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Vo I.38:No.3 "What llewsfi'olll Oxford? Do thesejllsts alld triUlllphs hold?" Richard II 5.2 Summer 2002

Stylometrics and the This Strange Eventful History Funeral ElegyAffair Oxford, Shakespeare, and The Seven Ages of Man

By Robert Brazil and Wayne Shore By Christopher Paul

tylometrics refers to a growing body of "All the world's a stage" begins one of miseries of human life in much the same S techniques for analyzing written the most famous of Shakespeare's manner as Jaques, in a book which names material assisted by numerical analysis. monologues, the "Seven Ages of Man" the Earl of Oxford on the title page. Stylometrics has been applied in making speech voiced by the acerbic courtier Let us first begin with a briefoverview and refuting attributions of authorship. Jaques in As YO liLike It, Act 2, scene 7. of the origins ofJaques' speech. [Printed Comparative study ofEliza bethan texts As Jaques continues, he dryly and in full on page 15.] The iconography of began after concordances of Shakespeare entertainingly catalogs the ages, the Ages of Man was quite diverse, and his contemporaries were widely beginning with the mew ling infant, often evidencing conflation with the published in the early 20th Century. But it fo llowed by the whining school-boy, Ages of the World, the planets, the wasnot until the advent ofhome computing the sighing lover, the quarreling Deadly Sins, the days of the week, the that these databases could be effectively soldier, the prosing justice, the seasons, Fortune's Wheel, the compared with each other. Vocabulary, shrinking pantaloon, and ending with Pilgrimage of Man, the Danse Macabre, word usage, grammar preferences, and extreme old age, or "mere oblivion." etc. The range of divisions has varied habitual usage of certain constructions all While critics agree that the metaphor from three, four, five, six, seven, eight, have to be quantified. of dividing human ten, all the way to An important exclusionary rule life into periods had twelve ages. 1 applies here: Sim ilarities between long been common, Hippocrates, contemporary texts are taken for the exact inspiration Proclus, and granted. It is the dif(erences that are fo r Shakespeare's Censorinus are all probative. version of the said to have When a stylometric study is discussed, "Ages" is still divided human a comment is sometimes made about what debated. Now it can life into seven computers can or can't do in this area. be shown that three ages, while Framing the issue this way is misguided, and primary sources for Isidore of Seville leads away from constructively evaluating a the Seven Ages favored six. An stylometric process. Computers add nothing speech are linked to illustrated poem, to the stylometric process but speed and the seventeenth Earl along with the efficiency in gathering and manipulating of Oxford. One leg is morality play data. The same studies can be done without Oxford's likely first The Castle of Ju velltus. the Fourth Age, with falcoll, fi'O/II Siella computers, ifone had enough time, and a big hand witness of the Perseverance, enough team. What's important is the renowned Seven Ages of Man mosaic at both in unique manuscript from the first (collt'd all p. 8) the cathedral in Siena, Italy. Additional quarter of the fifteenth century, are among fo oting comes through a 1575 book by Sir the earliest [Middle] English renditions SOS Conference Preview: page 2 Geoffrey Fenton, a translator and touching on the Ages of Man. 2 The late Shakespeare News: page 4 statesman long established by the morality play Mlilldus et In(al1s, which Oxfordian News: page 6 orthodoxy as one of Shakespeare's followed almost a century later and Sanders Portrait: page 9 sources, and a man with close survives in a single print, also adapted this Meet the SOS Trustees: page 16 connections to Edward de Vere. The third theme. A number of illustrations in Book Review: page 17 prop is found in the 1592 publication illuminated mediev al manuscripts Countess Anne's Book: page 18 Axiochlls, which describes the successive depicting various Ages of Man are still (cont'd onp. 12) Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter SUl1ll1ler2002 page 2

Shakespeare Oxford The Shakespeare Oxford Society Newsletter Convenes in the Nation's Capitol Published quarterly by the Shakespeare Oxford Soeiety th 1555 Connecticut Ave. N.W. Outstanding Offerings at the 26 Annual Conference Suite 200 Washington, D.C. 20036 he Shakespeare Oxford Society Kingmaker," and Sidney Lubow will ISSN 1525-6863 T will be returning to the nation's speak on the "Internal Triangle" of Capitol to hold its 26th Annual Shakespeare's Sonnets. Edward Gero Editor: Robert Brazi I Conference, October 10-13, 2002. will speak on "Performing Shakespeare." Editorial Board: Washington, D.C. has hosted the Other presenters include Prof. Albert Katherine Chiljan, Ramon Jimenez, Society'S Annual Conference six times Burgstahler of the Univ. of Kansas, Gerit Quealy, Jack Shuttleworth, Richard Whalen in the past -in 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, British researcher Derran Charlton, and 1985 and 1987. In 1987, David Lloyd Peter and Syril Kline speaking on the Phone: 202-207-0281 Kreeger, a Washington lawyer, novel, The Adventures of Master FJ. email: [email protected] businessman, philanthropist, and fellow Also speaking will be SOS President Oxfordian, organized a moot court debate Aaron Tatum, past president Gordon Cyr, All contents copyright © 2002 Shakespeare Oxford Society on the authorship question which was columnist and author Joseph Sobran, presented before a panel composed of Cheryle Sims, Trustee of the G.c . Ford The newsletter welcomes articles, essays, his old friends Harry Blackmun, William Foundation, and Brian Hicks, President of commentary, book reviews, letters and news items. Contributions should be Brennan and their fe llow Supreme Court the DeVere Society ofEngland. There will reasonably concise and, when appropriate, Justice John Paul Stevens. be news of the Society, its plans, its new validated by peer review. The views expressed by contributors do not Several themes pervade the 2002 headquarters, and publications. necessarily reflect those orthe society as a conference topics: (1) The Winter's Tale, A workshop and panel will be offered literary and educational organization. its performance and significance; (2) for local teachers to help stimulate Shakespeare-Oxford's milieu, including interest in teaching the Shakespeare astronomy ofthe period, the politics ofthe authorship at the school level. There will Board of Trustees court and Oxford's part therein, also be an open session of an Shakespeare Oxford Society Shakspere's religion and its effects, Introduction to the Authorship Question Oxford's music, finances, and publications; for interested locals in the D.C. area. L(fetime HOl/orm)' Trustees (3) interpretive and speculative papers on A special guided tour of the Folger Dr. Gordon Cyr Charles Boyle the sonnets, Ham let, and anonymity. Museum will be offered to conference Featured speakers include Prof. Peter participants. 2001-2002 Usher (Pennsylvania State Univ.) on Sponsored by the Gertrude C. Ford BOARD OF TRUSTEES astronomy and Ham let; Dr. Frank Davis Foundation, the 26th Annual President on the dating of Twelfth Night; Bill Farina Conference will be held at the Crystal Aaron Tatum and Dr. Richard Desper, each speaking Gateway Marriott in Arlington, Virginia, on The Winter's Tale; Stephanie Hughes which is conveniently located near a First Vice-Presidellf Dr. Jack Shuttleworth on John Webster and The Duchess of subway stop for easy access to Ma(fl; Robert Brazil on Oxford's Books. downtown D.C. The Crystal Gateway is Second Vice-President Peter Dickson will speak on the curious the site of many national conventions, Dr. Frank Davis Stratford tombs and also on the Catholic often televised by C-Span. Conference Recording Secret{//)' controversy. Prof. Alan Nelson will planning is still in progress, but points Wayne Shore preview his upcoming biography of of interest will include the Folger Oxford. Katherine Chiljan will discuss the Shakespeare Library and Theater, the Treasurer Joe C. Peel dating of the Ashbourne Portrait. Sally Library of Congress, and the Kreeger Mosher will present "Shakespeare's Museum. The Shakespeare Theater, Katherine Chiljan Knowledge ofMusic," and Jim Swank will internationally recognized as one of Barboura Flues John Hamill talk on the origins of Rosenkrantz and America's fo remost classical theaters Michael Forster Pisapia Gildernstern. Ramon Jimenez will present and located in downtown D.C., will Gerit Quealy two papers: "Oxford and Lyly" and be presenting The Winter's Tale in James Sherwood "Hel1J)' the Fifth." Dr. Daphne Pearson October. The Conference promises Edward Sisson will elucidate Oxford's fi nancial woes. to be an exciting event in the Susan Sybersma Ron Hess will present "Oxford the Authorship Debate. Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer2002 page 3

The View from Santa Cruz

The Santa Cruz Sentinel ral1 a but an English nobleman, Edward de candidates have been forwarded, story 011 Jll ly 14, 2002 entitled Vere,IThEarl ofOxford. including Francis Bacon, the "The debate pl ays 011: Oxford vs. They call themselves the philosopher-statesman, and even Stratford " by Kllrt Hartmann. As the Shakespeare Oxfo rd Society and last Elizabeth I herself. Beyond question, it SOS is fe atured prom inently ill the October some 100 ofthem (two from as has been Edward de Vere whosc piece we offe r the entire story. far away as Vermont) assembled in candidacy has gained the greatest Carmel fo r their 25th annual conference. plausibility and endurance. lthough the numbers are less than Convening in a fo rmer movie palace, Like Ralph Waldo Emerson, who a Afu lly reliable, a decent regard for the Golden Bough Theater, the century ago declared that he could not historic truth permits them to be conference was hosted by society "marry" Shakespeare's life to employed when contemplating a member Steven Moorer, artistic director Shakespeare's work, modern Oxfordians centuries-old literary dispute that has of the Pacific Repertory Theater. base much of their case on their split much ofthe English-speaking world contention that the author of the plays into three disparate groupings. experienced military and naval life, and The first, and immeasurably largest, was familiar with the law courts as well is comprised ofuntold millions who are Once the seed of as the royal court. He would have had to either oblivious to the issue, or, in any be an accomplished horseman and event, could not care less about a doubt had been falconer, and familiar with life on the donnybrook - basically over who wrote planted, continent of Europe. Oxford has all these what - that had its blurry beginnings qualifications and experiences, while more than 200 years ago, in a country the wrangling, Shakspere seemed to have none. that was then forever fighting about In fa ct, he [Shakspere] apparently something or other, and with weapons though sometimes emerged from illiterate antecedents and other than words - the United Kingdom. quiescent for it was said that Shakspere' s wife, Anne The second group, although lilliputian Hathaway, as well as their two daughters, compared to the first, nevertheless decades, would could barely write their signatures. All numbers multi-millions. No doubt it never be laid to rest. fi ve or six of the purported scribe's own contains more book readers, occasional surviving signatures are penned in a theatergoers and probably greater crabbed, hesitant hand. numbers of parents who pay attention De Vere, on the other hand, was known to what their offspring are learning in As far as is known, the authorship as a brilliant and prolific writer, and it is school. It is this segment of men and dispute began in the 1780s when an undisputed that his foster fa ther, William women in Europe, North America and a Anglican churchman, the Rev. James Cecil, the queen's chief minister, served sprinkle elsewhere who tend to feel, Wilmot, came to Warwickshire to as the model for the pompous Polonius however vaguely, a sense of respect, gather biographical material on one in Ham let. perhaps even awe when the name of Wm. Shakespeare, who at one time had These arguments largely were "old that giant amongst giants of the English resided in the area. After examining hat" to the Carmel conferees, Their language is mentioned. His name has every bookcase "within a 50-mile seminars, lectures and polite debate come down the ages as that of William radius" and fi nding nothing -no book, tended to fo cus on more arcane aspects Shakespeare - or Will Shakspere, as his no manuscript, no journal having of their cause, as for example, a debate name often was given during his lifetime belonged to Shakespeare - Wilmot on the dating of Henry Peacham's from 1564to 1616. gave up his quest and concluded that [sketch of] Titlls All drolliclls. Most However there now exists a third the works attributed to his quarry had Oxfordians concede that a conclusive element. Still minuscule in numbers - actually been written by "some other resolution of their cause probably rests perhaps, as an identifiable organization, person. " on two possibilities: That a musty no more than a thousand - but growing Once the seed of doubt had been English attic. at some unknown fu ture slowly, whose avowed purpose is to planted, the wrangling, though date, will reveal long-hidden convince the world that it was not the sometimes quiescent for decades, manuscripts that will settle the thing, or man from Stratford, Shakspere, who would never be laid to rest. Over years, that galloping science, via DNA or other wrote the immortal sonnets and plays, then centuries, some sixty substitute means will prove to be the final arbiter. Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter SUl11mer2002 page 4

