The Southland Economic Project URBAN AND INDUSTRY
SOUTHLAND DISTRICT COUNCIL Cover photo: Matāura looking south across the Matāura River Source: Emma Moran
The Southland Economic Project: Urban and Industry
Technical Report
May 2018
Editing Team:
Emma Moran – Senior Policy Analyst/Economist (Environment Southland)
Denise McKay – Policy and Planning Administrator (Environment Southland)
Sue Bennett – Principal Environmental Scientist (Stantec)
Stephen West – Principal Consents Officer (Environment Southland)
Karen Wilson – Senior Science Co-ordinator (Environment Southland)
SRC Publication No 2018-17
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reproduced from consultants’ outputs average concentrations over four years Disclaimer multiplied by the annual flows. This is a ‘broad brush’ system’s existing performance (the base) and its upgrade scenarios.
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© All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or copied in any form, without the permission of Environment Southland. This copyright extends to all forms of copying and any storage of material in any kind of information retrieval system The Southland Economic Project
This report has been produced by The Southland Economic Project for ater and and eyond. The aim of this ro ect is to create ways of understanding the possible socio economic impacts of achieving ‘limits’ for fresh water in outhland under the ational olicy tatement for reshwater anagement ( ). The ro ect is a oint venture between airy eef amb ew ealand td. epartment of onservation inistry for rimary ndustries inistry for the nvironment outhland hamber of Commerce, Te Ao Mārama, and Environment Southland. t also closely involves nvercargill ity ouncil outhland istrict ouncil and ore istrict ouncil (the three territorial authorities in outhland) as well as eer ndustry ew ealand and ew ealand eer armers ssociation ( outhland ranch). The ro ect has had support from oundation for rable esearch and orticulture ew ealand and forestry companies outhwood and ayonier. The ro ect is underta ing three ma or studies that flow on from each other Study 1: Economic Sectors: . griculture and orestry . rban and ndustry Study 2: The Southland Economy (The outhland conomic odel for ater) Study 3: Community Outcomes
This report is an output from the rban and ndustry component of tudy . The report and its related datasets are being used in the development of The outhland conomic odel for resh ater within tudy . tudy uses information from this model to understand the connections between Southland’s economy and local communities across the region.
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Preface
his report presents research n erta en for The Southland Economic Project he research is containe in Part C an its conte t is escri e in Parts A and B pecific sections of this report are ritten ith partic lar a thors as i entifie elo nvironment o thlan staff contri te to these sections an rote all other sections he research incl es estimates of contaminant loa s from aste ater treatment s stems that ere calc late as the average concentrations over fo r years multiplied by the annual flows. This is a ‘broad brush’ calculation method and it ma e ifferent to that se nvironment o thlan for the fresh ater acco nting of contaminants n er the ational olic tatement for resh ater anagement he val e of this research is the comparison between the results for a treatment system’s existing performance the ase an its pgra e scenarios
Stantec he oc ments ere prepare on ehalf of o thlan istrict o ncil ore istrict o ncil an nvercargill it o ncil o lia ilit is accepte this compan or an emplo ee or s cons ltant of this compan ith respect to its se an other person his isclaimer shall appl not ithstan ing that the oc ments ma e ma e availa le to other persons for an application for permission or approval to f lfil a legal re irement
Market Economics ltho gh ever effort has een ma e to ens re acc rac an relia ilit of the oc ment s pplie neither ar et conomics imite nor an of its emplo ees shall e hel lia le for this information opinions an forecasts e presse in this oc ment
Part A: Southland Climate r on ghes an ater eople t Climate Change r hristian ammit ro p anager an rogramme ea er rological rocesses an ater eso rces ational nstit te of ater an tmospheric esearch
Part B: Towns and Industry Gore District arah roo s irector iel or t for ore istrict o ncil Invercargill City District alcolm oan rainage an oli aste anager rian oc er ater perations echnologist listair rra ater anager nvercargill it o ncil Southland District an vans trategic anager ater an aste o thlan istrict o ncil
Part C: Town Case Studies e ennett rincipal nvironmental cientist ichar ennett echnical iscipline ea ivil ater an irsten or a enior nvironmental ngineer tantec e ealan ill rasm s nal st an a rence c lrath irector ar et conomics t
Gore and Matāura arah roo s irector iel or t for ore istrict o ncil Invercargill and Bluff alcolm oan rainage an oli aste anager an rian oc er aters perations echnologist nvercargill it o ncil
Winton, Nightcaps, Ohai, and Te Anau an vans trategic anager ater an aste o thlan istrict o ncil
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Acknowledgements
s with e erything to do with water uality understanding the costs and effecti eness of municipal wastewater treatment is a complex tas and re uires a great deal of transdisciplinary nowledge and understanding. The three territorial authorities and two consultancies in ol ed in this research ha e made substantial commitment to wor together with n ironment outhland to ma e this report possible. ach organisation and indi idual that has brought their expertise to this wor has made an in estment in the future of the outhland.
There are many people who ha e made in aluable contributions to this report. uge than s must go to arah roo s atthew ayliss aul ithers ex alcolm oan and an ans . ithout their willingness to share their wealth of nowledge and expertise this report would still be on the drawing board. Than s also to arcus oy ourtney llison ebecca lythe and the entire Environment Southland’s Policy & Planning Team. rateful than s to imon arry and ate oran for their help and patience o er many months. ppreciation is also due to the re iewer en urray for his informed and helpful comments to att ouldrey and and ater cience for his expert wor on the maps and to ussell annan and leur atthews for their proof reading of the draft report.
ll of these people and organisations ha e made this commitment to ma e sure that information and understanding on the possible economic impacts is readily a ailable as outhland enters into the process of setting of limits for water.
Image 1: Ōreti Beach ource mma oran
i Executive Summary
ater and the land it lo s through has a natural ca acity or rocessing or attenuating su stances such as nutrients e.g. nitrogen and hos horus and micro iological organisms as indicated y the resence o E. coli . hen y roducts rom human activity e.g. agriculture orestry manu acturing tourism or local government end u in ater as aste then this natural capacity is ‘used’ or taken up. The aste adds to in stream concentrations and loads or total amounts o contaminants and can cause ater uality issues. n stream concentrations tend to e the ocus or rivers and ground ater hile loads are es ecially relevant or ground ater la es and estuaries hich act as ‘sinks’ or these su stances.
any ne initiatives are eing introduced that are designed to im rove ho eo le use ater – in this context the ‘use’ of water is in a broad sense, as a ater ta e and to receive aste su stances or contaminants . t the centre o these e orts is the ational Policy Statement or resh ater Management (2017), which requires environmental ‘limits’ to be set to sa eguard values such as ecosystem health and human health. limit is the ma imum amount o a resource availa le to e used and they must e set or ater uantity and ater uality.
s art o im lementing the ational Policy Statement or resh ater anagement Southland has een divided into ive resh ater management units s ased on the our large river catchments and the mass o smaller river catchments in iordland and Ste art sland a iura. These S are Fiordland and Islands, Waiau, Aparima, Ōreti, and Matāura. Planning rocesses ith communities to set limits in these s are lanned to start in ithin the Peo le ater and and Programme . chieving these limits may re uire eo le to change the ay they use ater articularly or receiving aste hich is li ely to have socio economic im acts as they transition. The Southland Economic Pro ect as set u to develo ro ust ays o understanding these ossi le im acts so that relevant in ormation ill e availa le or the limit setting rocess.
This re ort rings together research on munici al aste ater that Southland’s four councils ( ore istrict ouncil nvercargill ity ouncil Southland istrict ouncil and Environment Southland have done ithin The Southland Economic Pro ect. verall there are . million hectares o develo ed land in Southland. round . ercent o this land area is used or ur an activities such as residential and commercial areas trans ort net or s and industry. These activities create storm ater and treated aste ater that is discharged either directly or indirectly to resh or coastal ater . n Southland a relatively large ro ortion o eo le live rurally t ice the national average and to ns are service centres or their local area. nvercargill and to ns in the region are served y munici al aste ater schemes ith most having een develo ed since the s and s.
The su ly o essential services such as aste ater reticulation and treatment is a si ea le investment or local communities that ma es it ossi le or eo le to live and or together. These services orm art o a local community’s natural and built assets or ‘wealth’ and, where they are delivered sustaina ly in all o its com onents they contri ute to a community’s ell eing. ater
Peo le ater and and is a artnershi et een Environment Southland and Te o ārama that covers their or relating to resh ater. ischarges are either via the end o a i e oint source or di use through or across land non oint source .
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is vital to life but many towns have an uneasy relationship with water, in terms of its quantity and its quality. Most towns and settlements lie on valley floors near rivers and streams (and in some cases, also lakes). Towns are often one of a series or chain within a catchment – lying either upstream or downstream from one another – connecting (through surface water and groundwater) the headwaters of a river, or one of its tributaries, with an estuary. The towns are also connected by the region’s land transport networks, which weave around and across these water bodies.
The aim of this research was to develop information on the financial costs of further managing contaminants in discharges of treated wastewater from municipal schemes. The schemes consist of two main components the reticulation infrastructure (i.e. pipes, pits, and pumps) and the wastewater treatment system. While a scheme’s reticulation infrastructure is relevant, the research was specifically about upgrades or ‘step changes’ in wastewater treatment. n addition to these step changes, there are also possible actions to improve the performance of reticulation infrastructure. These actions can reduce inflows into a wastewater treatment system, increase its effectiveness, and improve the overall efficiency of a scheme.
gricultural industry groups contributed to similar research on farms across Southland and were the sub ect of an earlier report The Southland Economic Project: Agriculture and Forestry (Moran et al., 2017). nformation was not developed for on site residential wastewater, on site industrial wastewater, or stormwater for reasons described in the esearch ocus Section of this report.
The report highlights Southland’s reliance on its towns as service centres, and developed a number of themes. ne theme is the role of the environment and natural resources in economic development and, in turn, how this development has modified the environment over the years and made it less resilient. Through resource use, Southland’s water, land, and people are highly connected. The environment has less capacity to attenuate waste substances than in the past and people are putting more pressure on the environment. s a result, it is likely that Southland’s economy is becoming less sustainable over time. ther themes are the variability within the municipal sector (between towns and between territorial authorities), and the complex relationships between wastewater and other types of essential infrastructure (e.g. transport networks, flood protection, stormwater, and water supply).
ll of these themes were important considerations in this research.
Methodology To develop information for municipal wastewater in Southland, the region’s four councils scoped and commissioned research on the wastewater treatment for eight towns across the region Te nau, hai, ightcaps, inton, ore, Matāura, luff and nvercargill. The research created a set of case studies that investigated
1. The current performance of municipal wastewater treatment systems in terms of the waste in their discharges and 2. The effectiveness of modelled scenarios to further improve their discharges and the financial costs of these scenarios.
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The towns were selected to cover as wide a range of different situations as possi le. unicipal wastewater schemes are largely driven y pu lic health issues, and so population present and historic is a determining factor. At a regional scale, Southland’s population is relatively sta le deaths and outward migration eing alanced y irths and inward migration ut there is strong varia ility etween local communities – with growth in some towns and declines in other towns, reflecting changes in the economy. n total, the eight towns represent over percent of the people living in the region.
The case studies were created using a four stage process. n the first stage, Stantec formerly W used the ational olicy Statement for reshwater anagement as a guide for developing modelling scenarios for upgrading a town’s e isting wastewater treatment system. n developing these scenarios, Stantec estimated how the upgrades could improve the uality of treated wastewater discharge and their financial costs. ost of the modelled scenarios were ‘ olt ons’ or additions to the e isting treatment system. nly one of the scenarios a mem rane ioreactor involved a andoning the e isting treatment system and replacing it with an entirely new system. ll of the case studies currently discharge to water and the scenarios modelled included upgrades that were land ased discharges. This information, including the specific caveats and limitations for each scenario, is included in the appendices of this report.
The scenarios developed for this research are largely theoretical and not all of the scenarios were modelled for all case studies. The number of scenarios modelled was largely based on each town’s e isting circumstances. or e ample, the e istence of a new Te nau wastewater consent for a discharge to land guided the two scenarios modelled. The scenarios modelled are not necessarily via le options or are eing considered y any particular council. They would need to e su ected to due diligence, detailed feasi ility assessments, consent processes and council consultation processes.
n the second stage, ar et conomics used Stantec’s scenarios to uild an understanding of the relationship etween the estimated effectiveness improvements in the uality of treated wastewater and costs. The results are a year forecast reported on an annual ‘per household’ asis to account for the different si es of the towns – this measure should not e interpreted as a cost to ratepayers. The num er of households was calculated using Statistic ew ealand five yearly pro ections. The results for the scenarios were then compared to the costs and effectiveness of the e isting or ase wastewater treatment system.
n the third stage, Environment Southland translated Market Economics’ analysis into a series of easily accessi le graphs that are presented in this report. uring this stage, new inflow concentration data and valuation ecame availa le for the e isting treatment system and the data used was updated. The Stantec and ar et conomics wor is covered y separate disclaimers.
The information from the town case studies is a ey input into The Southland conomic odel for Fresh Water, which is a regional model of Southland’s economy that is eing developed within The Southland conomic ro ect. This regional economic model will trace transition pathways or routes for the economy as it evolves over time in response to limit setting for water. t will e used to test the economic impacts of ‘what if’ policy scenarios for achieving limits in each . dditional wor is eing done on the relationship etween economy and outcomes for Southland’s communities to give a etter understanding of well eing.
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Baseline Results All of the eight case studies currently discharge treated wastewater directly to a surface water body – a stream, river, or estuary Although these discharges are directly to water, contaminant levels are reduced within the wastewater treatment systems via a range of treatment methods ightcaps and Te Anau use oxidation ponds, Matāura , Winton and Gore also use oxidation ponds augmented with additional process units to improve the performance of the system, namely a wetland (Matāura and Winton , or chemically assisted phosphorus reduction ore nvercargill, luff and hai use mechanical and biological treatment tank and pond based processes, instead of o idation ponds
Gore, Matāura, Winton, Nightcaps and Ohai discharge treated wastewater into Southland’s rivers and streams Te Anau currently discharges treated wastewater into the pukerora iver, ust upstream of ake Te Anau, while nvercargill discharges treated wastewater into ew iver Estuary luff discharges treated wastewater into Foveau Strait between luff ill and Stewart sland akiura There are e amples of schemes with discharges to land in Southland e g tautau but they were not selected as case studies because they were considered likely to be less of a priority in the setting of limits for water uality in Southland
The baseline results are for each town’s existing wastewater treatment system. Two of the eight case study towns, luff and hai, did not have scenarios modelled because their specific circumstances mean that the treatment systems are unlikely to be upgraded hai currently produces effluent of a similar uality as that estimated for the scenarios modelled for the other towns A minor upgrade is planned for hai to maintain current levels of performance for E. coli luff does not currently achieve the uality estimated for the scenarios modelled for the other towns but there are potential cost efficiencies of centralising its treatment with Invercargill’s system at lifton t is more likely that luff wastewater is piped to lifton, rather than changing the luff system itself This solution is highly location specific, and not transferable to other towns across Southland, so it was not modelled as part of this research
To date, wastewater treatment systems have usually been designed to reduce suspended solids and biochemical o ygen demand There is a wide range in the type of technology used across the towns, with more comple treatment systems generally being used where there are larger urban areas espite the range of technologies used, the towns were relatively consistent in their performance for suspended solids and biochemical o ygen demand onsiderable reductions are also achieved for E. coli but for this contaminant even a very small amount remaining still indicates a potential risk to human health from the discharge The level of E. coli reduction that the e isting treatment systems achieve varies across the towns utrients are a more recent focus – e g the specific treatment of phosphorus in the ore wastewater treatment system was introduced in The reduction of nutrients was even more variable across the towns
Table shows the current performance of the wastewater treatment systems as measured by the proportion of contaminants removed from the inflow and the level of contaminants in the discharge eduction of E. coli measured in colony forming units or cfu m is not reported as a percentage in this table because the wastewater treatment systems reduce E. coli concentrations by more than percent from million cfu m to less than , cfu m The water uality standards for stock drinking, contact swimming, shellfish gathering and drinking water re uire lower concentrations than those generally achieved by the treatment systems
Table 1: Baseline performance of case studies
Case Forecast Suspended Biochemical Total nitrogen Total E. coli Study average solids oxygen demand (kg/HH/year) phosphorus (cfu/100mL) number of (kg/HH/year) (kg/HH/year) (kg/HH/year) households
2016 to 2046
Matāura E. coli the annual flows. This is a ‘broad brush’ calculation method and it the comparison between the results for a treatment system’s existing performance (the base) and its upgrade scenarios.
Key Findings
Location is important for many reasons. A town’s context or position within the landscape
‘ ’ most towns. In some cases, Southland’s soil and climatic E. coli
Limitations
In o mation on the ualit o the discha es was ta en om monito in data e ui ed o consents. he ualit o the e istin datasets a ied etween the towns used as case studies ecause the we e collected o di e ent u oses. he e we e e tensi e datasets a aila le o the la e towns ut much less data a aila le o the smalle towns. s a esult, the e is a an e o accu ac when dete minin the ualit o the e istin discha es and ce tain seasons ma e unde e esented in the a aila le data. detailed e iew o the o e ation o the t eatment s stems has not een unde ta en ecause the ocus o this esea ch was on ste chan es o the settin o limits o esh wate . he a e o the consent can e a acto in the ualit o monito in data a aila le, with consents anted mo e ecentl li el to ha e mo e in ol ed monito in e ui ements.
It was assumed that the concent ations o contaminants in the in low o wastewate to a t eatment s stem we e the same ac oss all ei ht case studies. onito in data o the wastewate in low was a aila le o In e ca ill, lu and o e and these t eatment s stems we e ene all consistent with each othe and with that which was ene all assumed. Some a iations we e identi ied in the e o mance o the t eatment s stems o othe towns that ma e ecause o di e ences in thei wastewate in low com a ed to the assumed contaminant concent ations.
he cost estimates did not include the costs o im lementin a wastewate t eatment scena io e. . consultation with the communit and the esou ce consent ocess . Im lementation costs can e e t emel e ensi e, a ticula l whe e the e is st on o osition to a wastewate t eatment o tion and a lac o ia le alte nati es. chie in communit acce tance is an im o tant com onent o the total cost o a wastewate t eatment s stem.
hile some im o ements ma e achie ed mino o e ational chan es, the will ene all not achie e su stantial chan es in a wastewate t eatment system’s e o mance. Ste chan es a e not unde ta en as small scale, ea on ea , ite ati e im o ements. he e ui e conside a le ca ital e enditu e, which a e t icall unde ta en once a ene ation, and o ten esult in inc eased o e atin e enditu e.
ene all , the scena ios modelled a e stand alone. Some o the scena ios can e added to ethe ecause the consist o di e ent t eatment ocesses i.e. E. coli eduction, hos ho us eduction and land t eatment scena ios . the s will e ui e u the e amination. he t eatment ocesses will inte act with each othe and esult in di e ent discha e cha acte istics and costs. ase case assessments a e unde ta en o esou ce consent ocesses. hese mo e detailed in esti ations ma identi solutions not included in this esea ch. he scena ios modelled he e ma not e the same as a t eatment s stem that is actuall im lemented in es onse to the limit settin ocess, e en in the case stud towns identi ied. he costs e o ted identi the ossi le ste chan es and an e o costs o each town as a esult o the limit settin ocess o wate .
he esea ch in a t o this e o t was done to c eate a town dataset to use in the Southland conomic odel o esh ate o oad scale economic im act assessments. It was the i st time that esea ch o this t e has een done ac oss a e ion. he esea ch is a sna shot and did not conside utu e technolo ical chan e. It also did not conside how an u ades could e unded, which is li el to e an im o tant acto du in limit settin . he cost to ate a e s will e ui e additional in de th anal sis. he esea ch also did not in esti ate im o ements in the e o mance o indust ial wastewate t eatment s stems, sto mwate schemes, and actions to im o e eticulation in ast uctu e. hese a e all o o tunities o u the esea ch.
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Table of Contents
Preface ...... v Acknowledgements ...... vi Executive Summary ...... vii et y se e es ts ey s m t t s Introduction ...... 1 Report Structure ...... 4 Research Focus – Municipal Wastewater...... 5 ste te es e t s te ste te st s te ste te t m te Part A: Southland ...... 20 1. Southland ...... 20 e e te e e e es te eme t ts s s m Ōret Matāura FMU 2. Environmental Conditions ...... 46 m te em e t e s e s e ee ys st e m te e s te
Part B: Towns and Industry ...... 57 1. Southland’s Towns ...... 57 1.1. Town Settlement ...... 58 1.2. Broad Characteristics ...... 62 1.3. Community Assets and Variability ...... 71 1.4. Municipal Water Services ...... 80 1.4.1. Development of Wastewater ...... 82 2. Gore District ...... 85 2.1. Gore ...... 87 2.1.1. Location and Role ...... 87 2.1.2. Settlement and Development ...... 89 2.1.3. Present ...... 93 2.2. Matāura ...... 94 2.2.1. Location and Role ...... 94 2.2.2. Settlement and Development ...... 95 2.2.3. Present ...... 98 2.3. Environmental Issues Relating to Water...... 99 3. Southland District ...... 101 3.1. Winton ...... 103 3.1.1. Location and Role ...... 103 3.1.2. Settlement and Development ...... 104 3.1.3. Present ...... 107 3.2. Nightcaps ...... 108 3.2.1. Location and Role ...... 108 3.2.2. Settlement and Development ...... 109 3.2.3. Present ...... 112 3.3. Ohai...... 114 3.3.1. Location and Role ...... 114 3.3.2. Settlement and Development ...... 115 3.3.3. Present ...... 119 3.4. Te Anau ...... 121 3.4.1. Location and Role ...... 121 3.4.2. Settlement and Development ...... 123 3.4.3. Present ...... 126 3.5. Environmental Issues Relating to Water...... 127 4. Invercargill City District ...... 128 4.1. Invercargill ...... 130 4.1.1. Location and Role ...... 130 4.1.2. Settlement and Development ...... 131 4.1.3. Present ...... 137 4.2. Bluff...... 139 4.2.1. Location and Role ...... 139 4.2.2. Settlement and Development ...... 141 4.2.3. Present ...... 145 4.3. Environmental Issues Relating to Water...... 147 a o ndust s 5.1. Development ...... 149 5.2. Meat Processing ...... 158 5.3. Milk Processing ...... 158 5.4. Wood and Timber Processing ...... 159 5.5. Minerals ...... 160 5.6. Power Generation ...... 162 5.7. Metal Processing ...... 163
Part C: Town Case Studies ...... 164 1. General Approach ...... 164 1.1. Town Selection ...... 165 1.2. Contaminants ...... 168 1.3. Treatment Methods...... 171 1.4. Scenario Development...... 173 1.5. Economic Modelling ...... 178 1.6. Assumptions ...... 179 2. Gore – Maruawai ...... 180 2.1. Gore Wastewater Scheme ...... 180 2.2. Baseline Results ...... 185 2.3. Modelling Scenarios...... 186 2.4. Modelling Results ...... 189 2.4.1. Total Suspended Solids ...... 190 2.4.2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand ...... 192 2.4.3. Total Nitrogen ...... 195 2.4.4. Total Phosphorus...... 197 2.4.5. E. coli ...... 199 2.5. Gore Summary...... 201 2.6. Limitations and Constraints ...... 201 3. Matāura ...... 202 3.1. Matāura Wastewater Scheme...... 202 3.2. Baseline Results ...... 206 3.3. Modelling Scenarios...... 207 3.4. Modelling Results ...... 209 3.4.1. Total Suspended Solids ...... 210 3.4.2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand ...... 212 3.4.3. Total Nitrogen ...... 214 3.4.4. Total Phosphorus...... 216 3.4.5. E. coli ...... 218 3.5. Matāura Summary ...... 220 3.6. Limitations and Constraints ...... 220 4. Winton ...... 221 4.1. Winton Wastewater Scheme ...... 221 4.2. Baseline Results ...... 224 4.3. Modelling Scenarios...... 226 4.4. Modelling Results ...... 229 4.4.1. Total Suspended Solids ...... 229 4.4.2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand ...... 232 4.4.3. Total Nitrogen ...... 234 4.4.4. Total Phosphorus...... 236 4.4.5. E. coli ...... 238 4.5. Winton Summary...... 240 4.6. Limitations and Constraints ...... 240 5.1. Nightcaps Wastewater Scheme...... 241 5.2. Baseline Results ...... 245 5.3. Modelling Scenarios...... 246 5.4. Modelling Results ...... 249 5.4.1. Total Suspended Solids ...... 249 5.4.2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand ...... 252 5.4.3. Total Nitrogen ...... 254 5.4.4. Total Phosphorus...... 256 5.4.5. E. coli ...... 258 5.5. Nightcaps Summary ...... 260 5.6. Limitations and Constraints ...... 260 6.1. Ohai Wastewater Scheme ...... 261 6.2. Baseline Results ...... 263 7.1. Te Anau Wastewater Scheme ...... 266 7.2. Baseline Results ...... 271 7.3. Modelling Scenarios...... 273 7.4. Modelling Results ...... 275 7.4.1. Total Suspended Solids ...... 276 7.4.2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand ...... 278 7.4.3. Total Nitrogen ...... 280 7.4.4. Total Phosphorus...... 282 7.4.5. E. coli ...... 284 7.5. Te Anau Summary...... 286 7.6. Limitations and Constraints ...... 286 8.1. Invercargill Wastewater Scheme ...... 287 8.2. Baseline Results ...... 293
8.3. Modelling Scenarios...... 295 8.4. Modelling Results ...... 298 8.4.1. Total Suspended Solids ...... 299 8.4.2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand ...... 301 8.4.3. Total Nitrogen ...... 303 8.4.4. Total Phosphorus...... 305 8.4.5. E. coli ...... 307 8.5. Invercargill Summary ...... 309 8.6. Limitations and Constraints ...... 309 9.1. Bluff Wastewater Scheme...... 310 9.2. Baseline Results ...... 315
Introduction es se t e te ty m y es e e e me t e me t s t s e t e t t es t t e es e t m e e e ‘ se’ te t s te t t e se te s ts est se se – m s t t s e e te s t e m te y e e e st e m e t mst es e e ste s s s s t e ts t e s s m sms s s m sms m es e te y
ese t t es e e t y e e t e t y e es es e plans), and they are generally aimed at changing people’s behaviour t t e e t e s t e Government’s t e es m t e t s ‘limits’ to be set t e t t m t es e e te e se – e e t e es e s ee t s e t m e s e t t es e e system e t m e t e s e e ese m ts e set te t ty te ty
te ty m ts e te t t e environment’s ty t process (or ‘ tte te’) ste s st es m m t ty e t s ty s e e t ste e e m system e t t t t t te ty ss es s s t te ty ess t ese ss es e me t m ts t e se es te e set e t e t t me t t t e te t s t t m t e s e t me e – y m t y y e t t s te m t t s e me s e ste s st es s e t y e e t e e t me t t s te y t t t s s ste s st es s s e est y
Although awareness of water quality issues has improved over recent years, the economy’s use of es te te t es t e e e ste s st es t es t e se t e se e e e e e e s s t t st ssessme ts t ty t s y e activity’s se t es es e t e e te m t e s t ey e t ssessme ts t ty t e ess y e e t s st ty e e an activity’s se te s t te t m ts t e es t e t e mm ty s e e t s s s t t t ty s s t e se e ess t e e m se t e s e e e t e est y m t t sm e me t
e s me t t e e e t m eme t e t y t teme t es te eme t es sett m ts es te t es te m eme t ts s t t e e e e s se t e e t me ts m s st es e t te ty ss es s s t e ts t e s s e se me t m sms Escherichia coli E. coli, s se s t ese s st es e ste ts m e m t t es e s ey te ss t t e s e in the region’s rivers, es te et s est es
t ’s FMUs are des e t t s e t
owns are the centre of local communities that can include surrounding rural areas hey are usually relatively affordable and amenable places for people to live and wor , supporting economic activity in the local area, and fresh water is vital to their e istence ater is used in towns as an input for drin ing, washing and in manufacturing processes ater also transports waste substances as wastewater and stormwater hen waste substances reach a water body they use up some of the water body’s capacity, and this pressure can contribute to declining water quality Although wastewater schemes for outhland towns were originally relatively basic, many have had some form of upgrade over recent years to improve their capture and treatment of waste substances (technically nown as contaminants )
Upgrades to a wastewater scheme are e amples of improvements in the levels of service but they come at a cost Managing municipal wastewater in ways that transport most, but not all, waste substances has a value to local communities in the short term, including people who live in surrounding areas and rely on towns as service centres his value may be reduced in the longer term if the remaining substances create water quality issues n outhland the proportion of the population that is wor ing is declining, while in some areas greater numbers of tourists is increasing pressure on infrastructure he oyal ociety eport, Our Futures ( ) concluded that local authorities face the challenge of matching ongoing responsibilities with fewer resources to meet them Understanding the relationship between management of substances in treated wastewater and the costs of management is at the heart of this research
n outhland, the planning processes to set ‘limits’ with communities are planned to start in within Future policy options to achieve these limits may mean people in these communities need to change the way they use water, particularly for receiving waste substances such as surplus nutrients Changing people’s use of water is likely to have impacts as they go through a period of transition was set up to develop robust ways of understanding these possible impacts so that relevant information will be available during limit setting his report brings together research that the region’s four local councils have done within he outhland conomic ro ect specifically for the municipal sector
he purpose of this research was to develop information on the financial costs of further managing waste substances in discharges from municipal wastewater schemes hese schemes consist of two main components the reticulation infrastructure (i e pipes, pits, and pumps) and the wastewater
Water supply, wastewater and stormwater are sometimes referred to as “three waters”. tormwater is the surface run off after precipitation from the roading networ and residential, commercial and industrial ones ontaminant is defined in the esource Management Act t includes any substance (including gases, odorous compounds, liquids, solids, and micro organisms) or energy (e cluding noise) or heat, that either by itself or in combination with the same, similar, or other substances, energy, or heat— (a) when discharged into water, changes or is li ely to change the physical, chemical, or biological condition of water or (b) when discharged onto or into land or into air, changes or is li ely to change the physical, chemical, or biological condition of the land or air onto or into which it is discharged eople, ater and and is a partnership programme between nvironment outhland and e Ao Mārama Incorporated, who represent tangata whenua interests in resource management and other aspects related to local government for iwi in Murihi u outhland eople, ater and and has superseded ater and and eyond astewater is commonly called sewage sewers are wastewater pipes, and sewerage (or sewerage system) is a networ of wastewater pipes and pump stations (i e the reticulated infrastructure that carries sewage) ther common terms are influent (an inflow), effluent (an outflow), and treated effluent (an outflow from a wastewater system) For simplicity, sewage, influent and effluent is generally referred to as wastewater in this report
treatment system. While a scheme’s reticulation infrastructure is rele ant, the research was specifically about step changes or upgrades in wastewater treatment. pecifically, it focused on a set of towns across outhland and in estigated
. he current performance of municipal wastewater treatment systems in terms of the waste in their discharges and . he effecti eness of modelled scenarios to further impro e their discharges and the financial costs of these scenarios.
he methodology and results of this research are summarised in of this report. n completing this research, the councils in ol ed ha e created a comprehensi e source of information about these towns. The modelled scenarios are ‘pre feasibility’ (i.e. whether they can actually occur or not for a particular town has not been ground truthed . he report gi es an o er iew of the range of industries in the region and e plains why similar research was not undertaken for their wastewater treatment systems. t also describes why research was not undertaken for stormwater schemes at this stage.
his research co ered total suspended solids including sediment , biochemical o ygen demand influences a water body’s oxygen content), nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus , and E. coli an indicator of micro organisms . his list is a wider set of waste substances than those included in similar research for the agricultural sector in outhland where the focus was on nutrients . he difference is purely because the modelling approach used in this research was more fle ible. Waste substances, particularly sediment and E. coli, are also an issue to the agricultural sector. here are also other substances, particularly hea y metals like copper and inc, which are rele ant but ha e not been co ered in the modelling for he outhland conomic ro ect.
n general, wastewater treatment is influenced by specific factors the source, its management, and the local en ironmental conditions particularly climate, soils and topography . hese factors were used to shape the general approach to the research methodology in . outlines general information on outhland, including its climate and soils. describes Southland’s towns and industry, with specific reference to water.
he wide ariation in en ironmental conditions across outhland is one reason this research was undertaken as a set of case studies. he ariation also means that reducing the le el of waste substances takes more effort in some places than others. o some e tent it comes down to location. One theme that runs through this report is the role of Southland’s climate, topography and soils in wastewater management. ther themes are the di ersity between towns across outhland, and the connections with the surrounding areas.
are designed to be read together, with pro iding essential conte t for understanding and interpreting the research in . ccounting for waste substances from economic acti ity is a comple topic and the report captures a lot of rele ant knowledge. he report does not describe water uality issues across outhland – because these issues are well documented in a series of technical reports available on Environment Southland’s website n ironment outhland, n ironment outhland e o ārama nc, a oreau odson, odson et al., .
The results of this research give the best estimates of managing waste substances at present, given existing technologies, although are not necessarily what may occur in the future. What actually occurs will depend on how people respond to change (which is always difficult to predict), how much they are as ed to do, how much time they have, and the tools they then have to do it. Time is li ely to improve people’s ability to reduce nutrient losses but it may also increase the amount of nutrients that need to be reduced (i.e. the scale of the tas ).
This report, The Southland Economic Project: Urban and Industry is the second of two reports. The first report, The Southland Economic Project: Agriculture and Forestry, which presented research for farms across Southland, was released in pril . The datasets from this research will be used in (which is under development and due to be completed in ). This model and the two reports will be used in community processes to set limits on the use of fresh water in Southland. The model and its future uses are briefly described at the end of this report.
Report Structure
The next section explains why this research focused on municipal wastewater schemes and did not include on site wastewater systems or stormwater schemes. ollowing that section, the report is divided into three ma or parts
– outlines bac ground information on the region and helps explain how the environment has shaped, and been modified by, land development. t generally describes the land, water and people (including the economy), the five ‘freshwater management units’, and relevant information about climate and soils.
– gives an overview of towns and industry in Southland. t builds on the information in , and gives the wider setting for the case studies in . t describes town settlement, some broad characteristics, and identifies water related services (wastewater, stormwater, and water supply). then gives a snapshot of the towns included in the research in . inally, it outlines industrial development in the region and identifies industries with wastewater consents.
– summarises the methodology and results of the research completed for selected towns in Southland. t covers the general approach to town selection and modelling, the specific case studies, and summarises their results. t also explains how this research will be used in .
n some cases a town or city in Southland shares its name with a district or a river stream. Where the urban area is being referred to then ust its name is used (e.g. ore or Otautau), and where a district or river stream is being referred it is followed by those identifiers (e.g. ore istrict or Otautau Stream). s well, Southland istrict and Southland egion share the same name – in this case if just the name ‘Southland’ then it refers to the region – where it is Southland istrict it is always followed by ‘district’.
Research Focus – Municipal Wastewater
n ore istrict ouncil n ercargill ity ouncil Southland istrict ouncil the three territorial authorities in the region and n ironment Southland wor ed with Stantec formerly and ar et conomics to de elop a set of case studies for the municipal wastewater schemes of eight towns in Southland. hese towns were ore Matāura inton ightcaps hai e nau n ercargill and luff. he methodology and results for the eight case studies are presented in of this report. hese towns were selected to co er a wide range of situations and collecti ely they include o er percent of the region’s total population urban and rural . igure shows the location of the towns used as case studies and the other towns with municipal wastewater schemes.
Source n ironment Southland ote he red dots identify the location of the town or city not the specific site of the wastewater treatment system or discharge.
n focusing on municipal wastewater schemes the research has captured urban residential commercial and industrial sources of wastewater. he research did not include on site wastewater
he selection process co ered a range of factors including political and geographic distribution both major and minor wastewater schemes and different le els of ser ice. ore information on this process is included in art Section .
systems for either residential households i.e. septic tan s or major industries nor did it e tend to separate stormwater schemes e en though future policy options for limit setting may affect both types of infrastructure. his section e plains why the research focused specifically on municipal wastewater treatment systems. t also highlights other wor done to estimate ris s for water uality from rural residential on site treatment systems and stormwater schemes.
t a broad scale an economic sector’s ‘use’ of water to attenuate waste depends on two factors the e tent to which a sector occurs across the landscape the e tent to which the sector is a source of waste substances in the en ironment i.e. olume to icity concentration . hose sectors that are more widespread and or create higher flows of waste substances are those that ha e a greater water use. hey are also more li ely to be affected by limits on the amount of water a ailable for use water ta es and discharges to water . hese were the two main factors used in determining the research focus on municipal wastewater in this report – and also the focus on agriculture in the griculture and orestry eport oran et. al. . n additional factor that shaped this research was a lac of a ailable information for other sources separate stormwater schemes and industrial wastewater . he information gaps are discussed further below.
erall there are . million hectares of de eloped land in Southland. round . percent of this land area is used for acti ities such as residential and commercial areas transport networ s and industry which create discharges of wastewater and stormwater. hese types of discharges are technically nown as ‘point source’ or multiple point source discharges because they usually come out of the end of a pipe. n general wastewater and stormwater is collected and treated to arying degrees ia municipal schemes and on site systems. t is then released to a water body at a specific location usually at the end of a pipe or a drain either directly or indirectly ia a specific land bloc – in some cases applying a waste stream to land is part of a treatment process.
he remaining . percent of the de eloped land in Southland is either used for agriculture . million hectares or forestry hectares where the flow of waste substances tends to be ‘multiple point source’ e.g. from subsurface drainage systems or ‘non point source’ discharges e.g. down through the soil .
unicipal wastewater schemes support the iability of local communities across Southland. hese communities include both people who li e and wor in towns and those who li e in the surrounding areas and either wor in these towns or rely on them for ser ices. his research focused on municipal wastewater rather than on site wastewater or stormwater for se eral reasons. here are a large number of municipal wastewater schemes across the region and these schemes capture a range of economic acti ities including many industries. astewater typically has higher le els of to ic waste substances than stormwater and recei es more treatment – stormwater tends to be managed ia interceptors that filter some pollutants. here is also a reasonable le el of information a ailable on wastewater.
unicipal wastewater schemes began for towns in Southland in the early th century and were funded through a mi of public in estment and community fundraising. anaging wastewater
s a o o e a ter asic raina e meas res or storm ater ere insta e artic ar in t e commercia areas o to ns ost aste ater sc emes starte it t e retic ate co ection o aste ater t ro t e insta ation o a net or o i es an m stations no n as se era e an its isc ar e into a ater o ten aste ater an storm ater co ection ere com ine
er time t e si e an materia s se or aste ater an storm ater i es as c an e i re s o s the material and decade of construction for Invercargill’s wastewater reticulation. ome materia s ere on se or a s ort time an or in sma antities ric m in t e s cast iron a tota o m in t e s s an s an cti e iron m in t e s com arison a most i ometres o eart en are i es ere se rom t e s to t e s n contrast to aste ater t e materia s se or t e storm ater retic ation as ar e eart en are to t e en o t e s concrete contin a an o in c ori e rom t e s
art en are oncrete ric ast iron s estos cement cti e iron o in c ori e o et ene
o rce n ironment o t an sin ata rom n ercar i it o nci
aste ater sc emes ater e e o e to inc e treatment s stems t at ere s a esi ne aro n o i ation on s ere are t ree main aste ater streams resi entia commercia an in stria n a e ea an in rastr ct re stoc ta e in nationa aste ater o mes so rce ere estimate to e ercent omestic ercent non omestic inc in tra e aste an ercent stormwater infiltration. While wastewater volumes indicate each source’s share of in o t e o not necessari re ect t e amo nt o treatment re ire ar et conomics n artic ar tra e aste rom in str ma es ercent o tota o me t it mi t acco nt
for ercent of the treatment cost. s wastewater treatment schemes are made u of reticulation and treatment components, industry’s lower volumes but higher treatment requirements tend to have dis ro ortionate im acts on the total costs of wastewater schemes ar et conomics .
In outhland munici al schemes that are designed largel for residential and commercial users tend to have most of their investment in the reticulation networ . unici al schemes that acce t wastewater from industr can need additional investment in their treatment s stems. his investment is usuall managed through trade waste laws.
