Naval War College Review Volume 22 Article 19 Number 6 June
1969 June 1969 Review The .SU . Naval War College
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CHALLENGE
A new reaUty is symbolized by the photograph on the front of this issue. Having rested secure and unchallenged for a generation, the U.S. Navy is now faced with a worthy rivaJ, competent on Nor are the concepts put forward be the sea and effective in its mission, tween these covers directed simply growing in capability and ambition. It is toward the implications of military con the purpose of this special issue of the frontation in hot war. It is intended Naval War College Review to analyze here rather to deaJ more with the
the nature of this rivaJry in as many of ramifications of this new rivalry in the its aspects as possible: to trace the context of nonbelligerent, cold war history of Soviet maritime power to its competition. Each increment of Soviet present magnitude; to comprehend the maritime power provides the Kremlin motivation which may be propelling its with an expanded range of options, all development; and to project, if possible, of which affect those open to the the latent and overt implications which United States--usually adversely. One it holds for the United States and the has only to consider the difference free world in general. between our position in the Mediter The task outlined is one of daunting ranean today and that of a few years proportions, but it is believed to be a ago to feel the force of this relationship.
necessary one. The enormous effort put The Soviet seapower potential, re forth by one of the two greatest world cent though it may be, is far from powers, an effort so immediately affect superficial: it represents a concerted ing the interests of all nations, deserves thrust of an entire economy. Drawing the closest attention, especially on the on all available sources, from U.S. lend part of those who make the sea their lease to native initiative, the U.S.S.R. career. The Soviet maritime expansion has constructed over the last two has been truly phenomenaJ. From the decades a technological foundation battered disarray of 1945 has arisen a which is at once broad and profound. large, versatile, modern navy and a Training and educational facilities in dramatically expanded and versatile marine engineering, naval architecture merchant marine. Both can and do and other sciences have drawn level with traverse the world's oceans with free or exceed our own, as has the caliber of dom and confidence. personnel whom they graduate.Physical No nation which has championed installations such as shipyards are as freedom of the seas as has the United sophisticated as they are numerous. It is States could deny the right of the with these tools that Soviet maritime U.S.S.R. to exercise this new flexibility. strength is being fashioncd--not only in Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 5 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19
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THE RUSSIAN MARITIME THREAT
An Approach to the Problem
by Rear Admiral H.E. Eccles, U.S. Navy (Ret.) Under sponsorship of The George Washington University Logistics Research Project
In this first of 10 articles, in this issue dealing with the maritime problem, the author seeks to fix the maritime element of national power into a valid and comprehensible po litico-strategic framework. The commitment of limited resources to maritime programs can only be made after a realistic appraisal of need. Even then, individual programs will be subjected to the stress and strain of the U.S. democratic political process.
Introduction. The Soviet Union is growing merchant marine is more and now aclivcly exerting strong worldwide more a major world economic factor. political pressure hy means of economic This al\ adds up to the skilled aggres and military aid backed and screened hy sive use of maritime power for eco a slrong modern, and highly visible 1 nomic political ends and constitutes a naval force. Whereas a few years ago the major Lhreat to the position of the Soviet Navy was predominantly defen United States and its allies. sive and generally confined to northern oceans and eoaslal waters, it now op No study of this Russian maritime erates freely and extensively in the threat ean ignore the interaction of Mediterranean, the lndian, and the policy, strategy, and military capahility. South Atlantic Oceans. In other words, strategy is subordinate Its electronic reconnaissanee and to policy hut limited by capability. But aggressive foihing exploitation, which Lhe limits on strategy imposed by capa have been obvious for years, have been bility must, in turn, be refleetcd in extended as for as Australia. Its fast policy. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 8 War College: June 1969 Review
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Important to rmderstauding the nature of our new maritime rival is an evaluation of her capabilities and outlook. Some consideration of her intentious--as the least of possibilities opened by the .Sovi'et Union's burgeoning eompetence on the soo*'is thus inherent to any useful study thereof. 1\1ore importatit, of eourse, is analysis of the roles she is exploiting ond may exploit in the arena of international power. Russia•s own irtU1ge of herself ,md her history is significant to thu appreciation. Definitive answers are ,iot expected at this sttJge, but it is hoped that the inquiry herewith begun can lead to a cleorer view of some of the prospects for future _years.