Shakespeare News

Hamlet's Star One ofthe people who read the article king, and was imprisoned and threatened in Sky & Telescope was Dr. Eric with death when her sister Mary sat on An article by Leon Jaroff appeared in Altschuler, then a physicist wh o was the throne of England. The New York Times on July 16, 2002 attending medical school at the Legend has it that a ring was taken entitled "By Yonder Blessed Moon, University of California, San Diego. Dr. fr om Elizabeth's fi nger when she died by Sleuths Decode Life and Art." Featured is Altschuler was already preparing a paper Robert Carey, who then rode non-stop the work of Dr. Donald Olson, an on the knowledge of astronomy shown for three days to bring the news to James Astronomer whose passion lies in by the author of the Shakespeare plays, VI of Scotland, informing him of the determining dates inherent in works ofArt and demonstrated how Oxford was the Queen's death and telling him that he and Literature through references to most likely candidate, when the data was now King James I of England. events in the sky, drawn or described. For was considered. Altschuler tallied The 2003 exhibition will include other example Olson dates Van Gogh's "White references to the stars and planets in the personal objects belonging to Elizabeth House at Night" to June 16, 1890, by Works ofShakespeare and compared them including an opharion, a lute-like comparing Van Gogh's sketchy biography with astronomical events fr om the instrument which was made especially with sky charts and concluding that the contemporary record. All the references to fo r her and is the only surviving example bright object above the house must have astronomical events could be dated to the in the world. Also to be exhibited is a been Venus. Elizabethan era (1558-1603). Astronomical plaster Tudor rose, excavated 30 years With Shakespeare's works, Dr. Olson discoveries and events from after 1604, ago though never displayed, a rare relic became fascinated by a detail in Hamlet, coincidentally the year Oxford died, do not ofthe palace ofGreenwich, the birthplace in the discussion at the beginning of the appear in the Shakespeare plays, though ofboth Henry VIII and Elizabeth I which play between Horatio, Bernardo, clever critics often find ways to update was destroyed in the 17th Century. Marcellus, and Francisco. Shakespeare's original allusions to But is the aforementioned ring actually Bernardo: Sit down awhile, and let us Jacobean events. It is perhaps another the ring removed fr om Elizabeth's finger once again assail your ears, that are so coincidence that there is an illustration of at her demise? Oxfordian researcher Nina fortified against our story, what we Tycho Brahe, portrayed with the coats of Green noticed that in Robert Carey's two nights have seen. arms of his ancestors, amongst which can memoir he wrote ofhis discussion with be fo und the names of "Rosenkrans" and the new King James I in Scotland: Horatio: Well, sit we down, and let us "Guldensteren." [0. Gingerich, "Great hear Bernardo speak of this. conjunctions, Tycho, and Shakespeare," After he had long discoursed of the manner of the queen' s sickness and Bernardo: Last night of all, when yond Sky & Telescope 59, 1981, pp. 394- 395.] same star that's westward from the Dr. Altschuler posted his paper of her death, he asked what letters I pole had made his course t' illume that "Searching for Shakespeare in the Stars" had from the Council. I told him, none: part of heaven where now it burns, in 1998 on the Los Alamos National and acquainted him how narrowly I Marcellus and myself, the bell then Laboratory preprint site. It can be seen escaped from them. And yet I had brought him a blue ring fr om a fair beating one ....Hamlet Act 1 sc. 1 at: http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/981 0042. lady, that I hoped would give him Although there had been prior Elizabeth's Ring assurance of the truth that I had speculation about Bernardo's "star that's reported. He took it and looked upon westward," Dr. Olson calculated that the When Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, it, and said, 'It is enough; I know by a diamond, ruby, gold and mother-of­ constellation Cassiopeia was the this you are a true messenger. ' [F. H. designated area, though there are no pear! ring was apparently taken from her Mares (cd.) The Memoirs o(Roberf Carey, brilliant naked-eye stars to be seen there body. It is slated to be displayed, for the Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972, pp.63-4.] today. Olson was reminded of Tycho first time in 400 years, starting May 2003, Brahe's (1546-1601) observations of the at England's National Maritime Museum, The ring, which will be displayed next spectacular supernova in Cassiopeia in which is built on the south London site of year, is described by Maev Kennedy in November 1572, now called SN 1572A, or the fo rmer Greenwich Palace. an article in the Guardian as "diamond, "Tycho's star" for that fa mous Danish Behind an initial, the ring conceals a ruby, gold and mother-of-pearl." The astronomer. Olson then figured that William secret compartment with a portrait of ring described by Robert Carey was Shakespeare, eight years old in 1572, must Elizabeth's mother Anne Boleyn, who "a blue ring from a fair lady." Perhaps have seen the supernova and recalled it lost her head as part of the sweeping the diamonds and mother-of-pearl give decades later for his play. This theory was collateral damage in Henry VIII's a blue appearance overwhelming the first aired in 1998 as "The stars ofHamlet" campaign to have a male heir. Young rubies and gold. Soon we will find out if in Sky & Telescope 96, pp. 68-73, by D.W. Princess Elizabeth was later declared a this ring was the thing that caught the Olson, M.S. Olson & R. L. Doescher. bastard by her brother Edward, the boy conscience of that King. Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter SUl11l11cr2002 page 5

Blackfriars Playhouse

The Blackfriars Playhouse in Staunton, Virginia is a stunning tribute to the original Blackfriars, the stage where many Shakespeare dramas were first performed. The new Blackfriars, commissioned by the well­ known theatrical company Shenandoah Shakespeare to be their new home, opened in September 200 1. The two-story theater is constructed with heavy oak beams and posts, and the interior is lit only by glass-filament sconces which replace the dangerous candle-powered originals. The lights are left on during performances echoing the original Elizabethan tradition where open-roofed theater was a daylight-only affair, and indoor theater was uniformly . ht. There are 300 seats and standing room for twenty "groundlings." The architect for the new Blackfriars Playhouse, Tom McLaughlin, did extensive research to ensure authenticity. He chose the second Blackfriars theater, circa 1608, as his model. Shenandoah Shakespeare, under the Artistic Direction of Jim Warren performs Shakespeare's works unde :' their original staging conditions - on a simple stage, without elaborate sets The Blackfi-iars Playhouse in Staunton Virginia and with the audience sharing the sam� light as the actors. The Blackfriars is Mr. Who He? poems and genres, and is especially open year-round for Shakespeare good on the implications of the An Article in The London Review of productions, musical and theatrical sonnets' original mode of circulation, Books, August 8, 2002, by Stephen events. Shenandoah also plans a in manuscript among Shakespeare's Orgel, "Mr. Who He?" reviews the latest recreation of the 1614 Globe. 'private friends,' where both the compilation of Shakespeare's verse: mystification and the playfulness that Com plete SOllnets and Poems of William have so fru strated later readers were The Earl of Oxford and the First Shakespeare by Colin Burrow. [Oxford entirely appropriate. He briskly and Blackfriars Theater Press, 2002, 750 pages]. In spite of the amusingly disposes of Mr. W. H., provocative title of his review, Orgel In the years 1584-86 the Earl of observing that all the proposed does not discuss the authorship Oxford arranged to lease a large hall candidates are nonsensical, and offers question. Rather, he gives an excellent in London's B lackfriars for use as a instead "Who He?" This seems to me synopsis ofthe history ofthe publication playhouse. Oxford also leased the probably correct: the great of Shakespeare's poetry, elucidating the downstairs for a fencing school. A bibliographer Arthur Freeman has complex textual problems deriving from complicated paper trail on this still suggested to me that the intials stand the variant extant editions. For example, exists, and payments connect Oxford for " Whoever He (may be)," and has the 1640 edition of Shakespeare's as the patron, John Lyly, Oxford's found a paJ'allel in a contemporary Sonnets was rather radically modified secretary in the early 1580's as go­ pamphlet. ...Burrow does not include by editor John Benson. between and proprietor, and Henry the notorious Funeral Elegy for William In Orgel's opinion: Evans as theater manager. [See E. K. Peter, now ignominiously demoted to Chambers Elizabethan Stage 2: 496-498; Burrow writes wonderfully about a poem by John Ford: Burrow never RuthMiller's Oxfordian Vistas 2: 139.] the interplay between the various believed in it, nor did I.

(collt'd 011 p. 23) Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter SUl11mer2002 page 6

Oxfordian News

Biography Magazine on the Authorship Oxford was in Italy, and their appearance play, produced two years ago, which in many of the Shakespeare plays. fo cused on the authorship debate, and Biography Magazine fe atured an Hopefully we will be hearing much more revealed Oxford as true author. article on the authorship question in its from Kevin on this front in the future. N ashville chapter member and former August 2002 edition, called "The Bard Brian Hicks reviewed plans for the Nashville Banner reporter Evans or Not the Bard: Who Wrote 2004 conference. Meeting the Donnell agreed to chair a special press Shakespeare's Plays?" Using the Cambridge minimums and deadlines relations committee at the conference, springboard of the recent fi lm will be a challenge. Sean Gallagher assisted by Dorian. The head of the documentary on the Marlowe theory, outlined a potential strategy fo r a media Nashville Sherlock Holmes Society Michael Rubbio's Milch Ado about campaign in 2004, and Brian invited group, the Three Pipe problem, Gael Something, author David Goldman the reactions ofthose present. A lively, Stahl also attended and offered a brief reviews the problems with the traditional thoughtful discussion ensued. People "devil's advocate" review on behalfof Shakespeare attribution and gives a offered many views, pro and con, the man from Stratford. The game is condensed history of the debate. about the likely success of such a afoot. The Nashvill e Chapter will meet Goldman gives equal space to Marlowe, strategy. One well-received speaker again in September. Bacon and Oxford, though he seems to emphasized the need to focus on the show a slight bias against the case for Chicago fact that Stratfordians are suppressing Edward de Vere. Goldman, explaining academic freedom. The Chicago Oxford Society (COS) is the overall problem, says: "It's the Daphne Pearson had planned to talk proud to announce Marion Buckley, biggest cover-up in literary history, a on "the Catholic connection and its President of COS, has been awarded the scam perpetrated on generations of influence on Oxford's life;" but sadly, third place prize (out of more than 1,200 unsuspecting readers. At least that's she broke her ankle the day before and entries) in the American Screenwriters the opinion of a growing group of was unable to attend. Please join me in Association (ASA)/Writers Digest authors and scholars, who say the man wishing her a speedy recovery. international screenplay competition. known as Shakespeare was a fake." He - John Shahan Marion's screenplay, "By Any Other concludes, "So the debate rages on. To Name," is a humorous dramatization of the doubters, there's a method to their Nashville the life and times of Edward de Vere. madness, while the Stratfordians insist On July 20t\ the Nashville Chapter Marion received her award on August 3 the whole thing's just a tale told by an of the Shakespeare Oxford Society had at the ASA annual awards banquet in idiot. But whatever the truth may be, in a friendly two-hour meeting at the Universal City, California, where she was the end, the play's the thing." Sherlock Holmes Pub. SOS president joined by Shakespeare Authorship

England - DVS meeting at Henley Aaron Tatum related plans for the Roundtable founder Carol Sue Lipman. upcoming 26th Annual conference On June 19 at the Goodman Theatre in On July 20, a beautiful, sunny (for sponsored by the Gertrude C. Ford Chicago, COS and the Goodman co­ England) day, DVS chairman Brian foundation. Nashville chapter member sponsored a discu ssion of the Hicks drove me and local authority PR and local playwright Bill Dorian will Shakespeare authorship question consultant Sean Gallagher from be one of the featured speakers. Dorian between Oxfordian Felicia Hardison Cambridge through very lush, green will be describing the details behind his Londre, Curators' Professor of Theatre countryside to Henley-on-Thames for the DVS summer meeting. About fo rty members responded to Brian's call for a strong turnout to help plan the 2004 conference in Cambridge. SOS and Horatio Society members Ramon Jimenez and Joan Leon of Berkeley, California, also attended. DVS member Kevin Gilvary first gave a fa scinating, well-prepared presentation on "Shakespeare and the Commedia dell' Arte." He was able to show clear and strong connections between standard characters and themes from the Italian dramatic tradition, as it existed during the time In Nashville, left to right, Gael Stahl, Aaron TatulII, Evans Donell, William Dorian Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer 2002 page 7 at the University of Missouri-Kansas show titled "Shakespeare's Geography Shakespeare was Edward de Vere, City, and David Kathman, co-author of Lesson: The Travels of Edward de the Earl of Oxford. So I'd love to the Shakespeare Authorship web page. Vere." hear any ofyour opinions out there, The discussion was moderated by For details, check the COS website you Shakespearean scholars, and Goodman Dramaturg Tom Creamer and at: www.chicagooxfordsociety.org. you've got a one minute message Goodman Dramaturgy Intern John time. Give it to me, man, tell me what Hanlon, who is pursuing his M.F.A. at Anne Rice on Oxford and Sha\{espeare you think about this. It is the Yale Drama School. Excerpts fr om astonishing what the Edward de Although this "news" may be a fe w this discussion will appear this September Vere camp has turned up in the way years old, noted fi ction writer Anne in the Goodman newsletter promoting of research to explain all kinds of Rice 's opinions on the Authorship of their production of Amy Freed's "The mysteries of the plays and the life Shakespeare are not widely known . Beard of Avon." Marion Buckley and of the so-called Shakespeare. Here is what is posted on her website: COS co-founder Bill Farina were allowed Very, very interesting stuff. And to sit in as observers during the taping. Good writing news fo r me ... in also Queen Elizabeth had a very Professor Londre more than held her own the peace and quiet of my crazy strange relationship with Edward during the proceedings and should be room fu ll of busts of Beethoven de Vere. She really pardoned him congratulated for an excellent and Shakespeare and stufflike that. for things that she would have just, performance in promotion of the And, by the way ... I mentioned you know, decapi tated other Oxfordian theory. that I had seen Kenneth Branagh's people and there's strong evidence Lastly, we are pleased to announce Hamlet. Still think it's absolutely that he was Shakespeare, and that Bill Farina has been invited to speak brilliant. I've been reading a whole a lot of the plays were published before the DePau l Geographi cal lot of books on Shakespeare and after his death. Okay, that's it. I Society on September 14 for the kick­ apparently there are a lot of theories just wanted to throw that out. off event of the society's 4211d annual that Shakespeare wasn't written by lecture series at DePaul University. Shakespeare. And I'm falling in Source: Bill will present a one-hour slide love with this idea that the real http://www.mmerice.com/ph�aug2S.htm.