Wastewater schemes are driven to a large e tent o ulation and soil drainage influenced soil t e and slo e . round eo le or ust over of Southland’s o ulation are concentrated in Invercargill and ore and eo le ust under of the region’s population) are widel distri uted in smaller communities across the rest of the region’s develo ed land roughl . million hectares . At a regional scale, Southland’s population is relativel constant deaths and outward migration eing alanced irths and inward migration ut there is strong varia ilit etween local communities – with oth growth in some towns and declines in other town reflecting changes in the econom . he larger towns are where there is usuall more industr and so trade waste.
ver the ears water ualit issues related to wastewater have een more visi le for towns on oorl drained land than towns on medium to well drained land. Where land is oorl drained wastewater can ond and flow towards surface water odies rivers la es streams and estuaries . Where land is well drained wastewater flows downwards to groundwater. With the effects of wastewater on surface water eing more visi le smaller towns on oorl drained soils tended to have a wastewater scheme earl than similar towns on medium to well drained soils.
here are now a range of different wastewater situations across the region. he wastewater schemes of some towns are relativel unchanged and have aging infrastructure and ca acit issues. ther towns have received either new s stems or u grades e.g. rowns W ndham dendale ore and Invercargill . here are also towns that have declining o ulations and could face difficult decisions a out their levels of service in the future. num er of towns e.g. oss urn thol and Wai aia do not have a wastewater scheme with residents rel ing on on site treatment s stems. few towns articularl e nau have seasonal variations in o ulation that laces greater ressure on their scheme at different times of the ear.
ach council in outhland faces different challenges. In the outhland istrict there are a large num er of small wastewater schemes over an area that e tends across much of the region. In the ore istrict there are two small schemes and one medium si e scheme within a smaller inland area. arts of these schemes have com ined wastewater and stormwater i e networ s. Invercargill it istrict is dominated a single large tertiar scheme eside ew iver stuar with an older wastewater i e networ that can cause raw untreated wastewater to end u in stormwater . Invercargill it istrict also includes a small scheme for luff which discharges into oveau trait
he cross contamination of stormwater with wastewater is addressed through e isting olic under the outhland Water and and lan . he issues are relevant to this research in so far as an actions ta en to meet e isting olic ma constrain a council’s ability to afford the financial costs of new olic introduced through limit setting under the .
and a smaller scheme for Ōmāui at the mouth of ew iver stuary hese councils now produce infrastructure strategies as part of their ong erm lans that describe how wastewater schemes and other assets will be managed over the ne t years, identifying the most li ely management scenario and community e pectations
he towns used as case studies in this research were chosen to capture a range of different situations and challenges f the eight case studies, four towns are in the Southland istrict e Anau, hai, ightcaps, and inton), two are in the ore istrict ore and Matāura), and the final two are in nvercargill ity istrict nvercargill and luff) he research considered scenarios for further improving discharges from the wastewater treatment systems and their financial costs
hen this research was in its planning phase, the four councils considered including residential on site wastewater systems t was decided that, because the effects of these systems on water are more localised, modelling ways of improving their discharges was less of a priority for this research As well as e isting on site systems not being included in the research, a shift to on site systems was not considered as a possible measure for the case study towns in the modelling he main reason was that property owners need to have sufficient land and suitable soils for an on site system Any shifts between on site wastewater systems and municipal schemes usually involve a transfer of costs between individual householders and a wider group of ratepayers Another reason was there was little information available on residential on site wastewater
Southlanders living in some small towns, on lifestyle bloc s, and in rural areas have little or no access to wastewater networ s, and the main way of disposing of domestic wastewater is via on site treatment systems f , ) t is also the situation for other types of activities in rural areas, such as some schools, camping sites, and mil ing sheds he most common form of on site system is a septic tan , which has two primary components a settling tan to remove solids and a disposal field soa age trenches or driplines) here are wide variations in estimates of the volume of wastewater generated in a typical on site system but it is usually assumed to be roughly litres person day rmiston loyd, ) or litres person day for houses using roof water heeler et al , )
ost of the treatment process occurs within the soil under the disposal field he soil’s characteristics soil type and drainage) have a ma or influence on overall treatment effectiveness n highly permeable soils, wastewater can rapidly infiltrate to underlying groundwater n poorly drained soils, wastewater can pond on the surface or move laterally through the soil to surface water rivers, la es and streams) o treat wastewater on site, a property needs to be of a sufficient land area and have suitable soils for the disposal field igure shows the basic flows to and from an on site system before and after treatment) to air and water t highlights the potential for cross contamination of drin ing water
he main source for this section is iquid arth ) Contribution of On-site Wastewater Disposal to Cumulative Nutrient Loadings in the Southland
o i is o i o
si s s s s o s s s s s s i s i o os o s i ls i o o is s li o soil s s o lo lis l l o o s s is i s o soil i i ll lo io – i l l i l io o o i s s o si s s s o los o – s s li s l o i s o o s i s o l o s ill i o o s ll o s o s l s i o s s s i i o i l is o o i s oss o l s i i s is o i o l io si i s l soils s llo o i io s o s o o o oss s o io o is
i sis o l is li l o l i l i o o io o o si s s s s o o o io s i o o l s li i i l s l s i s l s ol is ss i io si o o l li i ll i region’s population and o s ol si o l o o si s s s o i lli s i o l is l l o is is o l o sis i s i i o o si s s s o i o i lli s ill i is i o l is i o is i il i l
i is o i o i li i so io s l s o o s l o o si s s s o is os o i o s i s
n site s ste s ontri ute to de lining ater ualit in so e areas parti ularl in ter s o u an ealt n n iron ent out land esti ated t e ontri utions ro on site aste ater s ste s to total loads o nutrients a ross ost o t e region
ese ontri utions ere esti ated using es lo data ro t e ensus es lo spatial o erage and su at ent areas it in ea su at ent t e potential load as al ulated using population and odi ied it attenuation a tors to produ e a total and aerial loading t at as su ed at t e ri er at ent s ale ese esti ates ere on t e asis t at t ese s ste s ere per or ing ell nnual loads o total nitrogen are et een per ent and per ent and tonnes and annual loads o total p osp orus are et een per ent and per ent and tonnes i uid art
e largest ontri ution to nutrient loads is in t e Ōreti at ent i in ludes inton and parts o n er argill ere on site s ste s a ontri ute up to per ent o total nitrogen loads at t e otto o t e at ent a le gi es o upied d ellings and nutrient load esti ates in Southland’s our ain ri er at ents t ese at ents are si ilar ut not e a tl t e sa e as t e s dis ussed later in t is report igure ne t page s o s t e esti ated distri ution o on site aste ater s ste s a ross out land e to ns identi ied na e on t is ap are t ose it out a uni ipal aste ater s e e
our e i uid art aiau pari a Ōreti Matāura
e per or an e o residential on site aste ater s ste s is aria le e ause o a range o a tors in luding geolog li ate design and installation operation and aintenan e propert si e and age o t e s ste n t e inistr or t e n iron ent esti ated t at ailure rates or o unities it on site s ste s range ro to per ent a ross e ealand sele tion o in dept sanitar sur e s suggested t e range in per or an e is e en ider or e a ple otorua a eside o unit e erage e e unding roposal noted t at per ent o o ners did not lean t eir on site s ste s on e per de ade lder s ste s are not li el to eet t e e ealand aste ater design standards
ese ontri utions ere esti ated using es lo data ro t e ensus es lo spatial o erage and su at ent areas it in ea su at ent t e potential load as al ulated using population and odi ied it attenuation a tors to produ e a total and aerial loading t at as su ed at t e at ent s ale
our e n iron ent out land
n n er argill it oun il reated a dataset or o t e properties in t e n er argill it istri t in non reti ulated areas t is dataset properties less t an ad re orded o ents t at indi ated t e on site treat ent s ste as an t ing ot er t an a traditional septi tan s ste it drainage ields ainl t roug ield tiles i e dire t to sur a e ater o ing ro traditional septi tan s to odern on site s ste s i e septi tan s it re ir ulating ilters or a ti ated sludge aero i s ste s an e e e ti e in redu ing aste su stan es e esti ated ost o installing t ese odern s ste s is et een and plus ar et ono i s
n out land an industries anage t eir aste ater trade aste t roug uni ipal s e es parti ularl t ose in and around n er argill and ore ll t ree territorial aut orities a e la s or a epting trade aste in t eir uni ipal s e es ese la s are usuall anaged in a s t at are not too onerous so as to en ourage industries to lo ate in a distri t – industries reate lo al e plo ent pro ess produ ts ro t e pri ar se tor and en ourage de and or ser i es
–
industries largely occur in the lower Matāura and around Invercargill and than an industry’s location
Lorneville’s component of its ‘3 waters’ research (covering wastewater, stormwater and potable water) for
e Ministry for the Environment’s analysis of water policy decisions for the
n t or s to co ith th lar olu s o at r ust as in any lo land rural ar as th r ar t nsi til and ol draina n t or s o stor at r sch s ar co licat d y in rastructur such as sto an s such as at u sd n on th Ōreti i r and at or on th Matāura i r hich o r rot ction ro risin at r ut can also li it draina ca acity
Waihōpai ourc a oran
s ith ast at r stor at r sch s ar dri n y o ulation n th r as r ticulat d or i d stor at r in n rcar ill or and oth r to ns across th r ion n i ortant di r nc ith ast at r is that stor at r is usually dischar d into a at r ody at ulti l oints ana in th uality o th s dischar s n rally ans slo in th lo o stor at r ro th land to allo or so ty o tr at nt syst or ach dischar oint ic s us d in tr at nt syst s includ r tr at nt tat d s al s irst lush int rc tion soa a syst s d t ntion asins and construct d tlands any o th s d ic s ar rou ht to th r as stor at r ‘tr at nt trains’ n alt rnati a roach is u lic ducation to r nt ast su stanc s ndin u in stor at r in th irst lac
or information on stormwater treatment systems is available in Chapter 6 of Christchurch City Council’s Waterways, Wetlands and raina Guide htt s ccc o t n ass ts ocu nts n iron nt at r at r ays uid at r ays tlandsand raina uid cha t r tor at rtr at ntsyst s ay d
E. coli ’s
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s s s s s s s s s s s s ss ss s s s s s s s Matāura s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s Southland’s four main river catchments was s s s s s s s s s s s s s s to assess its effects on the city’s four rivers and creeks and New River s s ss s s ss s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s Waihōpai s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s E. coli
s s s s s s s s s E. coli s s s s
s s s s s s s s s Southland Industrial and Municipal Water Values s
Waihōpai
s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s e Ministry for the Environment’s analys s s s s s s s s s s s s s s This equation was based on Williamson’s (1993) stormwater contaminant yield dataset, which was considered to be a s s s s s s Urban runoff data book: A manual for the preliminary evaluation of urban stormwater impacts on water quality.
substances in stormwater for each of the ei ht case study towns This method was reviewed and the territorial authorities, throu h tantec, raised some concerns around its relevance to outhland, a ossible ris of over s ecifyin solutions, and it did not include faecal coliforms or E. coli Two new methods were investi ated one usin a wetland foot rint and one usin treatment devices within the i e networ
wetland foot rint method used a constructed wetland as an ‘end of pipe’ treatment device. A constructed wetland is effective for removin total sus ended solids, co er, inc, and total etroleum hydrocarbons, with between 3 and ercent reduction in load (de endin on the source e roofs or roads) This wetland footprint method used a ‘rule of thumb’ sizing related to two ercent of the total land area in each case study, with the costs bein s lit ro ortionally between the total number of dischar e oints for a case study The individual wetlands could be modelled as bein ro ressively installed at the various dischar e oints in each case study area, or across a catchment
This wetland foot rint method was not develo ed because a wetland treatment o tion is unli ely to be feasible for most stormwater networ s across outhland There is a lac of land area and difficulties in achievin the required fall to the wetland Many of the systems have multi le dischar e oints, with minimal s ace in which to brin these dis arate dischar es into sin le treatment location, as would be required for a wetland solution
To rovide conte t for further investi ations, the territorial authorities commissioned a review of the available information for nutrient (nitro en and hos horus) and E. coli to determine the waste substances of concern This review com ared the amounts (loads) of these substances in nvercar ill stormwater networ with those from the nvercar ill wastewater treatment system t also considered the effectiveness of stormwater treatment devices for removin these waste substances
The review found that the nutrient load from nvercar ill stormwater was minimal in com arison to wastewater (less than ) The concentration of micro or anisms in stormwater is an order of ma nitude lower than wastewater but treatment devices enerally cannot treat for them educin micro or anisms is enerally achieved at source, includin the removal of wastewater from stormwater The re ort recommended the stormwater sco e should be limited to the waste substances used in an uc land ontaminant oad Model (total sus ended solids, co er, inc, and total etroleum hydrocarbons)
ased on the review’s recommendation, a ro osal was develo ed for a stormwater case study (for total sus ended solids, co er, inc, and total etroleum hydrocarbons) in the te uni tream, which runs throu h one of Invercargill’s main industrial ones ltimately, the overnance rou of the outhland Economic ro ect choose not to ro ress this ro osal because of its more limited sco e, bud et constraints, and the im ortance of com letin the wastewater com onent of this research Ma s of the stormwater networ s for the ei ht case study towns are included in art
n 1 and 1 , nvercar ill ity ouncil and outhland istrict ouncil se arately commissioned tantec to investi ate the costs of installin in line treatment systems in s ecific locations
1 The outhland istrict ouncil investi ation focused on the industrial areas of Te nau and Winton, which dischar e to a sin le oint in both towns The treatment system was
1
designed to reduce heav grits medium fine sediments and small amounts of h drocarbons with devices placed in e isting stormwater mains to treat lower flows but b passed b large storm flows. The catchment areas were Te Anau hectares and inton hectares with construction costs of and respectivel . . The Invercargill it ouncil investigation focused on two downtown areas of Invercargill. These areas included a high traffic volume road and a large area of commercial activit and the treatment s stem was designed to achieve a high level of treatment reducing both particulate and dissolved contaminants. The catchment areas were . hectares and . hectares with construction costs of and respectivel .
There are some towns in the outhland istrict where stormwater is discharged to direct to groundwater from a soa hole rather than there being an intervening depth of unsaturated soil before the a uifer. Improvement options were investigated including a renewal of the e isting soa hole and an installation of a proprietar oil and grit separation manhole. The estimated construction costs of these options varied dependant on whether the soa hole was in the road or the berm but ranged from to per soa hole. There were up to eight affected soa holes in the towns investigated.
The environment pla s a big part in how the econom has developed in outhland and in turn the regional econom continues to modif the landscape and shape local communities. This section gives an overview of Southland’s land water and people including the econom highlighting their connections. The section then turns to describe the five freshwater management units which are the geographical areas where specific limits on the use of water both as water ta es and to receive waste will be set.
Southland is New Zealand’s most southerl and easterl region and includes most of urihi u the southern part of the outh Island which runs north to the lutha iver catchment in tago. The region as a whole including tewart Island a iura and other offshore islands has a total land area of . million hectares or percent of ew ealand . f this total area percent is land in indigenous vegetation including alpine areas where there is little vegetative cover – and ust over percent of this land is within iordland and tewart Island a iura.
here indigenous vegetation is at the top of a river catchment it protects the water ualit of the headwaters and where it is further down the catchment it helps to buffer the effects on water ualit from the use of land that is developed. The developed land has been e tensivel modified with the clearance of indigenous forests and vegetation the drainage of some lowland soils the introduction of improved pasture and the straightening of the rivers. The remaining three percent of the region’s ‘land’ area is taken up with surface water e.g. rivers la es and wetlands .
Southland is shaped by some of the country’s most complex geology and it has one of the widest assemblages of soils. The region’s northern boundary is marked by the Livingstone, Eyre, and Garvie ountains in outhland and the lue ountains in tago . The outhland ncline formed b geological faulting) is a geological fold in the earth’s surface that creates a thick ‘belt’ running on a north west to south east a is from umsden through to the atlins coast and is partiall buried beneath the outhland lains. Figure A1 shows how the Tākitimu Mountains and the Hokonui Hills part of the outhland ncline divide orthern outhland from the outhland lains.
orthern outhland stretches from the Te Anau asin in the west through umsden then along the aimea lains and down to ore in the east. South from the ‘Hokonuis’, the Southland Plains extend from the Aparima River in the west, across the Ōreti River to the lower Matāura iver. oing west be ond the Aparima is the ongwood ange and further west the lower aiau lains below the Te Anau asin . iordland lies to the west and is made up of numerous coastal fiords mountain
ranges, and inland lakes South of the mainland is Stewart sland akiura, which rises almost , metres to ount nglem, and a number of smaller offshore islands, which are not displayed in igure because of a lack of topographic data
Source Environment Southland using the New Zealand Land esource nventory
Southland contains a large amount of fresh water, both as surface water and groundwater The region has six of New Zealand’s 25 largest lakes (as measured by surface area), including Lakes Te nau, anapouri, and Hauroko (which are also New Zealand’s three deepest lakes) There are also tens of thousands of kilometres of rivers and streams, including the Waiau, Aparima, Ōreti, and the Matāura ivers Together the catchments of these four rivers drain million hectares or percent of the Southland mainland Numerous other rivers and streams drain the remaining land to the coast, including aituna reek, aimatuku Stream, and the aikawa, Waihōpai, and ourakino ivers
ource imon oran
ince uropean settlement, parts of some ri ers and streams ha e been confined within stop banks, and in certain cases straightened, which has changed their natural flow paths s a result, water and nutrient losses flow more rapidly through the landscape n addition, water is taken from surface water and groundwater for a range of uses he most ob ious example is the aiau i er, where the mean annual flow was reduced from around 5 to cumecs (a reduction of its original flow) for the anapouri ower tation his station generates 2 percent ( , h) of the country’s electricity (the largest user of which is Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter). Figure A2 highlights the extent of surface water in outhland, including the large remnant wetlands hen groundwater is considered as well, few places in outhland are far from fresh water
22
Source n ironment Southlan ote The ri ers are is laye using lighter colours for the tri utaries an ecoming ar er as they flow towar the main stem.
2
Before Māori arrival, around 268,500 hectares of land in Southland are estimate to ha e een in wetlan s an swam s most of it across the Southern Plains. Figure A shows the estimate original e tent of wetlan s in the region. etlan s erform im ortant cleansing an water storage roles in the en ironment – they catch an ta e u nutrient losses s rea an slow own the flow of water allowing se iment to ro out of sus ension. etlan s are also im ortant connectors etween surface water an groun water. The me ian static water ta le in Southlan is 2. metres elow groun le el with many soils in irect contact with groun water.
Māori land cover in Southland c. 1000 AD Source Pearson oul rey (2 ) ote an o er is e laine in more etail in the Agriculture an Forestry e ort ( oran et al. 2 ).
n lowlan Southlan wetlan s originally co ere aroun half of the area ( lar son et al. 2 ). er the years these wetlan s ha e een raine using e tensi e networ s of artificial rains for the e elo ment of agriculture. Since it is estimate that the area of wetlan s on lan which is now in ri ate ownershi re uce from aroun 22 hectares to hectares (or . of the original area) y 2 an to hectares (or 2 ) y 2 ( alley e es 2 2 wans 2 ). The raining of wetlan s has increase ressure on the en ironment y ma ing more lan available for use while reducing the environment’s natural capacity to attenuate its effects. The installation of tile an mole rains has create irect channels (or athways) for waste su stances to
2
–
Matāura
Accordingly, the modification of Southland’s
mainland’s Matāura
health of a number of Southland’s estuaries,
Overall, Southland’s water and land is highly connected
Southland’s environment
Māori are Ngāi Tahu, Kati Mamoe ū rūna : Te Rūnaka o Waihōpai ; Te Rūnanga o Awarua Rūna Ō and Te Rūnanga o Nga Hau E Whā (Conon Street, Invercargill), Te Oruanui Marae (Ohai), and Matāura (Matāura)
‘ ’ ‘ ’ closer ‘to the land’ than elsewhere connections between ‘town and country’.
Sour e Statisti s e ealand
he relativel hi h ro ortion o eo le livin rurall hi hli hts stron ur an and rural onne tions ith most to ns su ortin e onomi a tivit in their surroundin rural areas and these rural areas reliant on the a ilities servi es and amenities su lied in their lo al to ns t also means there is reater demand or aste ater drin in ater storm ater servi es and trans ort net or s a ross the re ion relative to the rate a er ase – and these di erent t es o essential in rastru ture are o ten om etin riorities
he stron onne tions et een ur an and rural areas re le t the Southland e onom ’s de enden e on natural resour es rimar se tors e a ri ulture orestr ishin and minin related ro essin metal manu a turin and tourism these se tors a ri ulture has al a s een entral to the e onom and tourism is e omin in reasin l im ortant i ure sho s agriculture’s share o re ional rom to hi hli htin Southland and other southern re ions and also e ealand as a hole
Agriculture’s share does not include economic activity either up to or beyond ‘the farm gate”, which is considerable i e interde enden ies et een a ri ulture and manu a turin or a ri ulture and the servi e se tors o the e onom su h as a ountan irms and arm su liers
ource nvironment outhland using data sourced from and tats
ithin the region, outhlanders live in one of three territorial areas outhland istrict, ore istrict and nvercargill ity istrict hese districts were formed in under the ocal overnment Act , and amalgamated a larger number of local authorities , including allace ounty, outhland ounty, tewart sland ounty and nvercargill ity efore county councils were responsible for all facilities and services in county towns e g e Anau, tautau, ban, dendale, uatapere, hai, ightcaps, ossburn and rural districts arger towns were usually boroughs e g inton, iverton, luff, ore, and Matāura and had their own elected boards and were responsible for their own facilities and services igure A shows the e tent of each of the three districts in outhland – collectively the boundaries of the three districts roughly fit within the regional boundary there are some places e g the aiwera tream where they do not align nvercargill ity istrict and ore
his system of local government was created under the unicipal orporations Act and the ounties Act he ounties Act replaced a system of provincial government that had e isted since uring the period between and , outhland was part of the province of tago, separated from tago in , and re oined tago in outhland became a region in here were a number of other authorities that merged or disappeared at that time outhland atchment oard outhland arbour oard outhland nited ouncil outhland est estruction oard and two iver oards tautau and aimatu u
Southland’s largest urban areas, Inve
round er ent o Southland households e ther o ned the r o n ho e or held t n a trust, and or those that do not, the ed an rent er household as verage household s e as eo le – although ore than , households or ere one erson onl ll o these hara ter st s – o ulat on s e, e lo ent, n o e d str but on, ho e o nersh , and household s e – n luen e the de and or, and su l o , essent al serv es a ross Southland
Southlanders or n a s all, narro based e ono In , the value o goods and serv es, or total reg onal ross o est rodu t , as ust over b ll on lthough lu tuates over t e, b ll on s a a r nd at on o the s e o the art o the e ono or h h there are ar ets or goods and serv es, su h as onstru t on ater als, restaurant d n ng and nterest a ents h s a ount does not n lude the value o non ar et goods and serv es, l e volunteer s , resh ater or bee oll nat on – h h also lu tuate gure sho s the annual er entage hange n reg onal ro one ear to the ne t over th s t e er od eg onal s used here be ause t s a ell no n nd ator th ell no n l tat ons and there s a la o alternat ves, art ularl at a reg onal s ale It needs to be used th other easures to understand the hole e ono , ts susta nab l t and ontr but on to o un t out o es
Sour e Stats eg onal ser es, ser es
s a art al easure o e ono a t v t , al ulated as the nan al value o transa t ons or goods rodu ed and serv es rov ded n the e ono over a s e t e er od or a ull d s uss on on the l ts o gross do est rodu t re er to the e ort b the o ss on on the easure ent o ono er or an e and So al rogress St gl t et al ,
Southland’s economy has First, it is a considerable distance from New Zealand’s three main urban centres: Distance is a factor in the region’s low population density Southland’s
constrain Southland’s economy expose Southland’s
Southland’s – of Southland’s economy Southland Region: Regional Economic Profile and Significant Water Issues ’s ’s economy
the community’s
pro ision for e auora o te aiao the health of the en ironment , e auora o te ai the health of the water body and e auora o te angata the health of the people
unning from est to ast, Southland’s five FMUs are: Fiordland and Islands Waiau – Waiau Lagoon Aparima and Pourakino – Jacobs River Estuary Ōreti and Waihōpai – New River Estuary and Matāura – Toetoes Harbour Figure shows the fi e F s that are described in the following sections he Fiordland F co ers western Fiordland and the offshore islands, including Stewart sland a iura t is predominantly land in natural egetation held within national par s he remaining four F s aiau, parima, Ōreti, and Matāura) are based broadly on Southland’s four ma or ri er catchments – and each F also includes a number of smaller coastal ri er catchments that are not hydraulically connected to the main ri er in the area
he coastal boundary of the aiau, parima, Ōreti, and Matāura FMUs is at the mouths of the estuaries, while gi ing regard to the wider coastal en ironment through the use of existing monitoring sites n contrast to the Fiordland F , these four F s are largely de eloped land and primarily agricultural and forestry – although percent of the region’s land in natural vegetation is located within these four F s he four main ri er catchments that dominate these four F s were characterised in a series of water uality re iews completed for n ironment Southland in the early s A similar assessment was completed at the time for Southland’s coastline.
All of Southland’s FMUs include Statutory Acknowledgements by the Crown under the Ngāi ahu laims Settlement ct and some F s also contain ater onser ation rders s he Ōreti and Matāura F s include the S aituna warua etland of nternational mportance his wetland complex is a , hectare site extending from New i er stuary to aituna with outstanding biological di ersity and cultural alues that consists of a coastal lagoon, peatlands, saltmarsh, gra el beach and shallow flats with extensi e eel grass beds , ponds, and la es he Fiordland and aiau F s include Fiordland National ar , which is the southern end of the N S Te Wāhipounamu – South est New Zealand orld eritage rea
he tables and maps in this section are based on the main land use acti ities occurring on a property: ndustry and irports, ommercial, esidential, oad and ail, ublic se e g halls, schools Sheep and eef Sheep eef and ixed Sheep, eef and Deer Dairy Dairy Support and Dairy Support and ther i estoc ixed Sheep, eef, and Deer a ority Deer and Specialist Deer rable and ixed i estoc and Specialist rable but not crops grown for winter gra ing i estoc Support Small andholdings hectares ifestyle ha ther nimals Sheep Dairy orticulture and n nown asture and lantation Forestry exotics and ndigenous nati e Forestry
he amsar on ention he on ention on etlands of nternational mportance is the intergo ernmental treaty that gi es a framewor for the conser ation and wise use of wetlands and their resources http: www ramsar org he aituna warua etland omplex was designated as a wetland of international importance in along with Farewell Spit, which was designated at the same time, it was the first of six such sites in New Zealand he N S nited Nations ducational, Scientific and ultural rganisation orld eritage entre gi es international recognition to sites of outstanding alue to humanity Te Wāhipounamu – South est New Zealand orld eritage rea was designated as a world heritage area in and extends o er million hectares two thirds of the par is co ered with southern beech and podocarps, some of which are o er years old
Source nvironment Southland
he Fiordland and slands FMU e tends over west Fiordland Stewart sland akiura and the region’s outlying islands. his FMU covers an area of around hectares . of the region most of which is land managed by the epartment of Conservation and includes part of Fiordland National ark (which sits within Te Wāhipounamu – South est New ealand orld eritage Area and all of akiura National ark.
he FMU lies entirely within Southland istrict and is the least populated of the five FMUs in Southland with residents of whom live on ‘ he sland’ as Stewart sland akiura is known by many of the locals and the remaining people living in Fiordland or on other off shore islands . he main towns are Milford Sound iopiotahi and ban and there are a small number of water takes wastewater and or stormwater schemes e.g. Milford Sound iopiotahi and ban . able A gives estimates of the e tent of land use activities within the Fiordland and slands FMU. Around hectares or . percent of the land is developed as Fiordland and Stewart sland akiura have few farms mainly on off shore islands and multiple tourism operations.
Source Southland and Use Map earson Couldrey The ‘other’ category covers livestock support, small landholdings and lifestyle blocks, other animals, horticulture, and ‘unknown’ pasture. Urban . . Sheep and beef . . airy incl. support . eer . . Arable . orticulture . ther . Forestry . 605
According to Ngāi Tahu tradition the fiords were formed by Tū Te Rakiwhānoa, who through a powerful karakia and his ad e blade carved the entire Fiordland coast. Milford Sound iopiotahi has great spiritual value for Māori iopiotahi refers to a lone piopio a long e tinct native bird who it is said flew to Milford Sound in mourning at the death of Maui. Milford Sound was also the destination of ancient Māori treks for a precious rare form of pounamu, tangiwai or bowenite. A Statutory Acknowledgement applies to ananui Mount Anglem ake auroko oi oi etland
Statistics New ealand : numbers may vary as census meshblocks cross FMU boundaries so some may have been counted twice.
Whenua Hou and Tautoko as well as a tōpuni for Tūtoko, to recognise the significance of these re s ig re sho s the istri tion o n ses ithin the ior n n s n s
he ior n h s n ero s resh ter es n o st ter es n t r st te in ing e ster e ro o n e oteriteri e erro n e o – in ior n tion r he se son in o to rists to i or o n is t e st eo e rr ers o – ro eo e in e rt ent o onser tion . Also, four of New Zealand’s eight Great Walks (the Kepler, Milford, Routeburn n i r r s re in either ior n or te rt s n i r n rge n ers o eo e isit o th n or re re tion tr ing
o r e i on or n
he on e t o tōpuni o es ro the tr ition gāi h ti ng sto o ersons o r ng tir st t s e ten ing their n n rote tion o er erson or re ing their o o er the or it tōpuni no on ir s n es an ‘overlay’ of Ngāi h es on s e i i ie es o n n ge
ā – and the Tākitimu Conservation Area in the east
4,052
Manawapōpōre/Hikuraki (Mavora Lakes) and a tōpuni Tā Numerous archaeological sites and wāhi taonga
weekly allocation for this scheme accounted for over 40% of New Zealand’s total weekly consumptive allocation.
āi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe
4,081
It is also the discharge point for Riverton’s
George) and a Tōpuni for the Tā
The mouth of the river was a permanent settlement, with urupā (burial sites) , Rakiura and the tītī islands – Tā is an important part of Ngāi Tahu’s relationship to the river
o rce o thland and se ap earson o ldre
Ō he Ōreti covers aro nd hectares of the region ro nd hectares or percent is developed land and there are also large areas of p lic conservation land he Ōreti is the onl that e tends across all three districts the o thland istrict Invercargill it istrict and a s all part in ore istrict his is far the ost pop lated in the region ith aro nd residents or people ostl concentrated in and aro nd Invercargill ther to ns incl de sden ro ns ai aia aiani a allaceto n inton and l ff – ost of hich have ater ta es aste ater and or stor ater sche es he agric lt ral land is pri aril dair far ing in the so th and a i of pastoral properties in the north a le gives esti ates of the e tent of land se activities ithin the Ōreti
: Agriculture, forestry and urban areas in the Ōreti FMU o rce o thland and se ap earson o ldre r an heep and eef air incl s pport eer ra le ortic lt re ther orestr 30,472
resh ater fro the Ōreti ends p in e River st ar l ff ar o r and ar a a hich for part of the R R ait na ar a etland of International I portance e River st ar originall covered ore than hectares t since ropean settle ent an esti ated area of 1,652 hectares has been reclaimed and the estuary’s current area is 4,557 hectares (ro ghl less than its original e tent he est ar directl and indirectl receives discharges fro Invercargill’s aste ater and stor ater sche es he c rrent total area of the est ar is hectares and an esti ated hectares has een reclai ed he reclai ed land contains Invercargill’s airport a closed landfill an ind strial area and far land here is a ater onservation rder for the Ōreti River covering ‘specific waters’ in the Ōreti catch ent he river provides a ha itat for ro n tro t lac illed g lls and an angling a enit he direct Māori translation of Ōreti is o sc re t it a relate to it eing a place to snare
tat tor c no ledge ent applies to the Ōreti River and Motupōhue (Bluff Hill), as well as a tōpuni for Motupōhue he Ōreti River for s one of the ain po na trails fro inland rihi to the coast here are an archaeological sites in the pper catch ent incl ding so e relating to stone reso rces that are a ongst the oldest in e ealand ig re sho s the distri tion of land ses ithin the Ōreti
Ō
Matāura Matāura Matāura Matāura
: Agriculture, forestry and urban areas in the Matāura FMU 9,740
Matāura
The Māori origin of the name ‘Matāura’ is unknown Matāura The estuary was dubbed ‘Toetoes Place’ by the
Matāura Matāura Matāura gāti Māmoe and Ngāi Tahu ūpuna freshwater mātait Matāura
Matāura
: Land use within the Matāura FMU
This section describes Southland’s climate, soils and groundwater because of the
Southland’s climate is characterised by westerly airflows, a general eastwards
region’s
sea’s
n addition to frost, snowfalls also occur occasionally in lower ele ation areas of Southland, usually only settling for a day or two n ercargill, on a erage e eriences fi e days of snow er year acara, t higher ele ations seasonal snowfields de elo o er winter This accumulation of snow influences the olume of water in the ma or ri er systems with stable base flows during the winter months, followed by an e tended eriod of ele ated flows during the s ring and early summer melt
These climatic conditions can be a limiting factor to wastewater management across the region Tem erature affects biological reaction rates with less acti ity occurring in cooler tem eratures discussed further in art
Southland recei es relati ely low annual sunshine hours com ared to the rest of ew ealand n ercargill has an a erage of , sunshine hours each year, com ared with , hours in uc land, and , in hristchurch rant, dated South western areas of Southland are articularly cloudy recei ing less than , hours of sunshine annually s with tem erature, the amount of sunlight is also a limiting factor to wastewater management any micro organisms are sensiti e to sunlight sunlight reduces micro organisms in wastewater o idation onds and artificial ultra iolet radiation is also a common treatment method for reducing the health ris s of micro organisms in wastewater
eather atterns o er southern ew ealand are characterised by westerly airflows and the general eastward rogression of weather systems nteraction between the re ailing weather conditions and the mountainous terrain results in strong ariability in rainfall across Southland This s atial ariability occurs within the conte t of wider atterns of tem oral ariability, in articular the l i o Southern scillation, and other factors such as sea surface tem erature and natural oscillations in acific weather systems ea y or rolonged rainfall causes ri er flows to rise to a le el which flushes away in stream accumulations of eri hyton slime algae
The mountains of iordland form a artial barrier to the re ailing westerly airflow and conse uently recei e e tremely high rainfall totals To the east, the to ogra hy of Southland is relati ely com le with large mountain ranges se arated by basins, ri er alleys and allu ial lains This to ogra hy means that a erage reci itation on hills and ranges increases with ele ation, but considerable s ill o er and rain shadow effects can occur in the inland basins n general, the inland alleys of orthern Southland are relati ely dry recei ing only between and , millimetres of rainfall er year
The e osed location and channelling of air through o eau Strait mean the southern coastline e eriences a high fre uency of strong westerly winds long this coastline, limited shelter is afforded from the re ailing westerly conditions and conse uently rainfall tends to be higher and slightly more fre uent than areas further inland ean annual rainfall recorded in Southland ranges
from around millimetres in the i ersdale area Matāura to , mm year at ilford Sound iordland igure shows the distribution of a erage annual rainfall across Southland
Source ational nstitute of ater and tmos heric esearch ote The white lines on the ma indicate the reshwater anagement nit boundaries discussed in Section
om ared to the rest of ew ealand, ariation of rain days more than mm day and wet days more than mm day between seasons in Southland is relati ely small onthly rainfall totals are generally highest in late s ring and early summer ctober to anuary , influenced in art by re ailing westerly air flows ainfall atterns and snow melt from al ine headwaters mean that monthly ri er flows are generally highest during s ring ontaminant concentrations can be diluted in water bodies which are fed by ristine snow melt
ore southerly air flows during the winter months bring drier air and lower rainfall uly is generally the driest month oastal areas of Southland generally e erience fre uent rainfall with between and wet days er year greater than millimetres er day occurring o er much of the
Southland lains ainfall fre uency increases to more than wet days er year along the south coast and decreases to less than days er year north of the o onui ills
Southland also e eriences e isodes of high rainfall, ty ically related to the assage of westerly fronts o er the region during the summer and autumn months uring such e ents hour rainfall totals may be more than to millimetres o er a lot of the region, resulting in surface flooding and high flows in the ma or ri ers and streams Thunderstorms also occur in inland areas during the summer months, resulting in localised, intensi e rainfall treme rainfall e ents can o erwhelm stormwater and wastewater systems These e ents limit o ortunities for maintenance, and increase the occurrences of infiltration of wastewater into stormwater hite ,
Soil moisture ty ically is at or near field ca acity for e tended durations o er much of Southland, articularly on hea ier soils in central, eastern and coastal Southland Soil moisture in these areas may remain ele ated for more than days from late autumn through to s ring er this eriod, soil tem eratures are also low re enting u ta e of nutrients for lant growth Such conditions can limit natural rocesses within the soil i e attenuation They also increase the otential for losses of nutrients, sediment and micro organisms ia o erland flow, artificial drainage and recharge to underlying a uifers
tended eriods of ele ated soil moisture le els may im act on denitrification and sor tion rates, articularly in seasons where wetter and or colder than a erage conditions arri e early or ersist through s ring hen soil moisture is ele ated, e cess water can drain down to the water table This recharge to a uifers can cause groundwater le els to rise, increasing the contamination ris of lea age or failure of land dis osal wastewater systems
n general, Southland e eriences a tem erate climate with rainfall e enly distributed throughout the year and modest e a otrans iration rates arts of the region, articularly northern Southland and the Te nau asin, can e erience eriods of rolonged below a erage rainfall resulting in considerable soil moisture deficits soils ha e different water holding ca acities These drought e ents are usually of limited duration and tend to im act on art of the growing season rought can disru t gra ity fed wastewater systems by slowing flow and bloc ing i es and can affect biological treatment rocesses, creating functional and safety concerns hite ,
The e osed location and channelling of air through o eau Strait mean the southern coast e eriences a high fre uency of strong westerly winds Invercargill is New Zealand’s second windiest city, after ellington, recording an a erage annual wind s eed of m hour with an a erage of days of strong winds daily mean wind s eed m hr er year erage wind s eeds decline in inland areas reflecting the sheltering effects of the surrounding to ogra hy with
ield a acity is the state of the soil after ra id drainage has effecti ely ceased and the soil water content has become relati ely stable c aren and ameron,
Gore, Lumsden and Manapō ri all recording an average o less an da s o s rong winds er ear e re enc o s rong wind g s s r also decreases in inland areas co ared o e so coas ind da s in o land end o e seasonal wi e ween and o s rong winds in s ring and e lowes re enc o s rong winds in win er acara
o rce avid oa e
ig wind ar ic larl in inland areas a worsen seasonal soil ois re de ici s and res l in soil erosion or was ewa er rea en wind s reng and direc ion is i or an o de er ine e ris o dri o dro le s ro s ra irriga ion o sensi ive receivers is ris can e i iga ed irriga or selec ion and arriers ind can also in l ence eva ora ion and eva o rans ira ion and e an i or an aera ion e od or o ida ion onds
rren cli a ic condi ions are c anging – ere are ro ec ed increases in e era re overall reci i a ion ar ic larl over a n and s ring and e re enc o dr da s es eciall in s er a are all li el o ave conse ences or Southland’s co ni ies ese c anging condi ions will iodiversi and e eal o ecos s e s nder ress re s well sea level rise
e ain so rce or is sec ion is r ris ian Za i ro anager and rogra e eader drological rocesses and a er eso rces Na ional Ins i e o a er and os eric esearc NI and e inis r or e Environment’s summary of how climate change might affect Southland, available at: s www e gov n cli a e c ange ow cli a e c ange a ec s n ow ig cli a e c ange a ec region so land
will increase flooding ris s – any land below three to five metres above mean sea level can generally be considered to be under threat Environment Southland e o ārama, b n , it was estimated that ust over , eo le or of the o ulation in Southland live within five ilometres of the coast com ared to for ew ealand as a whole he number of eo le living near the coastline is unli ely to have changed mar edly
limate change is highlighted because of its relevance for the future outloo of towns and industries in Southland and for its otential im act on all water infrastructure ost of Southland’s towns and industries are located beside rivers and la es or near the coastline, as is the region’s critical infrastructure, including its commercial dee water ort sited on reclaimed land at luff and regional air ort sited on low lying reclaimed land beside the Waihōpai iver and ew iver Estuary and rotected by floodban s
he effects of climate change will ut essential infrastructure at ris and ey im acts have been identified for trans ort networ s, electricity generation and transmission, water including stormwater, flood rotection and wastewater , and telecommunications e g , E, limate hange da tation echnical or ing rou , n im act on any one of these services is e ected to flow on to another because they are interconnected fE, or wastewater and stormwater, seawater may flow into stormwater i es, im acting on drainage ca ability ore intense and fre uent heavy rain events will also ut ressure on land drainage, stormwater schemes and flood rotection here may be overloading of wastewater networ s causing increases in overflows here is also increased otential for inundation of um stations located in low lying areas E,
limate change ro ections de end on future levels of greenhouse gas emissions, which are uncertain has simulated the four main global emission scenarios for Southland u to hese emission scenarios used different carbon emission levels from low to high to redict changes in tem erature and reci itation rain and snow only he redicted changes for each scenario are calculated for the twenty years from to referred to as and from to referred to as ogether the redicted changes across the four scenarios give a range of results that is then com ared to what the climate was li e from to referred to as
he main effects are faster coastal erosion, increased seawater inundation, and drainage issues Seawater inundation and im eded drainage can heighten the ris s of freshwater flooding and its li elihood is directly related to height above sea level ur hreats – ES htt : archive stats govt n browse for stats o ulation igration internal migration are n s living closer to coast as ore information on the ossible effects of climate change on stormwater and wastewater is available htt s: motu n our wor environment and resources climate change im acts climate change and stormwater and wastewater systems used a suite of regional climate models to simulate the emission scenarios, which technically are “radiative forcing” scenarios nown as “ e resentative oncentration athways” adiative forcing is the change in energy in the atmos here as a result of greenhouse gas emissions he four emission scenarios tested were a low emissions scenario, which involved the removal of some of the carbon dio ide ) (RCP2.6), two ‘business as usual’ scenarios with emissions stabilising in different time eriods and , and a high emissions scenario limate change models do not have the com le ity re uired to redict hail as a com onent of the reci itation
n outhland, the redicted changes in a erage te eratures tend to increase under each o the our e ission scenarios. Co ared to , te eratures are li el to increase b between 0.6˚C and 0.9˚C by 2040, and between . ˚C and 2.8˚C by 2090. outhland is e ected to beco e war er, articularl during autu n and winter, and least in s ring. 2 , it is redicted that there will be up to 16 extra days a year where maximum temperatures are above 25˚C, with around to ewer rosts a ear. he region is also li el to e erience ar ed decreases in conditions that are a ourable or seasonal snow (i.e. reci itation and te erature below degrees) . he nu ber o snow da s e erienced annuall could decrease b u to da s in arts o the region b the end o the centur . he duration o snow co er is also li el to decrease, articularl at lower ele ations. t is un nown whether there will be ore or less snow.
general increase o reci itation in outhland is highl li el this centur . nli e te erature, the redicted changes in a erage reci itation tend not to grow across the our e ission scenarios. Co ared to , reci itation is li el to increase b between two ercent and our ercent b 2 , and between si ercent and nine ercent b 2 . outhland is e ected to beco e wetter, articularl during winter and s ring. nder the highest e issions scenario, e tre el rain da s a beco e ore re uent b 2 . he ost co on attern o annual reci itation change is or an increase in the west east gradient, ea ing o er the outhern l s ridge. n n ercargill, winter rain all is redicted to increase b to 22 ercent in n ercargill b 2 . he re uenc o dr da s (where reci itation is below da ) is also li el to increase, des ite the general increase in reci itation – although in iordland the re uenc o dr da s is li el to decrease, re lecting an e ected increase in the west east gradient. hese e ects are li el to change the current seasonal reci itation atterns in the region. he re uenc o e tre el wind da s in outhland is li el to increase b between two and se en ercent b 2 . Changes in wind direction a lead to an increase in the re uenc o westerl winds o er the outh sland, articularl in winter and s ring. uture changes in the re uenc o stor s are li el to be s all co ared to natural inter annual ariabilit . o e increase in stor intensit , local wind e tre es and thunderstor s is li el to occur.
ess winter snow all (snow will be ore li ited to higher ele ations) and an earlier s ring elt a cause ar ed changes in the annual c cle o ri er low in the region. Places that currentl recei e snow are li el to see increasing rain all as snowlines rise to higher ele ations due to rising te eratures. or ri ers where the winter reci itation currentl alls ainl as snow and is stored until the snow elt season, there is the ossibilit or larger winter loods.
ew ealand tide records show an a erage rise in relati e ean sea le el o . illi etres a ear o er the 2 th centur . loball , the rate o sea le el rise has increased, and urther rise is e ected in the uture . t is ro ected that sea le el rise globall will be .2– . b 2 6 and . – . b
ot ta en into account in the anal sis were other ariables, such as wind, solar radiation and relati e hu idit , and also the olu e o accu ulated snow. n increase in reci itation could result in ore snow but snowing o ten. he snow line will rise in altitude under cli ate change but it is li el that snow will still be resent in outhland. The Ministry for the Environment’s 2017 guidance on coastal hazards and climate change, including sea level rise is a ailable at htt s www. e.go t.n ublications cli ate change re aring coastal change su ar o coastal ha ards and cli ate change . The Ministry for the Environment’s stocktake report on adapting to climate change in New ealand is a ailable at htt www. e.go t.n sites de ault iles edia ada ting to cli ate change stoc ta e tag re ort inal. d
2
table of Southland’s soils by series (local name), New Zealand Soil Classification, extent
More information on New Zealand’s coastal sea level rise (relative to land) can be found at:
here are areas of Southland where the nature of the soils (e texture, de th, ermeability and draina e) can be roblematic for wastewater treatment and dischar e reas with either low or hi h soil ermeability (or draina e) can limit the treatment time and effectiveness Clay soils will not readily transmit wastewater throu h the de th rofile causin wastewater to drain throu h the soil rofile very slowly hile this results in a hi h de ree of treatment within the soil rofile, the amount of wastewater a lied er unit area is low, and so lar er areas of land are needed n free drainin soils, wastewater can be transmitted uic ly throu h the soil and vadose ones, receivin minimal treatment in the soil before reachin the underlyin a uifer
Shallow roundwater can influence the desi n, construction and mana ement of wastewater systems t is also a ris factor to ublic health as contamination of roundwater oses a ris to drin in water su lies and may increase the occurrence of al ae blooms (Mf Christchurch City Council, ) n addition, wastewater systems can become overloaded by stormwater and shallow roundwater durin wet weather, resultin in overflows and increasin the contamination ris of lea a e or failure of the system
n New Zealand, on site effluent wastewater dis osal fields have a minimum se aration distance of metres between the effluent dischar e oint and underlyin roundwater table (Mf , ) he roundwater table is relatively shallow in Southland, with an estimated avera e de th of metres below round level enerally, the roundwater table is shallowest alon the mar ins of ma or river systems where the ma ority of towns are located, and dee est under terraces alon the outer ed es of river valleys etween seasons and years roundwater de th can vary considerably and roundwater can be closer to the surface of the land i ure shows the eneral attern of shallow to dee roundwater (i e the li ely avera e de th to roundwater below the soil) across areas of Southland where roundwater is ma ed he ma does not show the abundance or volume of roundwater resources
Source ilvie ( )
he areas in Southland with the hi hest ris to roundwater uality tend to occur where there are thin, ermeable (well drained) soils and a shallow water table he areas in the re ion with thic er, less ermeable soils and a dee er water table have the lowest ris or exam le, in the e nau asin, in those areas where there are thin soils overlyin ravel moraine and dee er roundwater, the ris to roundwater is medium based on these factors Most of the main towns are located in areas which have medium to hi h ris to roundwater i ure indicates the relative otential ris to roundwater uality within the re ion from on site wastewater treatment systems his ma also ives a reasonable indication of the roundwater ris for dischar es to land from munici al wastewater treatment systems here are other factors that are also relevant to the suitability of land for wastewater but not discussed here, such as the otential ris to surface water uality
Source ilvie ( )
Part B: Towns and Industry
a t gives an overview of towns and industries in Southland. It builds on the outline of Southland in a t and describes the wider setting for the eight case studies in a t . This context in a ts and gives the ‘lie of the land’, which is helpful for understanding the research in a t . In particular, a t describes some of the background, connections and diversity of urban areas and industry within the region, which shaped the methodology and results. It underlines the importance of the specific circumstances relating to each town, and each wastewater scheme, when thinking about this research.
a t is made up of five sections:
S t on is a general introduction to towns in Southland, and includes a description of their settlement, some broad characteristics, and the municipal services relating to water (wastewater, stormwater water and water supply).
S t on to S t on consider in turn each of the three districts and, more specifically, the towns within each district that were used as case studies in this research. These towns were: Gore, Matāura, Winton, Nightcaps, Ohai, Te Anau, Invercargill, and Bluff.
S t on describes the development of the main processing and manufacturing industries in Southland: meat, milk, wood and timber, metal processing, mineral extraction and hydro-electricity generation. It also lists the industries in the region with consents relating to wastewater.
