles B. How the Pareto principle differs from a Christian view VI. The Case Study: Debt and Structural Adjustment in Uganda A. Background to the Debt Crisis B. Uganda and Structural Adjustment C. Where the Christian View Differs from the Pareto principle VII. Conclusion: Where Do We Go From Here? A. Is the Pareto principle inherently evil? B. Other Issues 2 I. Introduction The prevailing theory that has driven economics over the past century is neoclassical economics. It is within this framework that textbooks and theories on the study of economics have been formulated. Economics holds an important place in our culture and our increasingly globalized world. Seemingly small changes in economic policy, such as the Federal Reserve changing interest rates, can have a large effect not just on the American economy, but on the economies of countries around the world.
  • Faheema Bava

    Faheema Bava

    DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE SHADOW CABINET – OCTOBER 2015 Portfolio Shadow Minister Shadow Deputy Minister Additional Member Agriculture, Forestry & ANETTE STEYN ZELDA JONGBLOED Fisheries 082 323 0027 081 532 5979 Arts & Culture WINSTON RABOTAPI ALLEN GROOTBOOM DR 082 464 2651 076 886 8262 Basic Education GAVIN DAVIS DESIREE VAN DER WALT SONJA BOSHOFF 082 528 7903 082 452 0444 082 429 0280 Communications PHUMZILE VAN DAMME VERONICA VAN DYK 074 462 1279 083 236 2152 Co-operative Governance & KEVIN MILEHAM NQABA BHANGA DAVID MATSEPE Traditional Affairs 083 463 8858 071 410 0902 071 330 2955 Defence & Military Veterans KOBUS MARAIS SHAHID ESAU 084 448 3838 082 704 5378 Economic Development MICHAEL CARDO DR PATRICK ATKINSON 082 323 9296 083 445 2059 Energy GORDON MACKAY PIETER VAN DALEN 060 507 2009 083 655 2203 Environmental Affairs THOMAS HADEBE JóHNI EDWARDS 081 357 7153 082 568 3044 Finance DAVID MAYNIER ALF LEES MALCOLM FIGG DR 071 534 6398 082 806 4340 084 581 5584 Appropriations MALCOLM FIGG DR ALAN MCLOUGHLIN ‘084 581 5584 ‘060 525 8977 Health WILMOT JAMES DR HEINRICH VOLMINK DR LUNGISWA JAMES 082 824 8879 082 458 6867 083 398 5371 Higher Education & Training BELINDA BOZZOLI PROF YUSUF CASSIM 082 802 5110 083 788 5088/ 073 422 5662 Home Affairs HANIFF HOOSEN ARCHIBOLD FIGLAN 072 206 5273 071 678 9675 Human Settlements MAKASHULE GANA TANDEKA GQADA TARNIA BAKER 082 773 4755 083 349 9184 076 521 2711 International Relations & Co- STEVENS MOKGALAPA SANDY KALYAN operations 083 275 1779 082 578 5207 Justice & Correctional Services GLYNNIS BREYTENBAC