Join the Shakespeare Oxford Society

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Stylol7letrics (cant 'dfi'om p. J)

validity of the research design, and the Times Bloom is quoted: sty lometric techniques to make useful proper analysis of the resulting data. distinctions between playwrights. Several Like them, I made a mistake. I agree other smaller studies have successfully that it is by John Ford. I was persuaded A Funeral Elegy employed stylometrics to evaluate by Foster, though like everyone else authorship of plays. Vassar English Professor Donald Foster in the world I fe lt it was the worst has been in the news lately, as the result of thing Shakespeare had ever written if What Has Yet To Be Done? a stylometric disaster. In 1995, Foster used it were by him. his "Shaxicon" database (of texts of In spite of the success of some studies, Shakespeare and other Elizabethan writers) The flaw in Don Foster's study of there remain many questions about to perform a stylometric analysis of A Funeral Elegy was not with his authorship that have no definitive answer. Funeral Elegy, a 1612 poem credited to computer or his Shaxicon database, but Regarding Shakespeare, there are some "W. S." Foster claimed the poem as in his lack of awareness of proper studies which suggest that other authors Shakespeare's, and this "new Shakespeare research design and inferential wrote small sections ofabout ten canonical work" made front page news throughout statistics. Therefore he, perhaps plays. Other studies suggest those "odd" the world, bringing fa me and book deals inadvertently, reported those sections simply reside within for Foster, resulting in the subsequent stylometric tests which supported his Shakespeare's wide palette. There have inclusion ofthe Eleg)! in several prominent thesis while overlooking those that did been continuous attempts to expand the collected works of Shakespeare. Shortly not. Obviously, the fa ult lies not in the accepted Shakespeare canon. The thereafter Foster gained even more computer, but in Foster himself. authorship of several anonymous plays visibility by publicly weighing in on the Another misconception about remains in doubt. There ismuch more work authorship mystery of the political novel stylometrics is thinking ofit dichotomously to be done comparing the growing database Prim ary Colors (by Anonymous), as either generally effective or ineffective. of Oxford's authentic writing with identifying the author as Joe Klein, aswell The answer to the question of Shakespeare plays, and with anonymous as asserting his opinion in various tabloid­ stylometrics' effectiveness is that it material such as the repertory plays ofthe fr iendly kidnap and murder cases. In the sometimes works. It worked exceedingly Children of Paul 's, several still extant. last several years, Foster's house ofcards well when employed by Mosteller and One approach that remains to be tried has been crumbling. It has been suggested Wallace to determine the authorship of would be a mega-stylometric study, that he had inside knowledge ofJ oe Klein's some of the Federalist Papers. Elliott simultaneously using all useful involvement in Colors, and thus was able and Valenza have done a great deal of measurements ofstyle. One might think to bend his stylometric tests accordingly. successful stylometric research, including of it as an expansion of the Elliott and This year, the published analyses of two the development of evidence that Valenza approach, but with the use of major scholars have sunk the Elegy 's Shakespeare didn't write A FlineraI Elegy. many more techniques and the closer attribution as a work of Shakespeare. An analogy to the effectiveness of examination of all playwrights of the Gilles D. Monsarrat, professor of stylometrics is that of medicine. Does Elizabethan and Jacobean periods. The languages at the University ofBu rgundy, medicine work? Sometimes, in some doses, baselines for each of these writers are is a translator and editor of Shakespeare for some illnesses, to varying degrees. An only now being established. Any study into French, and was the co-editor of The example ofan illness not yettreatable with that produces strong evidence for exactly Nondram atic Works of John Ford. medicine does not constitute evidence who wrote what should provide a better Monsarrat's study, in the May issue of that all medicines are always ineffective. factual base upon which to make The Review ofEnglish Studies, used the Likewise, one fa iled stylometric study inferences concerning the person who accepted practice ofdetailed literary and does not mean that stylometrics never wrote under the name Shakespeare. textual analysis. He presented a strong works. Perhaps the research design was case that Ford had authored the Elegy, flawed, or the data were improperly The purpose of the and that Don Foster was mistaken. In a analyzed, or the sample was too small, or Shakespeare Oxford Society forthcoming book by Brian Vickers the differences between authors was too is to establish Edward de Vere, (Cambridge University Press) is an in­ slight to be detected by the methods used. 17th Earl of Oxford, (1550-1604) depth analysis of Ford's authorship of Can stylometrics be useful in helping as the true author of the Shakespeare works, to encourage a high level of the Elegy. The twin punch of Monsarrat us resolve unanswered authorship scholarly research and publication, and to and Vickers forced Foster to recant his questions from Shakespeare's era? To a foster an enhanced appreciation and enjoyment of the poems and plays. Elegy thesis, and publicly admit that his considerable extent, yes. Elliott and Shaxicon based method was flawed. Valenza have documented many The Society was founded and incorporated in 1957 in the State of New York and was chartered under Even the mighty Harold Bloom was stylometric distinctions between the membership corporation laws of that state as a humbled. Bloom had included the Elegy Shakespeare and other playwrights. non-profit, educational organization. in Shakespeare: The Invention of the Jonathan Hope, in his book The Dues, grants and contributionsare tax-deductible to the extent allowed by law: Hum an, and proposed that Elegy has "an Authorship of Shakespeare's Plays, IRS No. 13-6105314; New York 07182. affinity" to Hel1l), VIII. In The New York has successfully used a variety of Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer 2002 page 9

The Sanders Portrait Revisited Could the "newly discovered Shakespeare pOlirait" be John Fletcher?

By Sue Sybersma

he Sanders Portrait, claimed to be an claim to be Shakespeare rests on a T authentic representation of William linen label, which is illegible today Shakespeare, may not be the marvel fi rst but readable under fluoroscopic announced by its owners and supporters. light. The inscription is as fo llows: The alleged portrait fi rst hit the news on Shakspere May 12,200 1 and was discussed briefly in Born April 23-1564 our Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter of DiedApri1 23-1616 Spring2001 . The Shakespeare Newsletter, Aged 52 Winter 2001 -02, volume 51:4, fe atured a This likeness is taken in 1603 lead article on the painting by Jeffrey Age at that time 39 yrs. Kahan: "Is the Sanders Portrait Genuine?" Ifproved authentic, this would be the only The fa mily 'S theory is that the portrait ofthe "Millennium Man" painted artist Sanders penned the from life. According to Sanders' family inscription at the time of the tradition the portrait was painted by their painting and added the death date ancestor John Saunders who was said to and age of death into a blank space be Shakespeare's friend and fe llow actor after 1616. Another paper label on in 1603. The painting stayed with the the back of the portrait gives the branch of the Sanders family who same information in 19th century emigrated from England to Montreal in the penmanship and is not part of the I880s. It was Mr. Hale Sanders who authentication. brought the portrait to Canada in a The wording of the linen The Sanders Portrait collection of300 other art works. In 1909 inscription casts severe doubt on the portrait was sent briefly back to its provenance of 1603. No serious have been quite unusual so scholars London for authentication. At that point scholar assigns Shakespeare's birth date have posited that St. Mark's Day was it became known as "The Sanders to 23 April 1564 with any certainty. The considered unlucky in some districts. Portrait". It was deemed to be a genuine only extant document regarding his birth Age Discrepancy antique belonging to the Centenary is a 1600 copy ofthe earlier parish register period or the Garrick Jubilee circa 1769 ofHol y Trinity Church in Stratford-upon­ The second problem is the assertion on but not a portrait of Shakespeare as its A von, which records the baptism date on the inscription of Shakespeare's age at labels claim. In a 1909 issue of 26 April 1564. Early Shakespeare death as 52 years. The Latin inscription Connoisseur Jo.1agazine, the art expert biographers did not mention a birth (obit ano doi 1616 Aetatis. 53 die 23. apr.) who examined the Sanders Portrait, A.M. date until 1773 when the scholar George on the tablet on Shakespeare's monument Spielmann, wrote that it had a Steevens adopted the date of April 23rd, in Stratford's Trinity Church gives the resemblance to the Droeshout engraving the feast of St. George, fo r his date of death and age at death as 53 years found in the First Folio of Shakespeare 's Shakespeare biography, and editors and leaving the birth year to be calculated by plays, implying that it was copied from biographers have fo llowed his lead ever the observer as 1563. This implies that he that likeness. A photograph of the since. In Victorian times Halliwell-Phillips may have been born earlier than the Sanders was included in a 1915 book, suggested that it was usual for traditional date, which would have made The Greatest ofLitermJl Problems by Elizabethan baptisms to occur three days him age 52 as the inscriber of the Sanders James Phinney Baxter, in a discussion of after birth and this has hardened into a Portrait has so carefully calculated. The non-authenticated portraits of positive assertion although there is no Stratford registry records the burial as Shakespeare. Baxter called the claim for proof of this practice. The Book of 25 April 1616. The first published Sanders "unworthy" of attention and Common Prayer suggested that baptism instance of the death date appears in identified the paper label as a late should occur on the closest Sunday or 1691 in Gerard Langbaine' s An Account addition by a nineteenth century dealer. Holy Day to the birth. In 1564, April 23 of English Poets. If the monument, The Sanders family does not have any fe ll on a Sunday; the next Holy Day presumably verified by the Shakespeare records to verify how long the portrait would have been Saint Mark's Day on family, is to be believed, the date of has actually been in their possession, Tuesday April 25th• Baptism on an Shakespeare 's birth date becomes even just the oral family tradition. The portrait's unremarkable Wednesday the 26th would (cont'd all p. 10) Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer2002 page 10 Sanders Portrait (collt'df/'om p. 9) more difficult to pin down with use as a label. Radiography and infrared Shakespeare's age in 1603. It looks to certainty. Had he turned 53 or was he scan show no overpainting of either the me more like a man of twenty-four: ju st entering upon his fifty third year? portrait or its date of 1603 at the top right Fletcher's age in 1603 . Furthermore, If the inscription were authentic, it corner but cannot state that this is the true the surviving images of Shakespeare would provide the one and only written date of its painting. In short, although suggest that such hair as he had was documentation of Shakespeare's date there was nothing to disqualify its very dark, whereas the portraits of of birth . If the inscription was written authenticity, there is also nothing to John Fletcher that now hang at Knole after 1 773, when the official birth date authenticate its claims for its subject. House in Kent and at Montacute was fi rst announced to the public, then Scientists have not disqualified the House in Somerset reveal him to be it has no probative value. claim, but neither can their techniques red-haired, as is the man in the In a letter printed in the Globe and authenticate the subject as Shakespeare. Sanders portrait.... I do not want to Mail in May, Hugh MacCallum cast The historians cannot locate the artist go so far as to propose decisively that doubt on the language of the label. near the London theater, and surely this is an authentic image of John Shakespearean scholars would question Fletcher. I wish only to suggest that The writing on the small piece of rag the period of the label bearing the birth a possible explanation for the oral linen that identifies the engaging date. Some of the experts who examined tradition associating the image with portrait of "Shakespeare" does so in a the portrait grew skeptical about the Shakespeare is an indirect connection phrase that, according to the OED, identification. Aileen Ribeiro, a costume of this sort: by a "Chinese whisper" became current in the second half of specialist at the Courtauld Institute of Art effect, a close associate of the 1 8th century: "This Likeness taken in London, concluded that the sitter could Shakespeare may have been 1603." Early uses of "take" (in the not be Shakespeare. Herobjection centers metamorphosed into Shakespeare sense of "make a portrait") and on the hairstyle of the sitter, who sports a himself." 1 "likeness" together are by Walpole, rather trendy hairdo, not easy to reconcile 1762-71, Goldsmith, 1766, and Austen, An X-ray of the Sanders painting with the fact that Shakespeare of Stratford 1815. The linen has been carbon dated, presented by Nolen does bear a was a 39 year old businessman aiming for but the inscription could have been remarkable resemblance to Fletcher from social respectability in 1603. To Ribeiro, made later. Hugh MacCallum, Toronto. contemporary portraits and illustrations. the fluffy hair appears in the style of a A symposium is to be held at the The search for the actor-artist John young fop, as does the fine linen collar, University ofToronto in November 2002 Sanders continu es. The on-line too easily torn and ruined to be wornby a to 'weigh the evidence' for the so-called international genealogy index lists a man on a budget. new Shakespeare portrait. record of a christening of a John Enter Fletcher? Sanders in Worcester March 1575. Endnotes However there are no records fr om the Scholar Jonathan Bate has also weighed London theater of anyone by that name in on the topic. Interviewed for a new I. Stephanie Nolen, Shakespeare's Face, as an actor or company member. The book, Shakespeare's Face, by writer Random House, 2002. In this passage, Sanders can trace their family in England Stephanie Nolen, Bate argues that the Bate refers to "surviving images of back to 1680 but do not have a link to sitter in the Sanders portrait is probably Shakespeare" with regard to the Stratford Shakespeare's time of 1603. the young playwright John Fletcher: man's possible hair color. There are, in fact, no known authentic portraits of ScientificEvidence The more I looked at the portrait, the William Shaksper, painted from life, thereby The family tried once more in 200 I to more it started reminding me of making such a comparison is impossible. authenticate their heirloom by modern someone. A figure engraved on the The Sanders family used to spell scientific methods at the Canadian frontispiece ofan influentialFirst Folio their name Saunders. In a strange Conservatory Institute and came up with of plays. Not, however, the coincidence, Shakesp eare created a the same interesting results. The age of Shakespeare First Folio of 1623, but character called "Saunder Simpcox, the oak board on which itwas painted was the Beaumont and Fletcher First an Impostor" who pretends to be analyzed by dendrochronological analysis Folio of 1647. The long face, the what he is not, in 2 Henry VI. and found to be no earlier than 1597. thick curly hair receding at the However this does not give a date of the temples, the cut of the beard and GLOUC: What's thine own name? actual painting on that piece ofwood. The mustache, the rounded eyebrows: SIMPCOX: Saunder Simpcox, an' if analysis of the paint pigments by X-ray everything about this face seems to it please you, master. spectrometry finds no anomalous 19th or me more like John Fletcher than 20th century pigments. The radiocarbon William Shakespeare. I find it hard GLOUC: Then, Saunder, sit there, dating of the rag linen label dates from to believe that the Sanders portrait the Iying'st knave in Christendom. 1475 to 1640 for its manufacture but not its shows a man of thirty-nine, 2 Hel1lY VI. Act II Sc.l. Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Slimmer2002 page 11