“A nation that forgets its past can expect no future.”
nston hu h ll
1. Southland’s Towns
This section describes patterns of town settlement across Southland. Where a town is located determines its topography, soils, subsoils, climate, and water bodies within the vicinity. These characteristics in turn shape the nature of the town’s wastewater infrastructure, and its other essential services, such as roading, water supply, flood protection and stormwater. Location has some bearing on the length of history of a town, and so the age of much of its essential infrastructure. It also determines a town’s receiving environment, both within its locality and downstream, and how it is affected by water takes and discharges upstream. In most cases, the region’s towns were not planned settlements and they evolved over time.
This section also outlines some broad characteristics of Southland towns – highlighting connections between wastewater and stormwater, flood protection and transport networks – and also within the
57
a town’s
Māori –
– to a community’s wellbeing.
ā ā ā in the whakapapa (genealogy) of Ngāi Tahu Whanui Ngāi Tahu
Ngāti Mamoe and Ngāi Tahu Ngāi Tahu Claims ā
t a s asona tw n an nt at n two o a n a a onn t to a s s st a s w t an s an st a s
o s tt nts w an nt s as Ōraka (Colac Bay) an a a a w ot s w s at ta n t s o a n an a o n o a t a t t w s tt nts at a a s an t wa t s an a a n a o o s s an Ōmāui an Ōue on t s o t o t o w st a o a o a so t n n t w st a an t wa w ats n a an a an a n a n a a a n ns a at t ast n n o a a a a at son n t was a a o o at on an t ā a an at a a t two ā n t a a t t w a so s tt nts own t ast n s to ota ta o otata a n n anot ā at o t nt an a s tt nt n t so t at at t o t as s – w t a st n o s ns an a w n s s a on t a t on o Māori harvesting tītī tton s o t s an s s o n n a a
n t a n an o a o a was s sta n ot s tt nts a n a a ta n o t st a an a o n n oast n n n s s an at o n Ōue was w t oasta t a to ton a a an an on a a n a an at a o t n t a s t s at an n a tants o Ōue an ot oasta s tt nts o to Ruapuke Island, which became the Ngāi Tahu stronghold in the south an was w at o a tan was s n s t t s o at on t w t o t to st o n at t a at Ōmāui n t an at a a n n an t w s tt nts s as t a
o t ast towa s t at ns t w s tt nts at o o o t o t Matāura o t os an a awa t a awa an a o a a no oan a n to t w st o a a to the Waiau River Mouth, there were settlements and pā at Aparima (Riverton), Ōraka o a a awa a ta ta a a ta a a a a s tata o nt ata s an o os oo a nao a oto a nt s an a a a a o t a a was na a t t a t o a w o at to a o t an o s o Ōtaitai, just north o ton a a a oto a was a sa a n at t s o st o t os n at a a a an a a on t a n an o os t a was on o t a an o st ā n w to w a o s s w o t n t s tt nts n w st n o t an w o t ans to s as at a a a at a n an s an s o n
a n an o a n a a t n t w a an ana o a t a o an t s on o t wa s whānui a s to a onn t w t t an sto s o an a t was a t to no t o a t s a s n ant an no t n s swa t o o t a ns o t a oana o t so t ot Ōraka and Pahi w w sta s s tt nts n on t oast tw n an ton a a a stan o o t s was an a o a ston wo n s t o oan a t a an n a a to s t t a t ona s to t s asona o at on s t s t at w an o tant part of the Ngāi Tahu lifestyle. Under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 an allocated nohoanga site is a specific area of Crown owned land (usually 1 hectare in size) adjacent to lakeshores or riverbanks that Ngāi Tahu Whānui have t o a t s ts to o o t at n o oo an ot nat a so s t o t an no oan a nt n o t t a not at n a t o t s o t a ta n oo st s t t s tt nt on a a a ta ow n o st s an n an n o t s tt nt s st s to a tt www o an ons at ont st o n n a n an s an o t
– , sealers and whalers joined the Māori settlement at The Neck Māori Māori
a ’s otta al oon a
Māori insufficient protection of Mā
Balaena australis
ītī
‘ ’ Matāura Ōreti – Matāura Matāura
ā – ā ā Māori Māori oral tradition, Otautau has come to be known as “the meeting place of the rivers” or “quiet water” (Bye, 1988 ). The actual translation of Otautau is “the place of the greenstone ht shank curved at the lower end”, which is a good description of “the
“The country between the Matāura River and the Ōreti was without any sign as a man, the whole intersected with swamps and creeks” (Robson, 1967, p. 17). ’s than a day’s
Towns included in the region’s extensive railway network
eople’s horizons broadened, many of the smaller towns and settlements in the
“ ‘ ’ use.” by the “cheap Southland farms” (Waghorn Southland’s history (Waghorn &
s s ā – These ‘towns’ and –
Lumsden section of the ‘Great Northern Railway’ railway, and the Lumsden
funded from petrol ta , road user charges, and district council rates. The region has one urban bus networ in n ercargill and most Southlanders rely on pri ate transport for longer ourneys.
Towns and settlements tend to be closer together south of the undred Line Road (this road runs from entre ush to Scotts Gap, north west of tautau , and within roughly a ilometre radius from n ercargill. Some towns li e Tuatapere ser ice relati ely rural communities – in the town’s population reached a peak of almost , people (Williams, . The ebb and flow of towns has seen migration from the region’s smaller towns towards some of its larger towns. Southlanders are now able to wor in a different place from where they li e, and commute some distance each day. igration between communities is increasing.
While e ery town in Southland is uni ue, there are broad characteristics or features that these towns often share. The towns usually ha e common origins and purpose, they all sit within the same regional landscape, and the transport networ s thread them together. They generally reflect the uropean, and particularly Scottish, heritage of their settlers. thol is li ely to be named after tholl in erthshire ( eattie, , and ortrose is named after a coastal town near n erness. ll of the original streets in Invercargill’s one square mile were named after ri ers in Scotland (with the e ception of The rescent , and many of the streets in luff the names of ri ers in reland ( c rthur, . Wallacetown, and all of its streets, were gi en Scottish names – most being places in yrshire ( c rthur, .
sing as many e amples as possible, this section is an o er iew of the character of Southland towns, highlighting their close connections with water, pastoral farming, and industry. t also points to a town’s place within a community, a history of self reliance and a strong identity. inally, specific characteristics are highlighted at a district and ward le el formal ualifications, household income, occupied households and home ownership.
ost towns and settlements lie on alley floors near ri ers and streams (and in some cases, also la es . any are part of a series or chain within a catchment – lying either upstream or downstream from one another – connecting (through surface water and groundwater the headwaters of a ri er, or one of its tributaries, with an estuary. The Matāura Ri er and its tributaries connect in a single chain Garston, thol, alfour, Ri ersdale, Gore, Matāura, Tuturau, Wyndham and dendale, and ortrose. Similarly, the parima Ri er and its tributaries connect Nightcaps, Wairio, tautau, Ri erton parima. hai is connected to lifden and Tuatapere on the Waiau Ri er. These town chains largely follow the road networ but, in some cases, they di erge – such as Garston, thol and Lumsden or Lumsden and alfour.
Towns tend to sit across these ri er catchments, at the centre of a wider area of influence, and their effects flow downstream. The Ōreti Ri er connects ossburn at one end with New Ri er stuary at the other. centennial history of ipton ( illigan, described the Ōreti Ri er “Rising as it does in the Thomson ountains east of La e a ora and also drawing water from the western part of the southern catchment of the yre ountains and the north eastern Ta atimu ountains it flows miles into the sea at Sandy Point on the Invercargill Estuary.” There are some small coastal towns and settlements, such as rummond, Wai awa, repu i, and olac ay (between repu i and
The streets in luff may ha e been named after ri ers in reland as a tribute to ohn Spencer, who was rish ( all ones, .
Riverton parima , that are not part of a town river chain. igure shows many of the chains of towns and settlements connected y rivers and streams in Southland.
Source Environment Southland
Southland’s towns are located near water – ecause water is vital to life. ater odies have their own mauri or life force that inds the physical and spiritual elements of all things together, generating and upholding all life. he mauri of the water is recognised and protected when e ana o te ai the mana of the water is upheld . ater is used for drinking, washing, recreation especially fishing , aesthetics, navigation, power generation, and to remove waste. European e plorers and settlers navigated up the rivers in whaling oats – going at least as far as uturau on
e ana o te ai is the underlying philosophy of the ational Policy Statement of reshwater anagement .
Matāura
’s
“Otautau, like many other New Zealand towns, is not a “planned town”. Its site was not deliberately chosen as someone’s grand vision for a settlement to serve as the centre of estern outhland. hat geographer or surveyor would choose a site so vulnerable to the vagaries of the rivers so near at hand hy, then, did the township of Otautau develop in its present location he answer lies in that same water, and its ability to meet the two basic needs of … rest and refreshment.”
–
s s s s ‘ ’ s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s Matāura s s s s s
s s s ‘ ’ s s Ōreti s s s ‘ ’ ss s s s s s s s Otautau is “a word which has at its heart the idea of water” (Bye, 1988 s s s s s s s s s Ōreti s s s s s s s s s s s s they have done for thousands of years, “far outlasting human habitation”
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s transport networks’ many bridges and culverts. pere, “the opening of Clifden s s s township” ( s Districts) described many of the districts in Southland as “well ” s s County, Bye (2002, p.37) noted that “(r)ivers might be crossed and th s them is much more difficult.”
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss ss s s s s ss s s s
s s s s s s s Māori Māori s There are at least 148 “burns” in Southland. Other exampl s s s s s s s “The Punjab” s s s s s s s s s
– – a “safe haven” and grew continuously
luff arbour that “n ” (Hall
fro its settle ent in the s – and y it was designated a custo s ort of entry ( an hurst
ource i on oran
i er was e orted fro ai awa until sedi ent fro the cleared land silted the har our rs Harvey (nee Wybrow) recalled “Fortrose became an important little town” with a o ulation etween and eo le three hotels three stores a utcher a er and ar er ( o son es ite this start the southern cli ate eant ortrose and ai awa could e difficult har ours to get in and out of and li ited their develo ent fter the a iura eed of urchase in uro ean settlers ought surveyed sections around the sheltered Half oon ay ( an and y it was a “bustling little village” ( Howard as cited in eat
he actual date for the founding of iverton ari a is difficult to in oint ohn Howell esta lished a whaling station at Jacob’s River (now known as Riverton/Aparima) in 1836 and Europeans were known to be in the area when he arrived, and so it can safely e assu ed that iverton ari a was a going concern in 1835, the year from which the town’s centenary was dated ( an hurst
ource Emma oran
After the ports, towns grew across outhland to support economic activity in surrounding rural areas he town of ongridge developed a few years after the c ellar brothers established the ongridge run on the Waimea lains in the 185 s (Hamilton, 1 5 ) – this town soon changed its name to alfour ossburn started to grow in the 18 s ( ye, ) echnological changes, such as refrigerated shipping and the use of lime fertiliser, made farming more profitable arger estates, such as reenvale and ladfield, were broken up into smaller farms for closer settlement and nearby towns grew Drummond “came alive” after the 11, acre ladfield Estate ( , 51 hectares) was subdivided in 18 3 into mi ed arable farms of to 3 acres (three farms were much larger) ( lanch, 1 8) tautau’s purpose changed as it began providing services to permanent settlers as farming and sawmilling grew the town became a “hub of a small but important Western Southland wheel, the spokes of which converged on the town” (Bye, 1 88, p 35)
n addition to port and rural service towns, industry towns developed, such as Waikaia and Waikaka (gold), Matāura (meat, paper, and coal), hai and ightcaps (coal), rowns (lime), and anapouri and e Anau (tourism and hydro electric power generation) Waikaka had about thirty dredges working in the locality in 1 5, and many of these secured “handsome returns of gold” ( yclopedia ompany td, 1 5) repuki, started as a gold mining town in 1865, grew to include a
Around ,6 acres ( ,1 5 hectares) of the reenvale Estate in the hatton, lenkenich, and reenvale districts was broken into farms and sold in 18 t was reported at the time that 8,6 were turned into 38 farms, (https //paperspast natlib govt n /newspapers/ 18 331 ), which suggests that the total area sold could have been turned into 1 farms
6 coal mine and shale oil operation, a sawmill, and a fla mill, with two branch lines and a population of , people – with these industries now gone, the settlement, now of around people, is turning to tourism, with popular emstone Beach nearby
he fortunes of towns have been mi ed over the years as particular industries have come and gone Since World War wo, pastoral farming has seen conversions from dairy towards more sheep and then to deer and more recently back to dairy and dairy gra ing any stock sale yards in towns around the region, such as at ossburn, umsden, Dipton, and tautau, are now gone he last years have seen ma or changes in farming methods and practices and dairying is now seen in many areas north of the undred ine (Baird, Fonterra’s milk processing plant at Edendale has expanded while Silver Fern Farms’ venison processing plant at Mossburn (established in has closed large proportion of town businesses focus on rural services – in ore and Winton there are as many farm machinery outlets as car dealerships he strong connection with pastoral farming is still obvious at the Wyndham, Waiau , ore, Winton, and Southland ‘ ’ ( griculture and Pastoral) Shows, Edendale’s ‘ rank p’ , and the Southern ield Days at Waimumu near ore
repuki is one of the Southland towns or settlements on the Southern Scenic oute, which is now a ma or visitor or tourist road that runs south from Dunedin ( tago , through the atlins to nvercargill, on to iverton parima, uatapere and north to e nau, ossburn and ueenstown ( tago he Southern Scenic oute was a uatapere innovation that opened in and promoted Southland as a tourist destination ther smaller towns are on or near the oute – Waikawa, okanui, ortrose, Bluff, and anapouri – along the way rout fishing also brings tourism to many towns across Southland – towns like Wyndham, atāura, ore, Waikaia, umsden, thol, arston, ossburn, and e nau nce completed, the round the ountains ycle rail will circle the yre ountains in orthern Southland, linking ingston ( tago , arston, thol, umsden, ive ivers, ossburn and Walter eak ( tago
he Waiau Show is held at uatapere he Southland Show is held in nvercargill The Edendale Vintage Machinery Club’s annual “Crank Up” weekend is an event that celebrates classic tractors and other (generally farm machinery, and attracts thousands of people from around ew ealand he force behind the Southern Scenic oute was ohn raser, an entrepreneur and the pharmacist at uatapere for more the years, and the uatapere romotions roup that he formed
Source Emma Moran
etween and , the proportion o Southlanders who had lived at their usual residence or longer than years was constant at ust over percent There was variability between the three districts and, while there were increases in ore and nvercargill City istricts, the proportion o more recent residents has increased markedly in Southland istrict Community change has been highlighted in local histories such as Thompson ( ) Mossburn inds o Change and aird ( ), Changing ears ipton
ss s Southland’s towns and settlements each have a collection o acilities, services, and amenities – such as a river, community hall, primary school, local library, medical centre, sports ground, reserve, estuary and beach, and essential in rastructure – that are the community’s assets or wealth, and many are unded through council rates community’s assets are both natural and built These assets make a town the ocal point or the surrounding area and are o ten the heart o local communities
Source mma oran
any assets includin aste ater schemes ere ori inally ained throu h the und raisin e orts o communities and in some cases s eci ic industries and central o ernment su sidies es ite the source limits on undin usually in luenced the desi n o these assets in ays that can constrain the otential or uture u rades – or e am le o ten the minimum amount o land as urchased for wastewater treatment systems. Once gained, locals also fight hard to retain their community’s assets – recent e am les are the re ion’s remaining rural maternity centres and Te Anau’s rescue helico ter
lthou h central o ernment has ro ided undin or many assets in Southland there is also a stron history o sel reliance e uttery ota le e am les include the ono ai o er station, the Ohai railway, the Southland Frozen Meat Company, Gore’s community o ned hos ital Bluff’s island port, and Tuatapere’s Southern Scenic Route. he stron community s irit in i ton has meant a enerous res onse to local ro ects many o them or the local school aird ‘ rush u on lu ’ day sa olunteers clean u and aint the ronta es o usinesses alon the town’s mainstreet (Coote here is also a lon history o local communities in Southland comin to ether a ter ma or e ents such as ires and loods and this history osters a sense o carin e ye
A town’s ca acity to ormally raise unds or its assets e aste ater schemes throu h either su scri tion or acce tin rate increases aries across the re ion here are socio economic indicators that can e used to sho the di erence in ca acity et een to ns he our indicators used here are ormal uali ications household income occu ied houses and home o nershi n
general, where multiple indicators are relati ely high (e.g. a greater proportion of post secondary ualifications and home ownership then a town is li ely to ha e growing pressure on infrastructure assets, as a result of population growth or high ser ice e pectations. Correspondingly, there is li ely to e more capacity to fund these assets. A town with multiple low indicators is li ely to ha e less capacity to sustain e isting assets or upgrade assets to meet changing e pectations.
The following information for the four indicators is presented y region, district and ward. ards are used rather than towns ecause the mar ed differences in the population size etween towns distort the relati e percentages in the graphs. Another possi le indicator is the ma e up of occupied households, for e ample whether they are one person or one family, and this more detailed information is reported in the snapshots for each of the eight case study towns further on in art B.
O erall, Southland has a largely practical wor force ut there are some differences in education, s ills and e perience etween local communities. One indicator of education and s ills is a person’s formal ualifications . n around percent of people aged years and o er across the region had no ualification, which was a decrease from almost percent in . At the other end of the spectrum, almost 12 percent of people in 2013 had at least a bachelor’s degree as their highest ualification , which was an increase from eight percent in . n other words, the le el of formal ualifications in Southland is reasona ly low ut impro ing o er time. Formal ualification le els across the three districts are roughly consistent with those for the region. Figure B shows the distri ution of formal ualifications for each district in – secondary school ualifications are coloured lue and post school ualifications are coloured green.
A ualification is a formally recognised award for educational or training attainment that has re uired full time e ui alent study or three months or more. A secondary school or post–school ualification is assigned to one of ten le els of the ew ealand ualifications Framewor ( F ased on the comple ity of the learning. At secondary school, students wor towards C A ( ational Certificate of ducational Achie ement , which co ers le els to of the F. At the other end of the scale, a master’s degree is e el and a doctoral degree is e el . http www.nz a.go t.nz studying in new zealand understand nz uals n Southland, of people aged years and o er has a master’s or a doctorate degree.
ource tatistics e ealand 2013 ensus
elo the district le el there is strong ariabilit bet een both ards and to ns ithin these ards igure 3 sho s the distribution of formal ualifications in 2013 for ore istrict’s four wards2 , outhland istrict’s twelve ards2 , and n ercargill and luff2 he te art sland ard has the highest proportion of post secondar ualifications but has a relati el small population 3 1 people he ne t highest is the e nau ard 3,3 3 people n ercargill , 02 people and the ai era aimumu ard 1, 0 people ha e a similar distribution of formal ualifications but large differences in population si e he ards ith proportionall more people ith post secondar ualifications tend to ha e a larger ser ice sector e g health, education, go ernment, financial ser ices ualifications are onl part of the picture and other considerations are e uall important, such as length of e perience in both paid and unpaid occupations
2 In 2013 and 2018 the four wards in the Gore District were: Matāura , ore, ai era aimumu and ai a a 2 t the time of the 2013 ensus the t el e ards in the outhland istrict ere e ipua, oetoes, te art Island/Rakiura, Waihōpai, Wallacetown, Winton, ai aia, i erton, i e i ers, allace, uatapere, and e nau 2 n ercargill it istrict has no ards but has been di ided into its t o main urban areas, luff and n ercargill, for this anal sis
our e tat st s ew eala d e sus
s elsew ere out la ders ta e t e o ortu t es o offer to use t e r edu at o a d e er e e to ear a l v t e ed a ouse old o e for out la d was t a d str t level t e ed a ouse old o e was s lar for ore str t a d ver ar ll t str t ut t was er e t er for out la d str t e ed a ouse old o e for out la d str t was for ore str t t was a d ver ar ll t str t t was ure s ows ouse old o e d str ut o for ea d str t ouse old o e s a d ator of rates
e ed a ea s t at of fa l es are a ove a d of fa l es are elow
afforda l t s a rou e ar afforda l t ro le s a ar se w ere rates e eed f ve er e t of ross ouse old o e e art e t of ter al ffa rs d
our e tat st s ew eala d e sus
elow t e d str t level t ere s ore var a l t ouse old o e ore str t ouse old o e for t e ur a Matāura a d ore wards was we ted ore towards t e lower a d ddle o e a ds t a for t e rural a a a a d a wera a u u wards o trast ouse old o e for so e tow s d ffere t d str ts was str l s lar luff eo le a d verto ar a eo le are ot s lar s ed oastal tow s a d rou l er e t of ouse olds ear t or ore – o ar so t e ro ort o for t e re o s er e t t tow s t ere a e ar ed d ffere es ouse old o e – t s was t e ase etwee east a d west ore ort a d sout ver ar ll a d east a d west verto ar a ure s ows ouse old o e d str ut o for Gore District’s four wards out la d str t’s twelve wards a d luff a d ver ar ll
t e e art e t of ter al ffa rs set u a de e de t a el to o du t a lo al over e t rates u r e focus of the panel’s report was on the spending and funding decisions related to network infrastructure roads a d u l transport, the ‘three waters’, plus solid waste disposal), community and social infrastructure (cultural and recreational fa l t es as well as a ra e of re ulator a t v t es e art e t of ter al ffa rs d t ere were a large number of households in Gore Ward (3,156), and similar numbers in Matāura (624), Waikaka a d a wera a u u wards
eholds in Southland’s three territorial authorities (Gore District, Southland District and Invercargill City District), there are 27 households in the “Oceanic Southland Region” area unit.
strongest in Southland District ( . ) and Invercargill City District ( . ), hile the decline in ho e o nershi as strongest in Southland District ( .7 ). a le gives in or ation on occu ied houses and share o ho e o nershi ro 2 to 2 or the three districts. igure sho s the change in occu ied houses and ho e o nershi ro 2 or each district.
, 7 7, 2 . .7 , , 2. .
2 , 2 , . .7
Source Statistics e ealand 2 Census
hile at a district level there are si ilar changes in occu ied houses and ho e o nershi , locally there ere di erences. In so e laces, the total nu er o occu ied houses decreased, rather than increased, such as Riverton est (Riverton ard), Ohai ( allace ard), Matāura, and Riversdale
7 ( ai aia ard). In other laces, ho e o nershi increased, rather than decreased, such as ana ouri and e nau ( oth in the e nau ard). Changes in occu ied house and ho e o nershi give so e indication o the co unities’ recent fortunes. igure 7 sho s the change in occu ied houses and ho e o nershi ro 2 to 2 or Invercargill and lu , the Gore District ards, and the Southland District ards.
Source Statistics e ealand 2 Census
7
s n erc r i n out n to ns n sett e ents re connecte to one or ore unici ter re te sc e es ste ter stor ter n ot e ter su n ener to n or settlement gained one or more of these ‘three waters’ sc e es to i ro e u ic e t n so e c ses t e re son for sc e e is no istoric tin c to ti e en t e to n r er o u tion or rticu r econo ic cti it occurrin in t e re suc s inin t i nu er of sc e es ere set u to su ser ices to ore t n one to n or e e uff is connecte to Invercargill’s water supply; Edendale and Wyndham are connecte for ste ter n ter su o e to ns e s ecific circu st nces suc s i n u er u ere rts of t e to n n surroun in rur re is connecte to ut istrict ounci o ne ot e ter su sc e e
e et i s ic out n to ns n sett e ents re connecte to unici ter re te sc e e e to ns n sett e ents re i entifie istrict n r – ot t e r s in efore t e re resent tion re ie n t e r s s t e ere t t e ti e of t e e e n ensus e r s re note ere ec use t e re use in ection to re ort census infor tion for t e to ns n t eir surroun in re
n ition to t e to ns i entifie in e out n istrict ounci s ste ter sc e es t urio for ounci reser e n stor ter sc e es t o c n orn ur s e t ere re ste ter sc e es not o ne or o er te ounci s suc s t i for oun n o c e t o s in t e ese rc ocus ection t t e st rt of t is re ort s o t e oc tion of t e to ns in out n e first s o s to ns n sett e ents it ste ter sc e es n t e secon s o s to ns n sett e ents it out ste ter sc e es
is tot inc u es out n istrict ouncil’s wastewater scheme for the reserve at Curio Bay and stormwater schemes t o c n orn ur oc o ern ent e e n s ree ters ro ect re re st i tr te ic isors t t i s to i ro e ot e ter ste ter n stor ter in e e n n issues er re re s rt of t is ro ect in Exploring the issues facing New Zealand’s water, wastewater, and stormwater sector i es n tion o er ie of t e st te n erfor nce of oc ot e ste ter n stor ter ssets n ser ices ounci s re re uire to re ie t eir re resent tion s ste e t e nu er of counci ors r s n co unit o r s e er si e rs
Invercargill City Ōmāui ore ore ore Matāura Matāura Matāura Wai a a Wai a a Wai a a Wai a a Wai a a Wai a a outhland araroa Waimea ive ivers araroa Waimea ive ivers araroa Waimea ive ivers araroa Waimea ive ivers araroa Waimea Wai aia araroa Waimea Wai aia araroa Waimea Wai aia Winton Wallacetown Winton Winton Wallacetown Winton Winton Wallacetown Winton Winton Wallacetown Winton Winton Wallacetown Waihōpai Waihōpai oetoes e ipua Waihōpai oetoes Waihōpai Waihōpai oetoes oetoes Waihōpai oetoes oetoes Waihōpai oetoes oetoes Waihōpai oetoes oetoes tewart a iura tewart a iura Winton Wallacetown Wallacetown Waiau parima iverton Waiau parima iverton Waiau parima Wallace Waiau parima Wallace Waiau parima Wallace Waiau parima Wallace Waiau parima Wallace Waiau parima Wallace Waiau parima uatapere Waiau parima uatapere araroa Waimea e nau araroa Waimea e nau
s s towns grew around ew ealand the disposal of wastewater ecame “a headache” for local authorities and residents ali e In the th century wastewater was disposed of in cesspits ut towns soon ecame “poc mar ed” with cesspits and the stench ecame un eara le especially in warm weather Inade uate disposal of wastewater ecame a ma or health ris and cesspits were anned and replaced with council managed ‘night soil’ wastewater collections he pro lem of disposal still remained ut the development of reticulated collection depended on a water supply that could flush waste sing gravity wastewater was piped untreated to an outfall and into a water ody When the epartment of u lic ealth was esta lished in in response to a worldwide u onic plague scare it directed all councils to treat wastewater efore its disposal
In outhland the reticulated collection of wastewater egan in some towns in the early th century ut others still had nightcarts up until the s E cept for Invercargill which had an early septic tan wastewater treatment systems were not introduced in the region until the s and s he wastewater schemes that were developed at this time were usually funded through loans and also su sidies under the u lic ealth ct e g tatara hese su sidies where phased out y and at the time it was descri ed as “the end of an era” for wastewater development in rural communities ecause the li elihood of communities eing a le to afford a new scheme was remote Boyle p he inistry of ealth reintroduced su sidies in the anitary Wor s u sidy cheme for small semi rural communities ut they ended again in
his section descri es the development of the wastewater schemes for Wyndham Balfour and tautau lthough these towns were not used as case studies in this research their stories are included here as e amples for two main reasons irst information on the towns was readily availa le in local histories econd and more importantly they reflect some of the e periences of many smaller towns in outhland particularly in terms of soil drainage flood protection and stormwater
The Wyndham Experience40 Wyndham is a town in eastern outhland located east of the Matāura River, opposite Edendale rainage and during high rainfall flooding has always een a challenge for the town he own Board started developing drains in putting them efore footpaths hwaites Wyndham’s stormwater scheme was installed in
he introduction to this section is largely ased on an account of the disposal of wastewater in ew ealand in night New Zealand i ers n en ironmental histor Cesspits are holes dug in the ground with outhouses uilt on top he on ony yall inister of ealth stated in arliament in that the anitary Wor s u sidy cheme was closed to new applications in une as the availa le funding was fully committed https www parliament n mi p order paper uestions written uestions document W hon damien oconnor to the minister of health his section is ased on an account in hwaites he ndham tor ife etween the hree i ers and information provided y outhland istrict Council Edendale sits west of the atāura River on the Edendale Brydone terrace which has distinct luffs or risers mar ing the erosional oundary etween it and the lower elevation Wyndham terrace White Barrell
Like many towns in Southland (and New Zealand), Wyndham used ‘nightcarts’ (a horse drawn dray for the remo al of night soil for years
efore water closets and modern plum ing e er dwelling had a little shed in the garden, politel called a la ator , otherwise the dunn – no toilets or loos then he own oard emplo ed a nightman whose o it was to empt the contents of the la ator regularl hwaites
a h ro erty had a olle tion night altho gh the ser i e was sometimes irreg lar and the own oard re ei ed om laints orse drawn night arts ended in the s and se ti tan s started to e installed that were onne ted to the stormwater drains and o tflowed into a ran h of the Matāura i er
y the early 1980s, there were 217 septic tanks connected to the town’s stormwater drains and ste s were eing ta en to install tan s and onne t the remaining ro erties hwaites ather than installing a wastewater reti lation system a s heme was set to lean all of the se ti tan s on a fo r year y le n ins e tion its were installed at metre inter als in the town for a a et leaning n some on rete drainage i es were olla sing and had to e re la ed ring the o rse of this wor many of the drains were lo ated and a om lete ma was made of the town’s drainage system (the original plans had been destroyed in a fire) (Thwaites,
etween and o thland istri t o n il ilt the dendale – Wyndham Wastewater heme at a ost of million to remo e the wastewater from Wyndham’s stormwater networ and resolve issues with Edendale’s wastewater. large share of the o erall osts in this instan e were s sidised y inistry of ealth and to ma e it more afforda le to rate ayers Wastewater is now olle ted thro gh a series of i es and m stations and treated at a wastewater treatment system he treatment ro ess in ol es a fine s reen and iologi al worm farm followed y hemi al dosing and ltra iolet disinfe tion efore the treated wastewater is dis harged into the Matāura i er
The Balfour Experience42 alfo r is a smaller town in orthern o thland that sits at the foot of len re ill whi h is art of the o on i anges rainage was as iss e in alfo r as early as and the first li meeting on drainage was held in ollowing this meeting the o nty o n il d g a n m er of o en dit hes that drained along the town o ndaries into a larger o en dit h alongside the s orts gro nd he drains sol ed some ro lems t led to others e a se of oor fall for drainage and the om a tness of the s soil whi h re ented soa age for wastewater a h ho sehold and siness had to sol e their own stormwater and wastewater iss es with often little regard to the o erall effe t on the town Wing
“When the railwa was uilt and uildings egan to e erected around the railwa siding at ongridge ridge, no one could foresee the pro lems that la ahead when a
his se tion is ased on an a o nt in Wing ioneers to resent
n h e e e n e e e n h h h e n n e n e h h he e e en n he e .” (Wing, 200 )
n 19 the ounty Engineer proposed a ma or septic tank with the wastewater gravitating to a filtration pit for 20 households, with a possible e tension for up to another 1 households. The cost of the plant, without piping, was , 00 (or the e uivalent of 181,000 in 2017 ). Some financial assistance was allowed for the ounty but the cost for these households was deemed to be prohibitive at the time. n 19 7, newspaper reports highlighted on going concerns. Some drains were laid in the town but not all were piped, and there were issues with drains becoming blocked. The drainage of water and “other things” towards the sports ground drain led to a large build up of wastewater in the area causing a “very disagreeable stench around the playing fields”.
n 19 1 the stormwater drainage scheme was completed and in 19 a wastewater treatment system designed for up to 1 0 households was built. This upgrade was a ma or step in the progress of the town (Wing, 200 ). t did not solve all the drainage problems and the topic was again raised at a public meeting within a couple of years. The difficulties with solutions revolved around the lack of sufficient capital that was able to be raised on such a small rateable base.
The Otautau Experience44 tautau is a town in Western Southland, located on an alluvial floodplain beside the confluence of the tautau Stream and parima iver, at the base of the Longwood ange. n 1908 the ouncil discussed the provision of a waste disposal scheme for tautau. The system was basic, nightsoil collection, but characteristic of the times. recise instructions were issued by the ouncil for the disposal of the nightsoil: “The contractor shall deposit the night soil at the depot and shall spread it as directed evenly and thinly over the surface of the ground, and also plough enough land over to thoroughly cover all material spread. The ploughing will require to be at least six inches deep.”
The nightsoil collection service was available to those who needed it until 1979. uring those years the basic service altered little, although the means of collection and disposal kept pace with the times – from dray to truck, to tractor to small tractor as the people re uiring the weekly call declined. The service “worked well” during those years. There were no public sewers to unblock so that any problems tended to be personal or mechanical in nature.
n 1971 the ouncil began to seriously consider the possibility of a wastewater scheme for the town, complete with pipes, treatment plant and o idation ponds. Such a scheme was investigated and designed and arrangements were made to raise a 170,000 loan to finance the pro ect (or the e uivalent of between 2. million in 2017 ). lanning continued, but the scheme ran into trouble when a re estimate of the cost of the scheme put it at 70,000 and then tenders came in well above even this amount. n 197 the inistry of Works proposed a different three stage scheme, the first stage of which alone was to cost 8,000. espite reservations, the ouncil sought a
Estimated using the eserve ank inflation calculator https www.rbn .govt.n monetary policy inflation calculator. This section is based on an account in ( ye, 1988) e W e . Estimated using the eserve ank inflation calculator https www.rbn .govt.n monetary policy inflation calculator.
8 further loan of to cover the additional cost. y now the magnitude of the scheme and the financial burden it would place on the town were clearly over riding concerns. ublic consultation rejected the scheme by a clear majority and the Council put it “on hold”. The continued cost escalation and the absence of sufficient subsidies for such ma or works convinced the ouncil to abandon the proposal after ten years of “earnest endeavour”.
The issue was revisited in the s when a pipeline was suggested through the bed of the parima iver to a treatment system across the river from the town . winney pers. comm. . n the outhland istrict ouncil put forward a proposal for a wastewater scheme where the treatment system was an oxidation pond hectare and disposal to land of the treated wastewater using border dyke irrigation. n the proposed method of disposal was changed to slow rate spray irrigation sprinklers . ach sprinkler covers a diameter of around metres with a total irrigation area of twelve hectares. The scheme was developed and the reticulation a gravity pipe network with six pump stations carries wastewater to the treatment system located roughly . kilometres south of the town metres to the east of the parima iver with the disposal field metres to the east of the river bank . nce developed ratepayers faced costs to connect to the scheme and were given two options: either pay for the work themselves as a one off cost or pay for the connection over time through their rates. ost town properties connected fairly quickly and although some took up to ten years all properties should now be connected.
s
ore istrict covers around hectares of land and water in north east outhland and includes the towns of Matāura ore and aikaka as well as their surrounding rural areas . These communities are distributed across ust over hectares of developed land and se ap earson ouldrey . The istrict also contains slightly less than hectares of land in indigenous vegetation that includes roydon ush and olamore ark cenic eserves and se ap earson ouldrey . In 2013, the District’s total population was around or ust under percent of people living in outhland – roughly people for each square kilometre of developed land. There were almost dwellings ust over occupied in the istrict and median personal income was . ithin the ore istrict there are rating units in ore rating units in Matāura and rural rating units ebsite .
ore istrict ouncil manages physical assets and services that support its local communities. These assets and services include around kilometres of roads two urban water supplies one rural water supply three wastewater schemes as well as complex stormwater schemes libraries cemeteries community halls reserves and parks and other activities. The District’s rural and urban ratepayers contribute to the cost of these assets and services through general targeted and uniform annual general rates based on the capital value of their property . large proportion of revenue from rates is spent on essential infrastructure. n the proportion of rates revenue was around percent with . million of rates funding spent on roading and transport with total
f this total length of roads in ore istrict km is sealed and km is unsealed.
fundin , includin ational and Transport und assistance, around 3. million , and 2. 2 million of rates spent on the three aters assets ater, aste ater, and storm ater DC 201 1 nnual eport .
In comparison to outhland District, ore District Council mana es a handful of aste ater schemes. These schemes are located at Gore, Matāura and Waikaka and the treatment systems centre on o idation ponds, althou h ore also has invested in an ctiflo plant for phosphorus removal. In addition to the treatment systems, the schemes have a combined total of 103 ilometres of pipes and 13 pump stations. These schemes all remove and treat aste ater from residential properties, businesses and community facilities. ore has a medium si e scheme and receives considerable volumes of trade aste from local seasonal industry, hich re uires a hi h level of treatment. ore District has a trade aste byla for limitin volumes and stren th of aste and ha ardous substances. arts of ore’s aste ater scheme are connected to its storm ater scheme – hich adds more comple ity. The three schemes dischar e either directly into the Matāura River, or a tributary of the Waikaka Stream, which eventually flows into the Matāura River.
The three aste ater schemes are an important investment for local communities – in 201 the District’s wastewater assets had a total replacement value of around 1 million. The Matāura treatment system as built in 1 2 up raded in 200 , the ore treatment system in 1 3 up raded in 200 , and the ai a a treatment system in 1 up raded in 200 . undin for these schemes as ori inally provided throu h a mi of central overnment subsidies and local overnment loans. To manage the costs for the District’s ratepayers, the Council plans upgrades of its aste ater schemes around the duration of dischar e consents. The suitability of current aste ater treatment facilities centred on o idation ponds and lon term operational viability of these schemes ill be ey decisions for the Council over the ne t 10 years. Gore District’s perations and aintenance ud et for aste ater activity for 201 1 is just under 1. million DC nnual lan 201 1 .
This section describes the t o case study to ns in the ore District ore and Matāura. The information included for each to n covers its location and role, settlement and development, present situation and future outloo . It is intended to help ive some conte t for the research in art C. t the end of this section is an overvie of some of the environmental issues related to ater uality for these to ns.
The main ater body flo in throu h ore District is the Matāura iver but there are many others, includin the aimea tream, ai aia iver and the ai a a tream, hich are tributaries. The Matāura iver valley is no n as arua ai ‘valley of ater’ because of the river’s natural tendency to flood the full idth of the valley. ver the last century, major floods have occurred fre uently, includin 1 13, 1 , 1 , 1 the ahine torm , 1 , 1 and 1 althou h in the early year’s data on ater flo ere not recorded. eparate stopban s no protect communities alon parts of the Matāura iver there are substantially less stopban s on the Matāura iver than on the Ōreti iver, and fe above ore . These stop ban s have altered the natural flo of ater over the land. imilarly, other en ineerin or s such as roc reinforcement of river ban s also attempt to restrict the natural mi ration of the river channel.
was a valued trade route for Ngāi Tahu, who have used its land and water resources for s s s s s al important Ngāti Māmoe and Ngāi Tahu tūpuna s s s with the Matāura River The area of the Matāura River above the Matāura Falls was traditionally used by the descendants of the Ngāti Māmoe s s s Ngāi Tahu
Matāura s s s s s s anakana (lamprey), wai kōura (freshwater crayfish), inanga , native kōkopu, pārera (grey duck), pūtangitangi (paradise shell s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s
Te Au Nui (Matāura Falls) s river’s s s s Matāura s New Zealand’s first freshwater mātaitai s āura Te Awa Māt s
Matāura Ngāi Tahu s s e Ngāi Tahu s s on the Matāura River at Ardlussa and another on the Māori freehold land blocks, issued under the South Island Landless Natives Act 1906 (SILNA), are located to the southwest of Gore and Matāura s s s ss ss s s s s s ss s s s s Matāura
s s t stretches along both sides of the Matāura River. It is located at the point where the Matāura River leaves the Waimea Plain, is joined by the Waikaka Stream, and flows on to southern Southland. The Matāura River is the principal reason for Gore’s s e town’s relationship with the r s
s s s s Schedule 42: Statutory acknowledgment for Matāura River ā s y schools along the Matāura River, together with artist Janet de Wagt, produced 600 artworks recycled materials for the Matāura River Art Project – s s s s ape, community and identity related to the Matāura River. The schools also learnt s s
s s ‘ ’ s s s s ss Matāura s s s s s s s The town’s water supply s s ’s s s Matāura River sometimes used to recharge the aquifer s s Matāura s The town’s treated wastewater s s into the Matāura River s River’s flood plain, and while there is a flood protection scheme, there are always risks s s s
s ā s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s Matāura – s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
: The Matāura River at Gore
Māori south on the Matāura River The area west of the Matāura River was Taumatanga Hei Kaungaroa, ‘ ’ –
Matāura When gold was discovered in Gabriel’s Gully (east of Gore) in 1861, ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’
When the Dunedin line opened in 1879, locals were surprised to find the name ‘Gore’ painted on the sign, not ‘Long ord’ ‘ ’
‘ ’ The Fleming’s Cremoata Mill was built in 1892, and became the town’s major
St Mary’s School St Peter’s College – ’s hospital and
Gore’s early reputation was “something of a hell raising” settlement – and as the town’s population Another aspect of Gore’s character is
town’s water
Matāura River –
forced to lea e their homes and the damage to property and businesses was estimated at 1 , or the e ui alent of 1 2 million in 2 18 n ctober 1978 the Matāura i er at Gore was recorded at 9 metres abo e normal better monitoring data was a ailable in 1978 than in 191
Source n ironment Southland
Gore grew steadily throughout the first half of the twentieth century, and enjoyed three decades of prosperity after the World War Two ob opportunities, such as at the free ing wor s and shearing, together with the lifestyle have attracted mātāwaka all Māori from elsewhere in ew ealand and their whānau (families) are now part of the community Since the 197 s, its fortunes ha e followed the upturns and downturns of the agriculture and mining sectors The Cremoata Mill closed in 2
During local go ernment reforms in 1989 it was proposed that Southland would be ser ed by two districts – Southland and n ercargill The local community in north eastern Southland fought strongly to retain its identity and also become a district t was argued that Gore was economically iable as a district because of the industries in the area – the paper mill, free ing wor s and coal mining Gore and Matāura borough councils and parts of Southland and Clutha county councils were amalgamated to form Gore District, which has its main offices in Gore
stimated using the eser e an inflation calculator https www rbn go t n monetary policy inflation calculator
91 3 Waters Infrastructure Gore’s ’ – Matā
Around 40 percent of Gore’s was –
Matāura Matāura Matāura Matāura
–
s Gore s pr ar a rura ser ce centre t at supports econo c act t n t e surround n d str cts e town s o e to 4 peop e represent n percent of t e str ct and 4 percent of t e Matāura res water ana e ent n t ts res dents are ar e uropean and Māori w t so e ac f c and As an peop es Te Rūnanga o o onu s ased at o onu arae n t e town and e a a a arae s s tuated at c a ust to t e east n enera t e a e d str ut on of Gore’s population tends to e o der t an for out and as a w o e t e ed an a e s 4 ears w t percent of peop e under ears and percent of peop e o er ears
ere are 4 ouses n Gore and t e r occupanc s percent and t e nu er of occup ed ouses n t e town s ncreas n s t o er t e ost ouse o ds are e t er one fa or one person f t e fa ouse o ds ost are coup es w t out c dren 0 a t ou t ere are an coup es w t c dren and one parent w t c dren e a era e ouse o d s e s peop e w c s s a er t an for t e re on o e owners p s around percent of a ouse o ds – w c s t ree percent ess t an n 00 or t ose w o do not own t e r o e ed an ouse o d rent s 0 per wee
ust o er two t rds of peop e a ed ears and o er are n t e a our force and t e une p o ent rate s 4 0 percent w c s ow for t e re on n t e ears etween 00 and 0 t e tota nu er of pa d e p o ees decreased percent to around 000 peop e – anot er 0 peop e are e t er e p o ers or se f e p o ed e ed an nco e n Gore s 00 w t a w de nco e d str ut on percent of peop e earn e ow 0 000 a ear and percent earn o er 0 000 a ear an peop e n Gore are on f ed nco es n 0 the Ministry of Health’s soc a depr at on nde scores ran ed fro f e n ort and est Gore to e t n ast Gore w ere s ow depr at on and 0 s
n ter s of educat on percent of peop e a ed ears and o er a e a for a ua f cat on – and e t percent hold a bachelor’s degree or higher As e p o ers Gore’s largest ‘ ndustr es’ 4 are reta trade and anufactur n w c to et er account for around percent of pa d e p o ees t er portant ndustr es are a r cu ture forestr and f s n and construct on Gore s a centra u for rura supp es and ser ces reta us nesses and ndustr er ern ar s as a process n p ant at Gore and t ere s a so an area of t ndustr n t e sout end of t e town Alliance’s meat processing plant in Matāura sout of Gore s a ar e e p o er of peop e w o e n Gore
Gore as an co un t roups and fac t es t at cater to oca s we e ond t e town oundar ese nc ude Gore o unteer re r ade a t o n a u ance ser ce po ce stat on and a es u n n e ent centres otar and ons c u s ere s a so a ran e of sports c u s and fac t es nc ud n a racecourse a o f c u and t e Gore A uat c entre atura a en t es include Gore Public Gardens and Bannerman Park, both ‘Gardens of National Significance’ as well as
A stat st cs n t e sect on are fro t e ew ea and ensus 0 and are for t e Gore ard w c cons sts of ort Gore out Gore ast Gore est Gore and entra Gore Gore ard s one of t e f e wards n t e Gore str ct t w e portant to a so cons der nfor at on fro t e 0 census w en t eco es a a a e e Matāura res water ana e ent n t nc udes ost of Gore str ct and part of out and str ct ese f ures add to ore t an 00 ecause so e peop e dent f as ore t an one et n c roup 4 Austra an and ew ea and tandard ndustr a ass f cat on 00 A 0 0
– ‘ ’
Matāura
ā of the Matāura River ā Nui (the Matāura Falls) As with Gore, the Matāura River is the reason for Matāura’s existence and the town’s relationship with the r
Matāura Matāura During the town’s settlement, Te Au Nui was twice dynamited Matāura iver’s ā The town’s into the Matāura River Matāura iver’s flood
The town’s water supply is sourced both streams are tributaries of Matāura to Matāura is within the Matāura and Toetoes Harbour Freshwater Management
: Matāura looking south towards Tuturau and Edendale in the distance
Māori Matāura Matāura Matāura Māori ītī Māori Māori ‘ ’
Te Pūoho, a rangatira from Ngāti Tama and ally of Te Rauparaha, led a taua (war party) ā Tuturau with the hope of skinning the Ngāi Tahu “eel from tail to head” Pūoho Māori
Māori
ā Matāura Matāura River’s west bank Matāura The settlement was known as Matāura Bridge and it was a stop for the Matāura has been affected by ng as a ‘bottleneck’ on the river
: From Matāura Bridge looking north to Matāura Falls
reached Matāura. The railway brought industrial developmen and Matāura became a major industrial centre in Southland. Coal was mined on the banks of
Matāura Matāura Māori Matāura’s Matāura
3 Waters Infrastructure56 ‘ ’ Matāura advice as to “what they did with theirs”, and then Matāura’s ‘ ’ throats and diptheria. A committee was appointed “to in disinfection of the borough”.