AN APPRAISAL OF SOVIET MARITIME · NAVAL CAPABILITIES
An article by Professor Edward I,. Beach
Stephen B. Luce Chair of Naval Science
The word 11appraisalt in its https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 20 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 21 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 22 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 23 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 24 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 25 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 26 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 27 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 28 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 29 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 26 NAVAL TRADITION•• A RUSSIAN HERITAGE For 250 years Russia has been seeking ta gain identity as a viable naval farce among the maritime powers of the world. Untilrecently this goal remainedelusive, but' under Soviet leadership the Kremlin appears determined to develop a mwal oopability that will ensure it a major share of the world maritime action. A research paper prepared by Lieutenant Commander Wayne I,. Chadick, U.S. Navy School of Naval Command and Staff England, the United States, France, it is not devoid of success. It ls note� Holland, Norway, and Italy arc among worthy that the Russians have engaged the countries which hnve achieved a the Turks in no leSB than J 2 ware or certain prominence on the sea at one armed contlicts of equal magnitude: time or another in their historical devcl� since 1676. opmcnt. Each of thcsc countries The history of Ruseia as an organized proudly recalle a naval history which society can he dated from the founding hespcaka the significant aueeess of their of the settlement of Kiev on the Dnie mariners in peace and war. Each has per River ahout A.D. 0112. Kiev was depended upon the sea for trade and for founded by the Varnngians who are exterior communieations, All have uscJ associated in history with the Vikings. the sea as a moons of projecting their 'l'he ensuing years witnessed a large inlluerwe throughout the world and in influx of Scandinavians who brought challenging other oountries for auprc� with them a deep knowledge of the sea macy in internalional affairs. All arc and water trausporL 1t was only natural appropriately described as having been that the ehief Rullllian trade centers leading seapowere. On the other hand, should he founded on the efficient Russia has always been characterized as water system they developed, using as a landpowcr because of its short, widely its haekhone the hroad, quiet rivcrB. separated scaconsts1 its vast expanses of Indeed, the Viking portages lretwc-en territory, and its long land frontiers. navigable rivers are now the canals of This preoccupation wilh Russia's land Russia )s inland waterways.1 oriented power has overshadowed a The north�south river system wus an strong--if spotty-naval tradition. She important factor in the development of has a rather extensive naval history j and early Ilusslu, serving both as a eommer- https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 30 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 31 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 32 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 33 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 34 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 35 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 36 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 37 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 38 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 39 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 40 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 41 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 42 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 43 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 44 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 45 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 46 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 47 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 48 War College: June 1969 Review 45 THE UNITED NATIONS AND OCEANIA: New Dimensions in the Cold War Refrain 'nw strategic signifi<::anc,, of oceans is a fact of modern history which undcrscorr.s Mahan 's classic analysis of the dependem�e on stralegieal/_y locaud lnrul bases for tlw effectim� c?Xcteisc of scapowcr, Tliis fact has not gone umwticcd by lhc Soviet.'> who are making o sustnirwd political a.�sault on Wcsteru 1wpemony of the area through the l.!.N, 'l'lw objective of t/Jis move is to deny the use of Pacific island arPas to tlw United States and tu tnakc them ripe for Cmnnrnnfst political subversion awl exploitation. A research paper prepared by Captain William 0. Miller, JAGC, U.S. Navy Introduction. 8Lrelching rrom the. in common. They were organized, if al west coastso( the Americas to the Asian ail, into small, fragmented, premodem mainland lit�s the carlh 's mosl formi• ooeietics, with no effoctive capacity to dahlc wale-r harricrdthc Pacific Oecan, resist domination h)'. any power inter This: mammoth hotly of wttlcr comprises ested in exercising it, 1 two-Lhirds of Lhc ocean area of the The resulting scramble for hegemony world and 1\ full onc-Lhird of the {�arth 's culminalcd in the late 1800's in lurgc Rurfocc. 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Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 181 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 182 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 183 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 184 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 185 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 186 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 187 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol22/iss6/19 188 War College: June 1969 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 1969 189 Naval War College Review, Vol. 22 [1969], No. 6, Art. 19 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