WOTS-UP - Analysis for Oxfordians and Stratfordians (Weaknesses, OppOliunities, Threats and Strengths Underlying Planning)

By John Shahan

WOTS-UP for Oxfordians authorship research, However, important * High profilesupporters debunk "no new discoveries are rare and the timing of room for doubt" claim Weaknesses any breakthroughs is unpredictable, * Price's Unorthodox Biography gains * No "smoking gun" evidence History suggests that Stratfordians will widespread attention

* Difficulty getting our message out be unmoved by anything less than * Stratfordians lose credibility, authorship * Public ignorance, confusion and apathy "smoking gun" evidence. issue legitimized

* Shut out frommainsh'eam academic forums Rather than focusing the entire * Big revival of public/academic interest * Lack of perceived legitimacy in academia conference on internal communication in authorship issue * Lack of a sh'ong institutional base and among conference attendees, the occasion Strengths resources also presents an opportunity to increase * Divisiveness among Oxfordians, anti public awareness of the weakness of the * Well-established, centuries-old Stratfordians case for Mr. Shakspere, taking advantage institutionalized tradition ofthe changed social climate, and our high­ * Strong institutional base, resources, Opportunities profile supporters. "Smoking gun" perceived legitimacy * 2004 anniversary - an historic occasion evidence could turn up at any time, or * Near monopoly on mainstream avenues to mobilize resources and focus efforts never. We should try a media campaign, of communication * Cambridge University - the DVS should too. Getting a clear message out could * Media deference to perceived academic fullyexploit this venue's potential begin to rouse the public, and put expertise, authority * Revival of public interest in Shakespeare Stratfordians on the defensive. * Public perceptions of the authorship in recent years issue's impenetrability * Increased coverage and awareness WOTS-UP Analysis for Stratfordians of authorship issue Analysis

* Decline in public confidence in traditional Weaknesses Second only to a "smoking gun" institutions discovery, the greatestthreatto Sh'atfordians * Wrong on the fa cts (i.e, backing the is a highly credible, widely-disseminated Threats wrong man) communication increasing awareness ofthe * "No room fo r doubt" claim makes * A missed opportunity in 2004 would legitimacy ofthe authorship issue. Focusing them vulnerable be demoralizing on the case against Shaksper, rather than * Decline in public confidence in * More fragmentation, divisiveness, loss fo r Oxford, puts Stratfordians on the traditional institutions of momentum defensive, It exploits Stratfordians' * Complacency makes them vulnerable * Loss of credibility, ability to undertake vulnerability due to their long insistence to a strong attack new initiatives that there is "no room for doubt." Emphasizing

* Vulnerability to furtherstigmatization by Opportunities the weakness ofthe case for Shaksperunites Stratfordians Oxfordians and other anti-Stratfordians. * Slip safely past 2004 annivers31Y with Diana Price's Unorthodox Biography Strengths only minimal harm makes a velY powerful,credible case against * Focus their attacks on Oxford, putting * Strong knowledge base and Mr. Shakspere. A brief summary of this us on the defensive understanding of the authorship issue case against Mr. Shakspere can be prepared * Sow dissension in ranks of Oxfordians, * Good internalcommunications for widespread dissemination, with the anti-Stratfordians via newsletters, other publications book itself available as back-up fo r anyone * Maintain de-legitimization and stigma * Good books in print, 1110St recently interested in examining the case in its of authorship issue Price's Unorthodox Biography entirety. Our high profile supporters can be

* Geographically widespread membership Threats enlisted to help call attention to the base, interested fo llowers summary, and Price's book. * High profile supporters: Justice * Oxfordian research produces a The fi rst day of the conference could Stevens, Jacobi, McCullough, etc, "smoking gun" discovery be an "Anti-Stratfordian Day," targeted * Oxfordians coalesce around an effective mainly at the media. A morning press Analysis plan during 2004 conference would be fo llowed by Cambridge University is a prime venue * Oxfordians get a clear, credible message presentations selected to reinforce the fo r the presentation and discussion of out to the public message. Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer2002 page 12 Seven Ages of Man (cont'd/i"om p. l) extant, and the first printed woodcut account by Geoffrey Fenton preceded Anne Countesse ofOxen fo rd," ofwhom depiction was seen in 1482 in Bateman's by seven years. 6 he wrote: Bartolomaeus Anglicus' s De The Diction{[lY of National Biography And above all others of our time, your Proprietatibu s Rerum. 3 Stephen indicates that Geoffrey Fenton (c. 1539- honour hath bene alwayes Bateman presented an English 1608) "seems to have been connected in rightworthely noted a diligent fo llower translation of this book in 1582 under some way with the families of Lord of those Artes and studies which best the title Batman Uppon BartholollleHis Burghley and the Earl of Leicester" and serue to the declaracion and glory of Booke De Pl'Oprietatibu s Rerum. John that "on 22 July [1581] Fenton writes true virtue and pietie : So at the W. Draper, indicating Bateman's book as from Limerick to Burghley that he has contemplation of the same, I am bold Shakespeare's probable source for been sworn her majesty's secretary in to bring fo rth (under the protection of Jaques' speech, rejected the notion that Ireland, chiefly upon the latter's your Ladiship) this treatise containing the idea of the seven ages was a recommendation." 7 In 1574, Fenton morall discourse sorted with commonplace of the period. While this dedicated A fo rme of christian pol!icie Philosophie, & some texts ofDiuinitie was true to some extent, Draper was drawne out o/French to William Cecil, : Not that I hold it worthy your view ironically mistaken when he wrote Baron of Burgh ley, wherein he refers to and iudgement, but (according to good "Although Isidore, who is repeatedly "the dutifull effection I haue alwaies meanning,) to use it as an interpreter of cited as the source, divides life into borne to your Honor. .." This indicates the devocion and service wherein I am six parts, Batman upon Bartolome some background between the two men vowed to your Ladiship and your gives seven ..." 4 On the contrary, even then, and it is a virtual certainty honorable house and parents. the chapter on the Ages of Man in that Fenton and Edward de Vere were Bateman's book, consisting of slightly also acquainted. 8 Fenton's very next Orthodox scholars such as Geoffrey less than 1,000 words, is entirely fa ithful production, the 1575 Golden Epistles, Bullough have pointed out Fenton's to Isidore's model of six ages. Draper Contayning varietie oj' discourse both earliest work, the 1567 Certaine Tragicall was either not a very careful reader, or Moral!, Philosophical!, and Diuine: Discourses as one of Shakespeare's was simply desperate to find gathered as well ou t of the rem ainder oj' possible sources fo r Othello and Shakespeare's source. 5 In any case, Gueuaraes lVorkes, as other Authors, Macbeth. 9 Charles Boyce writes in Bateman was not the first Elizabethan Latine, French, and Italian, was dedicated Shakespeare A to Z that "Fenton wrote to offer a treatise on the Ages of Man in to Burghley's daughter, Oxford's wife, English versions of thirteen of Matteo what was then contemporary English. An "the right Honorable and virtuous Lady, Bandello's Italian tales, working fr0111

Th e Sevell Ages ol Ma ll ./1001' de sigll. Siella. Froll/ Top 10 Bottoll/, I. 10 1',: Adolesccntia, JII I 'Cll IllS, Pllcrila, Decrepilas, Virilila s, ill/illllia, SCllcclllS Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter SUl11mer2002 page 13 the French translations of Pierre Shakespeare's poetry, this chapter chronology] among the earliest Boaistuau (d. 1566) and Francois nevertheless contains the fu ndamental citations, preceded only by Thomas Belleforest. The resulting book, Certaine foundation for Jaques' speech, which Nashe's Pierce Penilesse (1592) and a Tragicall Discollrces (1566), was very starts "at first, the infant" - compared 1590 stage direction in an unidentified popular, and Shakespeare almost with Fenton's "Infancie, which is the play. 1 2 Isaac Asimov writes "In certainly knew it. He may have been first age, begins even from the birth of Shakespeare's time there had arisen the influenced by it when he wrote Hamle t, man." The treatise, covering each custom in Italy ofhaving traveling bands Ti tlls Androniclls, and Twelfth Night, all division of life, continues all the way of actors give plays in different towns. of which were based on tales that appear through to "the yeares of olde age, These bands developed stock characters in Bandello, though which of several being the last and extremest of all in standard masks and costumes, and possible versions was used by the the other ages: for that, there remaynes one of the most popular of the stock playwright is in each case uncertain." 1 0 no other thing to such as are come to it, characters was called Pantaleone ... Although there are indications that but death." - familiar to us in and is Pantaloon in its English version." Shakespeare did peruse Fenton's Shakespeare's "Last scene of all. .." 13 It stands to reason that the Earl of Tragicall Discourses, it seems he also Oxford would have termed his old man read the original authors in their mother a pantaloon, since he undoubtedly Golden Epiil:les, tongues, since certain additional details would have become familiar with this fo und there, and not in Fenton, are also Contayning fi gure on the Italian stage during his to be found in Shakespeare. This was of varietie ofdifc ollrfebotl J 1575/6 tour of that country. course no problem for the Earl of Oxford, m;Jolall , 10bilofowicall, anll As to the philosophers' consideration who was fluentin French and Italian, among Diuine:gatheredas well our or the of the number of ages, it seems the ren1a�n13tr of qJuIl.1Y,USluo:ku , other languages, and had easy access to .asothetAuthors, Latine, perceived wisdom in Shakespeare's day Ftcn(n, 3.ndha:li:ls. the originals in Burghley' s library, if not '71] GtJfr.1J Ftn fOI1. generally did not favor seven. Draper, his own, where Bandello, Belleforest and Mon heurvie.l1dc.1. while misguided about Bateman, points Boaistuau were all listed in their native us to the 1592 Most Exce llent Booke of languages. 11 Jmprinted at London by Arcandam, in which three main divisions H(1I'jiHlddtl tM.for'R.... .if( )Vrw.­ To date, however, it appears that no hry,d»'dlmt illFlau jlrMt4 were delineated, with the subdivisions 1t11( o1.h�1Uth( Cotul.ujJ. one has considered Fenton's Golden J f 7 f. under these numbering five, and indicates Epistles as another possible Fe nton 's Golden Epistles, 1575 L. Lemnie's 1581 TOllchstone of Shakespearean source. Fenton's book Co mplexions and H. Cuffe 's 1607 contains a chapter titled A discollrse of Particularly noticeable is the parallel Differences of the Ages ofMans Life as the Ages of l11al1s ly fe, which offers the drawn between old age and childhood; enumerating eight ages. 14 Bateman's opinion of various writers and the Golden Epistles has it that "old men chapter, as noted, offered Isidore's model philosophers regarding "an Ancient having their bloud cold, and young of six ages, and this was the view that Question, what be the Ages of mans life, children in whom it is not yet hot enough, reigned triumphant in Fenton's much and whether there be fi ve or seven of are not resolute in their judgements: so lengthier discourse. Yet Shakespeare them." The chapter seems almost like a that it is no great error to compare together fa vored seven. debate over whose estimation is the old men and children, as equall in Surely the reason wasn't so more valid, and despite the introductory temperature. For, doting olde men are inconsequential as to place an extra line sentence quoted above, extends to fo olish by the greatnes oftheir age, and in ofiambic pentameter into Jaques' mouth. include an argument for seven, six, five, young children is no power of judgment Scholar Josephine W. Bennett wrote and even three ages, with the primary by reason of their minoritie ...one that "critics have assumed that deliberation being between six and approcheth Olde age ... signifyeth one [Shakespeare's] lines were inspired rather seven. While Fenton discourses that is yet in hys chyldehoode ..." A by a picture of the seven ages than by extensively on seven ages ("a number similar concept indeed to Shakespeare's a verbal account", an observation that universal and accomplished"), the rendition ofthe pantaloon "Turningagain may well have credence. 1 5 Whereas opinion of Isidore of Seville prevails toward childish treble" and "second Touchstone has previously been offered upon the author in the end with six ages, childishness", of which we will see more. as one composite of Oxford, the since, ultimately "the State decrepite Touching pantaloon, the Oxford melancholy Jaques has been offe red as drawes another course, as having neither English Dictionw)' defines it as "1. The another. Recall that this was the courtier beeginning nor en de certaine and Venetian character in Italian comedy, who, among other aspects in common terminable, and therefore can not be represented as a lean and fo olish old man, with Oxford, "sold [his] own lands to see called an age distinct, and of it selfe." wearing spectacles, pantaloons, and other men's", which brings us to mind There's no denying that the discussion slippers." and lists Shakespeare's usage of Oxford's January 3, 1576 letter to is thoroughly pedantic, and while in The Taming of the Shrew (1596) andAs Burghley, addressed from Siena, in there are no exact verbal parallels with Yo u Like It (1600) [Stratfordian (cont'd on p. 14) Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer 2002 page 14