‘ ’ Matāura Matāura Matāura
Matāura’s water Matāura
: Matāura Bridge with State Highway 1 in background
s Matāura s s s s Southland’s s s s s s s Matāura s s s s Māori s s s – s s speak Te Reo Māori Matāura s s s s Matāura’s s s s s s s s
s s Matāura s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s – s s ss s s s
s s s s s s s – s s s s s s s s s s s
– Matāura istry of Health’s social deprivation index score for Matāura
– hold a bachelor’s degree or higher Matāura’s largest ‘ ’ Matāura
Matāura has Matāura Matāura Matāura Matāura RSA’s – Matāura
ss s ā ā atāura R
Matāura R ā Monitoring shows the main contaminants in the Matāura .
ā Matāura River also have implications for manag
ā ā
Matāura R Matāura R
the Matāura River where it passes through Gore and Matā may create a ‘bottle neck effect’ ā
ā
’s
century, such as the 1950’s and 1970’s, improved ā
In replacing infrastructure, the Council’s challenge is the District’s
s
District’s –
schemes, as ell as a large num er of storm ater schemes, li raries, cemeteries, community halls, reserves and par s, and other activities The District’s rural and urban ratepayers contri ute to the cost of these assets and services through a general rate ased on the capital value of their property large proportion of revenue from rates is spent on essential infrastructure – in 015 1 it as around half, ith 1 0 million of rates spent on roading and transport not including ational and ransport und assistance , and 7 5 million spent on the three aters assets ater, aste ater, and storm ater
In comparison to many other territorial authorities in e ealand, outhland District Council manages a large num er of small aste ater schemes located across the region alfour, ro ns, dendale yndham, orge oad, umsden, anapouri, ono ai, ightcaps, hai, tautau, iversdale, iverton parima, te art Island a iura, e nau, o anui, uatapere, allaceto n and inton hese schemes include aste ater treatment systems that are ased around o idation ponds In addition, the schemes have a com ined total of up to 00 ilometres of pipes, ith installation dating ac to the late 1950s to early 19 0s, and up to 0 pump stations Ian vans, pers comm , 017
ll of these schemes remove and treat aste ater from residential properties, usinesses and community facilities outhland District receives trade aste, mainly from light industry particularly in inton and e nau ut the inflo volumes are far more limited than for ore and Invercargill outhland District has a trade aste yla for limiting volumes and strength of aste and ha ardous su stances he aste ater schemes discharge either directly or indirectly via land into the District’s rivers, streams and ground ater and the coastal marine area e g iverton parima
he aste ater schemes are a considera le investment for local communities over many decades and had a total replacement value in 017 of 1 million I vans, pers comm , 017 he storm ater net or s have a total replacement value of 5 5 million he first aste ater treatment system as uilt in hai in 195 and the latest as uilt at dendale yndham in 009 10 more recent system as uilt at the Curio ay recreational reserve to service a camp ground and natural heritage centre o manage the costs for the District’s ratepayers, the Council plans upgrades of its aste ater schemes around the duration of discharge consents Current and planned future upgrades include developing Te Anau’s wastewater scheme from a discharge to ater to a discharge to land, and a su stantial upgrade of the inton aste ater scheme to coincide ith its consent e piry in 0 Southland District’s Operations and Maintenance Budget for aste ater activity for 017 1 is 1 million I vans, pers comm , 017
his section descri es the four case study to ns in the outhland District inton, ightcaps, hai and e nau inton is a thriving rural service to n ightcaps and hai are coal mining to ns and e nau is a tourist, holiday and rural service to n he information included for each of these to ns covers its location and role, settlement and development, present situation and future outloo his conte t is intended to help ith understanding of the research in art C t the end of the section is an overvie of some of the environmental issues related to ater uality
these schemes – astern ush tahu lat and umsden alfour – are treated and can e used as drin ing ater for people i e mi ed ur an rural he rest of the rural schemes are used for stoc ater supply only
10 Southland District includes either parts or all of Southland’s four main rivers and their tributaries as well as many of the region’s lakes, estuaries and groundwater aquifers. Māori relationships with the Matāura i er are highlighted in Section and those with the Ōreti i er are highlighted in Section Māori also ha e relationships with the Apari a i er and the aiau i er tra elling through to Fiordland and Wakatipu or back to coastal areas like Ōraka Apari a i erton area These ourne s inland were ade on oot and natural resources gathered such as pouna u and ood were transported down the various awa (rivers) on mōkihi (rafts made from raupō) There are three nohoanga on the aiau i er and agoon To the southwest there are an S A South sland andless ati e Act landbloc s such as owallan and aitutu that an Southland Māori including Ngāi Tahu whānaui, are connected to So e aspects o the relationships with the Apari a i er that relate to Te Anau Ohai and ightcaps are highlighted in the ollowing sections
inton is an inland rural ser ice town that sits beside the inton Strea and close to a braided stretch o the Ōreti i er which the inton Strea lows into south o the town The town is located at the centre o a ertile loodplain in entral Southland inton Strea and the Ōreti i er are i portant reasons or Winton’s existence and the town’s relationship with these water bodies is co ple
Originall the site where inton is now was a stopping point in a clearing o what was later called inter orest on the route alongside the Ōreti i er to ueenstown and the old ields in entral Otago McArthur The inton Bridge crosses the Ōreti i er ust north west o the town and is an access point to the ri er with a bathing site The ri er is also used or et boating and trout ishing
Winton’s water supply scheme was built in 1956 and is sourced ro groundwater in the uncon ined gravels near the Ōreti River This water is treated and stored in a reser oir be ore being pu ped to a water tower and gra itating through the reticulation networ Winton’s treated wastewater is discharged into the inton Strea to the south o the town so e ilo etres upstrea o the intake for Invercargill’s water supply arts o inton are on the Ōreti River’s flood plain, and while there is an e tensi e lood protection sche e there are alwa s ris s o stop ban ailure or their capacit being e ceeded
inton is within the Ōreti and Waihōpai – ew i er stuar reshwater Manage ent nit
The Ōreti River is partially braided, which is unusual in Southland. Another example is the Mararoa River.
Source nvironment Southland
he town is a medium si ed urban centre that is some distance from other si eable towns the closest being Invercargill 1 kilometres to the south and tautau kilometres to the west It is the central hub of a much wider central Southland community here are retail and business services and facilities which are used by people living across the Southland lains including rowns imehills entre ush Dipton and Drummond Its residents are employed in light industries such as timber milling and transport he town also has a range of education and healthcare services such as primary and secondary schools a medical centre and a maternity hospital which are used by locals beyond the town boundary
here was no permanent Māori settlement where Winton is now although the Ōreti iver was one of the main trails inland from the coast he first uropean settler was homas Winton a stockman whose cattle at a time when there were no fences wandered down to what later became known as Winton reek in the late 1 5 s Southland imes 19 5 e camped in the area because the cattle were on excellent feed and they worked their way up to a small clearing in a vast expanse of bush (later “Winton’s Bush” lthough the entral tago gold rush in around 1861 led to the town’s first buildings – the original ailway otel which burned down in 191 and a police barracks – the town grew because of its central location and the rapid development of agriculture
1 – the town in Winton’s “ ected in footpaths, streets and drainage”
– ’s fortunes improved –
– as “the boiling down”), “ ” –
–
ource enture outhland
n the town was described as follows “Winton s progress has been sure, though slow, and with natural vitalit , as well as surrounding countr not to be surpassed in ew ealand, it cannot fail to become in time a town of considerable importance” clopedia ompan td, ) fter a devastating fire in the Winton orough ouncil re uired all buildings on the main street to be built in bric
rom to the population of Winton orough grew steadil from people to , people this growth was faster than for both outhland ount and ew ealand as a whole) Wallace istrict ouncil, ) opulation growth in Winton slowed in the s but b the s it was clear that people who had lived in the surrounding rural areas were choosing to retire in the town growing number of new houses were being built and Winton had a relativel large share of people in the ears and over age group compared to ew ealand as a whole
p until the mid s, the town had relativel low unemplo ment unemplo ment rates varied seasonall following shearing and meat processing) orough of Winton, ) he a arewa to umsden section of the railwa line, which included Winton, closed in he town suffered a downturn after this time but had recovered b when raigpine imber td e panded and business confidence grew with dair ing raigpine imber, n d , ) Winton’s closeness to nvercargill meant that residents had and still have) access to a greater number and range of obs than was available locall
he town has a wide main street and the main commercial area is on the west side n this commercial centre, an area of around four bloc s twent one buildings), became the Winton reat
ort oad istoric rea beca se of t eir ran e of arc itect ral st les ictorian dwardian and rt Deco) and contribution to the town’s social history. ew eart a e stren t enin re irements followin t e ristc rc eart a es is res ltin in t e sale and or renewal of some commercial b ildin s elfer ere is an ind strial area incl din t e rai pine imber td on t e eastern side of Winton ost of t e residential areas are on t e western side of t e town Winton as lon been t e lar est ser ice centre for central o t land and parts of ort ern o t land Wallace oro o ncil
3 Waters Infrastructure Winton’s wastewater sc eme was b ilt in s ortl after the town’s water supply re io sl t e town’s wastewater ad disc ar ed into a combined stormwater sc eme e wastewater treatment s stem was sit ated to t e so t west of t e town on ap oad wit treated wastewater disc ar ed to t e Winton tream pstream of confl ence wit t e Ōreti i er n it consisted of m off sl d e tan s a clari ester and an o idation pond – at t e time it was considered to a e s fficient capacit b t was be innin to a e oro of Winton n two floatin aerators were installed on t e pond n a new consent for t e disc ar e of treated wastewater was ranted ntil and later a si cell wetland was installed to impro e t e disc ar e n a fine inlet screen was installed and t e o idation pond was desl d ed wit t e sl d e stored on site in a eoba and more recentl replacement aerators were installed n a stormwater renewal pro ect was started to repair a ed pipelines n a water main renewal pro ect was started to replace fi e ilometres of a ed water pipes to meet the town’s future needs
s Winton contin es to be primaril a r ral ser ice centre t at s pports economic acti it in t e s rro ndin district e town is ome to people representin st o er se en percent of t e istrict and percent of t e Ōreti res water ana ement nit ts residents are lar el ropean wit Māori and some acific and sian peoples n eneral t e a e distrib tion of Winton’s population tends to be older than for Southland as a whole t e median a e is ears wit percent of people nder ears old and percent of people o er ears
ere are o ses in Winton and t eir occ panc is percent and t e n mber of occ pied o ses in t e town is increasin o er time ost o se olds are eit er one famil or one person f t e famil o se olds most are co ples wit o t c ildren alt o t ere are man co ples wit c ildren and some one parent wit c ildren e a era e o se old si e in t e town is people ome owners ip is aro nd percent of all o se olds – w ic is two percent less t an in or t ose w o do not own t eir ome median o se old rent is per wee – bot of w ic are i er t an for t e re ion
ll statistics in t is section are ta en from t e ew ealand ens s – it will be important to also consider information from t e cens s as it becomes a ailable ese fi res add to more t an beca se some people identif as more t an one et nic ro p
ust under two thirds of people a ed years and o er are in the labour force and the unemployment rate is . percent which is low for the re ion). n the years between and the total number of paid employees increased by . percent to ust under people – another or so people are either employers or self employed. he median income in Winton is which is hi h for the re ion with a wide income distribution percent of people earn less than a year and percent earn more than a year. n the inistry of Health’s social depri ation inde score for Winton was fi e where reflects low depri ation and reflects hi h depri ation).
n terms of education percent of people a ed years and o er ha e a formal ualification and nine percent hold a bachelor’s degree or higher. s employers Winton’s largest ‘industry’ is retail trade with ust under percent of paid employees followed by education and trainin and manufacturin . he most common occupation is labourer followed by technicians and trades wor ers and mana ers.
Winton is a hub for rural supplies and ser ices retail businesses and li ht industry. ndustry e amples are rai pine imber td. and c re or oncrete td.. here is a ran e of community roups and ser ices includin Winton olunteer ire ri ade the St ohn ambulance ser ice a police station library lun et and otary and ions clubs. here are also se eral sports clubs and sportin facilities includin Winton acecourse Winton olf lub the entral Southland ommunity Swimmin ool and the recently completed s atepar . The town’s annual events include the Winton ‘ ’ Show the Winton un un and the Winton pen Day.
s
i htcaps is an inland rural town in central Southland that sits between the on woods and the a atimu ountains on the north western frin e of the Southland lains. ncludin in ertown i htcaps is located on both sides of the Wairio Stream which is a tributary of the tautau Stream and e entually the parima i er. Water is important for i htcaps and the town’s relationship with water is comple .
he town is named after its small twin hills which loo li e they are wearin ni htcaps as iewed from Wairio Stream) when there is a li ht co erin of mist on their tops homson ). oal deposits in the area attracted uropean settlers and were de eloped into the i htcaps oal ine. he minin operations in ol ed water in a number of ways for e ample in the early th entury around allons of water had to be pumped from the mine each day to eep it free of water homson ). Water from minin operations is now treated and dischar es into the Wairio Stream ia a wetland and artificial draina e channel. i htcaps’ water supply was an e tension of the hai scheme in and is sourced from the orley Stream. his water is treated. i htcaps’
ustralian and ew ealand Standard ndustrial lassification S . ).
treated wastewater is discharged into the airio trea nli e ost other towns in outhland ightcaps is sited on elevated land
ightcaps is within the pari a and oura ino – acobs iver reshwater anage ent nit
The town is a s all urban centre that neighbours hai roughl ilo etres to the north west but is so e distance ro an other towns the closest being tautau ilo etres to the south and inton ilo etres to the south east lthough the town is largel ocused on coal ining its residents are e plo ed in orestr ti ber illing transport and agriculture t provides so e retail business education and healthcare services which are used b its residents and people living in the surrounding rural area including hai where there are ewer services available or acilities such as secondar schools ightcaps relies on those available in towns li e inton
ource a oran
t is un nown whether there was an t pe o settle ent in the ightcaps area be ore the arrival o uropeans The outh o the pari a iver was the site o a per anent settle ent and urupā are located nearb Ngāi Tahu have detailed nowledge o the wha apapa traditional trails sa e
The start o this section is based on Schedule 15: Statutory acknowledgement for Aparima River in the Ngāi Tahu Claims ettle ent ct Urupā are the resting places of Ngāi Tahu tūpuna or ancestors and are the focus for whānau traditions. These are places holding the e ories traditions victories and defeats of Ngāi Tahu tūpuna.
ītī
(Wrey’s Bush) Māori
Johnston’s s (including Keleher’s on the site of the present Railway Hotel) Wairio opened in 1883 and Nightcaps’ ’s
The subsequent report stated “there was no drainage or sanitary services of can”
ounder of Jacob’s River whaling station and coal pit named “The Hallelujah Coalpit”. “General” Consumer Price Index on the
u re h e e ( h s ) u ess e r s e he r e s ree h ( ) s ree s hs ( re e e r y s) he r e sys e
Whe he h s y u u er he se s h ee r e u e h es h r e u r y s r h s ( he r s r u es ee ) ( h s ) he sure e h he e he h us r e h h resu e h y ers e s hr u h y he er re h s ue e e s res e us ess u y ( er ) s he re e h s h he he u r ers sh h es s resu u ere r re he es s r e e r u us u r h he u eres h u es r u e er u es re s s h s h r es su h s he y u r he B
ur e r
he re e e e e re (su s r ) h res e s e s r se ey r r ry u rs res e e r rs he uy u e uy he u r e h s hese e ser es e e r he ue e h h s su er he h hes e h r e he u ry
s e e er er y h s s er e r u s se y he u h s B r es e s r r es s he h s s r h h e e ( e he u re h h ) r se er ye rs sponsored miners’ classes ( h s ) s r se ey h s e r e u r e re he h s s e es u s h h er e he r e se he ( h s )
s r y he er su y h s ee r r re h h s re ur r he r ry r s r sh e s e hre e e h he he ss u s e s er (r u h y ) W h u re r e r u u eers u h he re e er su y r e s he re u eer re r es rs h he h s ere r e he e r s u
he s he r e re s s s h su e e h s e e u ry he W e u y h u y u re rese eres s he e e e e e er y s ur es u e h re e e e h s resu e r res ru ur he us ry e re u es s s rr e u he h s re u s er s e
3 Waters Infrastructure e e e e W e u y s he su se ue e e e er su y r he ( h s ) er re e s u r he h er su y s he e h s e he s he e s e e e h s h s’ s r er s he e s e e e h e ee e e e he s h r s re u s u r e here s s r er re e e s r er u s re he W r re he W re The town’s s e er s he e s u s s e
s h s s r r y rur ser e e re h su r s e y r e y r u ure res ry he surr u re he s h e e e re rese e er e he s r e er e he r resh er e e s res e s re Māori ( ) ur e ( ) h s e s e es ( ) e er he e s r u h s’ population tends to be older than r u h s h e he
h s he ue e h s h s ry e h h s ue e ( s ry r u ure er e) u e e s e us he e e eser e B u r h s r e ry y u r he h h s e ur e er e ss e h hey h r se r r s r s u e he e h s s s h s se re r he e e e sus – e r s s er r r he e sus s e es e hese ures re h e use s e e e e y s re h e e h r u
median a e is ears with percent o people under ears old and percent o people o er ears
There are houses in i htcaps and their occupanc is percent the number o occupied houses is declinin o er time althou h this situation ma ha e chan ed since the census ew houses ha e been built in the town o er the past ears ost households are either one amil or one person which is hi h or the re ion the amil households most are couples without children althou h man are couples with children and one parent with children which is also hi h or the re ion The a era e household si e in the town is people ome ownership is around percent o all households – which is si percent less than in or those who do not own their home median household rent is per wee which is lower than or the re ion
ust o er hal o people a ed ears and o er are in the labour orce and the unemplo ment rate is percent which is hi h or the re ion n the ears between and the total number o paid emplo ees decreased percent to around people – another or so people are either emplo ers or sel emplo ed The median income in i htcaps is which is low or the re ion with a wide income distribution percent o people earn less than a ear and percent earn more than a ear n the Ministry of Health’s social deprivation index score or i htcaps was nine where re lects low depri ation and re lects hi h depri ation
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n ter s of ed cation percent of people a ed years and over have a for al alification and st over one percent hold a bachelor’s degree or higher As employers, Nightcaps’ largest ind stry’ is transport postal and areho sin ith aro nd percent of paid e ployees follo ed y inin and then ed cation and trainin he ost co on occ pation is la o rer
he to n of i htcaps has so e r ral s ppliers and s pport services ith sinesses s ch as i htcaps ontractin td and ransport ervices o thland n ter s of ind stry athh rst eso rces td extracts coal st north of the to n at its a ati and oaldale ines and is in the process of openin a ne sea to ine s it ino s coal as oaldale co es to the end of its s pply
i htcaps has a stron co nity spirit and a ran e of co nity ro ps and facilities incl din i htcaps ol nteer ire ri ade a mobile library (the town’s library closed in 2017), hai i htcaps y l i htcaps olf o rse and o lin l vents incl de a iennial hai i htcaps ire or isplay to cele rate y a es and a co nity hrist as ar ec e
hai is an inland r ral to n that sits north of cotts ap et een the on oods and the a ati Mo ntains ith vie s of Mo nt inton in estern o thland t is located et een the Morley and ra ea trea s to the north and the so th and east of the aira i iver he coal fo nd in the hai area is hi hly volatile ood ality s it ino s and its eolo ical a e is esti ated at et een and illion years ttery s ith i htcaps ater is i portant for hai and the town’s relationship with water is complex
he area as no n as hai lon efore the to n developed at the start of the early t entieth cent ry he ori ins of the na e hai is n no n altho h there is a s estion that it as na ed y od er o ner of irch ood tation Miller he area’s pastoral land and coal deposits attracted ropean settle ent
Ohai’s water supply scheme was built in 1953, and its source is the Morley trea in the north east of hai. This water is treated. Ohai’s treated wastewater is discharged into a tributary of the ra ea trea he to n is sited on elevated land a ay fro the floodplains of any rivers
hai is ithin the aia and aia a oon resh ater Mana e ent nit
stralian and e ealand tandard nd strial lassification
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The town is a small urban centre that neighbours Nightcaps (9 m south east) but is some distance from any other towns the closest being Otautau 30 ilometres to the south and Tuatapere 3 ilometres to the south west. Although the town was largely focused on coal mining, its residents are now employed in forestry, timber milling, transport, and agriculture. t has some ser ices that are used by its residents and people li ing in the surrounding rural area. The Ohai community also relies on those ser ices a ailable in Nightcaps such as the primary school, and other towns “down the road”, such as the secondary schools at inton.
As with Nightcaps, it is not nown whether there was any type of settlement in the Ohai area before the arri al of uropeans. The aiau i er 2 was well nown to the earliest tupuna (ancestors). p until the 19 0s (when the anapouri ower tation was built) the ri er had the second largest flow of any ri er in New ealand, and was up to 500 metres across at its mouth (narrowing to 200 m further upstream). This water flow was important for the ecological health, biodi ersity and coastal resources. The ri er was a ma or source of mahinga ai and Ngāi Tahu used some 200 species of plants and animals in and near the aiau.
2 The start of this section is based on Schedule 69: Statutory acknowledgement for Waiau River in the Ngāi Tahu Claims ettlement Act 199 .
115 he a n nohoan a a seasona o at on s te was e a a at at the r er o th and the r er was a a or tra e n ro te or s er e ed t ons to ot ra ana o r or ah n a a and to e a o t n the est oast or o na o at ons a on the wa were dent ed or a t t es n d n a n o ern ht and ather n a a taha had stron n s w th the a a and s r n re nants o the r ro art are a taon a o the area reater de ree o āt a oe n en e s reta ned n th s area than other arts o the o th s and
he rst ro ean sett ers n the ha area were r nho ders w th ar e r ns s h as r hwood and ea ont e n ta en n the ate s h s astora hase rad a han ed w th the d s o er o oa o t ro s n the a r o trea and then n the or e trea a tho h e tre e oor roads restr ted the de e o ent o the ear oa nes nt the s ho son he rst sett e ent n the area was at r hwood st to the west o ha where a s hoo was t n and a s r e s d ded and or da r ar s n o r ar ho ses were built that “sat on either side of the road to Birchwood with no other housing in sight” ho son oa h ser e started ro r hwood to ht a s or assen ers and s es w th the e tr o er the ro h a tra s ta n ore than two ho rs tr to n er ar or the da art ar n w nter was des r ed at the t e as “a major operation” (Thomson
ser es o s r e s ro onwards ade se t ons a a a e that or ed the enes s o the new town he rst ho se n ha on a s r e ed se t on was t or o er n a r ons o ht a s ho son n the ha area was des r ed as the ar est nde e o ed oa e d n ew ea and and soon a ter ro en oa de os ts o ered o er at east a res o er he tares er ho son t th s t e there were a ew h ts or s n e en a dst the an a s r a oard n ho se so e ho ses sh ted and s ted n the town two ho ses or the ana ers o a ra and nton nes the rst ost o e o ened, and a grocer’s sho nt a ors ote was t n ost ha atrons ade the o rne to the a wa ote n ht a s ho son
own res dents a red a ha t or show n s ro a tra e n ro e tor and a d or the o tstand n de t thro h ndra s n ho son was the town’s first organised sport and the r was o nded n other s orts s soon o owed he oa nes na started to oo when the r ate owned ha nd str a ne o ened n onne t n ha to the a ro ran h ne – des te o e t ons ro ht a s er an rants arr ed ro the north o n and n the ate s to eet the de and or ners n the de e o n nes thers o ed to ha ro ht a s ha r ar s hoo o ened n ha was row n stead and a da s ser e to n er ar was esta shed
hoo o nes was esta shed n the s and ran w th te orar os res nt the s as ona ne e os ons and nder ro nd res ed to the o en n o the ha nes es e tat on n n the ate s a o ttee o res dents was set to ra se and d s ss o a needs and when ar a ent assed e s at on ha e a e one o the rst o nt towns ent t ed
o nds were sed to onstr t th s ra wa ne tter n the rst ears s n e n n e an n the ha ht a s area t en ha e een ed and h ndreds o others n red n ar n de rees ho son
to a communit council The ightcaps fire in prompted the immediate forming of a olunteer fire brigade in hai ocal fund raising and oluntar labour was used (including ma ing , concrete bloc s to build a fire station, which opened in (Thomson, n an underground fire and e plosion at the aira i ine led to the mine being sealed and e entuall closed after ears production ( utter ,
From the 1940s onwards, Ohai’s mines were ‘nationalised’ (sold to the State) which for some years ept them producti e and the town’s future positive. After World War Two demand for Ohai coal fell as small industries and small dair factories closed across outhland (Thomson ore widel , ew ealand ail con erted to diesel and diesel electric engines, the en ironmental lobb had growing influence, and the use of coal in residential heating declined, and h droelectricit generation capacit increased ( utter ,
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oal demand fell as automatic mining processes were introduced utomation meant fewer miners needed to be emplo ed, and those that were emplo ed needed different s ills uring this time
hai, li e ightcaps, was managed b the allace ount ouncil from its beginning The allace ount ouncil first concei ed of New Zealand’s county town concept of rural administration primarily because of Ohai’s situation, although it also suited the needs of other towns (Thomson,
there was a shift from underground mining to opencast mining . Some miners left the district to see obs elsewhere and as early as 19 4 a special meeting was held to discuss the future of the town (Thomson, 19 9). y 19 the town had a population of over 00 people, with 1 people being employed by the inistry of nergy (Thomson, 19 9). The overnment considered closing down the Ohai mines at this time but opposition to this scheme was “immediate and effective” and new coal programmes were developed (Thomson, 19 9).
By 1980 the government ‘privatised’ the coal industry, and unprofitable coalmines were shut ( uttery, 01 ). The oil shoc in the late 19 0s and early 19 0s gave some reprieve. n the 19 0s the eaumont mine operated for five years and a new Waira i underground mine opened, which had a life of twenty years – closing in 00 ( uttery, 01 ). The Ohai ndustrial ine closed in the late 19 0s and the New Zealand ailways bought the Ohai ailway oard for 1. million, which was used to set up the Ohai ailway Fund. This fund currently provides grants and loans to residents of the former ailway oard area for purposes such as tertiary or adult education, employment opportunities, and community facilities. The Ohai ambulance service ended in the 1990s because of a lac of volunteers. The primary school closed in 00 and children in and around Ohai now travel to school in Nightcaps.
3 Waters Infrastructure n the early 19 0s, the oal ining istricts Amenities ouncil granted 0,000 (roughly . million in 01 dollars 9) towards the capital cost of a high pressure water supply to each house in the town and full reticulation for fire fighting purposes, as well as a wastewater scheme with a modern treatment plant. The remaining 0,400 capital cost of the pro ect (roughly 1. million in 01 dollars) was met by local ratepayers and the ines epartment met the labour costs. Wor began on Ohai’s water supply and wastewater scheme in 1953. The wastewater scheme was designed for a population of 1, 00 people and at the time it was one of the most modern in New Zealand.
As an e ample of the scale of these opencast operations more than million cubic metres of overburden were removed at the No. 16 opencast mine to expose the coal seam and the mine’s total output was 421,000 tonnes of coal ( uttery, 01 ). A resident being a person or descendant of a person whose name appeared on the arliamentary lectoral olls in any year from 19 0 to 011 and whose address at the time was within the area of the former board (https www.southlanddc.govt.n my council funding and grants ). An e ample of a pro ect that received funding is the r. Woods emorial ar at Nightcaps. The oal ining istricts Amenities ouncil was created through the 19 0 oal ines Amendment Act, and used a levy on coal for use in mining towns to lift the standard of public services and amenities used by miners (Thomson, 19 9, p. 9 ). 9 stimated using the New Zealand eserve an nflation alculator https www.rbn .govt.n monetary policy inflation calculator .
11
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Originally the water supply was untreated but in 19 2 a water treatment plant was built. t this time the water supply scheme was extended to Nightcaps, and in 198 was extended again to airio. further upgrade of the water supply was completed in 2010 with the help of funding from the inistry of ealth. Ohai’s stormwater scheme is believed to have been developed around 1950. here is no stormwater treatment and stormwater flows into the orley tream and Orauea tream, which are both tributaries of the Orauea iver.
s Ohai is primarily a mining town that supports economic activity in its surrounding local area. he town is home to 303 people, representing one percent of the istrict and six percent of the aiau reshwater anagement nit. ts residents are largely Māori 51 and uropean 61 , with some acific peoples 3 91 – and 1 percent of residents speak Te Reo Māori. e Oruanui arae is situated in the town. In general, the age distribution of Ohai’s population tends to be similar to outhland as a whole, although there are a larger proportion of children the median age is 42 years, with 26 percent of people under 15 years old and 1 percent of people over 65 years.
90 ll statistics in this section are ta en from the New ealand ensus 2013 – it will be important to also consider information from the 2018 census as it becomes available. 91 hese figures add to more than 100 because some people identify as more than one ethnic group.
119
here are houses in Ohai and their o upan is per ent the number of o upied houses is de lining o er time although this situation ma ha e hanged sin e the ensus ew houses ha e been built in the town o er the past ears ost households are either one famil or one person , whi h is high for the region Of the famil households, most are ouples with hildren and ouples without hildren , although man are one parent with hildren , whi h is also high for the region he a erage household si e in the town is people ome ownership is around per ent of all households or those who do not own their home, median household rent is per wee , whi h is low for the region
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ust under half of people aged ears and o er are in the labour for e and the unemplo ment rate is ust under per ent whi h is high for the region In the ears between and , the total number of paid emplo ees de reased per ent to ust o er people – and a handful of people are self emplo ed he median in ome in Ohai is , , whi h is low for the region, and in ome distribution is strongl weighted towards lower in omes per ent of people earn less than , a ear, and fi e per ent earn more than , a ear In The Ministry of Health’s so ial depri ation inde s ore for Ohai was where refle ts low depri ation and refle ts high depri ation
n ter s of e ation er ent of eo le a e years an o er ha e a for al alifi ation an st n er t o er ent hold a bachelor’s degree or higher s e loyers hai’s largest ‘in stry’ as inin ith er ent of ai e loyees follo e y a ri lt re forestry an fishin The ost o on o ation is la o rer follo e y te hni ians an tra es or ers in e the ens s oli ner y t ent into ol ntary a inistration an the hai ine as sol to reen riar
ltho h hai is a ase for lo al e loy ent the to n no lon er has siness or retail ser i es t has a stron o nity s irit an a ran e of o nity ro s an ser i es in l in hai ol nteer ire ri a e hai i ht a s ions l the e on Ti e ro n ro an hai Country Women’s Institute orts ro s an fa ilities in l e hai o lin l Ta iti nite et all l hai olf l an Ta iti istri t ool There is a iennial hai i ht a s ire or is lay to ele rate y a es
Te na is an inlan to rist an r ral ser i e to n that sits on the “dry side” of the o ntains Hall ones in the Te na asin hi h is lo ate in estern o thlan esi e ior lan The to n lies on the so th eastern shore of a e Te na New Zealand’s se on lar est la e an is a ‘ at ral tate’ ater o y The to n is site on an all ial lain for e y the erora i er an is a a ent to the eastern e e of ior lan ational ar a e Te na lies ithin the ar t ri arily e ists e a se of its ro i ity to a e Te na an the to n an the la e are losely inter o en
The area aro n Te na a as no n as Mara ra eanin earth an referre to the re li hen that re on the ro s Hall ones The to n as na e after a e Te na hi h o es fro Te na a There are any s estions as to the eanin of the na e ost of hi h reference the lake’s limestone caves and water Te na is se as a ase for any re reational a ti ities s h as isitin the lo or a es an al in tra s in l in three of New Zealand’s reat al s the e ler the Milfor an the o te rn tra s Many of these al in tra s are based on historic trails used by Ngāi Tahu a e Te na erora i er an linton i er (Southland’s sole “fly fishing only” river) are valued for brown and rainbow trout fisheries, attracting o esti an international to rists
Te Anau’s water supply has t o so r es the ri ary so r e is three shallo ores a a ent to a e Te na north est of to n an the se on ary so r e is an erora ore The ater is treate
stralian an e ealan tan ar n strial lassifi ation htt soli ener y o n final ilestone a hie e in soli ener y asset sales This ro r ns an o ort nity sho an sells eals in the hai o nity Hall to raise oney for o nity ro e ts htt s st ff o n so thlan ti es ne s ol ntary or i ortant to ohn Ho in hai i ht a s a e Te na is ilo etres lon an etres at its ee est oint s efine in re ional lannin o ents
and when the ukerora iver is in flood there are water uality issues with the su ly from the ukerora bore Te Anau’s treated wastewater is discharged into the ukerora iver, ust before the iver oins the ake arts of the town are at risk of flooding and rock reinforcement is used to maintain the current course of the ukerora iver he ana ouri ower Scheme now controls the levels of ake e nau and ake ana ouri rinci ally for ower generation but is re uired to take into account other considerations
e na au and oturau ( ake ana ouri) are both Statutory cknowledgements reas and the Tākitimu range is recognised as significant to Ngāi Tahu and has Tōpuni status under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement ct e nau is within the Waiau and Waiau agoon reshwater anagement nit
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he town is a medium si ed urban centre that is uite some distance from other si eable towns the closest being Winton kilometres to the south west and ueenstown kilometres to the
he levels of akes ana ouri and e nau are regulated under the ana ouri – e nau evelo ment ct lso relevant is art of the Conservation ct uardians of akes ana ouri, onowai, and e nau, which includes consideration of the effects of the ana ouri and onowai hydroelectric ower schemes on the rivers flowing in and out of these lakes
n rt east A t u t s ar e used n t ur s and a r u ture t e t wn s a s t e entra u a u w der un t n western ut and T ere are an reta and us ness ser es and a t es w are used e e n n t e Te Anau as n and urt er a e d n ud n ss urn and ana ur t wns and rd und – and Te Anau s de endent n t e e n a t t n t ese areas T e e art ent nser at n as an area e and s t r entre ated n t e t wn T ere are a s a w de ran e t er ser es su as r ar and se ndar s s and a ed a entre w are used a s we e nd t e t wn undar
Te Ana au s a a e re erred to in the tradition of “Ngā Puna Wai Karikari o Rakaihautu” w te s w t e r n a a es Te a una u were du t e ran at ra a a autu a a autu and s wers tra ed t e a au r ts s ur e n Te Ana au a e Te Anau t t e sea at Te aewae a Māori e end re a s a t a a e ed w t w n t n t e a es re Te Ana au was sometimes used as a retreat during periods of battles between iwi and hapū – t was ne t e ast places where Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Mamoe a e nt n t – a Ngāi Tahu party killed the ran at ra of Ngāti Mamoe at t e end a ser es enses and reta at ns
T ere are tw n an a seas na u at n s tes n t e area – ne at a e st et e near Te Anau wns and an t er at ne e ree – t ere s a s a n an a urt er s ut at turau a e ana ur T e aur e r e Te Ana au s a r t a e e ent t e s r tua relationship of Ngāi Tahu Whānui with the lake T e area was r n una u and una u tra s e sted t r u ut t e w der area a n a a n uded moa, takahe, kākāpō wa ura (freshwater crayfish), pārera (grey duck), pūtangitangi ( arad se du we a and tuna ee A t u t e tuna u at ns are st ent u s e are a e ted dr e e tr wer stat ns Ngāi Tahu whānui work to improve the tuna populations in both Lake Te Anau and ana ur – trans err n e er tuna r e w t e arar a da t a e t e da t a w t e t nt nue t e r e e
T ere were seas na sett e ents at t e eadwaters t e a au er ara ura n t e s res a e Te Anau and t er a es t an a te a t e a e t e s n n sun was a a ta a ā se t t e s ut ern end a e Te Anau se t t e ut et t e a au er Te ua te was an eeling pā at a e Te Anau Te w a ā was a s ated at t e s ut ern end t e a e a wa etween ue u nt and t e ut t e u er ra er a nes en ur eans s ted ā Te w a n t e und t at t ad een a st ete destr ed re at s e nt n t e ast a nes turau undred s es was a Māori a n a n a strea ust n rt t e ut et t e a au er at a e ana ur and u ed āt a e u unt
n t e ear s tw Māori aw r te Aw a and e r e era auru te Ar a u ded t e rst ur eans t urne a e Te Anau er a nes T e r r ute went t r u tts a n rt west tautau n an d Māori at wa t at nt nued ast Te Anau t An ta a n
T e start t s se t n s ased n edu e tatut r a n w ed e ent r Te Ana au a e Te Anau t e Ngāi Ta u a s ett e ent A t
s on the lake’s south were men “who wanted to get as far away as possible”
of “one large inn, two ings” Māori “ and fell into disuse”
trout and Atlantic salmon, and in 1921 Te Anau’s first ranger, Te Anau “slumbered peacefully on” until
town “took off” provided a “back up for this essentially tourist and holiday town” (Hall
3 Waters Infrastructure Te Anau’s water supply scheme was built in 19 – the pukerora bore was the principal source between 19 and 199 until the three bores ad acent to ake Te Anau were developed A stormwater scheme has developed progressively as the town has grown riginal parts of the scheme servicing the town centre date back to the 19 s and s with further e pansion continuing with the development of more recent subdivisions Te Anau’s total stormwater catchment area is appro imately hectares with a number of separate discharges into ake Te Anau The outflow from one of the discharges from the town centre receives basic treatment to remove gross solids ome of the more recent subdivisions include onsite systems rather than direct connection to ouncil infrastructure
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Te Anau’s wastewater scheme has evolved as the town has grown The oldest part of the network was built in 19 to service the commercial area of town The reticulated network was e tended in 19 to include the north western residential area and it has continued to e pand as further development occurs n 19 , the plant was upgraded with the addition of a larger o idation pond to the two smaller original ponds This larger pond is now the primary o idation pond
n 2 a screen, aerators, and wetland were installed at the treatment plant, and a ten year consent was granted This consent included a condition to develop a long term strategy for the future of wastewater management in Te Anau There was a further upgrade in 2 1 when a fine screen was added to the plant and the ponds were also desludged n 2 1 a consent was granted
12 or t e rr at on o treate wastewater ro Te Anau to lan away on t e epler lo es e Te Anau A rport anapour a stan e o rou ly lo etres
s Te Anau s a tour st resort an rural ser e entre support n e ono a t ty n t e Te Anau as n an or lan T e town s o e to people represent n ust o er s per ent o t e str t an per ent o t e a au res water ana e ent n t nl e ot er towns Te Anau’s peak populat on o n n s tors an usual res ents r ses o er per ent to o er people ts res ents are lar ely uropean w t Māori an a an As an peoples ra a Aparima Rūnaka administer the Te Anau area although there is no local marae n eneral t e a e str ut on o Te Anau’s population tends to e s lar to out lan as a w ole t e e an a e s years w t per ent o people un er years ol an per ent o people o er years
T ere are ouses n Te Anau an t e r o upan y s per ent w s low or out lan upan y n t e town s seasonal n luen e y t e lar e nu er o ol ay o es an t e nu er o per anent o es n t e town s n reas n o er t e ost ouse ol s are e t er one a ly or one person t e a ly ouse ol s ost are ouples w t out l ren alt ou t ere are any ouples w t l ren an so e one parent w t l ren T e a era e ouse ol s e n t e town s people o e owners p s aroun per ent o all ouse ol s – w s ust un er per ent ore t an n or t ose w o o not own t e r o e e an ouse ol rent s per wee – ot o w are er t an or t e re on
ust o er t ree uarters o people a e years an o er are n t e la our or e an t e une ploy ent rate s per ent w s low or t e re on n t e years etween an t e nu er o pa e ployees n rease per ent to aroun people anot er people are e t er e ployers or sel e ploye T e e an n o e n Te Anau s w s or t e re on w t a w e n o e str ut on per ent o people earn less t an a year an per ent earn ore t an a year n the Ministry of Health’s social epr at on n e s ore or Te Anau s our w ere re le ts low epr at on an re le ts epr at on
n ter s o e u at on ust un er per ent o people a e years an o er a e a or al ual at on an per ent hold a bachelor’s degree or higher As e ployers t e lar est ‘ n ustry’ n Te Anau s a o o at on an oo ser es w t ust o er per ent o pa e ployees an reta l tra e T ese n ustr es ontr ute to t e tour s se tor T e ost o on o upat on s ana ers ollowe y te n ans an tra es wor ers an t en la ourers w s unusual or out lan
All stat st s n t s se t on are ta en ro t e ew ealan ensus – t w ll e portant to also ons er n or at on ro t e ensus as t e o es a a la le T ese ures a to ore t an e ause so e people ent y as ore t an one et n roup Te a au a a a Trust own Te Koawa Tūroa o Tākitimu, w s a ulturally s n ant s te lose to Te Anau an allows whānau to either connect or reconnect with the area. Austral an an ew ealan tan ar n ustr al lass at on A
As e a e a an an un Te Anau s a u u s an e a us nesses u a supp es an se es e a un an s e n us n e eas e n a p es n us a e an s e pan an se e a s a en nee n s Te Anau s a s e ase ea u ne s a a u s an u s pan T e e s a u an e un ups an a es n u n Te Anau un ee e a e e n a u an e se e p e s a n Te Anau un en s en e unke a an ns u s a an a un a ke T e e a e a s an sp s u s an a es su as e an un n an Te Anau u an annua e en s n u e e Te Anau Manāpou s n ass pe n Te Anau n u ka ak un a n ke an unn n an e an pe n a a ee a p an a u T e Te Anau Ta an es a s a es a s us an e an an a es usua e e as e eeken e e a es e s an es an u an e s
ss s u an s e s e a a un e e n e n an an as a s e n e u a es e ver catchments down to the coast and most of the region’s estuaries. T e s e s a a e an a e an s ape an s spa se p pu a e n e s e e a e an pes a e es an s ua ns T ese a e es a e n een s u es es a e an as e as e e en e n use e e as e p u s an e e p e ene a n a a e as s n se un ue a ues an e en n en a ssues e a n a e a ns e a a ss e s ana n e an e s ua ns s a a en e an s s easu e us n . nu en s an suspen e se en a an e u an an u a a es a e e e a e n pa s e s an n u e a e ua ssues
T e a n en n en a ssues u an s un e e a un se u a e supp u an an u a s e es an as e a e an s a e s a es en n s a e a e u ses a an a e a e ua ssues ups ea a p as a e uan an a e ua ns e a ns e s e ssues a e s a se e e e a au es e u a p n s e en e a e e u a e nu e un pa s e es an e e a e a sen e ea anu a u n an p ess n n us es a ss e s e e ep n en a e an A an e ne e u an s un s se nsen s a e supp akes an as e a e an s a e s a es As e as ssues relating to the ‘three waters’, Southland District Council has to deal with the challenges around ana n e e e s sea e e se n un es a n e s u e n as e u n n e a an u an a e an e e ene a
u an s as p en es a e u s n a a s n e p a es a e es An n ease n a e pas u e n n e n u an n ens e a u u e as n ease e a un a e e n aken an an a e es a e nea n u a a n e e e ea an a nu e a u e s a ss e s e a e s a e s an p n an an e e na u a a e e T e a au e n es e n u an s a s u a a e e ause e diversion of the majority of its flow through Meridian’s Manapouri hydroelectric power scheme to u u un s n p ss e ake e a e ese a eas
A ne k p e n s e es an a na e s s e s e s s a ss e u an s T ese e e na ns u e p e en e n un es an p e e p u an T ese s e es an s s e s a e a e es u e s en es n anne e en ens e e an e a na e ne ks e a e ap u a en s as pa an a na e an n u e a e ese es u n su e Southland District Council’s wastewater schemes e e e a e es an e a as e a e A u a s a nu e as e a e s e es e e e e a un s a e as e s a n n us The Council’s stormwater schemes a e s a s u es as e a e e es an e a a e an n us a
s
T e s n e a e s e a es k an an a e n s u e n u an an n u es e a un es u aka e a a a a Ōmāui an enn n n ns an su un n u a a eas as e as n e a se T ese un es a e s u e e e a es e e pe an – n u n u e a es an e a e e e s ua an se ap ea s n u e s pe p e a e n en a e n n e a an u e en e e a es T e s a s n a ns e a es an n n en us e e a n n u n e A a ua a una e an s an e up ue u an Ōmāui en ese es an se ap ea s n u e
n e a s ’s a p pu a n s us un e us un e pe p e n n u an – u pe p e ea s ua e k e e e e pe an us e pe p e n u an a eas T e e a e a s e n s n e a ea us un e up e an e an a n e s e an pe s na n e s n e s u n s e e a s e n es pe p e ea ne ess an a ea an ea ne e an e p e n e s e an k n a un a ea e p pe es nan e e a e pe s
n e a s ana es p s a asse s an se es a supp s a un es T ese asse s an se es n u e a un k e es a s u an a e supp es ee as e a e s e es as e as p e s a e s e es a es e e e es un a s ese es an pa ks an e a es T e s ’s rural and urban ratepayers contribute to e s ese asse s an se es u a p pe a e an un annua a es spe se es n pe en e enue a es as spen n essen a n as u u e e n a es spen n a n se es n n u n a na an T ansp un ass s an e an n spen n e ee a e s asse s a e as e a e an s a e an pe s
s a en a s n n e a s k s sea e – k n u an a eas an k n u a a eas
The proportion spent on essential in rastructure is chan in o er time – between and the draina e proportion rises rom percent to percent water rises rom percent to percent and roadin alls rom percent to percent erall the proportion increases rom percent in to percent in
n comparison to Southland and ore Districts n ercar ill City District mana es a lar e wastewater scheme or n ercar ill and two small schemes or lu and Ōmāui n addition to the treatment plants the schemes ha e a combined total o ilometres o pipes which ran e in a e up to years and pump stations The n ercar ill and lu schemes remo e and treat wastewater rom residential properties businesses and community acilities while the Ōmāui scheme ser es rou hly households
n ercar ill and lu also recei e trade waste rom local industry – trade waste ma es up around percent o the in low olume to n ercar ill’s wastewater treatment system at Cli ton and percent o the in low olume to the lu system The Council has a trade waste bylaw or limitin olumes and stren th o waste and ha ardous substances n ercar ill City Council bylaw Trade aste The n ercar ill wastewater scheme dischar es directly into ew i er stuary which is a part o the warua aituna etlands The lu wastewater scheme dischar es to the ocean in o eau Strait The Ōmāui wastewater scheme has no ob ious dischar e t is li ely that either in lows are matched by e aporation and or there is lea a e throu h the base o the pond n ercar ill City Council monitorin has not yet identi ied si ni icant roundwater contamination
The three wastewater schemes are a considerable in estment or local communities and ha e a total optimised replacement alue in o million Invercargill City District’s stormwater networ has an optimised replacement alue o million Invercargill’s Clifton Treatment Plant was built in and up raded in and the lu Treatment lant in and the Ōmāui Treatment lant in To mana e the costs or the city’s ratepayers, the City Council has a renewal pro ramme to replace and up rade its pipe networ pump stations and treatment plants at the end o their economic li e The ocus o this pro ramme is reducin wastewater contamination o the stormwater networ and in iltration to the wastewater networ The perations aintenance and enewal ud et or wastewater acti ity or is million oan pers comm The schemes ha e consents until or lu and or n ercar ill at Cli ton and Ōmāui
This section describes the two case studies in n ercar ill City District n ercar ill and lu The information included covers Invercargill and Bluff’s location and role, settlement and development, present situation and uture outloo t is intended to help i e some conte t or the research in art C t the end o this section is an o er iew o some o the en ironmental issues related to water uality or these two communities
The optimised alue ta es account o chan es in technolo y includin materials – the optimised alue o pipes is li ely to be lower than the replacement alue because new materials tend to be a lower cost while the optimised alues o pumps is li ely to be hi her because o the increasin use o electronics erall in practical terms the two alues are li ely to be similar oan pers comm
Waihōpai s Southland’s s s s s s Waihōpai s s s s s r Invercargill’s s s s s s s s s s s s s : “Inver” comes “ ” s s
New River Estuary’s s s accessible to ships “of a reasonable size” (300 s s Waihōpai s Ōreti s s s s s s s Ōreti s s s s s s Invercargill’s s s s s s of Invercargill (including the region’s main s s Waihōpai s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s Ō Waihōpai – s s
s ’s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s – s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s west at the confluence of the Makarewa and Ōreti Rivers, just s s s s s s s s s
here were our nown Māori settlements in the area around Waihōpai (Invercargill and New River Estuary be ore the arrival o Euro eans: Ōmāui ue o amo a and urangitewaru rupā (resting laces of Ngāi Tahu tūpuna are located nearby he Ōreti, Otepuni and Waihōpai rivers gave access to and rom the interior o urihi u he Ōreti River stretches almost to the edge o ha ati u wai māori (Lake Wakatipu) and it ormed one o the main trails inland with an im ortant ounamu trade route continuing northward rom its headwaters ther trails starting at Waihōpai led in many directions including Ōraka Aparima, Tuturau, Fortrose, Tuturau and Fiordland. There were also tauranga wa a or travelling to Rua u e Ra iura or the ītī Islands Ōmāui ue o amo a and urangitewaru were sustained by mahinga ai ta en rom the estuary its tributaries and adjoining coastline, including shellfish and pātiki (flounder).
Ōue, located at halers ay on Sandy oint was one o the rinci al settlements in urihi u and was the start o a coastal trac to Riverton Ōue is said to have got its name from a man Māui left to loo a ter his interests there until his return Ōmāui was a settlement located o osite Ōue at New River eads In 1850 there were 40 people living at Ōmāui under the chie auhe he small nob in the hills above Ōmāui is named a ter u arehu brother o one ai (a rangatira and resident o Ōue in the 0s who was interred o osite Ōmāui in the sandhills at the south end of the Ōreti each o amo a ( o omo o or o emo e was a settlement in a shallow inlet o the Estuary and was where Waitai, the first Ngāi Tahu to venture this far south, was illed any inhabitants o these settlements relocated to Rua u e Island as a result o inter hapū and inter tribal hostilities in anterbury Ōue had been abandoned by and Ōmāui a ears to have been occu ied until 0 ( handler
he whaling stations at Ōmāui and Ōue were abandoned in 3 and u until New River attracted visitors and a hand ul o settlers In the 0s land in Southland was being either sold or leased to run holders and it needed to be stoc ed the best o tion being with shee and cattle rom ustralia ( olcro t In overnor ore rowne ordered a town in the south to be laid out on a suitable site and he declared this new town (Invercargill and lu as orts o entry ( olcro t handler he area around New River Estuary was selected over other locations (e g inton district and Riverton because o water ( handler :
. . . . .
riginally Invercargill was lanned as a ort town ohn urnbull homson ( hie Surveyor decided against the irst ro osed site on the a arewa River because although it was on higher ground it was still loodable had ew obvious routes inland and was too ar u river or larger vessels ( olcro t homson selected a site on the ban s o the Waihōpai River near New River Estuary that gave access by water and at the same time was a natural oint o access inland nce
0 he start o this section is based on Schedule 0: Statutory acknowledgement for Ōreti River and Schedule 0 : Statutory ac nowledgement or Ra iura e ra a iwa (Ra iura oveau Strait oastal arine rea in the Ngāi ahu laims Settlement ct
3 the site had been selected vessels began to ma e calls at New River and small boats too goods or settlement u the te uni Stream as ar as the ormer an o New ealand uilding (corner o lyde and ay Streets he irst sections in Invercargill were sold the ne t year with a reserve rice o he town grew steadily and its success was a reason or Southland gaining inde endence rom the tago rovince in ( handler
Source Emma oran
1863 is regarded as the best of Invercargill’s early years with the promise of wealth from gold but the ollowing year mar ed the start o a recession and by the end o the decade ossibly only hal o the buildings in Invercargill were occu ied (Esler 00 In Invercargill became a munici ality and in 0 the council moved into a new town hall and the ivic heatre was built Invercargill continued to grow a ter orld ar ne and became a city with 0 000 eo le in 30 (Esler 00 all ones 0 3 re ort on the uture o Invercargill redicted o timistically that with the aluminium smelter the city would reach 00 000 eo le in years (Esler 00 and there was investment in essential in rastructure in south Invercargill or this e ected growth ver the years Invercargill’s boundaries have expanded and in 1989 they changed again to include Bluff, Myross ush tatara and a arewa (Esler 00 etween and 00 the o ulation decreased 0 ercent but since then it has rebounded
3 eclamation of the tidal flats at the northern end of the estuary began in 186 handler 19 and continued over the next century until nearly a uarter of the original estuary was reclaimed he city’s old landfill was used to reclaim part of the land on the eastern side of the Waihōpai channel from the 19 s sler, 6 he channel in ew iver stuary was shallow and unable to be deepened except at enormous cost for larger vessels edimentation made navigation a challenge from as early as 1863, and it was worsened by the reclamation wor s handler, 19 espite on going wor s, the port experienced steady decline, the si e and number of vessels decreased as ship traffic transferred to Bluff, which could support larger vessels sler, 6 he port received its final commercial ship visit in 1939 handler, 19
Invercargill streets were made twice the usual width, so that drays could pass easily Mc rthur, 6 and there was room for a bulloc train to ma e a turn handler, 19 In the 186 s a coach service started to unedin, and obb o ran a coach service to Bluff, to iverton and later to ingston he route to iverton used Ōreti Beach and it was often called ‘the road’. he Invercargill railway station, built in 186 , was the first in ew ealand it was demolished and replaced in the 19 s sler, 6 Invercargill also had a railway locomotive wor shop In 1881 horse drawn trams were introduced to Invercargill he horses were replaced by electric trams in 191 , which continued until 19 Motorbi e races have been held on Ōreti Beach since 1911 sler, 6 he streets were sealed in 1918 using tar from the gas wor s all ones, 13 he first aerodrome was formed at Myross Bush but it was abandoned in 19 for a new airport on land reclaimed from the estuary sler, 6
In the 18 s the Invercargill Borough ouncil built a gaswor s, which occupied three acres of land between the railway and ew iver stuary up until 1986, when it closed omestic electricity followed in 191 from a coal fired power station in Invercargill sler, 6 ince the gaswor s started, many industries and businesses have been located in Invercargill, some of which continue to operate today he list includes many companies connected to the agricultural sector, such as leming and ompany and lliance roup It also includes companies providing services such as the outhland Building ociety, ichardson roup, and he outhland imes he department store mith and the hardware store ayes ons are iconic Invercargill institutions all ones, 13 rom the 196 s many people living in Invercargill have wor ed at the iwai luminium melter
In 1860 the first school opened in Invercargill’s courthouse sler, 6 Invercargill Girls’ High chool followed in 18 9 and Boys’ High School opened two years later (both schools later moved campuses fter orld ar wo, co educational high schools opened, such as ames argest igh chool now the largest in outhland Invercargill’s high schools take students from around the region outhland echnical ollege opened in 191 and is credited with eeping the town supplied with tradesmen sler, 6 he outhland olytechnic opened as part of the ollege and it became the outhern Institute of echnology in 1999 In 2001 a ‘zero fees scheme’ was introduced, using community funding to cover student fees, which dramatically increased the number of students
The first hospital was “a collection of little ponga and sod huts” (Esler, 2006). In 1863 a bric hospital opened on ee treet two of its three buildings still exist , which became a maternity hospital after it was replaced in 193 with a hospital at ew he ew hospital was itself replaced in
133 it i i i i it c city ti ts – it is t st ic i i i t i s city’s library had its origins in the Mechanics Institute and the t ci ty t c i ci t s si i ity t i y it t y c t i y i i ic t c t it ct ic i ti s i t i
i i s c ct t c t s ci s ic s si ss c ti s tt s t c i i t y s st ti t c c s i t i ti s i c i t s yt i i st c t t ic si ic t c i iti st t i c i i c ti ti t s c i ic si st s y c i t city it t c s i i y c ity cts c i ic si st
t i s s t i st t s s i t c t t city s i i y c ict i s t t y s s i t s s i , as Southland’s way of recognising the 1940 t i t y t si t t is y s t y t iti s i i s i its st ct s t t t t y i s s i t t ss t isit s y ti it s c s i c s its st ct s i s t t t i i is ti s t y t t s i s c cti t i s s t i ct s s ti s y s s i s t c s i
c i s i c s s t i y tic y s t t i t s ti st s t t i t t t t i i i t t st y t y s st t t st i c t t si t cti s t t s t Waihōpai Ōreti i s s
3 Waters Infrastructure i st s tt s i c i t t t i t t t is t is s s c s i s ti i t t st it s s s t i s y s t t t t i c t s y ci s c t s ti y y s t t c st s s s t t i water reticulation began when a bore was sunk in the eastern town belt and Invercargill’s iconic t t s c t y t t c t t t t t s it c si i s t t t s s i t city c i t t i t from the Ōreti River at Branxholme (Esler, 2006). s y i s t y t s y c i t y y is ti t t is s y ct si ss s i st y i i ti c city stic s i t ti t s y is i ity
Source a Moran
astewater reticulation first started to be laid in Invercargill in 1910 he wastewater was treated in a large se tic tank then discharged through a wooden drain leading into the ew iver stuary ater, a second arallel tank was constructed and the wooden drain was re laced with a cast iron outfall i e discharging wastewater to the ew iver stuary ain tidal channel y the 19 0s the ra id growth in Invercargill’s population meant that the wastewater sche e was at ca acity and was unable to be e tended handler, 19 he Invercargill ity ouncil used a loan rogra e to finance develo ent and e tensions that included new interce ting and trunk wastewater i es, new u ing stations, and a new ri ary treat ent lant at lifton he new lifton wastewater treat ent syste o ened in 19 9 Invercargill ity ouncil has onitored its wastewater discharge fro lifton since this ti e
1
ou e mma o an
n a ma o up a e o the li ton lant e an his up a e in ol e installation o a se on a t eatment a ilit an up a in o the ol e uipment his o as omplete in an p o i e imp o e a ilities o the t eatment o oth esi ential an in ust ial aste u the up a e to te tia t eatment as omplete in his omp ise o a ultati e pon s an etlan s to u the imp o e aste ate ualit e u in a te ia num e s he up a e plant has a onsent to is ha e t eate aste ate up until
Most of Invercargill buildings are connected to Invercargill’s stormwater scheme lying beneath the oa s a a e a oss ush an pa ts o tata a ain sto m ate th ou h a s stem o it hes to m ate is olle te th ou h a sto m ate pipe net o an is ha e th ou h multiple outlets to the oastal ma ine a ea o to i e st eams o i e s that lo th ou h the it e o e is ha in into the e i e stua s ith all u an aina e s stems the n e a ill sto m ate net o su e s ontamination om aste ate oss onne tions an om aste su stan es that olle t on ha su a es in lu in oa s an oo s an om pe olation th ou h natu al oun he sto m ate s heme an the aste ate s heme a e inte onne te to allo one t pe o ate to lo into the othe s heme hen eithe is o e loa e
The city’s stormwater network covers a la e po tion o the at hment a ea o the tepuni t eam in s ell ee an li ton hannel an a mu h smalle po tion o the at hment o the ai i i t eam an Waihōpai i e ll o these ate o ies lo into e i e stua n e a ill it oun il has monito e its sto m ate is ha es sin e his monito in in i ates that nut ient on ent ations upst eam o the it th ou h the it an o nst eam o the it a e elati el
consistent It also indicates that runoff and stormwater drainage from the city increases water volumes and contributes to nutrient loads ome arts of the stormwater network contribute heavy metals and concentrations of microbes the latter generally resulting from sewage cross connections
s Invercargill is a rural and industrial service centre that su orts economic activity across outhland The city is home to eo le re resenting ust over ercent of the region and ercent of the Ōreti reshwater Management nit Its residents are uro ean and Māori with some acific and sian eo les There are three marae in the city Murihiku Marae Tramway oad Te Tomairangi Marae ye Street) and Nga Hau E Whā (Conon Street). In general the age distribution of Invercargill’s population is similar to that of outhland as a whole the median age is years with ercent of eo le under years old and ercent of eo le over years
There are at least houses in Invercargill and their occu ancy is ercent and the number of occu ied houses is increasing over time Most households in the city are either one family or one erson f the family households most are cou les without children although there are many cou les with children and one arent with children The average household si e in the city is ust over eo le ome ownershi is around ercent of all households – which is ercent less than in or those who do not own their home median household rent is ust under er week – which is higher than for the region
round two thirds of eo le aged years and over are in the labour force and the unem loyment rate is ercent which is high for the region In the years between and the total number of aid em loyees increased ercent to around eo le – another eo le are either em loyers or self em loyed The median income in Invercargill is around which is high for the region with a wide income distribution ercent of eo le earn less than a year and ust under ercent earn more than a year In the Ministry of Health’s social de rivation inde score for Invercargill ranged the full s ectrum from one in areas such as Myross ush and tatara to in est Invercargill and rinan where reflects low de rivation and reflects high de rivation
In terms of education around ercent of eo le aged years and over have a formal ualification and ust under ercent hold a bachelor’s degree or higher y em loyment Invercargill’s “industries” are health care and social assistance manufacturing and retail trade education and training and construction The most common occu ations are rofessionals and labourers followed by and technicians and trades workers and managers
ll statistics in this section are from ew ealand ensus – it will be im ortant to also consider information from the census as it becomes available These figures add to more than because some eo le identify as more than one ethnic grou ustralian and ew ealand tandard Industrial lassification I
is the location of the region’s main airport (the
Māori
he port to n of l ff sits on the coastline of the o thlan lains an is the so thernmost to n on mainlan e ealan t is locate so th of n ercargill (past reenhillls an cean each at the entrance to l ff ar o r an ar a a an opposite the i ai enins la he to n is protecte from the pre ailing so th esterl in s Motupōhue ( l ff ill hich rises to metres a o e sea le el Water is central to Bluff’s existence but, being almost entirely surrounded by coastal ater it is a ifferent relationship than for the other case st to ns
o rce mma oran
riginall referre to as ‘The Mount’ and then Old Man’s Bluff Point, it then ecame simpl he l ff or l ff ill aptain argill ( perinten ent of tago or ere ohn rn ll homson to change Bluff’s name to amp ell o n in t it officiall re erte to l ff in ( all ones Locals born and bred in the town are known as “Bluffies” (Coote, 1994) he site attracte sealers an halers an later ropean settlers eca se it as a relati el sheltere har o r he fisheries
he name Motupōhue recalls a history unique to the Ngāi Tuhaitara and Ngāti Kurī hapū that is captured in the line, “Kei korā kei Motupōhue, he pāreka e kai ana, nā tō tūtae” (“It was there at Motupōhue that a shag stood, eating your excrement”) (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement ct t has also een translate as meaning the “island of convolvulus” ( all ones
aro n the coastline are highl al e for mahinga ai recreational fishing an commercial fishing here are pop lar recreational areas an coastal al a s at tirling oint an l ff ill espite luff’s relatively high rainfall, there have been frequent water shortages ( oote he to n is connected by pipeline to Invercargill’s water supply he port an access to the to n reenhills ar a an i ai enins la are lo l ing coastal areas at ris from coastal floo ing ith sea le el rise
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Motupōhue (Bluff Hill) is recognised as a ōpuni an a tat tor c no le gement area n er the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 l ff is ithin the Ōreti an Waihōpai – e i er st ar resh ater anagement nit
he to n is a small r an centre that is sit ate at some istance from other to ns the closest eing n ercargill ilometres to the north an an ilometres to the so th across o ea trait l ff is largel foc se on the commercial eep ater port, and is used by the economy’s man fact ring an processing sectors an primar pro ction sectors s ell as the port the
During one such time, a council circular stated that people should “use only the base quantity of water when bathing” and went on to state that “about three inches in the bottom of the bath is all that is necessary”. he sea le el at l ff has een monitore from at least the earl s (e g o ertson Tōpuni is an area of lan hich is a ministere n er the ational ar s ct the onser ation ct or the Reserves Act 1977, has Ngāi Tahu values, and is declared as Tōpuni
town is the base for Southland’s fishing fleet, including the luff oyster fleet It is also the e it point for tewart Island a iura, the ītī uttonbird Islands, uapu e Island and New Zealand’s subantarctic islands he town’s services include retail, business, education, e g a indergarten, a bilingual early childhood centre at e au roha arae and two pri ary schools and healthcare edical centre luff relies on Invercargill for other services not available in the town
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lthough there was no per anent Māori settle ent at warua luff before the arrival of uropeans, oveau trait was a principal thoroughfare, with regular travel to and fro tewart Island a iura, uapu e and other islands, and the ainland angatira e ero established a transitionary settle ent wa ra au cean each , which was rangatira Te Whera’s village in the early s e au roha arae was established in the late s as a hostel for local Māori who lived on off shore islands large number of Māori families live close to the arae and the lifestyle of any revolve around the seasonal collection of ahinga ai, particularly tītī (muttonbirds), tio oysters , and other inshore fisheries
he start of this section is based on chedule tatutory ac nowledge ent for Motupōhue luff ill in the gāi ahu lai s ettle ent ct , with additional infor ation sourced fro all ones , and ipa
The headland itself was referred to as an island and na ed Motupōhue t was the de arting lace to ua u e, a iura Stewart sland and the Tītī Islands, and a trail led out to ortrose ral traditions are that Ngāti a oe rangatira Te a itaune e and Tū Te Makohu are buried on the hill Te a itaune e had a saying that translated meant “Let me gaze upon Foveaux Strait”. Māori tended to land at Ta u each, a sand beach on the seaward side of Tiwai eninsula, because of a strong tidal ri at the entrance to the harbour all ones,
ahinga ai and other resources in the area included tī kōuka (cabbage tree), paru (raupō leaves), harakeke (flax), totara, raupō, toheroa, pipi, tuangi, tio (o sters , kōura (rock lobster), inanga whitebait), pātiki (flounder), pateke (brown teal), parera (grey duck), weka, moa, kererū and pūkeko n outcro of argillite roc near the ti of Tiwai eninsula was the site of an earl ad e factor , which Māori used during the su er onths around So e of the first contacts with uro eans in the area were for fla n Te Whera was visited at wa ra au b the ca tains of the and the , and he e changed fla for gifts and a ent all ones, These good relations led to the earl settle ent in the south and angatira Tuhawai i, who sold land to uro eans, including sections at luff
n a es S encer landed at luff and founded a whaling su l de ot is settle ent went on to beco e the town of luff, one of the first uro ean settle ents in New Zealand and the earliest that went on to beco e a town all ones, S encer bought land fro Tuhawai i that included the su it of luff ill and cleared acres to cultivate grain and vegetables cro s, and i orted cattle and igs (kept on Spencer’s Island – the first ani als to be i orted to Southland e then set u a fishing station, e lo ing uro eans and Māori, and built another si cottages for the to live in all ones,
luff grew as whaling flourished along the south coast in the s but whaling was short lived as an industr all ones, Bluff’s whole waterfront was sold off in sections to uro eans well before the Treat of Waitangi in a uni ue circu stance in the histor of New Zealand ohn Turnbull Tho son surve ed the town in the first town to be surve ed in Southland luff was also declared a ort of entr and a custo house was built
Early impressions of Bluff were as the “Gibraltar of the South” (Hall ones, t had a fine harbour that was dee er and ore accessible fro the sea but the head of the harbour was too shallow to land goods and the locality was cut off from “the interior” of Southland by a “great swamp” (Seaward Moss) (Hall ones, t first there was onl a te orar road that threaded between swa s and sandhills, and was de endent on the tide all ones, l ost all cargo entering luff harbour had to be ta en around to nvercargill b lighter a t e of flat botto ed barge n the railwa line to nvercargill o ened, one of the earliest in New Zealand, which determined Bluff’s future as the port of Southland ts e ense contributed to Southland’s failing finances and the rovince re oined tago in
n it too the c ellar brothers three wee s to travel with their shee to nvercargill a distance of ust over ilo etres , which was the first ti e a dra had been ta en on an overland route all ones, t the ti e there was debate about whether the railwa line should go to luff or Stanle – eventuall the line went to luff with a branch line to Stanle Stanle was a town lanned on the southern side of the entrance of New iver stuar o osite Sand oint t was not built be ond a few houses and sho s because its wharf develo ent failed sler,
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n the same year Bluff’s Island Harbour
industry’s
a “farmers’ port” Māori population in New Zealand and stated “No able bodied man (sic) need be unemployed”(Coote,
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ther e ports were dairy products, rain, timber, and aluminium Imports included petroleum products, fertilisers, and alumina (aluminium o ide) Bluff’s imports and exports, and often local employment, are often directly connected he outhland Co operati e hosphate Company built a phosphate factory at warua (between Bluff and In ercar ill) in the s and uses imported raw phosphate and sulphur Its super phosphate (and the re ion’s lime) was used in lar e land de elopment schemes in outhland, which resulted in a dramatic increase in sheep numbers, and a rise in fro en meat e ports imilarly, the aluminium smelter at iwai oint started operatin in and uses imported alumina and e ports aluminium in ots
urin the reat epression in the s Bluff was more resilient than other New Zealand towns, lar ely because of the a ailability of seafood (e blue cod, crayfish, oysters, paua, and mussels), and offal from cean Beach free in wor s his resilience was needed a ain durin the waterfront industrial dispute, which lasted days (Coote, ), and later redundancies from technolo ical ad ances in car o handlin , such as the introduction of shippin containers Bluff was also hit hard in when cean Beach ree in or s closed after nearly a century of operation, resultin in the redundancy of permanent and seasonal employees (Coote, )
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his company mer ed with the Bay of lenty ertiliser in the s and e entually became Balance ri Nutrients imited (https ballance co n ur Business and History ) A local Reg Ashwell recalled “One family helped one another. This is one place where you could live off the coast” (Coote, )
3 Waters Infrastructure The first water supply was a small reservoir filled from Palmer’s Creek, which was replaced in 1885 with two reservoirs halfway up Bluff ill uilt y the outhland ar our Board. n heavy rain caused one of these reservoirs to urst and several million gallons of water swept through the west end of Bluff oote . The reservoir was repaired and eventually another was uilt to increase capacity. t collected water from the hill a ove the town through a series of water races and treatment included filtration and chlorination . oan pers. comm. . The local orough council too over the scheme in and developed a ilometre pipeline in to connect Bluff to Invercargill’s water supply which was lended with the local supply. n the Bluff ill reservoir was discontinued and the total Bluff water re uirement was supplied from nvercargill . oan pers. comm. . Bluff’s wastewater was collected in nightsoil uc ets up until the mid s when the epartment of ealth insisted that a wastewater scheme was installed. By 71 all of Bluff’s households were connected to a piped system which collected wastewater at a pumping station on the ar our oreshore. rom there it was pumped over the hill and into oveaux trait ust south of Ocean Beach. By the s the discharge of untreated wastewater into the coastal environment was no longer accepta le and the nvercargill ity ouncil egan investigating treatment systems. A new plant was completed in with a year consent to discharge treated wastewater to oveaux trait.
s Bluff is primarily a port town that supports economic activity across the region. The town is home to people representing . percent of the istrict and three percent of the Ōreti . The town’s residents are largely Māori and uropean with some acific and Asian people . Te Rūnanga o Awarua are ased at Te Rau Aroha arae situated in the town. n general the age distri ution of Bluff’s population tends to e older than for outhland as a whole the median age is years with percent of people under years and percent over years.
There are houses in Bluff and their occupancy is percent the num er of occupied houses in the town has fluctuated over time . ost households are either one family or one person . Of the family households around half are couples without children and half are couples with children and one parent with children which is high for the region. The average household si e is . people. ome ownership is around percent of all households – which is five percent less than in . or those who do not own their home median household rent is per wee .
The deluge damaged houses and seven usinesses ut there was no loss of life ecause rum ling efore the event allowed people to evacuate. All statistics in this section are from the ew ealand ensus – it will e important to also consider information from the census as it ecomes availa le. ore ard is defined as the census area units of orth ore outh ore ast ore est ore and entral ore. ore ard is one of the five wards in the ore istrict with a total population of . These figures add to more than ecause some people identify as more than one ethnic group.
round two thirds of people aged 15 years and over are in the la our force and the unemployment rate is 5 percent which is higher than for the region In the 1 years etween 1 and 1 , the total num er of paid employees increased 1 percent to around 7 people – another 11 are either employers or self employed he median income in Bluff is 8, , with a wide income distri ution 7 percent of people earn elow , a year, and 1 percent earn over 5 , a year In 1 the Ministry of Health’s social deprivation inde scores for Bluff was eight where 1 reflects low deprivation and 1 reflects high deprivation
In terms of education, 57 percent of people aged 15 years and over have a formal ualification – and ust under si percent hold a bachelor’s degree or higher By employment, Bluff’s largest ‘industry’ is manufacturing, which accounts for almost percent of paid employees ther important industries are construction, and transport, postal and warehousing he port also provides services for ew ealand’s aluminium smelter at iwai Point across the har our ome Bluff residents commute to Invercargill for work
Bluff has many community groups and services including Bluff olunteer ire Brigade, the t ohn am ulance service, Coastguard Bluff, Bluff ervice Centre and i rary he town also has a num er of sports clu s and facilities such as the Bluff olf Clu and Bluff epid Pool
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Bluff is famous for its annual Bluff yster and ood estival, which is a cele ration of the Bluff oyster and other kai moana he festival is run y a local committee and includes oyster opening and eating competitions It is one of the iggest events of its type in ew ealand 5, tickets usually
1 sell o t ic ly each year and attracts visitors fro aro nd the co ntry ther events are the l ff Hill li b hich is part of the ann al rt M nro hallenge ee otorbi es and the l ff Hill stage of the o r of o thland cycle race at ral a enities in the area incl de the l ff Hill Motapoh e and terling oint areas hich provide visitors ith spectac lar sea and b sh vie s fro loo o t points as ell as al ing and bi ing trac s s ch as ovea al ay op ni rac lory rac Millenni rac cean each rac and earce treet rac ther activities incl de cage diving ith shar s and the l ff Mariti e M se
ss s Invercargill City District lies entirely on Southland’s south coast, aro nd the lo er reaches of the Ōreti and Waihōpai Rivers and several streams and creeks (e.g. Waikiwi, Otepuni, Kingswell, Clifton, Mo ot a and ai at a hese aterbodies tend to have poorer ater ality as they near the coast beca se of rban and r ral activities occ rring thro gho t their catch ents – the Ōreti River begins st to the east of the Mavora a es in the ho son Mo ntains and the Waihōpai River begins on the plain to the east of acre he ater flo s into e iver st ary or l ff Harbo r ar a ay here the effects of these activities acc late Monitoring sho s that the degraded areas ithin e iver st ary are gro ing fro the press re of elevated n trient and sedi ent loads in its trib taries nviron ent o thland nvercargill is one contrib tor of these conta inants
he ain environ ental iss es for nvercargill ity o ncil are aro nd sec rity of the rban ater s pply stor ater aste ater and flood protection ach topic has ater antity and ater ality considerations ith only a single so rce sec rity of ater s pply is a critical iss e and the Council’s Long er lan incl des f nding to develop an alternative ater s pply he o ncil also has to deal ith the challenges aro nd anaging the effects of sea level rise hich is li ely to p t at ris infrastr ct re s ch as the lifton aste ater treat ent syste
Invercargill City District’s water is sourced fro the Ōreti iver and treated at the ran hol e ater reat ent lant he treated ater is then p ped into reservoir storage for distrib tion to residential co ercial ind strial cons ers both in nvercargill and l ff and those ind strial plants bet een nvercargill and l ff ar s i ediately ad acent to its tr n ains bet een ran hol e and l ff also receive ater s pply he water taken from Ōreti iver is affected by activities in the catch ent ince the s there has been a ar ed increase in the presence of ‘earthy’ taste and odo r prod cing s bstances in the reti iver partic larly over s er ring the s this type of event occ rred occasionally b t in the s the fre ency steadily increased and specialised treat ent began y the s an event arranting specialised treat ent as occ rring every year b t the effectiveness of this treat ent red ced as concentrations increased res lting in the o ncil pgrading its treat ent process in
lood protection is i portant for nvercargill both fro f rther p the catch ents and fro coastal in ndation topban s and detention da s are located on the a or rivers and strea s thro gho t
et een ebr ary and an ary Methylisoborneol an organic che ical ith a strong odo r has increased fro nanogra s per litre to nanogra s per litre M rray pers co
the Invercargill urban area and the Waihōpai Arm of the New River Estuary. These engineering solutions are designed to restrict the natural lo o ater ro the u er catch ents he Invercargill air ort is a regional asset located in a lo lying reclai ed area that re uires regular u ing
he stor ater net or s are conta inated ro aging i e net or s, ro erty drainage syste s, ground sur ace run o , ashdo n ater e g sedi ent, detergents, che icals and stor ater ro un ainted co er and galvanised roo s heavy etals such as co er and inc he se erage and stor ater i e net or s range in age u to years and their condition deteriorates over ti e Structural de ects, lea ing oints, and a lac o i e ca acity create o ortunities or cross conta ination et een the t o net or s very ro erty connected to the stor ater net or has its o n stor ater and aste ater drains that together total a greater length than the u lic net or hese drains have a si ilar age ro ile to the u lic net or s hey are o ten laid side y side in the sa e trench, increasing the o ortunity or cross conta ination, and in so e cases are connected, either ista enly or as a ‘ uic i ’
ollo ing rain, runo ro hard ground sur aces, including roads and aved areas, carries conta inants such as hydrocar ons, heavy etals and silts ro vehicles, soil sedi ents and ani al aeces ach ground level stor ater inta e has a ud su that tra s sedi ents and loating hydrocar ons, ut does not re ove sus ended or dissolved conta inants ro stor ater nder its stor ater discharge consent, the Council is re uired to i rove stor ater uality, using ethods including lo i act stor ater designs or ne reticulation here a ro riate , erosion and sedi ent control guidelines, regulatory and en orce ent o tions, education and a areness rogra es, source control syste s, e ective stor ater treat ent syste s in sensitive sites, and avoiding o se age conta ination
In lu , stor ater ro the residential and co ercial areas discharges into lu har our uno ro the regenerating ush areas a ove the to n enters the head o the stor ater net or Stor ater drainage ro the ort and related industrial areas is anaged se arately y South ort
s already noted, the Council anages aste ater or Invercargill, lu and Ōmāui. Invercargill’s aste ater treat ent syste at Cli ton treats to a tertiary standard and discharges to the e iver stuary, to the south o the Invercargill ur an area ater uality in the estuary is degraded y conta inants discharged throughout the catch ent area, including the treat ent lant riggle Consulting’s sediment sampling in the tidal areas adjacent to the treatment plant discharge in 2006, , and , sho s a trend o i roving conditions ollo ing the ost recent lant u grade in riggle concluded that the discharge has a relatively lo i act on the estuary in the vicinity o the discharge channel, or on the ider estuary ecosyste It is li ely that the treat ent syste ill need to e u graded hen the current discharge consent e ires in I the ne consent allo s the discharge to continue into the e iver stuary then nutrient re oval ay e re uired
he lu aste ater treat ent syste treats to a tertiary standard and discharges to oveau Strait nli e e iver stuary, the coastal ater is high uality and onitoring at ten etres ro
here are also a s all nu er o constructed over lo s in the net or s, hich o erate in re uently Loan, ers co ,
.
s s
Like the rest of Southland’s economy, the region’s industries are
Southland’s
Most of the information regarding individual companies in sections 5.2 to 5.7 was sourced from the companies’ own
creamery, a stilton cheese factory, an e tensive meat preserving works, and a large tim er yard at the railway station, which sourced tim er from the near y Ma el ush sawmill yclopedia ompany Ltd, 5 . owns also usually had light industry, such as lacksmiths, wheelwrights, millwrights, coopers and marine engineers, making a wide range of products e.g. harrows, steam engines, windmills, pumps, and kitchen ranges . Most of the heavier industries were concentrated in nvercargill, such as foundries, the railway workshops, the gas works, and rickworks.
hese local industries often relied on a town’s essential infrastructure. n yndham, commercial sta les, lacksmiths and the dairy factory were re uired to have cesspits and y laws re uired their regular cleaning 5 hwaites, 2 . n some cases towns relied on the infrastructure of a local industry. n the Southland ro en Meat ompany started supplying its e cess power to ore to help meet increasing demand. t present, Wallacetown’s wastewater is treated at the lliance Lorneville’s meat processing plant’s treatment system, which is located to the west of the plant eside the Makarewa iver.
hile many towns had a range of industries, some industries were at specific locations ecause of the availa ility of particular natural resources, such as gold and coal mining, hydro power generation and tim er processing. or e ample, the Matāura free ing works and the Matāura paper mill were oth located eside the Matāura iver for hydro power. ndustries at specific locations are dependent on transport networks, which either helped or hindered access to raw materials and movement of manufactured goods.
s transport networks and trade within Southland, and etween Southland and the rest of the world, have developed over time, local communities no longer needed to e as self reliant. Many industries have consolidated, even those that are location specific like tim er processing. ther reasons that industries have consolidated are the costs of replacing aging infrastructure and improvements in technology. n some cases, technological change has resulted in industries returning to an area over time. A fair proportion of the region’s major industries are now concentrated in a swathe from nvercargill and luff to Matāura and ore, close to the main trunk railway line and the region’s port. ver time, some industries have declined while others e panded.
igure following page shows the location of industries with wastewater across the Southland, including whether the wastewater is connected to a municipal scheme or treated on site. he map does not include wastewater discharges from hydro electric power schemes and mines ecause the nature of these discharges is different from trade waste.
5 n the 2 s, the own oard took enforcement steps against the dairy factory ecause its cesspit had not een cleaned and whey was eing put down the town drains hwaites, 2 .
5 o rce n ironment o thland
Southland’s first known manufacturing industry was the large scale prod ction of stone tools made by Māori from local argillite at Tiwai Point, which is now the location of New Zealand’s Aluminium melter – one of the region’s most recent industries. Excavations of the site during the construction of the al mini m smelter re ealed tonnes of stone fla es, fish hoo s and stone tools dating ac as far as . ther early ind stries are m tton ird har esting, fla har esting, and fishing. tton ird har esting has long een carried o t in a t mn y tewart sland Rakiura Māori on the Tītī Islands. Flax was harvested by mana whenua for making rope, and later, for trading with early ropean e plorers. ish was also dried and traded with other āori or ropeans – hief hawi i tra elled to ydney to sell a cargo of dried fish, ying g ns with the proceeds acfie, .
he first ropean ind stries to de elop in o thland were ship ased whaling and sealing from the s in the o ea trait, followed y shore ased whaling stations from the s. he first sites were James Spencer’s whaling supply depot at Bluff (1824), which was joined by whaling stations at near y tirling oint , and at ttle o e in reser ation nlet, iordland . hese were soon followed y the whaling station at Jacob’s River Estuary (Riverton/ parima , and shorter li ed stations at Wai awa, oetoes ay ortrose , and each of the two Māori villages in the Ōreti ew i er st ary – Ōmāui and e. Whaling occ rred at s ch intensity that the ind stry was
“doomed to self destruction” all ones . . s these coastal industries declined some ioneers turned to agriculture and moved inland.