Seven Ages o{Man (collt 'dfrolJl p. 13) which, to fend off his rapacious surpass. Not only the fi gures themselves, little doubt as to his source ofinspiration. creditors, he instructed "that that land but also their accessories; the budding But that inspiration very likely took in of mine which in Cornwall I have blossoms, the over-blown fl owers, and some measure Fenton's work as well, if appointed to be sold (according to that the handsome classical tomb to which for no other reason than because it was on first order for mine expenses in this 'Decrepitas' is tottering, show a taste hand. Geoffrey Fenton's 1575 Golden travel) be gone through withal." 1 6 and feeling beyond description." 18 The Epistles was popular enough to have two In common with Jaques, it does seem mosaic now visible in the Duomo, as more editions printed, one in 1577 (Newly that Oxford himselfwould have opted for depicted in Figure 1 [on p. 12], is not the corrected and amended), and again in seven ages over another number, since original, although this replacement 1582.Although Oxford was to remain he very likely would have been impressed executed by Leopoldo Maccari and separated from Anne until December of with the rendition depicted in a mosaic in Giuseppe Radicchi is a fine copy. 1581, he would undoubtedly have been that masterpiece of Italian gothic, the Elizabeth Sears describes it thus in The familiar with at least one of the three Duomo di Siena, which the utmost Ages of Man, lviedieval interpretations editions, each of which retained the probability dictates he would have of the LUe Cycle: "In Siena one section dedication to his wife. observed while visiting that city. It wasn't of the famous intarsia representing the A third connection between Jaques' called a tour for nothing; and Oxford first six phases of life, in octagons, speech and Edward de Vere is found in would certainly have taken in the culture surround a man representing the last age the 1592 Axiochlls, a dialogue attributed ofthose cities he visited, particularly the in a central diamond. Archival to Plato, published by Cuthbert Burby. famous Duomo, which occupied the documents name Antonio Federighi The work was supposedly translated by center of Siena, and had engaged over as the artist responsible for the design Edmund Spenser, but is strangely forty artists for two centuries. and 1475 as its date of execution. The attributed to "Edw. Spenser" on the title original panels, badly worn, are now page, immediately fo llowed by "Heereto set into the fl oor of the Museo is annexed a sweet speech or Oration, dell' Opera del Duomo, a copy having sp oken at the T1Tumphe at White-hall been installed before the Chapel of befo re her Maiestie, by the Page to the Madonna del Voto in 1870." 1 9 the right noble Earle of Oxenforde. " Henry Green's Shakesp eare and the In the address to the reader, Burby emblem writers offe rs the fo llowing again refers to the translator as Edward account of the original mosaic before it Sp enser. Best known as the publisher was removed from its original setting: of certain plays of Shakespeare, Burby This mosaic is very curious, and is was also responsible for such fair as supposed to have been executed by Lyly's Mother Bombie and Meres' Antonio Federighi in the year 1476. Palladis Tamia, not to mention Angel Martin's "SHAKESPERE'S SEVEN Daye's English Secretary of 1595 and AGES," published in 1848, contains a Vi rilitas, the Filt h Age o{Man, ./i·olJl Siena 1599, containing a lavish dedication to little narrative about it, furnished by Oxford. 21 Spenser's authorship of the Samuel C. Chew writes in The Lady Calcott, who shortly before that Axiochlls has long been in doubt, Pilgrimage of LUe that the Seven Ages time had been traveling in Italy, - superseded by Anthony Munday in the of Man mosaic in the Duomo di Siena is "We found," she says, "in the view of numerous scholars. 22 Munday, "one of the finest of all versions of the cathedral of Sienna a curious proof of course, is recognized as another Ages" and indicates that it is "Familiar to that the division of human life into Shakespearean source, and had strong Shakespearean scholars because it has seven periods, from infancy to extreme ties to Edward de Vere. Editor F. M. been cited as a parallel to Jaques' lines in old age with a view to draw a moral Padelford, expounding on Burby in his As You Like It . . . The Ages are inference, was common before edition ofAxiochlls, writes: represented thus: Infantia rides upon a Shakspeare's time ... in one of the [Burby] must have regarded the hobbyhorse, Pueritia is a schoolboy, side chapels we were both surprised publication of the Axiochlls, bearing Adolescentia is an older scholar garbed and pleased to find seven figures, the name of Spenser, as a veritable in a long cloak, Juventus has a fa lcon on each in a separate compartment, inlaid triumph ...what better fortune could his wrist, Virilitas is robed in dignified in the pavement, representing the have befallen a novitiate, eager to start fa shion and carries a book, Senectus, on a publisher's career, than to gain leaning upon a staff, holds a rosary, Seven Ages of Man." 20 possession of one of those very Decrepitas, leaning upon two staves, Had any of the aforementioned pamphlets for which Ponsonbie was looks into his tomb." 17 Robert H. Hobart individuals realized that Shakespeare had searching? 23 The Earl of Oxford Cust writes in The Pavement Masters of actually been there in person and seen himself, the patron of poets, whom Siena (1 369-1562), "All seven are treated the mosaic himself, they would have had Spenser had praised in one of the with a nai·vete and grace impossible to Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer2002 page 15

sonnets to noblemen annexed to the paynes aforehand, snatching and JAQUES. All the world's a stage, Faerie Queene "forthe love which thou pulling from this man his sight, fr om And all the men and women merely players; dost beare To th' Heliconian ymps," that his hearing, from som both two They have their exits and their entrances; may have supplied the copy, which senses.And if any fo rtune lo[n]ger And one man in his time plays many parts, would perhaps explain the inclusion then commonly is seene in this life to His acts being seven ages. At first the infant, linger, Nature weakening hir powers, Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms; dooth loose, lame, and bow downe all Then the whining school-boy, with his satchel fl:."fJtllt1ml.. partes of his body, but they whose And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school. And then the lover, A moll excellent Dialogue� bodies in old age long flourishethin Sighing like furnacc, with a woefulballad .... min de, as the saying is, become twise writtenin Gr eeke by PUtlJ thePhy Madeto his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier, � :mro� : CUI1ciirningtlW�Md children. [Shakespeare's shrinking Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard, laint)',,£ thi5 1iff, wilhthc,�_of th, 11'001.and wi.:ke4. second childhood, sans teeth, sans Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel, 2 ('.'. eyes, sans tastc, sans everything] 5 Seeking the bubble reputation Even in the cannon's mouth. T� oUtClf O�ke b1 The suggested Oxfordian dating E•• Spenfo' . And then the justice, for As YouLike It takes into account at In fa ir round belly with good capon Iin'd, lI�mt�iuNHxid"f rJJUI/l>mh � ()F1II1un� least two versions, the original having With eyes severe and beard of fo rmal cut, M /lAAflu.uhf TrylJMpN Wh ite..bttll bif(fl' f_ been written circa 1582-3 (at the Full of wise saws and modem instances; �. � tfw1'i(8 f!J4tl! �,W>troo Uf! £iJr/@ of()xenfl, J�· pinnacle of the Alencon/Elizabeth And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts courtship), with various revisions Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon, Ax ioclillS, 1592 taking place in 1589, and possibly again With spectacles on nose and pouch on side, in 1598. 26 The early 1580s construct His youthfiJlhose, well sav' d, a world too wide under the same cover, of the Axioc!llIs F or his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice, is lent somewhat fu rther corroboration and an address to the Queen by Turningagain toward childish treble, pipes 24 in that Oxford's first two [recognized] Oxford's page. And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all, encounters with the Ages ofMan would Aside fr om previous speculation that That ends this strange eventful history, Oxford likely authored the "sweet speech" have been freshest in his consciousness Is second childishness and mere oblivion; attached to the AxiochllS, it has further during that period, not to mention the Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, 2 been suggested in Oxfordian circles that 1592 Axiochus, publication date aside, sans every thing. As YO Il Like ff, Act , sc. 7 de Vere played a part in the translation of is thought to have been translated c. 27 the text. Regardless of that possibility, it 1580. Even discounting Axiochus, Cy cle, Princeton University Press, 1986; is fascinating to find in the Axiochus the between Fenton's chapter A discourse Samuel C. Chew, The Pilgrimage ofLi fe , fo llowing analogue to Jaques' speech: of the Ages of mails ly fe, and the Yale University Press, 1962. impression of the Seven Ages mosaic 2. British Library MS. Add. 37049, fols. dooth not the babie even taken fro[m] in the Siena cathedral, there was 28v - 291'. Cf. Alan H. Nelson " "Of the the mothers wombe, powre out plenty arguably more than enough influence seven ages": An Unknown Analogue of of teares ... but onely with crying to serve as the springboard for Jaques' The Castle ofPersever ance, " Comparative dooth show his minde, having no voice speech in As YouLike It. Whereas none drama, Vol. 8, 1974, pp. 125-138. but that alone to bewray his griefe: of the foregoing correlations, strictly 3. See Fig. 127 from Chew, op. cit. [Shakespeare's mewling infant] and speaking, were necessary for the author 4. J. W. Draper, "Jaques' "Seven Ages" having through many woes waded to to compose Jaques' monologue, since and Bartholomaeus Anglicus." Modern seven yeares ofage, he is yet afflicted the Ages of Man moti f was in essence Language Notes 54, 1939, pp. 273-6. with greater griefes, being subject to a commonplace, it is nonetheless 5. Draper was not the only scholar in quest of the tyranny ofthe Schoolemaister and gratifying to be able to position Edward Shakespeare's source. See also A. H. Gilbert, Tutor. [Shakespeare's whining and de Vere in such definitive proximity to "Jaques' "Seven Ages" and Censorinus," creeping school-boy] And as his it. While the same cannot be said for the ModernLanguage Notes 55, 1940, pp. 103- yeares encreased ...being afterwards man from Stratford, it's always possible 5; D.C. Allen, "Jaques' "Seven Ages" and in the handes of Censors, he could have been familiar with one of Pedro Mexia," ibid, 56, 1941,pp.601-3;J. W. Philosophers, and Capitaines ...For the various renditions that were Bennett, "Jaques' Seven Ages," Shakes peare herevpon dooth a troope of euils available up to that point, yes, perhaps Ass ociation Bulletin 18, 1943, pp. 168-74. accrew, as be the exploites ofwarfare, even those described in the Axiochus 6. Thomas Fortescue's The Foreste or the bitterness of wounds, or the book dedicated to the Earl of Collection of His tories, 1571, from the [Shakespeare's soldier, seeking Oxford's wife. That's assuming, of French ofGla ude Gruget, 1 552 rather than reputation even in the cannon' s mouth] course, that he could read. from Pedro Mexia's original Spanish Silva ...and then closely creepeth on olde de varia leccion, 1542, contained the only Endnotes Age, in which are heaped all the harmes [contemporary] English treatise on the that pertaine to mankinde ...Nature 1. Cf. Elizabeth Sears, The Ages of Man, Ages of Man to precede Fenton's. euerwaiting as a greedy vsurer, taketh Medieval Interpretations of the Life (Endnotes cont'd on p. 24) Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer2002 page 16

Meet the SOS Trustees

primary for the U.S. House 7th district. Gerit Quealy For four years Aaron stayed at Member of the Board since 1999. home looking after his late wife Maria, who died in November 2000. She had Ms. Quealy dislikes tooting her progressive supranuclear palsy, the own horn, preferring to remain a same neurological disease that woman of mystery, however, here recently took the life of actor Dudley goes ... She is a writer, editor, and Moore. "My only breaks for two of actor living and working in New York those years were in attending the City. She began her career in Europe, SOS conferences and I was in living in London, Paris, Italy, Spain, Stratford, Ontario the week before and Tokyo working and studying. she died. I was close to physical After studying Shakespeare, Ibsen, Aarol1 Ta tu m, rig ht, with actor Je re my Brett exhaustion. I was so grateful to all Chekov, and so on, she returned to the SOS members who sent New York to star in a daytime drama, Aaron Tatum condolences." Ryan 's Hope (chagrined to find herself Shakespeare Oxford Society Aaron has contributed articles playing one of the non-Irish roles President Aaron Tatum became to the newsletter and a fo otnote or although she was one of the few with interested in the authorship question two to the Oxfordia n, but has had Irish ancestry), and reconciled herself in 1984 after reading Joseph Sobran's short stories and feature articles to this with the realization that review of Charlton Ogburn Jr. 's The appear in the daily Memphis discovering that her husband, who Mysteriolls William Shakespea re in Commercia l Appea l, Al e mphis fe ll off a cliff and return ed the Na tiona l Review. "I literally Ma gazine and the Dallas - Ft. Worth unrecognizable, after radical plastic carried Ogburn's book with me Press Service. surgery, as her chauffeur was not SO everywhere for the six months I was Outside of work, Aaron describes far from discovering that your long reading it," says Tatum. In 1986 he himself as a frustrated musician who dead wife has been a statue for 16 joined the Society. "I promised myself plays and sings karaoke from time to years (Winter 's Ta le) . I would enjoy the membership, and time. He was in a rock band in the late Ms. Quealy has worked in a number because I have a tendency to become 60s that once opened for B. J. Thomas of regional theaters around the country politically active in anything I join, I and recorded a demo. Tatum remains including the Goodman in Chicago and swore not to get involved with the an avid fan of "progressive rock," Florida's Asolo State Theater, as well as politics in the SOS." and says that how well he fe els starring opposite Robert Sean Leonard Politics and government have depends on how many Yes and Tull in Romeo & Juliet Off-Broadway. In always been a part of Aaron's life. concerts he gets to each year. 1994, she returned to England for a After achieving a BA in a double Aaron, a noted admirer of Sherlock post-graduate course at BaIIiol major in history and political science Holmes, fe els his greatest achievement College, Oxford University, where she at the University of Tennessee, he so far within the SOS was his original became an Oxfordian after a highly acquired a Masters in Public detective work that created the open dissatisfactory visit to Shakespeare's Administration from the University communication between the Society birthplace (she demanded her £.6 of Colorado. While at U.T. he interned and the Gertrude C. Ford Foundation. back), coupled with seeing Tom one summer fo r Congressman Ray After hearing the story of Mrs. Ford Stoppard's Arcadia and reading A. S. Blanton, who later became Tennessee and her legacy, Aaron sought out the Byatt's Possession. She returned Governor, and at C. U. he interned for Foundation and made the initial again to NYC, only to land a JelI-O U.S. Senator Gary Hart. Tatum's contact on behalf of the Shakespeare Pudding commercial with Bill Cosby second job in Memphis, among many Oxford Society. Aaron says: "I am very (but it did provide her with health government jobs, was Conference grateful to this Board of trustees for insurance for a few years). Coordinator for Tennessee Governor supporting the move to Washington Currently, Ms. Quealy works as Lamar Alexander. He eventually left D.C. for the library. Our stable fi nancial Senior Editor at AKL Studio, and government in the early 1980s to join situation allows us to implement editorial content provider for books Paul Revere Insurance Group's reforms to prevent any fu ture and magazines, shepherding Flair, a Memphis offi ce where he has been problems. I thank everyone for Hearst magazine with a circulation of ever since. In 1994 he finished fourth, supporting an endowment drive to 2.2 million young women across the out of seven, in the Republican make the society self sustaining." country, even managing to get Diana Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer 2002 page 17