Southland’s rivers and along the coast has long been fished for survival and trade by Māori and later Euro eans. n om oderi ue ecame the first erson to commercially catch and sell oysters from ort dventure Stewart sland akiura waiting for low tide and shovelling oysters straight from the sea ed into his oat that he then sold in unedin acfie . rom the s canning and curing factories o ened in the region followed in the s y refrigerated fishing trawlers and free ing de ots. y the start of the th century around fishing vessels were registered at orts along the Southland coast.
oday commercial fishing oats are ased at an luff iverton and ilford Sound. he most common inshore s ecies are lue cod and crayfish s iny rock lo ster aua a alone and luff oysters. ffshore s ecies include tuna hoki dory s uid monkfish and hake acfie . here is an a uaculture industry with mussel salmon and oyster farming at Stewart sland akiura and luff and an eel rocessing lant at ennington. Southland’s estuaries are either essential nursery areas for many commercial fish and shellfish s ecies or the s ecies rely on clean estuary filtered water entering the near shore coast.
s Southland’s interior was explored, the region’s first gold deposits were discovered in the Matāura iver near uturau. Southland’s gold de osits are alluvial – small grains of gold eroded from the source rock over thousands of years that settled in the gravel of river eds – and extracted using a range of methods. y the s there was gold ros ecting using a cradle and an on the aikaia and aikaka rivers tri utaries of the Matāura iver in north eastern Southland. he towns of okomai now a locality near arston aikaia originally named Swit ers and aikaka grew u around these workings. he Swit ers goldfield was vast covering a roximately s uare kilometres. to miners held claims scattered across the goldfield and the goldfield itself was only accessi le y foot from awrence km to the north – this isolation meant miners relied on su lies from runholders for many years. he town of Swit ers was moved three times in order to extract the gold underneath it c ee .
rom the s new hydraulic sluicing and dredging technologies were develo ed leading to a renewal of gold mining from the s to the s. any of the miners were hinese who came to the goldfields with the aim of earning as uickly as ossi le to return to hina and uy a lot of land. t okomai hoie Sew oy a hinese usinessman and entre reneur develo ed a large water race system through rugged terrain for a hydraulic sluicing and elevator lant aucho . his innovation gave ho e to large num ers of miners who returned to the area to mine gold. he sluice remained in o eration until . hoie Sew oy also invented a new ty e of steam ucket dredge which also reignited interest in gold mining. y there were gold dredges in Southland with around dredges on the aikaka iver. ver million worth of gold was retrieved from the aikaka area etween and – the last dredge closing in .
old was also mined at re uki each west of iverton oal sland in reservation nlet iordland and aimumu stream southwest of ore . Soon after gold was discovered on oal sland around miners were living there in extremely trying and isolated conditions and the most relia le form of communication with nvercargill was y carrier igeon acfie . he aimumu goldfield roduced a total of kilograms of gold urn ull lli one . ne of
the richest goldfields as ound ill at the edge of the ong oods hich roduced Southland’s largest nugget ounces n d here ere other gold mining o erations along the atlins coast on eaches from ortrose to aldane hile mining of most of the remaining gold de osits is currentl uneconomic allu ial gold mining returned to the ai aia area in
he influ of ros ectors see ing to find their fortune and settlers loo ing to ta e u land for farming increased demand for housing and infrastructure his demand dro e de elo ment of industries such as tim er rocessing coal mining and h dro o er generation ndigenous nati e s ecies ere the main source for tim er rocessing as land as cleared and de elo ed for agriculture such as around uata ere hich as known as “The hole in the bush” efore the urchase of the urihi u loc much ut not all of Southland as co ered in odocar rimu totara ahi atea miro and matai and eech forests – the Southland lains consisted of oc ets of nati e forest e tensi e lo land s am and tussoc grasslands acfie n the t entieth centur tim er rocessing shifted to e otic s ecies articularl radiata ine ouglas fir gro n at higher altitudes and more recentl eucal tus as commercial forests ere lanted on some of the cleared land
t first tim er rocessing as located close to settlements and ulloc teams ere used to haul logs to the local sa mill s demand for tim er gre from ithin Southland e ealand and further afield the location of ne sa mills as determined access to na iga le ater and or to rail orests ithin eas reach of orts ere some of the first to e felled n Ste art sland et een and there ere o er sa mills in o eration acfie im er as shi ed from ai a a and used to uild cities li e imaru and unedin
e elo ment of the rail a net or articularl from a are a through to uata ere im ro ed access to forests and tim er rocessing e anded t also increased demand for tim er hich as used for ooden rails and slee ers s easier odocar forests along Southland’s coastal flats ere cleared attention turned to less familiar sil er eech forests on the lo er slo es of the ong oods and further est to the coastal forests in and around e ae ae a acfie n uata ere there has long een a close relationshi et een sa mills and the local communit he ort raig sa mill on the est side of e ae ae a o erated from to ort raig em lo ed o er men rocessing u to cu ic metres of tim er er month ith a recent closure in tautau tim er rocessing no occurs in or around uata ere inton n ercargill and Matāura
ith settlement came a need for a domestic source of coal that as used for heating o er generation for s ecific industries e g dair factories and trans ortation e g rail a s and steamers s earl as the s coal de osits in the north airio area north of tautau ere noted nitiall an coal reco ered as used locall ut soon the search egan for seams large enough to e mined on a commercial scale and sold further afield oal mines ere de elo ed
Sa mill or ers ought food su lies from neigh ouring settlers ho in turn ought tim er roducts from sa mills for uilding and fencing c lintoc and it gerald he tim er as trans orted tramlines o er iaducts efore eing shi ed to cities around e ealand and ustralia he isolated location of the sa mill meant it as largel self reliant ith a full range of ser ices for or ers and their families on site e g a school lac smith harf a er li rar social hall and accommodation and it had a strong sense of communit c echan ore detail on forestr in Southland is a aila le in the griculture and orestr e ort oran
a ound ight a s hai ew ighton ai io ossbank and atau a The oal anged o e tensi e lignite de osits a low g ade oal to sub bitu inous oal a high g ade oal Toda oal ining is still in o e ation in the hai ight a s and ai u u a eas nea atau a new te hnolog aking it ossible to a ess and e tend e iousl abandoned oal sea s
o the late th entu so e e lo ation and e t a tion o oil and oil shale a ine g ained udstone o u ed in ent al and weste n Southland a ti ula at e uki but was sho t li ed Off Southland’s coast, the eat South asin k is one o the la gest otential oil and gas ields in ew ealand Southland ew ealand n d Sin e the 0’s, companies ha e obtained e lo ation e its unt et oleu was one o the i st and the d illed e lo ato bo es between Southland and the u kland slands To date wo k in the eat South asin has been li ited to e lo ation be ause o oble s with the ha sh en i on ent and te hni al di i ulties n e ent ea s ad an es in seis i su e ing and d illing te hnolog ha e enewed inte est and se e al new e lo ation e its ha e been g anted n the go e n ent in luded the este n Southland asin land and oastal in a blo k o e o oil and gas e lo ation
Sou e a o an
ew dai a to ies att a ted ea l settle s to Southland who bought land to set u dai a s o the s li ewo ks we e established to su l egula a li ations o li e to hel ont ol the soil o dai ing on the newl lea ed land nitiall a e s used bu nt li e on the land al iu o ide but in the new a ti e o using al iu a bonate a si le and o e e e ti e odu t was int odu ed as a e tili e te so e initial esistan e an a e s on e ted and
one of the most influential as le ande lie od e i ch ood Station acfie, 00 om the e innin of the 0th centu , lime o s e e de eloped he e the e e e outc ops of limestone, pa ticula l in central Southland. In the mid 1950’s there were 13 limeworks in Southland, ut ne technolo led to some ein amal amated o closed oda ust a handful of lime o s emain
Since u opean settlement, a icultu al p ocessin and manufactu in in Southland has e ol ed a ound fi e ool and fla , meat and animal p oducts, dai , ain, and f om o ld a o, e eta les, fla millin e ealand fla and linen fla and tulips ndust ial de elopment has ene all follo ed a patte n of man small local facto ies that o e time consolidated into a handful of la e p ocesso s and manufactu e s eithe close to South o t and o the main t un ail a line his chan e has la el occu ed as a esult of imp o ements in technolo , pa ticula l fo p ese in food e d in , cannin , f ee in , chillin and t anspo t lon the a some indust ies ha e come and one f om the e ion, such as a it cannin facto ies 0, flou mills, and oat mills t p esent, p ocesso s and manufactu e s a e located in and a ound n e ca ill, and et een n e ca ill and o e
ith fa min came food p ocessin indust ies n the 0s cannin facto ies e e set up, initiall the las o eat ese in ompan at oodlands and inton acfie, 00 u in the a a cannin facto at luff p oduced ,000 cans pe da of a it, sheep ton ues, eef oll, mutton, stea and idne , and fish all ones, n the 0s ef i e ation made it possi le to e po t hole ca casses of a its, sheep, and cattle he Southland o en eat ompan sent thei fi st shipment in , f o en on oa d ship ind, Soon afte , a ef i e ation plant as uilt at luff to f ee e and sto e meat efo e shippin it o e seas, follo ed a second plant at atau a in Othe f ee in o s e e uilt in Southland, at Ocean each Si oseph a d , a a e a, o ne ille , and a specialist enison p ocessin plant at oss u n oda meat p ocessin plants a e situated a ound n e ca ill, atau a, and o e
he dai p ocessin indust enefitted f om the int oduction of ef i e ation, hich made e po ts of utte and cheese possi le, the use of lime on pastu e, and the de elopment of a u al po e suppl discussed late in this section n the 0s a dai facto ith cheese ma in facilities as built at Edendale, which became New Zealand’s first large scale dairy factory (Wing, 2012) his as follo ed a la e num e of small dai co ope ati es p ocessin mil fo local fa me s that eached a pea of in the 0s acfie, 00 ost facto ies p oduced utte and cheese, ut some p efe ed to specialise o di e sif o e ample, stilton cheese as manufactu ed the Sa el famil et een 0 and at osl n ush and then oodlands i hlande s eetened condensed mil as manufactu ed at allaceto n f om until , hen manufactu in shifted to uc land
o e info mation on the tulip o in indust is a aila le in an den ou ne s of ope – ost o ld a ll utch Settlement in the South of e ealand 0 he fi st a its e e eleased in e ealand on Sand oint in n e ca ill in and ithin fi e ea s thei num e s had inc eased to the point he e the e e conside ed pests sle , 0 Much of the development of Southland’s meat processing industry is recorded in Lind (1981)
Source Emma Moran
rom the 1950s many dairy factories closed for a range of reasons including improved transportation, processing techni ues, and, in some cases, a lack of maintenance. y 1981 the only dairy factory in Southland was at Edendale (Macfie, 200 ). t present, there are two milk processing plants in Southland, producing a variety of dairy products, including milk powder for e port. onterra own a plant at Edendale, pen ountry airy have a plant at warua and a third, Mataura alley Milk, is under construction at McNab near ore.
lour mills appeared early in European settlement and played a ma or role in economic development. or over a century, Southland was one of the most important flour producing regions in New Zealand, reaching a peak of 12 flour mills in the 1880s. he industry’s endurance was largely down to homas leming who bought a mill (with partners) in Invercargill in 18 9 before e panding and ac uiring all other mills in Southland. leming and ompany became a household name throughout New Zealand. Mills were also set up in Southland to process New Zealand fla over 1 0 mills operated between the 1880s and 19 0s. Shorter fibres were used in furniture, packing and floor mats, but most went into woolpacks, cereal bags and baling twine. here were also two fla rope and twine mills in Invercargill. Linen fla mills were also located in Southland when linen fla was needed for essential military supplies in ritain during World War wo1 2.
1 2 A history of Southland’s linen flax industry is available in Trotter (1996) .
15
Source a oran
ydro ower enerated usin water wheels was at first li ited to s ecific industries articularly in Matāura and Stewart sland a iura As hydro ower beca e a source for eneratin electricity s all sche es were used to su ly towns such as at ore nvercar ill and luff As de and for electricity in rural areas rew articularly fro dairy factories attention turned to the considerable eneration otential of the iordland la es ather than wait for central overn ent a local initiative1 established the Southland lectric ower oard (the world’s first ower board) in 1919 which ave urban and rural areas e ual access to chea electricity ( uc in ha 16) n 19 the Southland lectric ower oard built the onowai ower Sche e at the confluence of the onowai iver and the aiau iver hen the overn ent too over fro the oard in 19 6 9 ercent of Southland’s power was being generated at onowai ( uc in ha 16) The onowai ower Station was refurbish ent in and now has three turbines each ca able of roducin 6 e awatts of electricity
n the 196 s the overn ent built an under round hydroelectric ower sche e at a e ana ouri to su ly electricity to the alu iniu s elter at Tiwai oint (co leted in 19 1) The ori inal lan included a ro osal to raise the level of the la e by etres effectively er in it with a e Te Anau This ro osal tri ered a nationwide ublic o osition ca ai n and it was eventually
1 n 191 a rou of Southlanders for ed the Southland Progress League to promote the region’s interests and avoid it beco in a bac water The atural esources o ittee led by A od er ( irchwood Station) rioritised the develo ent of renewable ener y resources and the ea ue wrote the le islation for the lectric ower oards Act of 191
1 abandoned ( ni ht 16) The sche e enerates u to e awatts of electricity by divertin the a ority of the flow fro the aiau iver to ee ove in iordland The alu iniu s elter is the lar est sin le user of electricity in ew ealand and uses it to convert i orted alu ina fro ueensland into hi h rade alu iniu The s elter was located in Southland because of the lar e and reliable su ly of subsidised electricity fro ana ouri and s ecifically at Tiwai oint because of its roxi ity to South ort at luff and the established infrastructure in nvercar ill
ss is based in nvercar ill and is a co o erative wholly owned by over far ers t is one of the world’s largest processors of sheep meat and New Zealand’s largest producer of lamb but also roduces venison or and beef roducts Alliance rou has a turnover of around 1 billion and has three lar e eat rocessin lants in Southland at orneville a arewa and Matāura onstruction has also be un on a new ur ose built venison rocessin lant at orneville esti ated to cost 1 illion
is based in unedin and is a artnershi between Silver ern ar s o o erative and Shan hai alin ts ori ins are as a far er controlled co o erative co any re resentin around 16 shee cattle and deer far er shareholders throu hout ew ealand t is the lar est livestoc rocessin entity in ew ealand e loyin around eo le at the ea season ts annual turnover exceeds b and it o erates lants at ennin ton and aitane in Southland
o erates a eat rocessin lant at Awarua and is owned by A ew Zealand Limited, a member of the Talley’s group of companies, which is wholly owned by the Talley fa ily
There are two other co anies o eratin in Southland that rocess and ex ort s aller volu es of eat
s a rivately held fir with two shee and la b rocessin lants in Southland at orton ains and ore
is a rivately held fir with a a ority shareholder based in hina and a la b shee and beef rocessin lant at nvercar ill
ss : is New Zealand’s biggest company and the world’s largest processor of dairy products, responsible for approximately a third of the world’s dairy exports. It is a co o erative owned and su lied by 1 ew ealand far er shareholders with revenue exceedin 19 billion onterra o erates a lar e dairy rocessin lant in dendale one of the lar est in ew ealand airy rocessors have o erated on this site since the 1 s, making it New Zealand’s oldest manufacturing site Today onterra rocesses ore than 1 illion litres of il er day at its dendale lant roducin cheese anhydrous il fat il rotein concentrate casein and il owder
1 : is a pri ate company which produces milk products for local and global exports. It is the second largest dairy manufacturer in New Zealand with re enue of almost million . pen ountry airy operates three dairy processing plants, one of which is in outhland at warua. The warua plant speciali es in the manufacture of whole milk powders certified to alal standards. Open Country Dairy’s three processing sites are supplied by independent dairy farmers and between them process around million litres of milk per annum.
Matāura : has recently built a new milk processing plant at cNab, near ore, with production starting in ugust . is a hinese state owned company which holds a . percent stake in the plant, percent is held by outhland farmers, the remainder by amilton based milk powder company and Matāura directors. The plant’s focus is on producing infant formula for international markets as well as T cream and some skimmed milk powder and is capable of processing , litres of whole milk a day ickett, .
: There are se eral small bouti ue dairy processors in outhland that sell products like speciality cheeses and yoghurt, both domestically and internationally e.g. etro rganics, Tuturau and lue i er airy roducts Ltd, In ercargill sheep milk products and infant formula from sheep, goat and cow milk .
ss : is a pri ate company established in . It owns , hectares of timber plantation in outhland, supplying wood to their own sawmill near inton. The sawmill produces , cubic metres of sawn timber per annum, some for the domestic market, some for export to sia hina, Taiwan, ingapore, alaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, ietnam and India and .
: is a family owned company established in , that expanded from three small sawmills to the present site at ennington, In ercargill co ering more than hectares. er staff are employed by the company. range of products are produced by Niagara including milled timber and precision building products as well as bark, chip, sawdust, firewood and bri uettes. Niagara owns some of its own plantations but also purchases logs from pri ately owned blocks. s well as producing for the domestic market, the main export destination for Niagara’s products is sia, e.g. Indonesia, hina, Thailand and ietnam.
oth the raigpine Timber and Niagara sawmills process around , tonnes of logs per year into sawn timber, but there are also a number of smaller sawmills around the region as well as other companies that process wood into different products illar et al, .
: manufactures medium density fibreboard at its plant at Matāura. It typically processes between , and , tonnes of chip to produce , with roughly two thirds coming from logs and the remainder from chip residue from sawmills. The Matāura plant exports products to se eral countries in outheast sia, as well as hina, apan and the nited tates of merica aiken outhland, n.d .
as a c ipping facility at arua near n ercargill n aroun tonnes of ar oo eucalyptus logs ere c ippe at t e facility for e port to apanese pulp an paper anufacturers anley pers co
s as recently for e y a group of in estors an in ai aia ine as opene at res for near ai aia near t e original gol to n of it ers e ine is ai ing to e tract to ounces of gol annually o er se en years efore returning t e lan to far ing e ai aia ine e ploys aroun staff inclu ing contractors Nai u
is New Zealand’s largest specialist coal company. ey pro uce o er illion tonnes of coal a year an e ploy o er people in Ne ealan at urst esources operates t e a iti u ine at Nig tcaps ic pro i es su itu inous coal to local sc ools ospitals foo processors an airy factories lt oug t e a iti u ine as e auste of coal aroun an t e Coal Dale ine is co ing to t e en of its supply a ington at urst esources are currently e eloping t e lac Dia on loc an e tension of t e a iti u ine t at ill pro i e access to a furt er illion tonnes of coal at urst n ey are also e ploring ot er options at near y Ne rig ton ic coul open up furt er eposits of t e ig gra e su itu inous coal
ource Environment Southland’s Compliance Monitoring Report 2015/16
is o ne y al er roup a collecti e fro Dune in it e perience in ining an uarrying reen riar as recently ta en o er O ai Coal ine an Ne ale oo in ine at ai u u fro pre ious o ner oli nergy Ne ealan as part of oli
Energy’s liquidation process. reen riar employs around 60 local people and sells its coal throughout Southland. he New ale mine supplies lignite to industries in the south o New Zealand. ne o their largest customers has een onterra or its dairy processing plant at Edendale while other customers have een lliance meat processing group tim er companies a hospital a tile drain wor s and or lime drying ool 201 . hai Mine produces su ituminous coal which is used or residential and commercial heating and steam electric power generation. Ohai’s coal has only 0. percent sulphur y weight meaning it is an e tremely clean coal.
was ormed when warua imewor s merged with rowns ime Company in 1 . rowns ime Company ormed in 1 15 and produced lime rom its rowns site or years with around 1 employees in the early years tunnel lasting then agging the lime and transporting it y rail. n 1 the rowns site was closed and all operations were moved to the present day site on end Road inton. his is now the iggest limewor s in Southland Mac ie 2006 . ime no longer uses e plosives ut uses large diggers to access the lime. 2 sta mem ers are employed y ime 2015 . he current e cavation site is estimated to e a le to produce lime or another 100 years Salter 2015 .
is a co operative owned wholly y armers with its head o ice in Christchurch. t is the largest supplier o ertiliser products in New Zealand supplying over hal o all ertiliser used in New Zealand usion5 n.d. . Ravensdown operates a lime uarry at ipton. he ipton uarry has een operational since the 1 20s with various owners e ore Ravensdown who progressively modi ied and re uilt the wor s to increase output Collinson 2002 . ma or upgrade was completed at the uarry in 201 ma ing it one o the most up to date lime processing plants in New Zealand. t has the capacity to produce over 0 000 tonnes o limestone a year. Ravensdown also own another limestone store and uarry at al our Mac ay 2011 .
owned y . . Richardson roup R is located in auana north o inton and is a certi ied organic uarry producing lime and ertilisers R n.d .
is a 100 percent New Zealand armer owned cooperative with a core usiness in ertiliser manu acturing sales and supply throughout New Zealand. ts revenue or the year 2016 was million ma ing a pro it o 1 million reen 2016 . allance gri Nutrients was ormed in 2001 a ter a series o mergers and share purchases etween South ert the ay o lenty ertiliser Company ern Corporation and Nors ydro now ara . allance has two plants that manu acture phosphate ertiliser products one in the North sland and the other in Southland at the original South ert plant at warua. etween the two plants they produce appro imately 00 000 tonnes o ertiliser a year. The Awarua plant’s products are distributed throughout the South sland. allance also o ers sponsorships and runs the allance arm Environment wards in an e ort to promote and reward good arming practices.
is a company ormed in 2006 which manu actures a magnesium rich agricultural ertiliser and salt lic s mined rom serpentine. t is owned y a partnership Mc regors earsons who reopened the Moss urn Serpentine uarry. digger is used to e tract the serpentine roc e ore transporting it to Mc regors Concrete e nau or crushing and processing. rom there it is transported to umsden or storage and distri ution Southland Serpentine n.d. .
161 owned by . . ichardson roup operates a hard roc quarry at reenhills near lu a sand and aggregate plant at Ōreti each near n ercargill three obile crushing plants and a obile screening plant. Their products include roading and construction aggregates and concrete sand and they range in si e ro serpentine dust to railway ballast right up to orna ental boulders n.d. .
is an n ercargill co pany which e ports pebbles and construction aggregates to di erent countries principally or orna ental purposes li e pool lining and decorati e landscaping.
own and run the anapouri ower tation ew ealand s largest hydroelectric power station. t is located on a e anapouri’s West Arm in Fiordland National ar outhland and uses water stored in a e Te Anau and a e anapouri. The water used to generate electricity is discharged through two tunnels into eep o e oubt ul ound. uilt al ost entirely underground etres below the sur ace o a e anapouri it is widely considered to be one o New Zealand’s greatest engineering achievements. anapouri ower tation has se en egawatt generating units which generate enough electricity each year or about ho es appro i ately percent o the country s electricity .
hite ill wind ar located in northern outhland o erloo ing ossburn is also owned and operated by eridian Energy. t was o icially opened in and was the irst wind ar in the outh sland. The wind ar co ers appro i ately square ilo etres o ainly orestry land consisting o two egawatt turbines which will produce enough electricity or about a erage households.
own and run onowai ower tation on a e onowai in western outhland. or started in a ing it one o the earliest hydroelectric power stations in ew ealand. A re urbish ent co pleted in has updated the power station. Each o the three turbines is now capable o producing . egawatts o electricity with an annual generation o gigawatt hours.
Matāura has historically had a eat wor s and paper ill located by the Matāura i er ne t to the Matāura alls both were powered by hydroelectricity generated ro the ri er . . The paper ill closed down in but the eat wor s owned by Alliance is still in operation and generates so e o the electricity it needs.
is a oint enture between ioneer eneration n est ents td Electricity n ercargill i ited and The ower o pany i ited. The partnership operates lat ill wind ar near lu which opened in and consists o eight turbines with a total generation capacity o . egawatts. lat ill was built on a hectare site o pri ate ar land chosen or its opti al wind conditions and ini al en iron ental i pact. t connects directly to the Bluff substation and The Power Company Limited’s local network, and produces appro i ately gigawatt hours o renewable energy annually enough to power ho es ore than enough for all Bluff’s energy needs ioneer Energy n.d. .
ource i on oran
ss New Zealand’s Aluminium Smelter (NZAS) opened in at Tiwai oint across the harbour ro lu . A the only alu iniu s elter in ew ealand is owned by aci ic Alu iniu . and Japan’s Sumitomo Chemical Company (20.64%). The plant produces high grade pri ary alu iniu ro alu ina sourced ro ueensland Australia. E er since it opened the s elter has been New Zealand’s largest consu er o electricity – around one third of the South Island’s electricity usage and 15 per cent of New Zealand’s usage. Appro i ately people are e ployed at A . n tonnes o alu iniu were produced by A around percent o which was e ported gi ing A e port re enue o o er billion as well as contributing illion to the outhland econo y.
Part C: Town Case Studies
reports on the survey and modelling of municipal wastewater schemes in Southland. It builds on the outline of Southland in and the overview of urban areas and industry in .
is made up of nine main sections:
outlines the general approach to town selection, and the modelling scenarios;
describe each case study town and summarises their results; and
describes .
1. General Approach
The purpose of this research was to develop information on further managing waste substances in discharges from municipal wastewater schemes so that this information will be available during community processes to set limits for fresh water in Southland. Specifically, this research focused on selected towns across the region and investigated the existing performance of their wastewater schemes, and the effectiveness and financial costs of upgrades or step changes in performance. As outlined in of this report, there are a range of urban communities (generally referred to as towns) in Southland and each territorial authority (Gore District Council, Invercargill City Council, and Southland District Council) is faced with a different set of circumstances.
These schemes consist of two main components: the reticulation infrastructure (i.e. pipes, pumps, and pits) and the wastewater treatment system. While a scheme’s reticulation infrastructure is relevant, the research was specifically about step improvements in wastewater treatment. In addition to these step improvements there are also possible actions to improve the capacity of reticulation infrastructure. These actions can reduce inflows into a wastewater treatment system, increase its effectiveness, and improve the overall efficiency of a scheme.
This section describes the general approach used in this research, including town selection and the modelling process. This research was a substantial undertaking for all of the councils involved and it occurred between 2015 and 2016. During this time, Environment Southland developed the physiographic zones (refer to Part A, Section 2.4) and notified the proposed Southland Water and Land Plan.
Research of this type is relatively uncommon in New Zealand and it had its challenges, particularly around the development of scenarios to model. It was the first time research has included towns from across a region, and it is the largest analysis of its type to date. It was also the first time all territorial authorities within a region and a regional council have worked together on this type of
164 research. he uidin rinci le that sha ed the research was that it was underta en in ways that made sense to all of the councils.
n essence the a roach was to de elo a set of case studies that included towns in each of the three districts ased on information from munici al wastewater schemes across outhland. he case studies were a mi of uantitati e and ualitati e data and allowed multi le factors to e e lored within a real world conte t. he set of case studies form a ody of information which is useful for all towns in the re ion. his a roach allowed a ran e of different circumstances to e ca tured and was the most efficient way to co er the ran e of situations within the re ion as ossi le. he case study a roach was similar to that used for the a ricultural sector descri ed in art of the riculture and orestry e ort) and followed the asic rocess descri ed elow.
In focusing on municipal wastewater schemes, a considerable proportion of the region’s industrial discharges i e trade waste were also captured
1.1. Town Selection he selection of towns as case studies was an iterati e rocess of determinin the total num er of case studies needed and considerin the s ecific towns to include. he num er of case studies ran ed from a sin le in de th in esti ation to multi le e am les that co ered the to ic li htly. he constraints were the e istin information and the resources a aila le i.e. staff time e istin nowled e and fundin ) to underta e this wor . he rocess too account of a ran e of factors includin olitical and eo ra hic distri ution and the si e and ty e of schemes.
he most im ortant factor was whether a town’s wastewater scheme had a dischar e to water rather than to land). hese schemes are li ely to e a riority in limit settin for water uality ecause they tend to contri ute a more direct load of contaminants and direct dischar es to water are less socially and culturally acce ta le. Location was also important because of a town’s role as a ser ice centre local en ironmental conditions and need for eneral re resentation across the region (refer to Part A, Section 1.2). Other factors were a wastewater scheme’s connection with stormwater and the e tent of its trade waste com onent. i ht towns were selected as case studies and their selection was ased on the o ulation and the e tent of wastewater schemes within each district. he s readsheet on the ne t a e summarises the analysis used in the selection rocess – the ei ht case studies are hi hli hted in lue ore atāura, Invercargill, Winton, i htca s e nau hai and luff.
he e tent of e istin consent monitorin information was aria le across the re ion. he lar er schemes with mechanical rocesses and on site o erators ha e more e tensi e and fre uent monitorin ro rammes. or e am le wastewater inflow and outflow influent and effluent) characteristics at Invercargill’s wastewater treatment system at Clifton are monitored on a wee ly asis. he smaller schemes ased on an o idation ond are monitored less fre uently. or e am le i htca s’ treated wastewater was sam led twice a year and increased to four times a year under the recently ranted consent.
reshwater erritorial own opulation astewater pe of wastewater and Industr wastewater treatment is either ia the anagement nit uthorit region discharge stormwater schemes municipal scheme or on site ore . o water ombine an separate networ s eat processing, light in ustr , transport, an other
sectors
ore Matāura 1. o water ombine an separate networ s eat processing istrict ai a a .1 o water astewater some stormwater Matāura alfour .1 o water astewater some stormwater en ale n ham 1.2 o water il processing orge oa .2 o lan an water astewater some stormwater i ers ale . o lan an water astewater some stormwater o anui .2 o water astewater some stormwater ightcaps . o water Separate networ s oal mining Aparima Otautau . o lan Separate networ s imber processing (recentl close )
i erton 1. o lan an A Separate networ s ish processing anapouri .2 o lan an water Separate networ s ropower generation onowai o lan astewater some stormwater aiau Ohai . o water Separate networ s oal mining (recentl close ) e Anau 2. o water Separate networ s Light engineering, transport an tourism Southlan istrict Southlan uatapere . o water Separate networ s imber processing an tourism ior lan slan s Oban . o lan Separate networ s ish processing an tourism rowns .2 o lan an water astewater some stormwater Limewor s Lums en . o lan astewater some stormwater ransport allacetown . o water astewater ia in ustrial s stem eat processing ossburn .2 .A. Some stormwater onl ransport inton 2. o water Separate networ s imber processing, light engineering, concrete Ōreti pro uction, an transport
n ercargill . o coastal marine Separate networ s, some cross eat, mil an metal processing, light in ustr an other area contamination issues sectors
luff 1. o coastal marine Separate networ s ish processing it area n ercargill n ercargill Ōmāui .1 o lan astewater onl
1 n total, the eight case stu towns represent o er percent of Southland’s population. The emographic tren s for these towns ar between towns an change o er time. Population ri es the eli er of ser ices, such as wastewater, an some towns ha e eclining populations. his circumstance presents real challenges for these communities in the future, challenges that are e acerbate where there are relati el low househol incomes. igure 1 shows population changes from 1 1 to 2 1 for the eight case stu towns. he tren line for each town on this graph is coloure b istrict towns in Southlan istrict are blue, towns in n ercargill it istrict are orange, an towns in ore istrict are green.
e nau 2
1
inton
In ercargill
1
ore opulation change from 2 ataura
luff ightcaps
hai
1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
igure opulation change for the eight case stud towns to Source Statistics ew ealan census ata
1 The population onne ted to a aste ate s he e di e tl dete ines the inflo and onta inant load of in o in aste ate . a to s that han e this elationship a e onne tions of la e indust pa ti ula l if the t ade aste is hi hl on ent ated o in su stantial olu es. The e tent of sto ate inflo and ound ate infilt ation to the s ste ill tend to disp opo tionatel in ease the flo of aste ate pa ti ula l du in pea flo s. s population in eases o de eases the ase aste ate flo and load ill han e si ila l ut pea flo s a not han e as u h.
Ta le su a ises the annual inflo to the s ste s fo the ase stud to ns. n the ta le the to ns a e so ted in o de of de easin inflo to the s ste . nflo pe household i es an indi ation of the effe ts of sou es othe than esidential aste ate on the aste ate s he e. n e a ill o e and luff all ha e elati el hi h inflo pe household efle tin the e tent of o e ial and indust ial aste ate e ei ed these s he es. Sto ate infilt ation into the aste ate s he e is also a si nifi ant issue fo o e addin to the olu e of inflo e ui in t eat ent. Te nau e ei es onside a le tou is elated flo s hi h has in eased the inflo pe household in o pa ison to a si ila si ed to n li e inton. The ele ated inflo pe household at hai is possi l e ause of the effe ts of inflo and infilt ation ithin the net o .
able Inflow and ouseholds in the own atchments for
nnual Inflow own nnual Inflow m ear ouseholds hh per household m hh ear
n e a ill o e luff Te nau inton atāu a hai i ht aps
1.2. Contaminants The esea h onside ed suspended solids io he i al o en de and total nit o en total phospho us and E. coli. These onta inants a e easu ed as on ent ations to i it and loads a u ulations) that tend to build up in ‘sinks’, lakes, groundwater and estuaries. Direct toxicity of onta inants in aste ate as distin t f o se onda effe ts li e to i al ae o th is t pi all not a a o issue in Southland’s rivers because wastewater generally has low concentrations of etals and s ntheti o ani s. onia al to i it is usuall li ited to a elati el s all i in one hen the e is suffi ient ate a aila le fo i in .
onta inants relating to toxicity effects i.e. a onia, heavy etals and synthetic organics ) are a focus of the current policy fra ework and consents, and were not investigated as part of this pro ect.
astewater contains solid and dissolved conta inants that can affect the uality of surface water, groundwater, and coastal waters. Solids in wastewater s other benthic co unities organis s that live at the botto of a water body) if they settle out in the water body the concentration of suspended solids is reflective of the level of risk. he solids discharged fro a wastewater treat ent sche e are ainly organic and, together with dissolved organic atter, deplete oxygen in a receiving water body. his effect is characterised by the bioche ical oxygen de and of the wastewater, which reflects both solid and dissolved organic atter. istorically, the need to reduce these conta inants suspended solids and bioche ical dissolved oxygen de and) was the ain reason for wastewater treat ent.
utrients, both nitrogen and phosphorus, are a recognised issue in many of Southland’s surface water bodies, groundwater, and coastal waters. hese nutrients are present in wastewater in different for s. or nitrogen, these for s include a oniacal nitrogen, oxidised nitrogen nitrate and nitrite) and organic nitrogen. or phosphorus, these for s include dissolved, organic and inorganic for s. ach for can be deter ined separately and both nitrogen and phosphorus change between their various for s in water bodies. otal concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the wastewater reflect the overall risk of nutrient accu ulation build up) in water bodies. astewater treat ent in the region achieves so e degree of nutrient reduction, although only ore has a specific nutrient reduction process. ncreasing attention is being placed on reducing nutrients in wastewater treat ent.
astewater affects public health when people are exposed to its pathogens. athogens are agents that cause disease and include bacteria e.g. sal onella), viruses i.e. norovirus), and proto oa i.e. giardia). xposure to pathogens occurs when water downstrea is used for drinking water supply, irrigation and or recreational activity within the water body such as swi ing, fishing and boating. he risk relates to the degree of treat ent of the wastewater before discharge, the extent of dilution in the receiving water where there is exposure, and the extent of exposure.
he relevant guidelines for these activities are based on indicators, typically E. coli, in water. fter discharge, E. coli die off in the environ ent over ti e. xposure to sunlight in oxidation ponds causes so e reduction in pathogens and E. coli, although the extent is highly variable. hai and luff have ultraviolet disinfection processes to specifically address pathogens. educing E. coli to ake water safer for hu an activities e.g. swi ing) and cultural values e.g. ahinga kai) is central to current water uality discussions nationally.
Su er is generally the ti e when water bodies are used recreationally, therefore, the treat ent process is ost critical at this ti e of year. n su er there are usually higher te peratures and lower flows in receiving water bodies than in winter. hen the flow in a receiving water body is low, dilution of conta inants is less, and so any wastewater discharge will often have a greater effect
Synthetic organics are anufactured carbon based che icals organic in this context eans carbon based) as distinct fro natural organic che icals, which for part of bioche ical oxygen de and D). Synthetic organics is used as a ‘catch all’ term for substances such as pesticides, herbicides, additives.
than hen the ater bodies flo is high. hen temperatures are higher there is more biological activity in receiving aters, potentially increasing the ris of algal blooms or slimes as the discharge of treated aste ater contains organic solids and nutrients. o ever, higher temperatures can also result in better treatment performance ithin the aste ater system, particularly of nutrient reduction processes both mechanical and land based , due to the higher biological activity. his is not al ays the case but is beneficial hen it happens or is designed for. Some aste ater treatment schemes have a specific nutrient limit hich applies for the armer months only or an increased limit for colder periods hen flo s in the receiving ater body are higher.
Image ore astewater reatment stem Source mma oran
Solids, nutrients and pathogens are reduced in the aste ater through treatment before discharge. he amount of treatment re uired depends upon the nature of the ater body and its catchment. he scenarios used in this research ere designed around different treatment processes for one or more of the five contaminants to achieve specific targets to the uality of aste ater discharge
otal suspended solids SS – concentrations and loads measured in grams per cubic metre g m and tonnes per year iochemical o ygen demand – concentrations and loads are measured in grams per cubic metre g m and tonnes per year otal nitrogen – concentrations and loads are measured in grams per cubic metre g m and tonnes per year
– Escherichia coli E. coli – E. coli
E. coli E. coli E. coli
1.3. Treatment Methods ’s also states that “particular regard” shall be given to any adverse effects on cultural
n slo draining or poorly drained soils aste ater that soa s into the soil can build up as a ound either on the ground ater or on a li iting hori on e g lo er per eability soil layer or hard pan here are areas of outhland hich have lo per eability soils and confining layers for hich the application of aste ater is proble atic he degree of oisture in the soil profile also influences the soil’s ability to accept and store aste ater cross the region soil oisture content is typically high in inter but lo in su er. As soil moisture content increases, the soil’s ability to accept aste ater reduces and the ris of run off to surface ater increases his process is recognised in Environment Southland’s advice to dairy farmers on when the application of dairy effluent to land is acceptable
he effects of rainfall on soil oisture content and the ris s of surface run off differ depending on soil type or e a ple in areas ith tighter clay soils e g oodlands s aller a ounts of rainfall increase soil oisture level by the sa e a ount as relatively free draining soils e g e nau ree draining soils can also absorb higher rainfall intensities than tighter clay soils pplying aste ater to land in so e areas of outhland can be challenging even during su er hich is nor ally e pected to be good for land application
he depth to the ground ater table in outhland varies considerably both geographically and seasonally uring the inter the ground ater ay rise or perch to ust belo or at the surface s a result the unsaturated one into hich aste ater is accepted is reduced and application of aste ater is ade ore difficult ny aste ater that is applied ill receive ini al if any treat ent in the soil before entering ground ater because of the s all depth of unsaturated soil here the treat ent occurs
ifficulties in getting aste ater into the ground increase the ris of aste ater potentially running off the land into surface ater and that is suitable for aste ater application is typically free draining and relatively flat ground uch land is usually highly productive agricultural land and co es at a considerable cost n alternative is to convey treated aste ater to less productive land ssues ay arise ith conveyance e g distance pu ping syste s e ergency bypass provisions and the land (e.g. drainage, permeability, topography). The dairy industry’s decision not to allo contact bet een aste ater and lactating co s has restricted the area of land available for aste ater application
o land based scenarios ere considered that ere designed as land treat ent rather than ust land disposal rapid infiltration scenario re uires free draining soil and achieves a lesser degree of treat ent before discharge to ground ater slo rate irrigation scenario re uires a large land area t achieves a greater degree of treat ent before discharge to ground ater if the land has an ade uate unsaturated one or these t o scenarios it as assu ed that the e isting treat ent ethod ill not be upgraded and the aste ater applied to land is the sa e as that currently discharged fro the e isting syste he treat ent perfor ance as esti ated on the basis of the e pected concentrations at the point of discharge to the ground ater in the underlying a uifer follo ing treat ent through the soil and underlying unsaturated one
he perfor ance of both land based scenarios as based on the environ ental conditions being appropriate n assess ent as done of the li elihood of such conditions being available ithin a “reasonable distance” (generally 4 of the syste or ost to ns it as found that such
conditions were unli ely to be present, particularly not year round, and the predicted performance of these scenarios may not, in reality, be able to be achieved.
Treatment upgrades can be included in a land based discharge system to improve the uality of the wastewater before discharge, but this type of scenario was not assessed in this research. ombining the scenarios that have been modelled will indicate the potential costs of such an approach. The treatment performance of this combination will not be a simple combination of the performance of each individual component, and will generally achieve less than the sum of the reductions achieved by each system individually.
or scenarios based on a continued discharge to water, there are a range of different processes available and some of these will achieve similar treated wastewater uality. These treatment processes are designed and combined in a variety of ways to achieve the re uired result. The re uired uality of the treated wastewater depends on the conditions in the water body (i.e. la e, river, stream, a uifer or estuary) to which it is discharged, or as re uired by policy decisions. ncreasing the degree of treatment can increase the technical comple ity of the treatment solution. t can also increase the residual solids that then have to be managed and disposed of. This technical comple ity comes with increased ris s of failure and costs to local communities.
A combination of water and land discharges in the same scheme (i.e. a mi and match option) may overcome some of the issues with the individual routes. or e ample, during summer when river flows are typically low and a discharge to water has greater effects, land treatment may be achievable, given appropriate soils and conditions. uring winter or wet periods, when discharge to land is problematic, discharges to water have lesser effects than in summer or dry periods. A mi and match option re uires construction and operation of two systems, and is generally e pensive. This type of scenario was not specifically considered in this research, but the potential cost is indicated by combining the scenarios that were modelled.
hile some treatment scenarios targeted further reductions in a particular contaminant in the wastewater discharge, other scenarios were broader spectrum and aimed at further reductions across a range of contaminants. ot all of these scenarios are additional to the e isting treatment process. n some cases, implementing a particular scenario re uires the e isting treatment process to be partly or completely replaced. eplacement is more li ely to be the case with high technology treatments, such as a membrane bioreactor.
1.4. Scenario Development Engineering and environmental consultants, Stantec (formerly ) developed treatment scenarios for each case study town in consultation with the relevant territorial authority. All of the towns included in the research currently discharge direct to water. The scenarios considered discharges to surface water (with improved treatment) and discharges to land (that included treatment).
The performance of the e isting systems was assessed and then scenarios modelled for each town. Si case studies were completed in full and two case studies, luff and hai, were limited to their e isting performance because of their specific circumstances (discussed below). Scenarios achieving
similar levels of treatment were modelled for the si towns. n addition, two scenarios achieving more intensive treatment were modelled for ore, nvercargill and inton, and a scenario achieving e tremely intensive treatment was modelled for ore only. The relative cost implications of these more intensive scenarios are a guide for other towns in the region.
or each town and scenario, a treatment ob ective was defined for the relevant contaminant, such as nutrient reduction or pathogen reduction, and a numerical treated wastewater standard was defined for that ob ective, as a target concentration for each of the parameters considered. A treatment process, or combination of processes, was then developed to achieve the ob ective and meet the standard. The treatment process selected was that considered to be the most appropriate and “likely” combination of treatment processes that can be used to achieve the ob ective given the nature of the e isting scheme.
ischarge monitoring for the hai wastewater scheme indicated that it was already achieving the uality of discharge which was the target of the scenarios modelled for the other towns. A minor upgrade is planned at hai to e tend the ultraviolet system which will further reduce the pathogens and maintain current levels of performance. The ightcaps scenarios are relevant for similar si ed towns although they depend on the type of treatment system already in e istence (i.e. single o idation pond). Stantec and the territorial authorities (S , , and ) considered that scenarios being modelled for other towns were not as relevant for hai.
The luff wastewater scheme discharges to coastal waters outside of any estuary, and monitoring of the discharge has indicated minimal environmental effects. f the luff wastewater discharge cannot be consented in its current form (e.g. an upgrade was re uired) then it is more li ely that luff wastewater would be piped to Invercargill’s treatment system at Clifton. The cost of a pipeline was estimated to be million ( . oan, pers. comm., ). This option transfers the luff discharge and its contaminant load from the coastal area to the ew iver Estuary. t is more site specific than the treatment scenarios included for the other towns. The feasibility and cost depends on the length and nature of the pipeline and the treatment plants involved. Any scenarios for luff had low relevance for other towns.
The nature of the e isting treatment process influences the types of treatment processes suitable for each scheme. The treatment processes used at each of the eight case studies varied considerably, from highly mechanised systems to o idation ponds (described in detail at the start of each case study). Table summarises the treatment processes as wastewater flows through the system. ather than applying generic scenarios across the case studies, each case study was individually assessed with appropriate designs developed and costed for each scenario and town. The individual nature of the case studies is an important consideration when applying the results to other towns in Southland.
The research includes estimates of contaminant loads from wastewater treatment systems that were calculated as the average concentrations over four years multiplied by the annual flows. This is a ‘broad brush’ calculation method and it is likely to be different to that used by Environment Southland for the freshwater accounting of contaminants under the ational olicy Statement for reshwater anagement. The value of this research is the comparison between the results for a treatment system’s existing performance (the base) and its upgrade scenarios.
4
able isting reatment rocesses at ase tud owns
own isting reatment rocesses
i uid olid
ore mm inlet screen torage in pond rimary pond econdary pond ctiflo (operational during lo river flo s) Matāura xidation pond torage in pond etland ightcaps xidation pond torage in pond ock filter beds hai Inlet screen igested in Imhoff tanks o Imhoff tanks rying eds o stone media filters isposed of to forestry block o rectangular humus tanks ltraviolet disinfection e nau Inlet bar screen torage in ponds rimary oxidation pond ( ith aerators) econdary oxidation ponds etland inton mm inlet screen torage in pond xidation pond etland Invercargill Inlet screen igester re aeration ludge lagoons edimentation tanks rickling filter econdary clarifier acultative ponds etland luff mm inlet screen ludge anks erated lagoon Clarifier ltraviolet disinfection
verall eight scenarios ere modelled across the six case study to ns ore atāura inton ightcaps e nau and Invercargill. he eight scenarios ranged in complexity and not every treatment process as modelled for each case study. ny of these processes can also potentially be applied to luff or hai (the t o case study to ns not given scenarios) – it is a matter of scale. ost of the case studies include t o ‘discharge to land’ scenarios (rather than a direct route to surface ater) rapid infiltration and slo rate irrigation. lthough these scenarios are to land
olids stored in oxidation ponds are removed periodically. he fre uency of removal is highly variable and depends on the specifics of the scheme and its management.
able istribution of cenarios odelled
ischarge e reatment ob ecti e ore Matāura inton ightcaps hai In ercargill luff oute nau
otal number of scenarios
Mataura’s existing treatment system already achieves nutrient reduction similar to that achieved by this scenario for the
able gives the concentrations of contaminant in the aste ater discharges for the different scenarios t summarises the uality of the ra aste ater the uality of discharges from the existing treatment systems and the ex ected uality from the various scenarios he uality of the discharges for each scenario is sho n gra hically in the follo ing sections he s ecific treatment rocesses are noted ithin the case studies and described in more detail in endix
able ischarge oncentrations
iochemical ischarge reatment uspended itrogen hosphorus E. coli gen emand oute ob ecti e olids g m g m g m cfu m g m
a aste ater
xisting treatment systems – – –
utrient – – – reduction
athogen – – reduction
hos horus – – – reduction
utrients and – – solids reduction
nhanced
ischarge to ater cenarios – treatment
ertiary treatment
a id infiltration – – –
lo rate – – – ischarge to
and cenarios irrigation
The quality of the raw (untreated) wastewater was assumed to be the typical quality in New Zealand based on Stantec’s ex erience he assumed value is consistent ith the advice provided in MfE (2003) “Sustainable Wastewater Management” and USEPA (1992) “Manual for Wastewater Treatment/Disposal for Small Communities”. Monitoring results ere available for nvercargill luff and ore schemes and ere generally consistent ith each other and ith the assumed concentrations oncentrations in ra aste ater for residential on site systems are higher reflecting the absence of dilution factors in these smaller systems Mar et conomics derived the uality of aste ater discharges from the existing treatment systems on the basis of the available monitoring records for each scheme tantec estimated the ex ected ty ical treated aste ater concentrations for each scenario and to n here an ex ected concentration as greater than the existing average concentration the existing average concentration as used and the scenario achieved no im rovement in uality for that contaminant his method under re resents the effectiveness of a articular scenario for some arameters but as a ro riate for dealing ith the inherent variability of the data sets
1.5. Economic Modelling Stantec estimated the additional capital and operating costs of the treatment processes for each scenario. Mar et Economics used Stantec’s scenarios to build an understanding of the relationship between the estimated effectiveness (improvements in the quality of treated wastewater) and costs. The scenarios were modelled in E cel and their capability was compared to that of the e isting treatment process and an economic analysis was completed for each town.
Environment Southland too the results of this modelling and analysis and converted them into the tables and graphs included in the following sections of this report. The results are reported on a 30 year forecast ‘per household’ basis to take account of the different sizes of the towns – this measure should not be interpreted as a cost to ratepayers. The number of households was calculated using Statistic New Zealand five yearly pro ections over the 30 year time period from 201 to 20 . The results for the scenarios were then compared to the costs and effectiveness of the e isting (or base) wastewater treatment system.
Annual total cost is used to reflect potential cost to council of the various options being considered. Annual total cost is the cost to be met and does not consider potential sources of the funding (i.e. rates loans or central government).
The baseline costs (i.e. the costs of the e isting treatment system) are the current costs of providing the wastewater service for a town. n Southland rates for wastewater are based on the scheme as a whole with the reticulation and the treatment system being interdependent. The baseline costs are calculated as the annual depreciated value of the whole scheme (reticulation and wastewater treatment). This annual depreciated value is based on 201 valuations rather than replacement value.
The costs of the scenarios were based on their annual depreciated value. Cost was calculated as the straight line depreciation of the capital cost over an average asset life of 2 years. 2 years was considered to be an appropriate appro imation of the life of wastewater assets. These assets include mechanical and electrical plants with a 1 year life pumps with a 2 year life and civil structures with a 0 year life.
The calculation of the annual total cost for the e isting system used the following method Annual cost for each year (201 annual depreciated value ad usted by annual cape ad ustment (compounding)) (201 operating costs ad usted by annual ope ad ustments (compounding)) 30 year total cost = sum of each year’s annual cost Annual total cost 30 year total cost / 30 years
The annual capital and operating ad ustments are from usiness and Economic esearch imited ( E ) indices. Each year E produce forecasts of movements in ey local government input costs and an overall cost inde . The capital e penditure (cape ) ad ustment reflects that valuations increase year on year not solely because of inflation and value of money. The operating e penditure (ope ) ad ustment reflects that the cost of operation and maintenance increases as assets age.
1 1.6. Assumptions his research focused on the li uid waste stream ll wastewater treatment systems also ha e a aseous and solid stream and waste shifts between these streams aporation of wastewater in o idation ponds can be an important dischar e pathway particularly for smaller treatment systems on ertin or anic matter to carbon dio ide and or anic nitro en to nitro en as also chan es li uid and solid components to ases primary way of treatin wastewater is to remo e contaminants from the li uid stream to the solids stream e slud es which also needs to be mana ed treated and dischar ed to land reatment processes produce different olumes and types of solid material he solid and aseous waste streams were not included in this research because of the additional comple ity
he modellin scenarios are pre feasibility options and intended to i e an indication only of likely effecti eness and financial costs of up radin the e istin wastewater treatment systems ot all of the scenarios are additional to the current treatment process – in some cases implementin a particular scenario will mean the current process is replaced for e ample if a scenario in ol es construction of a bioreactor to replace an o idation pond
ischar e to land is modelled as a treatment and disposal option he estimated contaminant concentrations after treatment are for where the wastewater mi es with the a uifer in the zone of saturation not at the point where wastewater is applied to land easibility studies will be needed to determine whether land scenarios are technically possible in terms of the specific characteristics of a ailable land ny scenarios in ol in dischar e to land are based on the assumption that suitable land is a ailable and that conditions are suitable for application all year round
he dischar e to land scenarios included the cost of land at a rate of 0 000 per hectare hile this rate is a typical cost for suitable land it can be inflated when seekin such land close to towns and in smaller parcels as is enerally the case for land dischar e schemes ecent e amples of the areas re uired for dischar e to land schemes are the proposed i ersdale rapid infiltration scheme which re uires appro imately one hectare for the dischar e area he proposed slow rate irri ation system at the epler lock for the e nau scheme re uired the purchase of an area of about 0 hectares which will ser e four times as much a era e flow as the i ersdale scheme his comparison hi hli hts that slow rate irri ation re uires far more land than rapid infiltration
or dischar es to land processes within the soil profile chemical transformation microbial de radation adsorption by soil particles nutrient uptake by plants and filtration throu h soil pores can all contribute to the wastewater treatment ependin on soil conditions all of these processes e cept plant uptake can occur in rapid infiltration f there is an insufficient unsaturated zone or the soil is too free drainin then an impro ed form of treatment up front may be needed especially if the e istin system is based around an o idation pond Slow rate irri ation is an effecti e form of treatment especially for nutrient remo al which uses all of the processes described he performance of this option is hi hly dependent on en ironmental conditions
2. Gore – Maruawai
2.1. Gore Wastewater Scheme – support residents’
– Gore’s economic development strategy is likely to Matāura
Gore’s Matāura
Image oo ing north across the ore primar o idation pond
e screening plus o idation pond system is designed to remove organic loading ioc emical o ygen demand and solids alt oug it also reduces micro organisms and nutrients e screening removes coarse solids ic reduces organic and nutrient loads e primary o idation pond also reduces t e organic load as acteria consume organic matter and deposit aste as sludge to t e ase o t e pond ot ponds reduce micro organisms particularly pat ogens t roug e posure to sunlig t predation y organisms in t e pond and eing captured in t e sludge
eration it in t e primary pond gives algae t e levels o o ygen needed or algal colonies to t rive eration occurs t roug natural processes including algal p otosynt esis and ave action and is supplemented y mec anical aeration lgal gro t in t e treatment ponds takes up nutrients in t e aste ater ut t e algae cells also ecome suspended solids in t e aste ater compared to untreated aste ater t e suspended solids are reduced ome contaminants c ange t eir orm as t e aste ater passes t roug t e treatment system or e ample ammoniacal nitrogen to ic to is in elevated concentrations ecomes nitrate nitrogen
o improve t e system Gore istrict ouncil invested million o capital e penditure in an cti lo plant ic is a c emical treatment process to reduce p osp orous and suspended solids in t e treated aste ater nstallation o t e cti lo plant as completed in and it is operated en t e Matāura iver is under m s t t ese times t e aste ater passes t roug t e cti lo plant e ore eing disc arged y gravity into t e Matāura iver uring ig er river lo conditions t e treated aste ater is disc arged rom t e secondary pond directly to t e river urt er upgrades and installation o ne pumps ere completed et een and e removal o sludge rom t e o idation pond accumulated over t e past years is under ay and is e pected to
improve t e treatment capacity o t e o idation pond e estimated cost o around million as unded t roug reserves and a loan ic ill e repaid over time using ur an rates
Image ore ctiflo plant
e current resource consent or t e aste ater disc arge as granted in ugust and ill e pire in ecem er e e isting resource consent as granted a ter a t oroug process ic included a orking party o a ected parties e ploring treatment options to ac ieve environmental e pectations at t e time e cti lo plant as selected as t e pre erred option y t e orking party and t en ouncil ecause o its small ootprint a ility to modi y treatment uality and capa ilities in reducing total p osp orus disc arged to t e Matāura iver e resource consent consists o a stepped uality e pectation t at ollo s average seasonal Matāura iver lo conditions s t e river lo reduces eyond certain set points t e aste ater disc arge uality must improve dramatically e cti lo plant is re uired to operate en t e iver is elo cumecs to ensure t at disc arge uality e pectations are ac ieved
e ollo ing t o maps s o t e Gore aste ater and storm ater sc emes
is section descri es t e aseline results or Gore i e at is actually occurring e total annual in lo o aste ater into t e Gore treatment system is estimated at around m it t e daily lo ranging et een m and m a le identi ies t e uantity o contaminants removed annually rom t e ra aste ater y t e e isting treatment process total suspended solids ioc emical o ygen demand total nitrogen total p osp orus and E. coli a le gives in ormation on t e average uality o t e treated aste ater disc arged to t e Matāura iver
Gore’s e isting aste ater c aracteristics are particularly comple ecause o trade aste and storm ater relatively ig volume o trade aste is accepted into t e aste ater system rom meat processing actories and ot er industrial and commercial properties a or trade aste customers are seasonal ic causes aste ater composition to vary greatly t roug out t e year s ell as ig volumes o trade aste around percent o t e reticulated aste ater net ork is com ined it storm ater n t ese parts o t e to n aste ater and storm ater use t e same pipes and a large volume o storm ater is received at t e aste ater treatment system
able nnual contaminant loads and concentration E. coli remo ed from wastewater
ontaminant otal otal otal E. coli to tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes cfu ml verage years
able nnual contaminant concentrations and loads in wastewater discharge
ontaminant otal otal otal E. coli oncentrations g m g m g m g m cfu ml verage years oads tonnes tonnes tonnes tonnes ange years to to to stimated loads ource nvironment out land consent monitoring data ased on t o data points only stimated
e total replacement value o all t e assets in t e aste ater sc eme is million G sset aluation around per ouse old e largest contri utor is t e gravity mains in t e pipe net ork ic accounts or roug ly percent o t e replacement value e treatment system including t e cti lo plant is valued at million e rest o t e sc eme’s value is made up o assets suc as man oles and pump stations
e annual depreciated value o t e aste ater sc eme is and t e annual operating cost is ese igures ere used to determine t e total year cost o t e e isting system in a le using t e met odology descri ed in ection
igure s o s t e relative per ormances o t e e isting system it and it out cti lo or eac o t e ive contaminants considered red and purple compared to t e assumed concentrations o
t e in lo o aste ater to t e treatment system lack cept or p osp orus t e concentrations o t e contaminants ere trans ormed e ore eing plotted to make it possi le to include all ive di erent contaminants on t e same grap
uspended olids
ioc emical coli ygen emand
osp orus itrogen
a aste ater it out cti lo it cti lo
igure ore baseline scenarios e isting s stem
ig t scenarios ere developed or t e Gore aste ater system t e scenarios and treatment processes as listed elo it more details are in ppendi e scenarios are ordered y t eir total cost lo est to ig est urt er ork is needed to determine et er any scenario is tec nically easi le a le gives t e sc eme’s total cost or t e capital investment and annual operating costs over years e additional annual cost per ouse old is ased on ouse olds and t e same year time period t e annual average num er o ouse olds orecast et een and
cenario reatment rocess new units in bold isting ystem i uid mm screen primary pond secondary pond cti lo operational during lo river lo s olid storage in pond at ogen reduction i uid mm screen rimary ond econdary ond cti lo operational during lo river lo s isinfection olid storage in pond
e E. coli concentration as log trans ormed and t ose or and ere ln trans ormed
cenario reatment rocess new units in bold s s s s operating da s ear s s ss high rate infiltration rapid infiltration basins etc s s tric ling filter, mo ing bed biofilm reactor, ctiflo operating da s ear s s s s s s tric ling filter, mo ing bed biofilm reactor, ctiflo operating da s ear , cloth disc filter s s s ss slow rate infiltration spra irrigation etc s fine screen, membrane bioreactor s s s s tric ling filter, ultrafiltration , re erse osmosis s s e ect tream reatment mo ing bed biofilm reactor, wetland,
able ore astewater cenarios
cenario otal ear cost dditional annual cost per household isting scheme athogen reduction hosphorus reduction apid infiltration includes partial cost of land purchase utrient reduction utrient and solids reduction low infiltration includes partial cost of land purchase nhanced treatment ertiar treatment
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s
s s s s s ss s s
s s
s s
s s
igure : Gore ‘discharge to water’ scenarios
s s
s s
s s
igure : Gore ‘discharge to water’ scenarios (continued)
E. coli s s s s
s s
s s
igure : Gore discharge to and scenarios
The scenarios are standard pre-feasibility options and all results are estimates only.
Two types of graphs are used in this section: wastewater treatment graphs and wastewater discharge graphs. All of the graphs have:
a red dot for the existing level of treatment (i.e. the base); blue dots for modelling scenarios representing discharges to water; and green dots for modelling scenarios representing discharges to land.
The modelling scenarios (blue and green dots) are not numbered on the graphs but it is possible to identify each scenario by noting its position on the vertical ‘cost’ axis and referring to the scenario costs table above. For example, the least expensive scenario will be the lowest blue or green dot and the most expensive scenario will be the highest blue or green dot.
The wastewater discharge graphs also have a clear black dot, representing the wastewater inflow (i.e. pre-treatment) for the town. The black dot gives a useful reference point for the reduction in contaminants achieved by both the base scenario (existing level of treatment) and the modelling scenarios. The distance between the black dot and the red dot indicates the effectiveness of the existing treatment system.
The scale of the axes on the graphs was determined by the full set of results for all six case studies with alternate scenarios. Making the scale consistent across the graphs means that the results are comparable between graphs.
s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s apid infiltration lo infiltration ertiar treat ents s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s nhanced treat ent s s s s s s ltraviolet disinfection s s coli s s s s s s s s s s s s – s s s s s s s s s s s s s
a e : nnua oads – us ended o ids (treat ent re o a and discharge)
cenario oad re o ed reat ent re o a ro e ent ischarge oad ischarge ( g hh ear) as o in ow as o ase ( g hh ear) as o re o a in ow s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s apid infiltration s s s s ltraviolet isinfection s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
’s im
Improvement in a wastewater treatment system’s performance reduces the concentration of
iochemica o y en demand is treated within the e istin treatment system via the primary and secondary ponds he e istin treatment system reduces percent of iochemica o y en demand which as with the tota suspended so ids is a considera e proportion of the raw wastewater inf ow or iochemica o y en demand the ore system receives a ase inf ow oad of tonnes annua y of which tonnes are reduced throu h treatment and tonnes are dischar ed to surface water
f the ei ht scenarios mode ed cenario apid infiltration cenario lo infiltration and cenario ertiary treatment are i e y to e the most effective for further reducin iochemica o y en demand hey were a so the etter performin scenarios for suspended so ids wo scenarios cenario ltraviolet disinfection and cenario hosphor s red ction are ess effective for this contaminant ecause their treatment capa i ities are not desi ned to reduce iochemica o y en demand a e summarises the scenario treatment capa i ities for iochemica o y en demand in comparison to oth the wastewater inf ow and the ase reduction e istin system It a so ives the resu tin dischar e for the ase and a scenarios
vera the different scenarios are i e y to ma e re ative y sma improvements ecause the e istin treatment system performs particu ar y we for this contaminant
istin ystem atho ens hosphorus apid infi tration utrients utrients so ids ow infi tration nhanced ertiary treatment
he four most effective scenarios cenarios and have an additiona annua cost for wastewater treatment of etween and per househo d f these four the two and scenarios cenario and are the owest additiona cost ut it is not nown how these costs wi chan e once the fu cost of and is inc uded as and purchases vary considera y i ure shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement for iochemica o y en demand and the possi e increase in annua cost per househo d i ure shows the re ationship etween the annua dischar e of iochemica o y en demand and annua cost per househo d he re ative y sma improvements that can e made in treatment and dischar e for this contaminant are i e y to increase the annua cost per househo d
n a ition to s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o y en eman the e istin system also removes n trients total nitro en an total phosphor s rom the wastewater via the ti lo plant he e istin system removes per ent o total nitro en rom the wastewater in low whi h altho h still onsi erable is a lower proportion than its removal o s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o y en eman he ore system re eives a base in low loa o tonnes o total nitro en ann ally o whi h tonnes are remove thro h treatment an tonnes are is har e to s r a e water
he most e e tive s enarios or removin total nitro en are enario nhanced treat ent an enario ertiar treat ent hese two s enarios are li ely to halve the total nitro en in the wastewater is har e p to per ho sehol per year enario trient red ction enario trients solids an enario lo infiltration are mo erately e e tive or total nitro en the two lan base te hnolo ies total nitro en is the only ontaminant where slow in iltration is li ely to be more e e tive than rapi in iltration able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or total nitro en ompare to the wastewater in low an base removal e istin system t also ives the res ltin is har e or the base an all s enarios
–
istin ystem atho ens hosphor s api in iltration trients trients soli s low in iltration nhan e ertiary treatment
he two most e e tive s enarios or total nitro en enarios an have the hi hest a itional ann al ost or wastewater treatment per ho sehol nli e the res lts or s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o y en eman the two lan base s enarios o not stan o t as bein relatively ost e e tive i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removin total nitro en an the possible in rease in ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o total nitro en an ann al ost per ho sehol
verall the in reasin osts o treatment a ross the i erent s enarios are re le te in an in reasin re tion in nitro en in i atin an improvement or this ontaminant at a ost
n a ition to total nitro en the e istin system also removes total phosphor s rom the in low o raw wastewater verall per ent o the total phosphor s rom the wastewater in low is remove whi h is a hi her proportion than total nitro en removal he ore system re eives a base in low loa o tonnes o total phosphor s ann ally o whi h tonnes are remove thro h treatment an tonnes are is har e to s r a e water
s with previo s ontaminants enario nhanced reat ent an enario ertiar treat ent are most e e tive or total phosphor s o the s enarios mo elle ost o the other s enarios are also li ely to be e e tive or total phosphor s in l in enario hosphor s red ction whi h is spe i i ally esi ne or phosphor s removal he two lan base options enario apid infiltration an enario lo infiltration are as e e tive or this ontaminant as the other s enarios enario athogen red ction is less e e tive or total phosphor s be a se ltraviolet treatment is not esi ne or removin phosphor s rom the wastewater able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or total phosphor s ompare to the wastewater in low an base removal e istin system t also ives the res ltin is har e or the base an all s enarios
–
istin ystem atho ens hosphor s api in iltration trients trients soli s low in iltration nhan e ertiary treatment
he ive s enarios that are relatively e e tive or total phosphor s enarios an have a wi e ran e o a itional ann al osts or wastewater treatment rom to per ho sehol these s enarios enario hosphor s red ction is li ely to eliver improvements at the lowest a itional ost b t it was less e e tive or other ontaminants his res lt is ns rprisin be a se the s enario spe i i ally tar ete phosphor s re tion i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removing total phosphorus an the possible in rease in ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o total phosphor s an ann al ost per ho sehol
E. coli he e isting treatment plant has su stantial apa ility to remove coli rom the ra aste ater in lo through its o i ation pon s an ti lo plant n the hole the e isting system removes per ent o coli hi h is a greater proportion than or any o the other our ontaminants et even very small resi ual amounts o coli an still pose a ris to human health or coli the ore system re eives ase in lo on entrations o million u m hi h is re u e y u m through treatment so that a on entration o u m is is harge to sur a e ater
the s enarios mo elle enario ltraviolet disinfection enario apid infiltration enario lo infiltration enario nhanced treat ent an enario ertiar treat ent are relatively e e tive or urther removal o coli hese s enarios eliver more than ten ol a itional re u tion an in lu e the t o lan ase te hnologies enario hosphor s red ction enario trient red ction an enario trients solids are less e e tive or this ontaminant relative to the other s enarios as they are not spe i i ally esigne to in lu e pathogen re u tion a le summarises the s enario treatment apa ilities or coli ompare to the aste ater in lo an ase removal e isting system t also gives the resulting is harge or the ase an all s enarios
– E. coli
isting ystem athogens hosphorus api in iltration utrients utrients soli s lo in iltration nhan e ertiary treatment
he ive s enarios that eliver a itional apa ility or coli enarios an have a i e range o a itional annual osts or aste ater treatment enario ltraviolet disinfection is li ely to eliver improvements at the lo est a itional ost ut as less e e tive or other ontaminants given it spe i i ally targets pathogen re u tion igure sho s the relationship et een the treatment system’s improvement in removing coli an the possi le in rease in annual ost per househol igure sho s the relationship et een the annual is harge o coli an annual ost per househol
coli
E. coli
coli
E. coli
Gore’s prim ry o i tion pon s est is e in e in oming ste ter is s reene to remove so i s t en tre te in ten e t re prim ry n se on ry o i tion pon s n me ni tre tment ti o nt epen ing on river o on itions e ore is rge to t e Matāura River. Parts of Gore’s wastewater pipe network are combined with its stormwater pipe network and is e vi y e te y r in e om ine net or in en es t e ity o t e ste ter in o t e ste ter tre tment system ore’s e isting ste ter tre tment p i ities provi e onsi er e eve o ont min nt re tion
Gore’s wastewater s eme re eives resi enti ommer i n ig t in stri ste ter t so re eives rge vo mes o tr e ste rom t o sep r te me t pro essing p nts r e ste rom t e ne mi pro essing p nt i e tre te t t e ore ste ter tre tment system n onsi er e pre tre tment i e one e ore it enters t e e isting system
ig t s en rios ere mo e e or ore s en rio s strengt s n e nesses in its ost or tre tment p i ities or e ont min nt e s en rios in e options t t re eit er ition to t e e isting se system n or rep e t e e isting se system e p i ity o t e se system me ns t t t e s en rios gener y provi e re tive y sm per ent ge improvement in ont min nt re tion e s en rios ve i e r nge o nn osts per o se o n or ore t e osts o not ne ess ri y relate to each scenario’s capability to treat p rti r ont min nts
ere re n m er o imit tions on t e s en rios mo e e ross t e s en rios re n n y in me ni p nt m y e nee e to ens re omp i n e it is rge onsent i one p nt s i re or re o n o e ipment e n n y s not een tore into t e ost ere re o sion me ni i res o t e e isting ti o p nt n not ving re n n y e g se on p nt is rrent y m n ge y not nee ing to r n t e p nt ye r ro n or t e onsent e ti o p nt o sion y re ires spe i ist overse s inp t i m y in re se i t e p nt s to e r n o t e time
ition s ge pro tion rom some s en rios i re ire pon es ging pro e ts to o r more o ten in re sing i e y e osts osts s s t ese ve not een in e in t e ost estim tes ere is in erent v ri i ity in ssessing t is type o ost or t e n se ispos s en rios t e i e i oo o in ing ppropri te soi s ne r ore to re eive ny n ispos is rge is remote
ot n se s en rios o not in e t e osts or t e p r se o s it e n e n s en rios re epen ent on t e v i i ity o s it e n eit er o ne y t e o n i or e to e p r se t present ore istri t o n i oes not o n ny neig o ring n to t e se ste ter tre tment system n i tive revie s o soi s n soi moist re in i te t t t most times o t e ye r n ispos ro n ore m y not e e si e
Matāura
Matāura ates a or a t s e to re a a e o er or t s o t Matāura’s demographic tre s ows t at t e pop at o s e a a era e o es are e reas o se o s are reas e to e o e o es s as s pera at o a we are e e ts rastr t re rep a e e ts a pro e e ts w e re re t e o ears t e tow a t e e e o ser e pro e to t e o t a ee to e re ewe a or a t a rea a a e e e o es a porta t ss e
s o Matāura’s wastewater etwor a o e t o s a ra a e rates were rate e ret at o o s sts o st er o etres o p pe a e ro ar o s ater a s s as eart e ware o rete a ater a s e wastewater assets w e t e treat e t p a t p p stat o s a ret at o or t e tow a e a tota rep a e e t a e o o G a at o et at o a es p per e t o t e tota rep a e e t a e e treat e t s te tse s a e at st er o
e tow s ser e o ot s es o t e r er w t e t p p stat o s ese p p stat o s o e t ra t at e ts a p p to ot er at e ts t e wastewater e e t a o e ts at a ter a p p stat o at t e so t wester e o t e tow ear t e o a s te w t e p ps t e wastewater or a pro ess to t e treat e t s te e wastewater treat e t s te o s sts o a t ree e tare pr ar o at o po t astewater ro t e po s s ar e ra t to a wet a e e ope a t e ro t ere s ar e ra t to t e Matāura er
ost o Matāura’s wastewater etwor was sta e r t e s a s e wastewater s e e was or a a o e stor water a wastewater s e e t a separate wastewater etwor was t t e s s o er e t ea t ra ts e Matāura wastewater etwor s a a a e to a propert es w t t e tow o ar es t t e stor water etwor s ot as w esprea e o o e s ste s ow se or stor water t s est ate t at a o t per e t o propert es st a e o e wastewater a stor water ere s a e ota e e e t at so e wastewater p p stat o s a se t e stor water etwor to s ar e o er ow w e t e p p stat o e o es o erw e e r ra a e e ts
e wastewater treat e t s ste s o ate appro ate two o etres so t o t e tow ro oppos te a s oa e pr ar o at o po re es t e or a oa as a ter a o s e or a atter a epos t waste as s e to t e ase o t e po rete t o t e a so ass sts w t treat e t e po as a a e rta w ass sts w t rete t o t e a rowt t e treat e t po s s r t a as t e a ae ta e p tr e ts t e wastewater s pro ess a so reases s spe e so s t e wastewater e wastewater t e passes t ro o e o s wet a e s t at were sta e as s pp e e tar treat e t e wet a s were esta s e to re e tr e ts t e s ar e a ass st w t ower s spe e so s e wet a s are a so porta t w t re ar to t at t e e e ts o t e wastewater s ar e o t e a r e or e o t e r er
ā o r e a ora ote e Matāura er r s para e to t e po etwee t e po a a oa at t e e o t e pr ate roa
e tota a a wastewater ow to t e Matāura treat e t s ste s est ate at aro w t t e a ow ra etwee a s ow rate s epe e t o wet weat er s ar e ro t e wastewater treat e t s ste s re t to t e Matāura er ro a steep a at t e o at o po e s ar e a t s o tore o p a e w t s ar e o se t o t o s ere s o e e tr t at t e s te so o tor e p e t s powere so ar e er
e rre t reso r e o se t or t e wastewater s ar e was ra te e e er a w e p re a e re re e ts o t e o se t or a a r er ow o t o s are s p er t a t e Gore o se t er ows ro t e s te are o se te r wet weat er o t o s a we r o t e o at o po a ows er wet weat er s ar e o es to o r e e st treat e t s ste or Matāura oes ot a e t e apa t es t at t e Gore s ste oes e a se o t e a w o at ra treat e t s ste e Matāura site’s process relies on bacteria, sunlight, w t e a te perat re to a e e opt treat e t o t e wastewater
e o ow two aps s ow t e Matāura wastewater a stor water s e es
s se t o es r es t e ase e res ts or Matāura e w at s a t a o rr e tota a a ow o wastewater to t e Matāura treat e t s ste s est ate at aro w t t e a ow ra etwee a a e e t es t e a t t o o ta a ts re o e a a ro t e raw wastewater t e e st treat e t pro ess tota s spe e so s o e a o e e a tota tro e tota p osp or s a coli a e es or at o o t e a era e a t o t e treate wastewater s ar e to t e Matāura er
E. coli
E. coli o e trat o ears
E. coli era e ears a e ears to to to to st ate oa s o r e ro e t o t a o se t o tor ata
e tota rep a e e t a e a at o o a t e assets t e wastewater s e e s o aro per o se o e ar est o tr tor s t e ra t a s t e p pe etwor w a o ts or ro per e t o t e rep a e e t a e e treat e t s ste s a e at The rest of the scheme’s value is made up of assets such as manholes and pump stat o s
e a a epre ate a e o t e wastewater s e e s a t e a a operat ost s ese res were se to eter e t e tota ear ost o t e e st s ste a e s t e et o o o es r e e t o
re s ows t e re at e per or a e o t e e st s ste or ea o t e e o ta a ts o s ere re o pare to t e ass e o e trat o s o t e ow o wastewater to t e treat e t s ste a ept or p osp or s t e o e trat o s o t e o ta a ts were tra s or e e ore e p otte to a e t poss e to e a e ere t o ta a ts o t e sa e rap
e coli o e trat o was o tra s or e a t ose or a were tra s or e
spe e o s
o e a o e e a
osp or s tro e
aw astewater st ste
Matāura
o r s e ar os were e e ope or t e Matāura wastewater s ste t e s e ar os a treat e t pro esses as ste e ow w t ore eta s are ppe e s e ar os are or ere t e r tota ost owest to est rt er wor s ee e to eter e w et er a s e ar o s te a eas e a e es t e s e e’s tota ost or t e ap ta est e t a a a operat osts o er ears e a t o a a a ost per o se o s ase o o se o s a t e sa e ear t e per o t e a a a era e er o o se o s ore ast etwee a
st ste o at o po wet a o stora e po tr e t re t o as e st o as e st at o e re t o as e st o stora e po ap trat o st pro ess ow trat o st pro ess
Matāura
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s ss s s
s s
s s
Matāura
coli s s s s
s s
s s
Matāura
he scenarios are standard pre feasi ilit options and all res lts are esti ates onl
o t pes of graphs are sed in this section aste ater treat ent graphs and aste ater discharge graphs ll of the graphs have
a red dot for the existing level of treat ent i e the ase blue dots for odelling scenarios representing discharges to ater and green dots for odelling scenarios representing discharges to land
he odelling scenarios l e and green dots are not n ered on the graphs t it is possi le to identif each scenario by noting its position on the vertical ‘cost’ axis and referring to the scenario costs ta le a ove or exa ple the least expensive scenario ill e the lo est l e or green dot and the ost expensive scenario ill e the highest l e or green dot
he aste ater discharge graphs also have a clear black dot representing the aste ater inflo i e pre treat ent for the to n he lac dot gives a sef l reference point for the red ction in conta inants achieved oth the ase scenario existing level of treat ent and the odelling scenarios he distance et een the lac dot and the red dot indicates the effectiveness of the existing treat ent s ste
he scale of the axes on the graphs as deter ined the f ll set of res lts for all six case st dies ith alternate scenarios a ing the scale consistent across the graphs eans that the res lts are co para le et een graphs
s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s Matāura s s s s s s s s s s s
s s Matāura apid infiltration lo infiltration trient red ction s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s trient red ction s s s s s s s ltraviolet disinfection s s coli s s s s s s s s s s s s s – s s s s s s s s s s s s
–
s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s trient red ction s s s s s s s treatment system’s improvement in removing total s s s s ss s s s ltraviolet disinfection s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s apid infiltration lo infiltration s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s trient red ction s s s
Matāura
Matāura
Matāura
apid infiltration lo infiltration trient red ction athogen red ction
apid infiltration between the treatment system’s improvement in re
Matāura
Matāura
Matāura
lo infiltration apid infiltration trient red ction athogen red ction
–
relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in
Matāura
Matāura
Matāura
apid infiltration lo infiltration
between the treatment system’s improvement in removing total phosphorus and the possible
–
Matāura
Matāura
E. coli coli coli coli coli
coli lo infiltration athogen red ction apid infiltration trient red ction coli coli
coli athogen red ction between the treatment system’s improvement in removing coli coli
– E. coli
col
Matāura E. coli
coli
Matāura E. coli
Matāura Matāura was estab ishe be a se o the prospe ts the Matāura a s presente or hy ro power generation an in stry n stry rove Matāura’s prosperity p nti the s an many peop e move to the town or emp oyment opport nities ith hanges in the agri t ra se tor an meat pro essing an the os re o the paper mi the town has ha hanging ort nes ts ose pro imity to ore gives Matāura’s residents access to a wider set of services and facilities. ith re ative y ow in omes an an o er pop ation the a or abi ity o essentia servi es is a ha enge or Matāura resi ents he wastewater rate is rrent y an rban ni orm ann a harge it is the same value as Gore’s
Matāura’s wastewater s heme was estab ishe with the he p o overnment s bsi ies to improve p b i hea th an the hea th o the Matāura iver he e isting wastewater treatment a i ity re ies on nat ra pro esses to remove ontaminants rom the wastewater astewater is treate by an o i ation pon an wet an s then is harge to the Matāura iver
o r s enarios were mo e e or Matāura a h s enario has strengths an wea nesses in its ost or treatment apabi ities or ea h ontaminant he s enarios were a pro esses that are a itiona or omp ementary to the base system sing the base system re ires the e isting pro esses to a so be optimise an manage as e e tive y as possib e ost o the s enarios were not a that e e tive in rther re ing the amo nt o coli in the is harge as the e isting system per orms we or this ontaminant he an base is harge s enarios enarios an gave the wi est range o improvements or the ontaminants hese two s enarios are a so the most e pensive even be ore the osts o p r hasing s itab e an are in e
he pathogen re tion s enario is not esigne to re e bio hemi a o ygen eman tota nitrogen an tota phosphor s an so o not show p in the abatement rves or those ontaminants
reatment options iste in the eso r e onsent pp i ation an pporting n ormation ovember or Matāura in e treatment by ti o plant and treatment by ‘slag bed’ either option was eva ate or this pro e t
ow pop ation growth is imiting the Council’s ability to raise rates in order to pay for infrastructure pgra es s h as improving the wastewater treatment system
There are questions around the suitability and availability of land for ‘discharge to land’ s enarios n the ase o bio hemi a o ygen eman tota nitrogen an tota phosphor s where no a ternatives to an is harge s enarios were propose more wor nee s to be one i there is a re irement by a thorities or improving the is harge
he inton wastewater s heme has tota e iva ent onne tions he wastewater is genera y omesti a tho gh there are a n mber o in stria is harges that may ontrib te to the overa ow an oa astewater ows n er gravity rom o a ise at hments to three minor p mp stations an on to the main station at e o oa rom where it is p mpe to the wastewater treatment system astewater treatment onsists o an o i ation pon with two aerators an a wet an be ore is harge to the inton tream here is a so an emergen y over ow to the inton tream via a wee e it h he o i ation pon is tho ght to be ine with o a ow permeabi ity ays
he wet an overs an area o he tares ivi e into si operating e s o improve per orman e a ine s reen was b i t at the in et the pon was es ge an a itiona aerators insta e he wastewater treatment system’s per orman e is onsistent with other simi ar o i ation pon systems a ross the o ntry on omp ian es an o r when there are ow ows in the inton tream
he o owing two maps show the inton wastewater an stormwater s hemes
e e t es e se t s te t s e e e m y t e te ste te t t e t t e m e es e em e t m eme ts e e e t e t te s t t e s e e t e t e
s se t es es t e se e es ts t e t s t y e t t ste te t t e t t e tme t system s est m te t m t t e y m m t m e e t es t e t ty t m ts em e y m t e ste te y t e e st t e tme t ess t t s s e e s s em y e em t t t e t t s s coli e es m t t e ty t e t e te ste te s e t t e Ōreti e
E. coli
E. coli e e ye s
E. coli e e ye s e ye s t t t t st m te s e me t t se t m t t
se t e t t e t t e eme t e t e ssets t e ste te s eme s m e se e est t t s t e ty m s t e e et ts y e e t t e e eme t e e t e tme t system s e t m The rest of the scheme’s e s m e ssets s s m es m st t s e e e te e t e ste te s eme s t e e t st s ese es e e se t ete m e t e t t ye st t e e st system e s t e met y es e e t e s s t e e t e e m e t e e st system e t e e t m ts s e e e m e t t e ss me e t t s t e ste te t t e t e tme t system e t s s t e e t t s t e
t m ts e e t s me e e e tte t m e t ss e t e e e e t t m ts t e s me
s e e s
em y e em
s s t e
ste te st ystem
e coli e t t s t s me t se e e t s me
e e s e s e e e e e t e t ste te system t e s e s t e tme t esses s ste e t m e et s e e e s e s e e e y t e t t st est t est t e s ee e t ete m e et e y s e s te y e s e es e y t se e t t se s s e es t e s eme’s t t st t e t estme t e t sts e ye s e t st e se s se se s t e s me ye t me e t e e e m e se s e st et ee
st ystem mm s ee t et st e s s e t mm s ee t s e st t e e t mm s ee t s e st t t st ess t e t e t mm s ee t s e st t t st ess t e t s s mm s ee t e t s e st e t e tme t mm s ee s e st
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s ss s s
s s
s s
s s
coli s s s s
s s
s s
s s
s s
s s
he scenarios are standard pre feasibility options and all res lts are esti ates only
o types of graphs are sed in this section aste ater treat ent graphs and aste ater discharge graphs ll of the graphs have
a red dot for the existing level of treat ent i e the base blue dots for odelling scenarios representing discharges to ater and green dots for odelling scenarios representing discharges to land
he odelling scenarios bl e and green dots are not n bered on the graphs b t it is possible to identify each scenario by noting its position on the vertical ‘cost’ axis and referring to the scenario costs table above or exa ple the least expensive scenario ill be the lo est bl e or green dot and the ost expensive scenario ill be the highest bl e or green dot
he aste ater discharge graphs also have a clear black dot representing the aste ater inflo i e pre treat ent for the to n he blac dot gives a sef l reference point for the red ction in conta inants achieved by both the base scenario existing level of treat ent and the odelling scenarios he distance bet een the blac dot and the red dot indicates the effectiveness of the existing treat ent syste
he scale of the axes on the graphs as deter ined by the f ll set of res lts for all six case st dies ith alternate scenarios a ing the scale consistent across the graphs eans that the res lts are co parable bet een graphs
s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s apid infiltration lo infiltration s s s s s s s s nhanced treat ent s s s s s s s trients solids s s
s s s hosphor s red ction athogen red ction – s s s s
–
–
apid infiltration shows the relationship between the treatment system’s
io hemi al o y en eman is treate within the e istin system ia an o i ation pon he e istin treatment system re es per ent o bio hemi al o y en eman whi h as with the total s spen e soli s is a onsi erable proportion o the raw wastewater in low or bio hemi al o y en eman the inton system re ei es a base in low loa o tonnes ann ally o whi h tonnes are re e thro h treatment an tonnes are is har e to s r a e water
the se en s enarios mo elle enario lo infiltration an enario apid infiltration are li ely to be the most e e ti e or rther re in bio hemi al o y en eman be a se o re tion thro h the soil be ore is har e to ro n water hey were also the best per ormin s enarios or s spen e soli s or the same reason enario nhanced treat ent o l also eli er relati ely e e ti e impro ements or this ontaminant enario hosphor s red ction an enario athogen red ction appear to be the least e e ti e or this ontaminant as they are o se on re tion o other ontaminants able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or bio hemi al o y en eman in omparison to both wastewater in low an the base re tion e istin system t also i es the res ltin is har e or the base an all s enarios
istin system hosphor s atho ens api in iltration trients low in iltration trients soli s nhan e
he three most e e ti e s enarios enarios an ha e a itional ann al osts or wastewater treatment per ho sehol o between an these s enarios enario apid infiltration is li ely to eli er impro ements at the lowest a itional ost i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in re in bio hemi al o y en eman an the in reasin ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o bio hemi al o y en eman an ann al ost per ho sehol he relati ely small impro ements in treatment an is har e that an be ma e or this ontaminant are li ely to in rease the ann al ost per ho sehol
n a ition to s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o y en eman the e istin system also removes n trients total nitro en an phosphor s rom the in low o raw wastewater tho h to a lesser e ree as pon base systems have not been spe i i ally esi ne with n trient removal in min he e istin system removes per ent o total nitro en rom the wastewater in low whi h altho h still onsi erable is a lower proportion than its removal o s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o y en eman he inton system re eives a base in low loa o tonnes o total nitro en ann ally o whi h tonnes are remove thro h treatment an tonnes are is har e to s r a e water
he most e e tive s enarios or removin total nitro en are enario lo infiltration an enario nhanced treat ent hese two s enarios o l remove per ent o total nitro en in the wastewater is har e p to per ho sehol per year enario apid infiltration enario trients red ction an enario trients solids are mo erately e e tive or total nitro en the two lan base te hnolo ies slow rate in iltration will be a m h more e e tive hoi e or ealin with e e ts o total nitro en as the n trients will et ta en p by plants as the wastewater in iltrates thro h the soil able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or total nitro en ompare to the wastewater in low an base removal e istin system t also ives the res ltin is har e or the base an all s enarios
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istin system hosphor s atho ens api in iltration trients low in iltration trients soli s nhan e
he two most e e tive s enarios enarios an or total nitro en have relatively hi h a itional ann al osts or wastewater treatment per ho sehol he a itional ann al ost per ho sehol o enario is an enario is nli e the res lts or s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o y en eman the two lan base s enarios o not stan o t as bein relatively ost e e tive enario trients red ction o l eliver onsi erable improvements at the lower a itional osts than enarios an i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removin total nitro en an the possible in rease in ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o total nitro en an ann al ost per ho sehol verall the in reasin osts o treatment a ross the i erent s enarios are re le te in an in reasin re tion in nitro en in i atin an improvement or this ontaminant at a ost
n a ition to total nitro en the e istin system also remo es total phosphor s rom the in low o raw wastewater erall per ent o the total phosphor s rom the wastewater in low is remo e whi h is a similar proportion to total nitro en remo al he inton system re ei es a base in low loa o tonnes o total phosphor s ann ally o whi h tonnes are remo e thro h treatment an tonnes are is har e to s r a e water
all the s enarios mo elle enario nhanced treat ent is li ely to be the most e e ti e or rther remo al o total phosphor s enario lo infiltration o l also eli er e e ti e remo al as phosphoro s atta hes to soil parti les as it passes thro h the soil enario hosphor s red ction is also e e ti e as it en o ra es parti late to settle o t in the system enarios an are the two lan base is har e s enarios o whi h enario apid infiltration is less e e ti e or this ontaminant be a se there is less opport nity or the n trient to be absorbe within the soil able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or total phosphor s ompare to the wastewater in low an base remo al e istin system t also i es the res ltin is har e or the base an all s enarios
–
istin system hosphor s atho ens api in iltration trients low in iltration trients soli s nhan e
he s enarios that are relati ely e e ti e or total phosphor s enarios an ha e a wi e ran e o a itional ann al osts or wastewater treatment ran in rom to per ho sehol these s enarios enario hosphor s red ction o l eli er impro ements at the lowest a itional ost altho h it is li ely to be less e e ti e or other ontaminants as it is not tar ete at these other ontaminants i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s impro ement in remo in total phosphor s an the possible in rease in ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o total phosphor s an ann al ost per ho sehol
E. coli he e istin treatment plant has s bstantial apability to remo e coli rom the raw wastewater in low thro h ltra iolet in nat ral s nli ht nat ral ie o an bein ons me by other ba teria an as a oo so r e or other ba teria an al ae n the whole the e istin system remo es per ent o coli whi h is reater proportion than or any other o r ontaminants et e en ery small resi al amo nts o coli an still pose a ris to h man health or coli the inton system re ei es base in low on entrations o million m whi h is re e by m thro h treatment so that a on entration o m is is har e to s r a e water
the s enarios mo elle enario lo infiltration enario nhanced treat ent an enario athogen red ction are li ely to be the most e e ti e or rther remo al o coli enario apid infiltration is also li ely to eli er impro ements in coli remo al able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or coli ompare to the wastewater in low an base remo al e istin system t also i es the res ltin is har e or the base an all s enarios
– E. coli
istin system hosphor s atho ens api in iltration trients low in iltration trients soli s nhan e
he o r s enarios that o l eli er a itional apability or coli enarios an ha e a itional ann al osts or wastewater treatment ran in rom to per ho sehol enario athogen red ction is li ely to eli er impro ements at the lowest a itional osts b t is less e e ti e or other ontaminants as it oes not tar et these other ontaminants i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removing coli an the possible in rease in ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o coli an ann al ost per ho sehol
col
E. coli
coli
E. coli
he rrent wastewater system is a three millimetre ine s reen with o i ation pon with wetlan that is harges to the inton tream he o i ation pon was esl ge in with the sl ge rrently rying on site in a geobag ne o the hallenges with this system is that it is harges to a small stream whi h an have low lows an low il tion at ertain times o the year parti larly s mmer months
he inton wastewater s heme re eives resi ential ommer ial an light in strial wastewater with limite in lows o tra e waste he e isting wastewater treatment apabilities eliver a onsi erable level o ontaminant re tion espe ially or bio hemi al o ygen eman an coli
even s enarios were mo elle or inton a h s enario has strengths an wea nesses in its ost or treatment apabilities or ea h ontaminant he s enarios in l e options that are either a itional to the e isting system or repla e the e isting base system he apability o the base system means that the s enarios generally give a relatively small per entage improvement in ontaminant re tion he s enarios have a wi e range o ann al osts per ho sehol an these osts may not relate to each scenario’s capability to treat particular contaminants
here are a n mber o important limitations to the s enarios mo elle ross the s enarios re n an y in me hani al plant may be nee e a itional sl ge pro tion rom some s enarios will in rease li e y le osts an the li elihoo o in ing appropriate soils near inton to re eive any lan isposal is harge is remote
asional ail res o me hani al plant an ompromise omplian e in reasing the ris o brea hing the is harge onsent i ewise low low in the re eiving waters may also ompromise omplian e tho gh this is largely beyon o n il ontrol omple me hani al plants s h as biorea tors re ire spe ialist operator nowle ge an inp t itional sl ge pro tion or many o the s enarios mo elle will re ire pon esl ging pro e ts to o r more o ten whi h in reases li e y le operational osts
he two lan base s enarios are epen ent on the availability o s itable lan either owne by the o n il or able to be p r hase t present o thlan istri t o n il oes not own any neighbo ring lan to the wastewater treatment system n i ative reviews o soils an soil moist re in i ate that lan isposal aro n inton may not be easible or parts o the year meaning that a is harge to water will also have to be retaine aving any is harge to water in the t re is li ely to trigger a re irement to move towar s pgra es involving more omple me hani al plants with in rease ris o ail re an operating osts
he i htcaps aste ater scheme as built in an up ra e in hen a ee e rain as a e he scheme has total e ui alent connections inclu in schools an businesses an recei es lar ely omestic aste ater otal annual aste ater in lo into the plant is estimate at aroun m ith the aily lo ran in bet een m an m he scheme currently consists o stan ar reticulation an the treatment system is a sin le sta e o i ation pon ith a concrete a e ban roc be ilters an a ee e rain he treate aste ater is ischar e into the airio tream about metres o nstream o the o i ation pon he aste ater treatment system is on eithen treet south o i h treet an est o i htcaps ol course
outhlan istrict ouncil hol s t o resource consents to ischar e treate aste ater to lan ia the base o the roc ilter be s an ee e rain an then to ater airio tream rom the i htcaps aste ater treatment system his current resource consent ill e pire in uly urin the consent term the o i ation pon ill be eslu e to impro e per ormance
t the aste ater treatment system the o i ation pon i es soli s remo al an secon ary treatment – hile there is some re uction in nitro en phosphorus an other or anic pollutants at this sta e it is not the primary unction o the pon he roc ilter be s m m are esi ne or polishin – they ilter al ae an suspen e soli s as the treate aste ater percolates throu h into the ee e rain he treate aste ater lo s throu h a ilometre lon e etate itch ith natural ee s that are mana e or a itional polishin be ore bein ischar e into the airio tream here are e recor e bores nearby ater uality in the airio tream abo e the aste ater ischar e is re uce by other acti ities in the catchment an the ischar e is li ely to be contributin to ele ate nutrients an micro or anisms o nstream
he ollo in t o maps sho the i htcaps an hai aste ater an storm ater schemes
icro or anisms present ithin the upper le els o the pon brea o n or anic matter in aerobic con itions an re uce the biolo ical o y en eman o the aste ater acultati e an anaerobic micro or anisms brea o n the settle soli s y the roc ilter be s ha become o er ro n an silte an no li ely unction as an e tension o the ee e rain ome nutrient remo al is possible in the rain throu h plant upta e as ell as re uction in bacteriolo ical contaminants throu h e posure to sunli ht
coli
E. coli
E. coli
E. coli
scheme’s value is made up of assets such as manholes, sewer laterals and a single pump station.