Price's book in their last book and so performed the Morris dance for review column - an editorial Book Review thirty days and 97 miles in the springtime triumph! She co-wrote a book on By James Sherwood of his fiftieth birthday, but all under the careers in the fa shion industry, carried name of the stage actor Will Kemp - and in schools and libraries across the Oxford, Son of' Queen Elizabeth by Paul then wrote a pamphlet about it. Dickinson country and has a second book under Streitz (Oxford Institute Press, 200 1) 325 pp.; reasons that because Kemp's writing was consideration at HarperCollins. The Wondeljit! Shakespeare Mystery by clever, it too must have been by Oxford; Ms. Quealy has written on a wide Warren Dickinson (Dickinson, 200 1) 572 pp. hence, Oxford was really Will Kemp. The range of topics for American Express image of a jolly eccentric dancing with Traveler 's Collection, Cornell here is a cautionary tale to be read farm girls across the countryside evokes University's Women 's Health T in the two books here reviewed in emotion, happiness and laughter, but Advisor newsletter, PaineWebber's one space because of their authorial not belief in his premise. Where is the Vantage Living, Manhattan Home, similarities. Beginning with a fo undation proof for that? the Metropolitan Museum of Art, of research which is vast and detailed, In Streitz and Dickinson, the raw etc. She has endured the slings and starting with a conclusion that the Earl enthusiasm for their subject is palpable. arrows of outraged Stratfordians in of Oxford was the author known as They bring myriad documents to their speaking engagements on the Shakespeare, both writers have each cause and take off like novelists with the authorship question, often invoking displayed a chronology of facts already juiciest of tales while failing to recognize Nietzsche fo r inspiration ("that widely distributed through the original their texts are fundamentally flawed. which does not kill us makes us and seminal works ofLooney, Ward, Clark, Sometimes laughable, pathetic and colorful, stronger"), has written numerous Fowler, and Ogburns, Sr. and Jr., adding but not to be believed, in the end they can articles fo r the SOS newsletter, no new research to that accumulation of be enjoyed only for their fun. Here is produced the Shakespeare-Oxford facts, but a great deal of inspired fantasy. boundless fiction, and to Oxfordians calendar, and is adamant about What they each bring to the subj ect hungry for more, with time to read about retaining her sense of humor and is passion and a willingness to let anything, that is excuse enough. In their spirit of goodwill in the cutthroat their imaginations go wild. In their humor, the true believers are a marvel. world of Shakespeare scholarship. enthusiasm have they erred. Finally, buyer. beware: Streitz issues Paul Streitz embraces what is known as such a colossal number of typographical the Prince Tudor Theory which was errors, jumbled paragraphs and errata Most Greatly Lived presented a few years ago in a more concise that his publisher should be taken to A biographical novel oj' text by Elisabeth Sears, but has gained task. The trouble is that Streitz was the Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Orfo rd. no support among historians for lack of publisher too, though cautious editor he whose pen name was William Shakespeare credible evidence. The theory lives on in was not. Dickinson the author spread by modern confessions, drama and fiction. himself too thin, reviewing the story in Paul Hemenway Altrocchi Streitz, enjoying the luxury of all sorts of detail, forgetting only to Hard cover $25 Softcover$16 speculation absent evidence that Edward mention that Oxford, as a descendant Available now thTOUgh XLibtis de Vere was both the son of Queen of Charlemagne, might claim to be 1-888-7-XLIBRlS Elizabeth and subsequently her lover, directly descended from Jesus. But www.xlibris.com from which came the child Henry Dickinson allows himself the luxury of amazon. com Barnes&Noble.com Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, being an expert on quality, an authority Borders.com allows himself to throw ideas in the air on forgery and is willing to give Oxford on the chance some might fly.However, just about everything else that sounded this is not new stuff. The senior Ogburns good, so perhaps that claim will come were interested in the incest theory. later. Unfortunately, Dickinson treated They toyed with the belief because it the reader as if lecturing high school Historical discovery! offered a scandal sufficient to warrant Lit. 101, exhorting the sleepy to wake up Three hundred coded signatures his heirs condemning Oxford forever to and the dull to pay attention. have been found in Ha mlet oblivion. Ogburn, Jr. was not so For this eager reader, being taken on a identifying De Vere as author! persuaded. So that debate, emerging hayride is fun only when the moon is full, Order Marilyn Gray's from gaps in the historical record, will the horse is plodding and the sweetheart Th e Real Sh akespeare continue fo rever, an entertaining yes has stars in her eyes. Oxfordians, trust not $22 fromiUniverse.c01l1 to the jaded reader, a convincing no to the inspired adventurer. The story of the more skeptical scholar. Edward de Vere is persuasive without an (877) 823-9235 by credit card Warren Dickinson conjectures that as assist from the reckless. But some will read ISBN#0-595-19191-6. Oxford was known to have had a bad leg, about this subject till the cows come home, (though an apt dancer in his youth), clearly so who is to complain about the other he fancied the jig in his declining years, occupants of the barnyard? Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter SUl11l11cr 2002 page 18

Countess Anne's Book New light on a 1581 Translation of SelIDons on Saint Paul and the Ephesians

By Robert Brazil

n Christmas, 1581, a remarkable surviving letters we have from Anne to topics, but the main themes are O thing happened. After a fi ve-year Edward, and we have their texts only from forgiveness, redemption, and putting estrangement, Edward de Vere returned copies in Burghley's logs. 4 We know aside the sins of the Ephesians such as to his wife Anne, the Countess Oxford. that Oxford wrote back promptly to Anne drunkenness and adultery. Little They had been at odds ever since his after her first letter (dated Dec. 7, 1581) scholarship exists on this 1581 book as a return from the Continent in April 1576. because inher second letter, ofDec. 12, literary work; it is known primarily to On Christmas day they resumed their she thanked him for his reply (which, religious historians and admirers of Saint interrupted marriage and cohabitation. unfortunately, was not copied). Anne's John Chrysostom. 5 Modern collections This was "celebrity news" in its day, and letter reveals that Oxford had of Chrysostol11 's works exhibit only a documented records ofthe event survive. complained about the uncertainties of passing awareness ofthis IS 81 translation We have the date in one example from a the world, and treacherous fr iends. The into English. The work is listed in the diary note of a clergyman, Rev. Richard dedication letter to Anne printed in the Short Title Catalo g and other Maddox, writing nine weeks later: Ephesians book is dated Dec. 14, 1581. bibliographies under "J" for John The date given on the introduction and Chrysostom. Modern English versions of "My Lord ofOxf ord fought with Master on the title page is Dec. 24, 1581. Chrysostom's sermons can be found on Knyvet about the quarrel of Bessie the Internet. The Ephesians translations Bavisar [Anne Vavasor] and was hurt, offered there clearly owe a debt to this first which grieved the Lord Treasurer the translation, even after many iterations more, for the Earl hath company with through the centuries. The first scholarly his wife since Christmas." 1 AN EXPOS I TION edition in English, 1840, makes a brief Further confirmation of what happened V pan the E pi{l:]eof reference to the anonymous prior s. Paule the A poCHe translator of the Ephesiails homilies. 6 that Christmas may exist in a memento of to the Ephelioll5: their reconciliation; it appears Anne was For the 1581 book there is no author, presented with a book just off the press, a editor, or translator named anywhere, on

fi rst translation of Greek sermons into Tan/Cd,.wd .lJithl'j'f,j>,f((�rdinf' fO �1J the book itself, nor in the literature about orti(}'.TFpoil/t('/ III "J}lT ,\fJ/(H;�1 English, called An Ex position IIpon the blfIf'Je-;lI lIiJ. it. Thus, the proposed identification epis tle of St. Paul the Apos tle to the AT LClND ON: of the prose introductions as Oxford's Ephesians: by S. John Cll l:),sostome. 2 PruHedby HI.!OIYIhnncman does not come at the expense of any ;"Iud iblph N�wbctie. This anonymous Ex position ... ANNO DOMI:iI. other author. The entire book is over 350 J'�8 I. Ephesians book is dated Dec. 24, 1581, pages. The introductions are fo llowed and has a dedication to Countess Anne. by the translations of the twenty-four I suggest there is a strong possibility Chrysostom sermons. Finally, there is an that Oxford was involved in this book's amusingly arbitrary index, penned publication and that he may have penned perhaps by the introduction writer. the introduction and dedication to his The title page of the book features wife. There is the remote possibility that the highest possible State Oxford participated in the translation of An Ex position ...to the Ephesians, 1581 authorizations. It is printed with an the religious text, but it is more likely that official Stationers' Company woodcut the unattributed editor and compiler of It appears that this book, certainly in border, which bears the Garter Arms and the book commissioned the anonymous production prior to December, was the Arms of the Stationers' Company. translation. Publishing details augment steered towards a Christmas deli very The work also carries two imprimaturs the book's connection to the Earl. date, with special introductory material which suggest very strongly that the The larger context of events in which added fo r the occasion. We cannot know book was printed by special order of the this book appeared is important. After a for sure if Oxford intended to return to Queen: "Perused, and authorized, long separation, in which their private Anne before December. Perhaps she according to an order appointed in her lives had become "the fable of the convinced him with her letters, or her Majesty's Injunctions;" and "Cum world," 3 Anne wrote two letters to father Lord Burghley engineered it, or her Privilegio Regiae Majestatis." Oxford in December 1581,pl eading with godmother thc Queen decreed it, in some Here follow excerpts fr om the him to return to her, to trust her, and to sort of "arrangement" with Oxford. introductory sections of the 1581 text, in believe that of any and all charges she The work itself, Chrysostom' s sermons sequence and updated to modern spelling was innocent. These are the only on Paul's letters, covers hundreds of where appropriate fo r readability. Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer 2002 page 19

An Exp osition Upon the Epistle of his true fe ar & service to be permanent S. Paul the Ap ostle to the Ephesians: and always to remain, to the praise and By S. John CI7 1TSostome. Archbishop blessing, both ofthem selves, and their of Constantinople. Perused, and posterity. The worthy examples, and authorized, according to an order TO THE RIGHT the famous memory, with praise ofthe appointed in her Majest y's HonourableLa dy, Anne godly in all ages, may be a proofhereof. Injunc tions. AtLondon: Printed by The Translator of this work, having Countdle of Oxenfordc, He n ry B inn em a nan d R alph Grace and f.ll1our ITom God. travailed in the Englishing of this Newberrie. Anno Domi ni. /581. godly, and learned Exposition of S. Cum Privilegio Regiae Majestatis ALOMON,that John Chrysostome, upon the Epistle Decembris. 24. wife King(right Ho­ of S. Paule to the Ephesians, being Ladie,) a- one, that wisheth unto you and yours, o the Reader: Good Reader, mOllb>efl:othe rs) hath the continuance of God's grace, with T whereas the Author of this is golden proutrbe, the increase of all blessings, in token translation, hath a long time travailed & te(mtie i1 i1"JIaine thereof, hath thought good to send in this excellent work, of that worthy thing : DlltII IVollldn that/eareth tbe the same unto you, as a mirror to behold Father, Saint John Chrysostome, LordeJhec/hall be prr1Jfed. VVhere... true godliness and virtue, and to know purposing thereby, that the same by he fhewcth, that all things in this how to serve and please God in all might only serve to a private use, and worlde are vaine and tranfitorie:yeu, things. The 14. of December. for the behoofe of a few dear fr iends: the to be but lit (J the party notwithstanding hath been A!! g!orieofman ja ding The Publication flollre (as the Prophete crye[h :) But persuaded, to assent, that the same The two men who published this book the grace and fa uour of God, and his may now be made common, to the were Henry Bynneman, printer, and benefit of many. For, as the wise man Ralph Newbury, bookseller. Both men Greek, he shall easily perceive, the saith, wisdom that is hid, and treasure were involved with earlier works labor taken herein: sometimes by that is not seen, what profit is in them dedicated to Edward or Anne Oxford. correcting ofthe Greek copy, corrupted both? And as the Sun giveth light to Newbury was the publisher of all three through negligence of the Printer: all and the beams thereof, the more editions of Geoffrey Fenton's Golden sometimes by adding to the Greek, clear they do shine, the greater is the Epistles, dedicated to Anne. [See some words, by a parenthesis, for the glory of the Sun, and benefit of the Christopher Paul's cover fe ature.] The better opening of the sense: the creatures: even so the heavenly third edition of Golden Epistles, 1582, quotations of the places of the wisdom of God, giving light to our was printed by Bynneman, who was the Scriptures, cited by the author: notes understanding, the more clear, and fi rst choice when works ofGreek or Latin also added in the margent, for the with the greater abundance it sheweth or translations were involved. In the 1 570s better understanding: and last of all, itself, the greater is God's glory, and he held exclusive licenses for select a Table annexed unto the same, after our commoditie. And amongst many, Classics. 7 Moreover, Bynneman had the order ofthe Alphabet, containing there are two causes, which move to printed the massive 1578 Gratulationis the principal matters, herein the publishing hereof: the one, the Valdinensis, by Gabriel Harvey, featuring entreated. Thus, good Reader, thou excellency of the work, the other, the Latin tributes to the Queen and ranking hast, offered unto thee, in thy mother public benefit by the translation ... nobility. There we find Harvey's speech tongue, this golden work, ofthis godly As the whole Epistle consisteth of to Oxford containing the famous line and learned father. Read, and then two parts, that is, of doctrine, and "vultus tela vibrat" which may be judge ... The 24. of December, in exhortation: so doth the expositor S. translated as "Your look shakes spears" the year of our Lord Christ. 1581. Chrysostome fo llow the holy Apostle, or "Your will shakes spears." Bynneman in either ofthem: in doctrine, deep, and ",.-,0the Right Honorable Lady, Anne also printed the fi rst edition of pithy in exhortation, vehement, & L Countess of Oxen fo rde, Grace and Holinshed's Chronicles, 1577, the earnest: using in both, most pithy favour from God: Salomon, that wise source of much detai I in Shakespeare's reasons, weighty arguments, large King (right Honourable Ladie,) history plays. Bynneman's first amplifications, apt similitudes, amongst others, hath this golden connection to Oxford was in 1570 when eloquent repetitions, 1110st worthy proverb, Favour is deceitful, & beautie he printed the curious book of verse, examples. As for the translation, the is a vaine thing: but a Woman that The ... me taphoricall historie of benefit thereof shall easily appear, fe areth the Lorde, she shall be praised. Peisistratus and Catanea, by Edmund for as much as, that which before Whereby he sheweth, that all things in Elviden, dedicated to Edward de Vere. was the commoditie of a few, shall this world are vaine and transitorie: Elviden was apparently one of Oxford's now redound to many. If it may yea, All the glorie of man to be but as classmates at Gray's Inn in 1566-7. 8 please the diligent and learned a fading flower (as the Prophet cryeth:) Bynneman also printed the second reader, to confer the same with the But the grace and favour of God, and edition of Bartholomew Clerke's (c ont'd on p. 20) Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer 2002 page 20 Anne's Book (cant 'd fi'om p. 19) translation of The Courtier, 1577, with the Queen on Oxford's behalf. We writers, used pagan settings as framing an introduction in Latin by Oxford. have this fr om his letter of devices, with which one could allude to Two variant editions of explanation to Burghley. 1 2 sins and debaucheries without actually Exposition... Ephesian s were published mentioning such things. The Ephesians simultaneously, one with the dedication The Comedy of Errors is set in to Anne, and one without. The wording The Apostle Paul wrote his Epis tle to ancient Ephesus, and the confusing on each ofthe title pages diffe rs slightly. the Ephesians around 62 AD while in a comic problems created by the It appears Oxford had a special edition Roman jail. The title of the 1580 misadventures of two sets of identical prepared just for Anne, while a Ephesians book dedicated to Anne was twins are blamed by the citizens on commercial edition also went out, sans "The Epis tle o(the Blessed Apos tle Saint enchantment. In Act 4, scene 4, Adriana dedication, for sale to the public. 9 Paule. which he, in the time of his takes her husband's identical twin trouble and imprisonment, sent in Antipholus [ofSyracuse] to schoolmaster Oxford and Anne writing from Rome to the Ephesians. ,. and exorcist Dr. Pinch because she After Dec 24, 1581 things did change Perhaps Paul's famous jailhouse writings believes possession is the only for the celebrated couple; their marriage served as some inspiration for these two explanation for his peculiar behavior. In was restored, and they were once again 1580-81 Ephesians books, in the very Shakespeare's main source for Errors , welcome at the Royal Court. Though years that Oxford was in and out of Plautus' Menaechmi, the setting of the they had to weather Oxford's troubles trouble, prison and house arrest. action was the city Epidamnum. with the Romeo and Juliet-style street The ancient Greek city of Ephesus, Shakespeare changed the location to fi ghting that occurred in 1582, and the one of the richest in Asia Minor, was Ephesus and added the theme of magic death oftheir fi rst and only son in 1583, fa mous throughout the Mediterranean and the scandalous marital problems of they persevered, having two more for its wondrous temple of Artemis, or Antipholus and Adriana. Balthazar tells daughters, Bridget, born April 6, 1584, Diana to the Romans. The Temple was the cuckolded Antipholus of Ephesus: and Susan, born May 26, 1587. Ruth used as a place of worship as well as a Have patience, sir; 0, let it not be so! Loyd Miller hears the echo of the centra l bank. Ephesian money bore the Herein you war against your reputation, Oxfords' reconciliation in Shakespeare's image of a stag, recalling the myth of and draw within the compass of suspect 0 Sonnets 116 - 119. 1 Actaeon and Diana. In Paul's day, th' unviolated honour of your wife. Prior circumstances in the lives of Ephesus was a major trade center, though Comedy of Errors Act 3, scene 1. Anne and Edward may bear upon this at that precise time the city was in a 1581 translation of Greek sermons on severe economic downturn due to the Vocabulary ofthe 1581 Writer New Tes tament Epistles. There is some silting of its important harbor. Ephesian Many of the phrases found in the 1581 evidence that Oxford had sent Anne, businessmen began selling statues of introductions can be found in Oxford's from Italy, a New Tes tament in Greek. Artemis and Diana, as well as Letters. I offer several examples here, with Anne could actually read Greek as her reproductions of the Temple to the boldface added to highlight the words and mother, Mildred Cecil, Lady Burghley, many pilgrims visiting the city. Paul phrases in question. Refer back to the text was an avid proponent of the Greek incited a riot by lecturing inhabitants fo r the writer's use of perceive, notes. language and had raised her children to and tourists not to buy idolatrous travailed. the better unders tanding, causes. read the ancient tongue. Ephesian images. [See Acts 19.] grace and favour, party notwithstanding, In 1580, a different book of sermons Ephesus was a place of magic, where vain thing, and proof hereof on the Ephesians had been published, only a few adventurous souls had "I do well perceive how your Lordship also with a dedication to Anne, adopted early Christianity, but doth travail fo r me in this cause of an Countess Oxford. These sermons were interpreted the agape. or love-feast, by Niels Hemmingsens (1513-1600), a too literally. Paul's letters to the especial grace and favour, Dutch theologian. The translations were Ephesians bade them give up earthly notwithstanding the burden of more " by Abraham Fleming, and Oxford's pleasures for the promise of heavenly importunate and general affairs ... [To R. Cecil; 6/ 9/ 60 ; Nelson # ] influence may be suspected in the ones. Paul's Epis tle is also known for its 1 1 3 43 production ofthis earlier work as well. II demand that everyone should return to "I have included herein these notes On March 23, 1581, Oxford was what we now call "traditional family as brieflyas I may which also I have thrown in the Tower of London, after values." Quoting Paul: "Wives, submit sent unto her Majesty for the better Anne Vavasor gave birth to their son, unto your husbands, as unto the Lord understanding how to give me " Edward. Oxford's imprisonment, until ... Husbands, love your wives ... let remedy. [To Burghley; 6/30/1 591 ; Nelson #20] June 8, 1581, was fo llowed by house every one love his wife, even as himselfe, "how hard my fortune is in England, as arrest. In July 1581 Secretary of State and let the wife see that she fear the I perceive by your Lordship's letters, Walsingham attempted to gain husband." [Ephesians 5, 22-33.] but knowing how vain a thing it is to Oxford 's freedom, but was Shakespeare was apparently linger a necessary mischief ... " unsuccessful in his negotiations with fascinated with Ephesus, and like other [To Burghley; 1 13/1576; Nelson #9] Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer 2002 page 21

"I leave it to Caulie who can make those grand censors, that now study The 1581 introductions show a style, proof thereof'." them such vanities, flockto them ... vocabulary and spelling similar to Oxford's [Cecil Papers 46/ 9, n� 46/ 9; Nelson #50] 1 1 1 1 Shakespeare's most famous own. The Ephesian theme which later "unto the parties themselves from "commodities" allusion is in King John, fascinated Shakespeare can be historically whom he hath drawn money to his where the Bastard rails at the end of Act 2: associated with Countess Anne through own behoof, whose confirmations the two Ephesians books dedicated to That smooth-fac' d gentleman, ... shall be delivered ..." her. If generally accepted, these 1581 tickling commodity, Commodity, [To Burghley; 5/ 18/ 1 59 1 ; Nelson # 1 9] introductions add to the collection of the bias of the world ... Oxford's known prose writing. The work Shakespeare uses the rare "behoof' The 1581 writer says: "containing the displays rare vocabulary later used by just three times; fo r example: "This principal matters, herein intreated." Shakespeare, and enlarges the number of tongue hath parley' d unto foreign kings Oxford says: Oxford-Shakespeare parallels. It adds for your behoof." 2He17l)' VI Act 4 sc. 7 some color and depth to the growing "I will not intreat that you suffer it The 1581 writer uses the comparative your self thus to be abused, but that biographies of Edward and Anne de phrase: "the one, the excellency ofthe work, you will not suffer me thus to be flouted Vere. The work is consistent with the the otherthe public benefit. .." Oxford says: hypothesis that we are reading scorned & mocked." [Cecil Papers 71126; something fr om the man who later "for the farm of her Tin by two sorts Oxford to Elizabeth; June 1 599; Nelson #67] of suitors, the one sort were many, wrote as "Shakespeare." In Shakespeare, a single instance of the other was only my self. They ... the archaic spelling intreat survives: Endnotes gave her with mllch ado a thousand " ISABELLA I have no tongue but one; Marks by year ... [Huntington Lib. EL 1. Charlton Ogburn Jr., The Mysteriolls gentle, my lord, let me intreat you 2337; To Egerton; Nelson #68] William Shakespeare, New York, Dodd speak the former language. Mead and Company, 1984, p. 650, Diary Commodity Exchange ANGELO. Plainly conceive, I love you. note from Rev. Richard Maddox, March The 1581 writer says: "that which Measure for Mea sure Act 2 scene 4 3rd, 1582: Cotton MSS,Appendix47. before was the commoditie of a few, 2. An Exposition lI pon the epistle of" shall now redound to many." For the Concluding the Account St. Palll the Apostle to the Ephesians: Earl of Oxford, "commoditie" was an Could Oxford have produced this 1581 by S. John Chrysostoll1 e. Printed by obsession; the word is fo und over 80 Ephesians book? Certainly the motive, Henry Bynneman and Ralph Newberry. times in his letters. There are several means and opportunity existed. Perhaps STC #14632a. The variant version, instances where Oxford uses Oxford began the project when he was in without Anne's dedication, is #14632. "commoditie" and "redound" together, the Tower, thinking of repentance, and That public edition has an additional as in the 1581 book. Here are two what he might do to rehabilitate his single line on the title page: "Truely examples: reputation. With this book, dated and faithfully tr. out of Greeke ." "to your Majesty's concems, your Christmas Eve, Oxford could present a 3. Oxford's letterto Bm'ghley dated April whole profit which is to redound unto copy to his wife saying, in effect: Honey, 27, 1576. In Fowler's collection this is 1.15. you by this Commoditie." forgive me! Or, Honey, I fo rgive - you! This might have been done through

[Huntington Lib. EL2338 ; Nelson #74] The interpretation can go either way. private conference before, and had "when her Majesty would look into It may have been unseemly for him not needed to have been the fable of the world if you would have had the this Commoditie, & to see what stock to overtly put his name on the work, but were sufficientto employ that the whole there is an odd typeset "signature," at patience to have understood me; but I do not know by what or whose advice commoditie might redound to her self, the end of the book, that may be then the Merchant, to blind such as illuminating. There we find a "Table of it was, to run that course so contrary to my will or meaning, which made her she employeth in such causes, straight Principall matters" which seems, in part, so disgraced, to the world ... at their pleasure raise the price ..." designed to amuse Anne or himself.

[Huntington Lib. EL23 44; Nelson #75] The editor of the Table chose the first (cont'd on p. 22) entry to be the word "Account." Then Shakespeare uses "redound" once: with peculiar typesetting we see: A. "I will, my lord, and doubt not so to deal as f!.y'{c count. all things shall redound unto your good. " Account. Verie [2H6 Act 4, scene 9] Shakespeare uses Verie one shall give an account fo r E one /hallgiue an accountfO f "commodity" 23 times, and once more, if E himselfe. himfelfe. 1 �p8 you add the Troillls Cresida preface: Howe fa rre fo orth the Partor null & The unusual "Drop Cap" gimmick is giue .1CCountfor!o ulcs. nr.u were but the vain names of comedies not repeated. "Account" indicates a Looke P.dlorand PrUchtT. changed for titles of commodities, or story while punning "A Count." A f!Aciu outyic. of plays for pleas, you should see all COllnt is the French version of an Earl. Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter SUl11l11cr2002 page 22 Anne's Book (cont'dfi'ol71 p. 21) 4. Ogburn, op cit, p. 649. The Burghley Shakespeare Oxford Society: copies of Anne's letters are: Lansdowne MSS. 104/63 & lO4/64. Conyers Read, in The Blue Boar Shop Lord Burg/dey and Queen Elizabeth, NY, Knopf, 1960, p. 557, discusses the twoAnne LIMITED SUPPLY - OGBURN BBO 11 The Relevance of Robert Greene letters in Note 73. One of the two letters has VIDEOTAPES WHILE THEY LAST: by Stephanie Hughes. $10.00 cross-outs and interlineations and looks BBO 15 Firing Line VHS videotape, 1984, BBO 12 Oxford & Byron more like a kept draft version than a copy. Charlton Ogburn, Wm. F. Buckley. by Stephanie Hughes. $8.00 5. Chrysostom, "The Golden Mouth," (c. $35.00 347-407 AD) wasknown for his amazing BB013 The Conscience of a King oratorical skill. He visited Ephesus in 40 1 OTHER FINE OFFERINGS: by Charles Boyle. $5.00 on Church business. An excellent website BBOO I Shakespeare Identified BBO 14 Hedingham Castle Guide, brief on the Saint is: www.chyrsostom.org. by J. Thomas Looney. $20.00 6. Cardinal JohnH. Newman, Comll1entar)' history ()fCastle and Earls of Oxford. on the Epistle to the Galatians and ... BB002 The De Veres of Castle $3.50 Ephesians of S. John Chrysostol11, Hedingham by Verily Anderson. $35.00 Archbishop of Constantinople. Back issues of Th e Oxfordiall, BB003 TheLetters Poems of Edward, Translated, with notes and indices. & S. Hughes, editor: Earl of Oxfa I'd by Katherine Chiljan. [Printed by Parker and Rivington, 1840] $22.00 OXVOI The Oxfordian, Vo!' 1 (1998) Cardinal Newman, in his Preface, alludes OXV02 The Oxfordian, Vo!.2 (1999) to the only known prior translation into BB004 The A1ysteriolls William Shake­ OXV03 The Oxfordian, Vo!' 3 (2000) English as "the fonner by a friend who speare by Charlton Ogburn (892 pp). OXV04 The Oxfordian, Vo!. 4(2001) conceals his name." This refers to the $40.00 (Thelater 1 998 reprinting) all issues $20.00 each anonymous 1581 edition. The second man mentioned, Rev. Copeland, was the BB005 The Anglican Shake�p eare Back issues of the Society Newsletter: translator of the edition Newman edited. by Daniel Wright. $19.95 The direct quote fr 0111 Newman: NL3 701 Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter, BB006 The Man Who Was Shakespeare As to the Translations, the Editors Spring 200 1 by Charlton Ogburn(94 pp.). $6.95 have been favored with the former by NL3702 Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter, Summer2001 a friend who conceals his name; and BB007 Shake�peare: Who Was He NL3703 Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter, with the latter, by the Rev. William by Richard Whalen. $19.95 John Copeland, M.A., Fellow ofTrinity Fall 200 1 College, Oxford." -J.H. Newman. BB009 A Hawkfi'om a Handsaw all $10.00 each 7. Dictionary of National Biography, byRollin DeVere. $12.00 (Further back issues of the Newsletter Reprinted at the University Press, Oxford BBO 1 0 Shakespeare 'sLaw are also available at the $10.00 price. 1 921 -22, "Bynneman, Henry." by Sir George Greenwood 25% discount for 5 issues or more). 8. Elviden's book is STC #7624. The (M. Alexandered.). $10.00 information on Elviden at Gray's inn is fr om Katherine Chiljan (ed.) Dedication Item Price Letters to the Earl of Ox lard,19 94, p.ll. Name:. ______9. Pollard & Redgrave, A Short title catalogue ofbooks printed in England, Address:______...147 5-1640, London, Bibliographical City:______State: ZIP: ____ Society, 1976, Vol. 2, p. 28. 10. Ruth Loyd Miller, Oxfor dian Vistas, Check enclosed: Credit Card: MC Visa Subtotal: Kennikat Press, Port Washington, 1975, 10% member

Vol. 1I, pp. 74-77 number: ______Card _ discount: 11. The Epistle of the Blessed Apostle

Exp. date: ____ _ Saint Pail le, ... translated ... by Subtotal: Abraham Fleming. Printed by T. East, P&H, books Signature: ______1580. Registered 7/2711580. STC #13058, ($1.00 each): #13057.8, and formerly #2986. Ded. to Mail to: P&H (per order): $ 2.50 Anne Countess of Oxenford." Fleming Shakespeare Oxford Society later became one of the editor-revisors fo r 1555 Connecticut Avenue N.W. Grand Total: the 1587 edition ofHa lill shed 's Chronicles. Suite 200, Washington, D.C. 20036 12. Ogburn, op cit, p. 648 Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer2002 page 23

Shakespeare News (cant 'dFom p. 5) Quo ting Shakespeare play on the page. The play exists in The SOS Newsletter welcomes your letters to the air, in spoken words, in light, in When the going gets tough, and the world the editor; due to space limitations, darkness, and none of those plays is watching, quote Shakespeare. however, they are subject to editing. works on the page. On July 25, 2002 the only man charged in the "9-1 I" terror attacks, Zacarias Th e One No vel that that tells the Against This Rage Moussaoui, dropped his guilty plea in a Tr ue His tOJ)', Mystery, (lndRomance "A new Oxfordian novel ...Shakes peare surprise last-minute move. U.S. District o.f'Edward de Vere investigations in England ... murdel� Judge Leonie Brinkema had carefully intrigue, new theories " SHAKESPEARE'S GHOST by Robert D 'Artagnan (RandallBar on) explained to Moussaoui that by continuing by James \VebsterSherw ood (563pgs ., $30. 00) to plead guilty to the charges he could "A 'work of poetlY, ...fimn y, The Great Shakespeare Hoax fa ce capital punishment. Apparently "All the whyso.f' the great hoax " heartbrealdng, magn(ficent" realizing for the first time the extreme byRandall Baron danger he was in, Moussaoui withdrew 384Pages /$25.00 (211pg s., $20.00) his plea, quoting Shakespeare's Hamlet OPUS BOOKS, New York SJUllp, durable, trade paperbacks in the process. These are Moussaoui's order from: Order either book ,li-01ll: Randall Baron words: "Hamlet said: 'To be or not to be, www.opusbooks.com 2535 East Saratoga Street that is the question. ' I say: To plead guilty or fax order: 5 16.365.8331 Gilbert AZ 85296 or not to plead guilty, that is the question with shippinglbilling address email.' [email protected] . .. As a Muslim, I cannot endorse ISBN 0-9661 961 -0-4 cash, check, or money order anything with the condition of death." On August 9, 2002, Charlton Heston announced that he has symptoms TheDark Sidekes ojSha peare The Rosetta stone Oxfordians consistent with Alzheimer's disease. The Vol. I by W. Ron Hess have long been searching for. 78-year-old actor, in a taped statement Available afterOctober 1 for$30.00 played at a news conference at the Paradigm Shift: Shake-speare by phoning: 1-877-823-9235 Beverly Hills Hotel, quoted a long (Jonson's Introductory Poems Special Offer, direct from author: passage from The Tempest to end his to the 1623 Folio and Send $25.00 before Nov. 1, 2002 Oxford as Shake-speare) presentation. to: 2704 Lime St., Temple Hills, MD 20748 by "William Shakespeare, at the end of "Hess... doesn't shy fr om proposing linkages, Odysseus Er his career, wrote his farewell through motivations and ingenious theories to make sense the words of Prospero, in The of the historical records and answer the many Softcover$19.95 questions about Oxford's life. His work on Don Tempest. It ends like this: "Be cheerful, (includes shipping and handling) Juan of Austria may ...have opened a new sir. Our revels now are ended ...We perspective." Richard Whalen Send check to: Noncomfonnist Press are such stuffas dreams are made on, http://home.earthlink.neU-beornshalilindex.html 822 Clayland Street and our little life is rounded with a ISBN #0-595-24777-6 St.Pau1 MN 55104 sleep. Thank you, and God bless you, everyone. " Earlier this year Heston made some comments on the History Channel touching on the Authorship question. He defended the Stratfordian position. The Shakespeare Oxford Society welcomes articles, essays, commentary, The anti-Stratfordians are elitists. book reviews, letters and news items of relevance to Shakespeare, They can't bear the idea that a man Edward de Vere, and the Authorship Discussion. of no particular public identity from should be reasonably concise and when appropriate validated by an obscure Stratford family should peer review. Submissions must include the author's contact information and somehow be The Genius ofthe World. may be subject to editing fo r content and length. They hate that! The Earl of Oxford is a much more attractive figure. He Text should be submitted in digital form to was a dashing fellow, an important [email protected] guy on the court. He traveled and even wrote a little bit. But he wasn't and photographs and graphics should be mailed to Shakespeare. He didn't write Editor, Shakespeare Oxford Society, 1555 Connecticut Ave., Shakespeare ...you can't create a N.W., Suite 200, Washington, D.C., 20036. Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter Summer 2002 page 24

Seven Ages o/ Man (cont'dFom p. 15)

7. Dictionary of National Biography, Ed., Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 2066. the emb lem writers, London, Vol. 6, Reprinted at the University 13.IsaacAsimov,Asimov 'sGltidetoShakespeare, Tri.ibner, 1870, p. 407. Press, Oxford, 1921-22, pp. 1187-88. New York, Avenel Books, 1970, p. 568. 21. Cf.Brazil, True StOIJi, op. cit., pp. 43-5. 8. Geoffrey Fenton, Afonne 0/ christian 14. Draper, op. cit., p. 274. 22. Cf. Frederick Morgan Padelford, The pofficie drawne out 0/ French, STC 15.J.W. Bennett, "Jaques' Seven Ages," Axiochus 0/ Plato, Baltimore., Johns 10793a. It's also possible that Oxford Shakespeare Association Bulletin 18, Hopkins Press, 1934,pp. 2-3.; D. A. Carrol, borrowed Fenton's name for a character in 1943, p. 169. Bennett reveals some Greene 's Groatsworth 0/ Wit, The Meny Wives o./ Windsor. Cf. Robert interesting parallels between Jaques' Binghamton, Medieval & Renaissance Brazil's "Unpacking The Meny Wives" . speech and the Onomasticon of Pollux Texts & Studies, 1994; M. W. H. Swan, TheOx/ordian, VoUI, 1999,pp. 127-8;and and concludes "What we can be English Literary History 11, 1944, pp.161- The True Story 0/ the Shakespeare reasonably sure ofis that [Shakespeare] 81;C.T. Wright,PMLA 76, 1961,pp. 34-39. Publications, 2000, pp. 28-9. See also was fo llowing a verbal rather than, or in 23. Ponsonbie had written in the 1591 Geoffrey Fenton, Golden Epistles, addition to, a pictorial tradition ..." Complaints: "Since my late settingfoorth ofthe Contayning varietie 0/ discourse both Bennett is assuming, of course, that Faerie Queene, finding that it hath found a Moraff, Philosophicall, and Diuine: Shaksper could read Greek and/or Latin, favorable passage amongst you; I haue sithence gathered as we" out 0/ the remainder 0/ which were the only languages in which endeuoured by all good meanes ...to get into Gueuaraes workes, as other Authors, this work was available in the sixteenth my handes such smale Poemes of the same Latine, French, and Italian. STC 10794. century, the latest edition having been Authors; as I heard were disperst abroad in 9. Geoffrey Bullough. Narrative and published c. 1541.It's certainly plausible sundrie hands ..." (Padelford, op. cit. , p. 8). dramatic sources of Shakespeare, that the multi-lingual Oxford, on the other 24. Padelford, op. cit. , pp. 8-9. London, Routledge and Paul; New York hand, had access to Pollux. 25. Padelford, op. cit. , pp. 46-8. Columbia University Press, 1957-75, Vol. 16. Katherine Chiljan,Letters and Poems 26. Cf. Eva Turner Clark, HiddenAl lusions 7, pp. 202-5,235,469 fn . o/Edward, Earl o/Ox/ord, 1998, p. 22. in Shakespeare 's Plays, yd Revised 10. Charles Boyce, Shakespeare A to Z, New 17. SamuelC. Chew, ThePilgrill1ageo/Li/e, Edition, 1974, by R. Miller, pp.508-28; York, FactsonFilePublications, 1990,p.190. Yale University Press, 1962, pp. 150-1. Dorothy and Charlton Ogburn, This Star 11. Cf. Eddi Jolly, " "Shakespeare" and 18. RobertH. Cust, The Pavement Masters of England, 1952, pp. 443-67. Burghley'sLibrmy," TheOx/ordian, Vol. III, o/Siena (J 3 69- I 5 62) , London, 190 I, p. 84. 27. Cf. Padelford, op. cit., p. 12; 2000,p. 12. 19. Sears, op. cit., p. 137. additionally, Oxford's "sweet speech" 12. Ox/ord English Dictionwy, Compact 20. Henry Green, Shakespeare and was written circa January 1581.

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Seven Ages ofMan: cover Stylometrics & the Elegy: cover sos Conference Preview: page 2 View./i"Ol1l Santa Cruz: page 3 Shakespeare News: page 4 Ox/o rdian News: page 6 Sanders Portrait: page 9 "Wots Up" Analysis: page II Meet the SOS Trustees: page 16 Book Review: page 17 COLIntess Anne's Book: page 18