coli
uspended olids
iochemical .coli gen emand
hosphorus itrogen
aw astewater isting stem
ive scenarios were developed for the ightcaps wastewater s stem the scenarios and treatment processes as listed elow with more details are in ppendi . he scenarios are ordered their total cost lowest to highest . urther wor is needed to determine whether an scenario is technicall feasi le, especiall those where part of the solution includes land ased treatment and disposal. a le gives the scheme’s total cost for the capital investment and annual operating costs over ears. he additional annual cost per household is ased on households and the same ear time period the annual average num er of households forecast etween and .
he two discharge to land scenarios are also li el to e used together with other treatment processes. or e ample, a rapid infiltration discharge route ma re uire further solids removal. i ewise, an ultraviolet plant ma also re uire an initial solids removal step to increase its efficienc .
isting stem i uid o idation pond, roc filter eds, olid storage in pond . hosphorus reduction i uid o idation pond, roc filter eds, olid as e isting . utrient reduction i uid o idation pond, roc filter eds, olid as e isting
s s s s ss s ss
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s ss s s
coli s s s s
s s
s s
s s
‘ ’ s s s s s s s s
s s
s s
‘ ’ s s s s s s s s
he scenarios are standard pre feasi ilit options and all res lts are esti ates onl
o t pes of graphs are sed in this section aste ater treat ent graphs and aste ater discharge graphs ll of the graphs have
a red dot for the existing level of treat ent i e the ase blue dots for odelling scenarios representing discharges to ater and green dots for odelling scenarios representing discharges to land
he odelling scenarios l e and green dots are not n ered on the graphs t it is possi le to identif each scenario noting its position on the vertical ‘cost’ axis and referring to the scenario costs ta le a ove or exa ple the least expensive scenario ill e the lo est l e or green dot and the ost expensive scenario ill e the highest l e or green dot
he aste ater discharge graphs also have a clear black dot representing the aste ater inflo i e pre treat ent for the to n he lac dot gives a sef l reference point for the red ction in conta inants achieved oth the ase scenario existing level of treat ent and the odelling scenarios he distance et een the lac dot and the red dot indicates the effectiveness of the existing treat ent s ste
he scale of the axes on the graphs as deter ined the f ll set of res lts for all six case st dies ith alternate scenarios a ing the scale consistent across the graphs eans that the res lts are co para le et een graphs
s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s lo infiltration apid infiltration s s s s s s s s trient red ction s s hosphor s red ction athogen red ction ss s – s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s –
–
trient red ction relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removing total suspended solids hosphor s red ction athogen red ction
io hemi al o ygen demand is treated within the e isting treatment system via the single o idation pond he e isting treatment system redu es per ent o bio hemi al o ygen demand whi h as with the total suspended solids is a onsiderable proportion o the raw wastewater in low or bio hemi al o ygen demand the ight aps system re eives a base in low load o tonnes annually o whi h tonnes are redu ed through treatment and tonne is dis harged to sur a e water roughly g per day
the ive s enarios modelled enario apid infiltration and enario lo infiltration are li ely to be the most e e tive or urther redu ing bio hemi al o ygen demand hey were also the better per orming s enarios or suspended solids ll o the other s enarios enario hosphor s red ction enario trient red ction and enario athogen red ction are less e e tive in delivering improvements or this ontaminant able summarises the s enario treatment apabilities or bio hemi al o ygen demand in omparison to both the wastewater in low and the base redu tion the e isting system t also gives the resulting dis harge or the base and all s enarios verall the di erent s enarios are li ely to deliver relatively small improvements be ause the e isting treatment system per orms parti ularly well or this ontaminant
isting system hosphorus utrients athogens apid in iltration low in iltration
he two most e e tive s enarios enarios and have an additional annual ost or wastewater treatment per household o and these s enarios enario apid infiltration is li ely to deliver improvements at the lowest additional ost igure shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in redu ing bio hemi al o ygen demand and the possible in rease in annual ost per household igure shows the relationship between the annual dis harge o bio hemi al o ygen demand and annual ost per household he relatively small improvements in treatment and dis harge that an be made or this ontaminant are li ely to in rease the annual ost per household
n a ition to s spen e so i s an io hemi a o y en eman the e istin system a so removes n trients tota nitro en an tota phosphor s rom the in o o ra aste ater via its o i ation pon ro i ter e s an ve etation it h he e istin system removes per ent o tota nitro en rom the aste ater in o hi h is a tho h sti onsi era e a o er proportion than its remova o s spen e so i s an io hemi a o y en eman he i ht aps system re eives a ase in o oa o tonnes o tota nitro en ann a y o hi h tonnes are remove thro h treatment an tonne is is har e to s r a e ater ro h y per ay
o s enario a hieve a mar e re tion in nitro en hen ompare to the ass me per orman e o the e istin system hi h a hieves per ent re tion he most e e tive s enario or removin tota nitro en o e enario lo infiltration hi h in reases re tion to per ent o the tota nitro en in the aste ater is har e p to per ho seho per year enario trient red ction res ts in a more onsistent re tion in nitro en in omparison to the e istin system t iven the ass mptions ma e in the ana ysis its improvement is ar e y in is erni e he remainin s enarios appear to e ess e e tive or this ontaminant as they are not typi a y esi ne or insta e ith nitro en remova in min the t o an ase s enarios tota nitro en is the on y ase here enario apid infiltration is i e y to e ess e e tive an in this ase st y i not a hieve any nitro en re tion a e s mmarises the s enario treatment apa i ities or tota nitro en ompare to the aste ater in o an ase remova e istin system t a so ives the res tin is har e or the ase an a s enarios
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istin system hosphor s trients atho ens api in i tration o in i tration
the t o s enarios that a hieve some a itiona nitro en re tion over the e istin system enarios an enario trient red ction has the o est a itiona ost or aste ater treatment per ho seho he ost o enario is imi ar to s spen e so i s the an ase te hno o ies enarios an o not stan o t as ein ost e e tive y omparison i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removing total nitro en an the possi e in rease in ann a ost per ho seho i re sho s the re ationship et een the ann a is har e or tota nitro en an ann a ost per ho seho vera the in reasin osts o treatment a ross the i erent s enarios are re e te in an in reasin re tion in nitro en in i atin an improvement or this ontaminant at a ost his e e t is ess than or the other ase st ies
n a ition to total nitrogen the e isting system removes phosphor s rom the in low o raw wastewater verall per ent o the total phosphor s rom the wastewater in low is remove whi h is lose to the proportion o total nitrogen removal he ight aps system re eives a base in low loa o tonne o total phosphor s ann ally o whi h tonne is remove thro gh treatment an tonne is is harge to s r a e water
enario hosphor s red ction res lts in a more onsistent re tion in phosphor s in omparison to the e isting system as it spe i i ally targets phosphor s re tion thro gh hemi al a ition b t given the ass mptions ma e in the analysis its improvement is largely in is ernible enario lo infiltration o l also eliver improvements or this ontaminant as the phosphor s will bin to soil parti les ll the other s enarios appear to be less e e tive or this ontaminant able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or total phosphor s ompare to the wastewater in low an base removal e isting system t also gives the res lting is harge or the base an all s enarios
–
isting system hosphor s trients athogens api in iltration low in iltration
he two s enarios that are relatively e e tive or total phosphor s enarios an have a itional ann al osts o an per ho sehol these s enarios enario hosphor s red ction is li ely to eliver the most onsistent improvements at the lowest a itional ost ig re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in total phosphorus removal an the possible in rease in ann al ost per ho sehol ig re shows the relationship between the ann al is harge o total phosphor s an ann al ost per ho sehol
E. coli s with other wastewater treatment systems the e istin o i ation pon has substantial apability to remove coli rom the wastewater in low throu h ie o rom natural ultraviolet isin e tion sunli ht an as a oo sour e or other biolo i al pro ess within the pon he system removes per ent o coli whi h is a reater proportion than any o the other our ontaminants et even very small resi ual amounts o coli an still pose a ris to human health or coli the i ht aps system re eives base in low on entrations o million u m whi h is re u e by u m throu h treatment so that a on entration o u m is is har e to sur a e water
the s enarios mo elle enario athogen red ction an enario lo infiltration are li ely to be the most e e tive or urther removal o coli althou h ultraviolet isin e tion may nee some orm o a itional soli s removal to improve its e i ien y whi h is not in lu e in the s enario as mo elle enarios an oul eliver per ent an per ent a itional removal enario hosphor s red ction an enario trient red ction oul also eliver improvements or this ontaminant enario apid infiltration on its own is less e e tive but i use to ether with a treatment pro ess su h as hemi ally assiste settlement an ultraviolet isin e tion it may be a suitable means o isposal able summarises the s enario treatment apabilities or coli ompare to the wastewater in low an base removal e istin system t also ives the resultin is har es or the base an all s enarios
– E. coli
istin system hosphorus utrients atho ens api in iltration low in iltration
he our s enarios that oul eliver a itional apability or coli enarios an have a wi e ran e o a itional annual osts or wastewater treatment cenario athogen red ction oul eliver most improvements or least a itional ost althou h it is li ely to be less e e tive or other ontaminants i ure shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removin coli an the possible in rease in annual ost per househol i ure shows the relationship between the annual is har e o coli an annual ost per househol verall the improvement rom these s enarios is minimal be ause o the e e tiveness o the e istin pon at removin coli
col
E. coli
coli
E. coli
he i ht aps wastewater s heme was establishe in an rrently has total e i alent onne tions t re ei es resi ential an some ommer ial an li ht in strial wastewater or treatment at the town’s o i ation pon he town’s relatively small ratepayer base ma es n in maintenan e an p ra es i i lt he e istin wastewater treatment system eli ers a relati ely hi h le el o ontaminant re tion espe ially or bio hemi al o y en eman an coli he existing system’s lowest proportion o ontaminant re tion is or n trients total nitro en an total phosphor s he ality o water in the airio pstream is re e by other a ti ities in the at hment an the is har e is li ely to be ontrib tin to ele ate n trients an mi ro or anisms ownstream
i e alternati e treatment an or is har e s enarios were mo elle or i ht aps a h s enario has stren ths an wea nesses in its ost or treatment apabilities or ea h ontaminant ll o the s enarios are pre easibility options that are a itional to the e istin system o s enario onsi ere aban onin the rrent pon an onstr tin a hi hly te hni al me hani al plant he ost e e ti eness o s h a s enario meant it was not onsi ere to be a realisti option he apability o the e istin system means that the s enarios enerally eli er a relati ely small per enta e o impro ement in ontaminant re tion he s enarios ha e a wi e ran e o ann al osts per ho sehol an these osts may not relate to each scenario’s capability to treat particular ontaminants
here are a n mber o important limitations to the s enarios mo elle or i ht aps ross the s enarios re n an y in me hani al plant may be nee e a itional sl e pro tion rom some s enarios will in rease li e y le osts an the li elihoo o in in appropriate soils near the town to re ei e any lan base isposal is har e is remote
he limite monitorin ata set or the e istin system means that in omparison with other ase st ies there is more n ertainty in the per orman e o the e istin system ltho h the p ra e s enarios o not appear to pro i e m h impro ement in pra ti e they are li ely to be more reliable an so pro i e more ertainty in the ontaminant re tion a hie e as ompare to the e istin system
n important limitation is the se o an ltra iolet plant witho t also in l in treatment or a itional s spen e soli s remo al ltho h the e istin treatment system is e e ti e or soli s remo al a itional remo al may be ne essary or an ltra iolet plant to wor e e ti ely itional sl e pro tion may arise as a res lt o hemi al osin t o l re ire pon esl in pro e ts to o r more o ten whi h in reases li e y le operational osts
he lan base s enarios are epen ent on the a ailability o s itable lan either alrea y owne by the o n il or able to be p r hase t present o thlan istri t o n il oes not own any nei hbo rin lan to the i ht aps wastewater treatment system n i ati e re iews o soils an soil moist re in i ate that lan isposal aro n the town may not be easible or parts o the year meanin that a is har e to water will also ha e to be retaine s omm nity e pe tations han e
having any ischarge to water in the uture is li ely to mean a re uirement to move towar s upgra es involving highly complex mechanical plants such as membrane bioreactors
he hai wastewater scheme was built in – the ol est in the outhlan istrict – an was upgra e in with ultraviolet isin ection he scheme has total e uivalent connections an receives largely omestic wastewater otal annual wastewater in low into the plant is estimate at aroun m with the average aily low ranging between m an m he scheme currently consists o stan ar reticulation an the treatment system is a conventional biological ilter screening igestion tric ling ilters an clari iers an ultraviolet isin ection his system is a mechanical plant that is esigne to enhance wastewater stabilisation over a smaller lan area t i ers rom oxi ation pon base systems use in many outhlan towns an typically pro uces a much higher uality o ischarge than an oxi ation pon he treate wastewater is ischarge into a small stream which is a tributary o the rauea tream he treatment system is locate at the western en o the town south o irchwoo oa the hai li en ighway
he hai wastewater networ consists o service connections gravity mains rising mains manholes an cleaning eyes n low rom the reticulation networ gravitates to a single pump station which pumps irectly to the wastewater treatment system he small stream receives some stormwater in low rom the town at a point ust upstream o the wastewater ischarge
he site is hectares an roughly percent is ta en up by access an the treatment system – the remain er is a steep si e gully with a stream an areas o wetlan in the base
“polish” the treated w
o thla d istri t o il holds a reso r e o se ts to dis har e treated wastewater to water i the tri tar o the ra ea trea ro the hai wastewater treat e t s ste iro e t o thla d is rre tl pro essi a ew dis har e o se t appli atio
he hai wastewater a d stor water s he es are show i the pre io s se tio o i ht aps
his se tio des ri es the aseli e res lts or hai i e what is a t all o rri he total a al i low o wastewater i to hai treat e t s ste is esti ated at a d the dail a era e low at a le ide ti ies the a tit o o ta i a ts re o ed a all ro the raw wastewater the e isti treat e t pro ess total s spe ded solids io he i al o e de a d total itro e total phosphor s a d coli a le i es i or atio o the a era e alit o the treated wastewater dis har ed to the tri tar o the ra ea i er
E. coli
era e ears
era e ears sti ated loads o r e iro e t o thla d o se t o itori data
ased o the a al al atio the total repla e e t al e o all the assets i the wastewater s he e is illio or ro hl per ho sehold he lar est o tri tor is the pipe etwor whi h a o ts or ro hl per e t o the repla e e t al e he treat e t s ste is al ed at illio The rest of the scheme’s value is made up of assets such as manholes and p p statio s
he a al depre iated al e o the wastewater s he e is a d the a al operati ost is
i re shows the relati e per or a e o the e isti s ste or ea h o the i e o ta i a ts o sidered red o pared to the ass ed o e tratio s o the i low o wastewater to the treat e t s ste la ept or phosphor s the o e tratio s o the o ta i a ts were tra s or ed e ore ei plotted to a e it possi le to i l de all i e di ere t o ta i a ts o the sa e raph
o itori data was o l a aila le or a o ia al itro e whi h is a portio o the total itro e o itori data was o l a aila le or ae al oli or s whi h i l des coli a d is e erall i a si ilar ra e o o e tratio as coli he coli o e tratio was lo tra s or ed a d those or a d were l tra s or ed
uspended olids
iochemical aecal oliforms en emand
hosphorus mmoniacal itro en
a aste ater istin stem
s e plained at the e innin of art no scenarios ere modelled for the hai aste ater s stem The s stem t picall produces the ualit of aste ater that the alternative treatment scenarios modelled for the other case studies are desi ned to produce ith the e ception of mem rane ioreactor and tertiar treatment t pe plants hai is a similar si e to i htcaps so the costs of either a rapid infiltration or a slo rate infiltration land ased disposal s stem are li el to e rou hl e uivalent et een the t o to ns
‘office’
The oldest part of the Te nau aste ater scheme as uilt in and the scheme has e panded as the to n has developed The aste ater treatment s stem of t o small o idation ponds as up raded in ith the addition of a lar e o idation pond no the primar o idation pond in ith a screen aerators and etland and a ain in The scheme has total e uivalent connections and receives domestic commercial and li ht industrial aste u division development has een occurrin in Te nau creatin ne residential lots lthou h man of these properties are et to e uilt on these half connections are included in the scheme’s total e uivalent connections The outhland istrict ouncil is developin a lon term strate for future aste ater mana ement in Te nau
e e i o i io o
nflo from the reticulation ra itates to minor um stations deli erin to one of three main stations and on to the aste ater treatment s stem he aste ater treatment s stem is a series of three o idation onds that dischar e ia a etland into the u erora i er near its mouth into a e e nau he t o smaller onds ha in total ere uilt in as art of the initial aste ater scheme he lar er ond ha as uilt in to meet increased demand he onds o erate in series ith the lar e ond initiall recei in aste ater throu h a ar screen and then flo throu h the t o smaller onds to the etland erators ere installed in the lar e ond to ether ith a etland to im ro e erformance he aste ater dischar es from the etlands throu h a i ed outlet to the u erora i er
he current location of the aste ater dischar e is not considered sustaina le as it constitutes a continued dischar e to ater and is contrar to sta eholder e ectations hile the site of the lant is on the ri er delta and at ris of floodin it is considered that further or to e istin flood rotection infrastructure ill ro ide sufficient lon term securit for the site rom a or in art in esti ated a num er of o tions for treatment and dis osal efore de elo in the current referred o tion of im ro ed treatment at the current site efore dis osal to land around e ler arm centre i ot irri ators he ro osal in ol es a ond u rade an inlet screen additional aeration and deslud in a ilometre i eline laid in the road reser e and centre i ot irri ation of the treated aste ater at e ler farm north of e nau air ort at ana ouri final decision on the sco e of the u rade is e ected in
resource consent for the dischar e into the u erora i er e ired in n a ne lon term consent as ranted for irri ation at e ler loc and a short term consent e irin in
as ranted to continue the dischar e to the u erora i er he three onds ere deslud ed and the ne inlet screen as constructed he lon term consent for the e ler loc ro osal as a ealed to the n ironment ourt the communit rou iordland e a e tions ll a eals ere settled in ecem er or is currentl under a on detailed desi n of the i eline to e ler hile an o tion of irri ation su surface dri lines is ein e aluated a ainst the consented centre i ot o tion
e e i e c ee
he follo in t o ma s sho the e nau aste ater and storm ater schemes
his section descri es the aseline results for e nau i e hat is actuall occurrin he total annual inflo of aste ater into the e nau treatment s stem is estimated at m ith the dail flo ran in et een m and m his olume can e considera l hi her durin ea isitor season o er summer months a le identifies the uantit of contaminants remo ed annuall from the ra aste ater the e istin treatment rocess total sus ended solids iochemical o en demand total nitro en total hos horus and coli a le i es information on the a era e ualit of the treated aste ater dischar ed into the u erora i er near its outflo into a e e nau
e e o i e e e e
e co i o co ce io E. coli e o e f o e e
o i o o o E. coli o e o e o e o e cf era e ears
e co i co ce io o i e e i c e
o i o o o E. coli o ce io cf era e ears o o e o e o e o e an e ears to to to to stimated loads ource n ironment outhland consent monitorin data
i ure sho s the relati e erformance of the e istin s stem for each of the fi e contaminants considered red com ared to the assumed concentrations of the inflo of aste ater to the treatment s stem lac ce t for hos horus the concentrations of the contaminants ere transformed efore ein lotted to ma e it ossi le to include all fi e different contaminants on the same ra h
us ended olids
iochemical coli en emand
hos horus itro en
a aste ater istin stem
i e e e i e ce io e i i e
ased on the annual aluation the total re lacement alue of all assets in the aste ater scheme is million around er household s ith the other schemes the lar est contri utor is the reticulated i e net or hich accounts for rou hl ercent of the re lacement alue he treatment s stem is alued at million
he coli concentration as lo transformed and those for and ere ln transformed
he annual de reciated alue of the aste ater scheme is and the annual o eratin cost is hese fi ures ere used to determine the total ear cost of the e istin s stem in a le usin the methodolo in ection
e e e o ource mma oran
o scenarios ere de elo ed for the e nau aste ater s stem the scenarios and treatment rocesses as listed elo ith more details in endi he scenarios are ordered their total cost lo est to hi hest cenario trient red ction is desi ned as an u rade to the e istin treatment lant ith a continued dischar e to ater cenario lo infiltration is similar to the consented u rade for the e ler loc of land a le i es the scheme’s total cost for the ca ital in estment and annual o eratin costs o er ears he additional annual cost er household is ased on households and the same ear time eriod the annual a era e num er of households forecast et een and
ce io e e oce e i i o istin s stem i uid ar screen rimar o idation ond ith aerators secondar o idation onds etland olid stora e in ond
ce io e e oce e i i o s s ic i fi e s s s ss o e io fe i e i e eci c io io o o co o e e e e i o s s
e e e e ce io
ce io o e co i io co e o e o i i c e e ie e c io o i fi io i c e i co of
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s ss s s
s s
s s
i e e ‘ i c e o e ’ ce io
coli s s s s
s s
s s
‘ ’
he scenarios are standard pre feasi ilit options and all res lts are esti ates onl
here are t o t pes of graphs are sed in this section aste ater treat ent graphs and aste ater discharge graphs ll of the graphs have
a red dot for the existing level of treat ent i e the ase a blue dot for the odelling scenario representing discharge to ater and a green dot for the odelling scenario representing discharge to land
he odelling scenarios l e and green dots are not n ered on the graphs t it is possi le to identif each scenario noting its position on the vertical ‘cost’ axis and referring to the scenario costs ta le a ove or exa ple the least expensive scenario ill e the lo est l e or green dot and the ost expensive scenario ill e the highest l e or green dot
he aste ater discharge graphs also have a clear black dot representing the aste ater inflo i e pre treat ent for the to n he lac dot gives a sef l reference point for the red ction in conta inants achieved oth the ase scenario existing level of treat ent and the odelling scenarios he distance et een the lac dot and the red dot indicates the effectiveness of the existing treat ent s ste
he scale of the axes on the graphs as deter ined the f ll set of res lts for all six case st dies ith alternate scenarios a ing the scale consistent across the graphs eans that the res lts are co para le et een graphs
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s lo infiltration s s s s s s s s s s s s s trient red ction s ss s ss s s s s s – s s s s s s s s s s s – s s s s s s s s s s s s s
–
s s s
s s lo infiltration s s s s s trient red ction s s s s s s s s s s shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s
io hemi al o y en eman is treate within the e istin treatment system via the o i ation pon s he e istin treatment system re es per ent o bio hemi al o y en eman whi h as with the total s spen e soli s is a onsi erable proportion o the raw wastewater in low or bio hemi al o y en eman the e na system re eives a base in low loa o tonnes ann ally o whi h tonnes are re e thro h treatment an tonnes are is har e to s r a e water
a in a ran e o other a tors into a o nt enario lo infiltration is li ely to be the most e e tive or rther re in bio hemi al o y en eman it is also the most e e tive s enario or s spen e soli s enario trient red ction is not e e tive or this ontaminant able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or bio hemi al o y en eman in omparison to both the wastewater in low an the base re tion e istin system t also ives res ltin is har e or the base an both s enarios
istin system trient re tion low in iltration
enario lo infiltration the more e e tive s enario or bio hemi al o y en eman has an a itional ann al ost or wastewater treatment o per ho sehol enario trient red ction is less e e tive an has an a itional ann al ost o per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in re in bio hemi al o y en eman an the possible in rease in ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o bio hemi al o y en eman an ann al ost per ho sehol
n a ition to s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o y en eman the e istin system also removes n trients total nitro en an total phosphor s rom the in low o raw wastewater tho h to a lesser e tent than the other ontaminants onsi ere in this resear h he e istin system removes per ent o total nitro en rom the wastewater in low whi h altho h onsi erable is a lower proportion than its removal o s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o y en eman he e na system re eives a base in low loa o tonnes o total nitro en ann ally o whi h tonnes are remove thro h treatment an tonnes are is har e to s r a e water
oth s enarios show a onsi erable improvement in nitro en removal when ompare to the baseline the e istin system enario lo infiltration bein sli htly more e e tive his s enario removes per ent o nitro en whi h is ar above the e istin system’s base removal enario trient red ction is also li ely to be relatively e e tive or total nitro en able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or total nitro en ompare to the wastewater in low an base removal e istin system t also ives the res ltin is har e or the base an both s enarios
enario lo infiltration the most e e tive s enario or total nitro en has the hi hest a itional ann al ost or wastewater treatment per ho sehol y omparison enario trient red ction is a relatively ost e e tive option or otal itro en hese res lts o not ta e into a o nt the other a tors that are relevant when proposin a lan base is har e i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removing total nitrogen and increase in ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o total nitro en an ann al ost per ho sehol
verall the in reasin osts o treatment a ross the i erent s enarios are re le te in an in reasin re tion in nitro en in i atin an improvement or this ontaminant at a ost
–
istin system trient re tion low in iltration
n addition to total nitrogen the e isting system also removes total phosphor s rom the in low o raw wastewater verall percent o total phosphor s rom the wastewater in low is removed which is ar less than that or any o the o r other contaminants being considered his low removal rate may result from the “typical” concentrations assumed for the incoming wastewater and the limited monitoring data o the discharge ality he act al wastewater in low may have higher phosphor s concentrations than ass med he e na system has been ass med to receive a base in low load o tonnes o total phosphor s ann ally o which tonnes are removed thro gh treatment and tonnes are discharged
s with the previo s contaminants cenario lo infiltration is the most e ective or total phosphor s o the two scenarios modelled beca se it is land based discharge cenario trient red ction is not designed with phosphoro s removal in mind and o ers no additional improvement or this contaminant able s mmarises the scenario treatment capabilities or total phosphor s compared to the wastewater in low and base removal e isting system t also gives the res lting discharge or the base and both scenarios
–
isting system trient red ction low in iltration
cenario lo infiltration which was relatively e ective or total phosphor s has the highest additional ann al cost or wastewater treatment o per ho sehold cenario trient red ction delivers no improvements in removing this contaminant and has an additional ann al cost o per ho sehold ig re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removing total phosphor s and the possible increase in ann al cost per ho sehold ig re shows the relationship between the ann al discharge o total phosphor s and ann al cost per ho sehold his graph ses a di erent scale on the a is in comparison with other case st dies beca se the minimal phosphor s red ction ass med or the e isting system res lts in a high improvement or the e ective pgrade scenario
E. coli he e isting system has substantial capability to remo e coli from the raw wastewater inflow through natural ultra iolet from sunlight die off of bacteria and as a food source for other algae formed as part of the treatment process n the whole the e isting system remo es percent of coli which is a greater proportion than for any of the other four contaminants et e en ery small residual amounts of coli can still pose a ris to human health or coli the e nau system recei es base inflow concentrations of million cfu m which is reduced by cfu m through treatment so that a concentration of cfu m is discharged to surface water
f the two scenarios modelled cenario lo infiltration is effecti e for remo al of coli cenario trient red ction is not designed with coli remo al in mind and offers no additional impro ement able summarises the scenario treatment capabilities for coli compared to the wastewater inflow and base remo al e isting system t also gi es the resulting discharge for the base and both scenarios
– E. coli
isting system utrient reduction low infiltration
he scenario that offers additional capability for coli cenario has an additional annual cost of per household for wastewater treatment cenario trient red ction is li ely to deli er little impro ement for an additional annual cost of per household igure shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removing coli and the increase in additional annual cost per household igure shows the relationship between the annual discharge of coli and annual cost per household
col
E. coli
coli
E. coli
he e na wastewater treatment system is base aro n o i ation pon s an it has evelope over time as the town has ontin e to grow he rrent set p ses a me hani al ine s reen a ltative o i ation pon two mat ration pon s an a wetlan be ore is harging to the p erora iver he is harge point is abo t metres pstream o a e e na near the mo th o the p erora iver. The river’s ability to assimilate the wastewater is harge varies epen ing on what is happening pstream o the is harge or e ample high rain all events have the potential to l sh se iments an n trients own thro gh the at hment pstream o the is harge b t also an in rease river low an il tion
e na ’s wastewater s heme re eives resi ential as well as ommer ial light in strial wastewater or treatment he treatment system gives a relatively high level o ontaminant removal espe ially or bio hemi al o ygen eman an coli s with other similar pon base systems, Te Anau’s is less e i ient at removing n trients with low re tion rates or total phosphor s an total nitrogen
he existing system’s performance may be e plaine by the se o ‘typi al Southland’ on entrations or the in oming wastewater s well there is limite monitoring ata o the ality o the is harge an the system is li ely to be in l en e by pop lation l t ations thro gh the year he a t al wastewater in low may have higher phosphor s on entrations than ass me whi h an be on irme by sampling o in low into the pon this is the ase then the e isting system may be a hieving better rates o re tion parti larly or phosphor s than those estimate in this ase st y
wo s enarios were mo elle or e na one base on the onsente epler lan is harge an one ass ming a ontin e is harge to water is possible an a hieves improvements in total nitrogen re tion an ma es re tions in phosphoro s more reliable a h s enario has strengths an wea nesses in its ost or treatment per orman e or ea h ontaminant
he apability o the base system means that the s enarios generally eliver a relatively small per entage improvement in ontaminant re tion espe ially or bio hemi al o ygen eman an coli he s enarios have a range o ann al osts per ho sehol an these osts may not relate to each scenario’s capability to treat particular contaminants he mo elling e er ise oes not in l e the range o a tors that are ta en into a o nt when etermining a pre erre o t ome – these in l e views o sta ehol ers in l ing iwi to whom a ontin e is harge to water is na eptable
he is harge to lan s enario epen s on the availability o s itable lan either owne by the o n il or able to be p r hase o thlan istri t o n il owns lan s itable or the is harge an has n erta en e tensive investigations in s pport o pgra ing by slow rate in iltration o treate wastewater
he limite monitoring ata set or the e isting system means that in omparison with other ase st ies there is more n ertainty in the per orman e o the e isting system ltho gh the n trient re tion s enario oes not appear to provi e m h improvement in pra ti e it is li ely to be more
reliable. t provides more certainty in the contaminant reduction achieved, as compared to the existing system.
The nvercargill aste ater scheme as built in . The urban area has separate storm ater and aste ater schemes, over an area of , hectares. Around , residential, commercial and industrial properties are connected to the aste ater net or . The treatment system includes tertiary treatment.
The lifton aste ater treatment system is located in a e Street, at the south end of nvercargill. The primary treatment process includes screening, pre aeration, grit removal and sedimentation. Secondary treatment is carried out by tric ling filters and clarification. The tertiary process provides ultraviolet disinfection from natural sunlight in facultative ponds, follo ed by final disinfection and polishing in constructed etlands. Treated aste ater is discharged into the e iver stuary for three or four hours on the outgoing tide. Sludge’s from the primary sedimentation and secondary clarification processes are digested, de atered in sludge lagoons, dried in indro s, and then applied to land as biosolids. The uality of the treated aste ater is generally high and fully meets the resource consent conditions, although the plant is a ma or source of nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus in the estuary. The discharge consent as granted in and ill expire in .
e e e s u ed e l s e s e e e e s e e e e e e s e e e s e l ded s e s esul l ge ese e l s e ee ed s e d ee e e ed e S e e e e s e e e e e se ll d g e es esul g l gulle s ug le es d e e d ge s s e s e ee s e l del e el e e ed e es e s e e e e e e l ded s e esul g e l s e s e e e e e s e e l s e l s e e e e s s e e u s es e d e e l s
e u s de s e e g ll e S u e s d e u u S l e e s e g e ge e s es l s d ls d llu s u d le g u l d d e s e g ll ese u s ed u e e l e e l s e e l lu e e l d g e l l s l e use e l ge ess s e e e s e e g d s d d e s l d s ge s se l d g lu es e eed e e ed eg es e de s e l ld de s e se s
e ll g s s e e g ll s e e d s e s e es
s se des es e sel e esul s e g ll e s u ll u g e l u l l s e e e e g ll e e s s e l s es ed e d l l g e ee d le de es e u s e ed u ll e s e e e e s g e e ess l sus e ded s l ds e l ge de d l ge l s us d coli le g es e e ge u l e e ed s e e d s ged e e s u
E. coli
E. coli e ge e s
E. coli e ge e s
ge e s s ed l ds S u e e S u l d se g d
e l sed e l e e lue ll e sse s e s e e e lud g lu s ll u d e use ld e l ges u lue s e e e u s ug l e e e sed e l e e lue e l e e l s sed e l e e lue ll
e u l de e ed lue e s e e s e e s d e u l e g s s ese gu es e e used de e e e l e s e e s g s s e le us g e e d l g Se
gu e s s e el e e e e e s g s s e e e e s s de ed ed ed e ssu ed e s e l s e e e e e s s e l e s us e e s e s e e s ed e e e g l ed e ss le lude ll e d e e s e s e g
Sus e ded S l ds
e l l ge e d
s us ge
s e e s g S s e
The Council prefer ‘o sed e l e e s ’ e ‘ e l e e s ’ d s used e e g ll sse ge e l s l l e s ‘Re l e e s ’ l es sse ll e e l ed l e sse le ‘ sed e l e e s ’ ll s de e e l g d ed e e d e s e le e e e es u e e sse ll e e l ed e e ls de e e e e d l e s S l l ele l e l d ele l e l e e s ll e d ge e e l g d e d l g g e e d e e e s e coli e s l g s ed d se SS d e e l s ed
’s wetlands
e en cen rio ere e elope for he n erc r ill e er e he cen rio n re en proce e li e elo i h ore e il re in ppen i The cen rio re or ere heir o l co lo e o hi he ur her or i nee e o e er ine he her n cen rio i echnic ll fe i le T le C i e he che e’s o l co for he c pi l in e en n nnu l oper in co o er e r The i ion l nnu l co per hou ehol i e on hou ehol n he e e r i e perio he nnu l er e nu er of hou ehol forec e een n
i in e i ui creen pre er ion e i en ion n ric lin fil er econ r cl rifier f cul i e pon e l n oli i e er lu e l oon ho phoru re uc ion i ui creen pre er ion e i en ion n ric lin fil er econ r cl rifier f cul i e pon e l n oli e i in ho en re uc ion i ui creen pre er ion e i en ion n ric lin fil er econ r cl rifier f cul i e pon e l n oli e i in R pi infil r ion i in proce
ena eat ent ess new n ts n ld s s s s ea t s s s s s s s ea t s new s l t d s lte new s s s ss sl w ate n lt at n s a at n et s ne s een e ane ea t s s
a le n e a ll astewate ena s
ena tal ea st dd t nal ann al st e se ld st n s e e s s ed t n at en ed t n a d n lt at n n l des a t al st land ase t ent ed t n t ent and s l ds ed t n l w n lt at n n l des a t al st land ase n an ed t eat ent
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s ss s s
coli s s s s
s s
s s
s s
e n e a ll d s a e t wate s ena s
s s
s s
s s
e n e a ll d s a e t wate s ena s nt n ed
s s
s s
e n e a ll d s a e t land s ena s
he scenarios are standard pre feasi ilit options and all res lts are esti ates onl
o t pes of graphs are sed in this section aste ater treat ent graphs and aste ater discharge graphs ll of the graphs have
a red dot for the existing level of treat ent i e the ase blue dots for odelling scenarios representing discharges to ater and green dots for odelling scenarios representing discharges to land
he odelling scenarios l e and green dots are not n ered on the graphs t it is possi le to identif each scenario noting its position on the vertical ‘cost’ axis and referring to the scenario costs ta le a ove or exa ple the least expensive scenario ill e the lo est l e or green dot and the ost expensive scenario ill e the highest l e or green dot
he aste ater discharge graphs also have a clear black dot representing the aste ater inflo i e pre treat ent for the to n he lac dot gives a sef l reference point for the red ction in conta inants achieved oth the ase scenario existing level of treat ent and the odelling scenarios he distance et een the lac dot and the red dot indicates the effectiveness of the existing treat ent s ste
he scale of the axes on the graphs as deter ined the f ll set of res lts for all six case st dies ith alternate scenarios a ing the scale consistent across the graphs eans that the res lts are co para le et een graphs
s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s apid infiltration lo infiltration s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s nhanced treat ent s s hosphor s red ction athogen red ction ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s – s s s s s s s s s s s s s
a le nn al ads – s ended l ds t eat ent e al and d s a e
ena ad e ed eat ent e al e ent s a e l ad s a e ea as n l w as ase ea as e al n l w s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s apid infiltration s s s s s s s treatment system’s improvement in removing total suspended solids ss s s s hosphor s red ction athogen red ction s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
io emi al o ygen demand is treated it in t e e isting treatment system via t e primary and se ondary ponds e e isting treatment system redu es per ent o io emi al o ygen demand i as it t e total suspended solids is a onsidera le proportion o t e ra aste ater in lo or io emi al o ygen demand t e nver argill system re eives a ase in lo load o tonnes annually o i tonnes are redu ed t roug t e treatment pro ess and tonnes are dis arged to sur a e ater
ere is minimal improvement rom any o t e upgrade s enarios e ause t e e isting system is ig ly e e tive in redu ing io emi al o ygen demand seven s enarios modelled enario apid infiltration and enario lo infiltration are li ely to e t e most e e tive or urt er redu ing io emi al o ygen demand ey ere also t e etter per orming s enarios or suspended solids enario nhanced treat ent is also li ely to e e e tive or redu tion o t is ontaminant e remaining s enarios are less e e tive or t is ontaminant e ause t ese treatments do not typi ally redu e iologi al o ygen demand a le summarises t e s enario treatment apa ilities or io emi al o ygen demand in omparison to ot t e aste ater in lo and t e ase redu tion e isting system t also gives t e resulting dis arge or t e ase and all s enarios verall t e di erent s enarios modelled are li ely to deliver relatively small improvements e ause t e e isting treatment system per orms parti ularly ell or t is ontaminant
ase redu tion osp orus at ogens apid in iltration utrients utrients solids lo in iltration n an ed
e t ree most e e tive s enarios or io emi al o ygen demand enarios and ave an additional annual ost or aste ater treatment per ouse old o et een and t ese s enarios enario apid infiltration is li ely to deliver improvements at t e lo est additional ost igure shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in redu ing io emi al o ygen demand and t e possi le in rease in annual ost per ouse old igure s o s t e relations ip et een t e annual dis arge o io emi al o ygen demand and annual ost per ouse old e relatively small improvements in treatment and dis arge t at an e made or t is ontaminant are li ely to in rease t e annual ost per ouse old
n a ition to s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o y en eman the e istin system also removes n trients total nitro en an phosphor s rom the in low o raw wastewater within the se imentation an tri lin ilter pro esses he e istin system removes per ent o total nitro en rom the wastewater in low whi h is a lower proportion than its removal o s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o y en eman he nver ar ill system re eives a base in low loa o tonnes o total nitro en ann ally o whi h tonnes are remove thro h treatment an tonnes are is har e
he most e e tive s enario is enario nhanced treat ent whi h o l remove per ent o the total nitro en in the wastewater is har e per ho sehol per year enario lo infiltration o l also remove over per ent o the total nitro en in the wastewater is har e enario trients solids enario trient red ction an enario apid infiltration o l be onsi erably e e tive or this ontaminant able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or total nitro en ompare to the wastewater in low an base removal e istin system t also ives the res ltin is har e or the base an all s enarios
–
istin system hosphor s atho ens api in iltration trients trients soli s low in iltration nhan e
the ive s enarios that are relatively e e tive or total nitro en enarios an enario apid infiltration has the lowest a itional ost he two most e e tive s enarios enarios an or total nitro en have the hi hest a itional ann al ost or wastewater treatment per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removin total nitro en an the possible in rease in ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o total nitro en an ann al ost per ho sehol
verall the in reasin osts o treatment a ross the i erent s enarios are re le te in an in reasin re tion in nitro en in i atin an improvement or this ontaminant at a ost
n a ition to total nitro en the e istin system also remo es phosphor s rom the in low o raw wastewater erall per ent o total phosphor s rom the wastewater in low is remo e whi h is sli htly lower than the proportion o total nitro en remo al he n er ar ill system re ei es a base in low loa o tonnes o total phosphor s ann ally o whi h tonnes are remo e thro h treatment an tonnes are is har e to s r a e water
s with total nitro en enario nhanced treat ent o l be the most e e ti e or total phosphor s o the s enarios mo elle he two lan base s enarios o l also be e e ti e or total phosphor s remo al enario hosphor s red ction is also li ely to be onsi erably e e ti e or this ontaminant enario athogen red ction enario trient red ction an enario trients solids are less e e ti e or this ontaminant be a se these treatments o not typi ally remo e phosphor s able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or total phosphor s ompare to the wastewater in low an base remo al e istin system t also i es res ltin is har e or the base an all s enarios
–
istin system hosphor s atho ens api in iltration trients trients soli s low in iltration nhan e
he s enarios that are relati ely e e ti e or total phosphor s enarios an ha e a itional ann al osts or wastewater treatment ran in rom to per ho sehol these s enarios enario hosphor s red ction is li ely to eli er impro ements at the lowest a itional ann al ost per ho sehol with the ost bein n omparison with other ase st ies the a itional ost per ho sehol or n er ar ill is lower re le tin the potential e onomies o s ale i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in remo in total phosphor s an the possible in rease in ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o total phosphor s an ann al ost per ho sehol
E. coli he e istin treatment plant has s bstantial apability to remove coli rom the raw wastewater in low within the a ltative pon s a type o waste stabilisation pon se or biolo i al treatment n the whole the e istin system removes per ent o coli whi h is a reater proportion than or any o the other o r ontaminants et even very small resi al amo nts o coli an still pose a ris to h man health or coli the nver ar ill system re eives base in low on entrations o million m whi h is re e by m thro h treatment so that a on entration o m is is har e to s r a e water
the s enarios mo elle enario athogen red ction enario lo infiltration an enario nhanced treat ent o l be the most e e tive or rther removal o coli hese s enarios o l eliver between an a itional removal an in l e a lan base te hnolo y enario apid infiltration is another lan base te hnolo y whi h is less e e tive relative to other s enarios able s mmarises the s enario treatment apabilities or coli ompare to the wastewater in low an base removal e istin system t also ives the res ltin is har e or the base an all s enarios
– E. coli
istin system hosphor s atho ens api in iltration trients trients soli s low in iltration nhan e
he o r s enarios that o er a itional apability or coli enarios an have a wi e ran e o a itional ann al osts or wastewater treatment enario athogen red ction is li ely to eliver improvements at the lowest a itional ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the treatment system’s improvement in removing coli an the possible in rease in ann al ost per ho sehol i re shows the relationship between the ann al is har e o coli an ann al ost per ho sehol
col
E. coli
coli
E. coli
he e isting treatment system in l es pre s reening an pre aeration primary se imentation se on ary tri ling ilter lari i ation an a ltative pon s an wetlan s he primary treatment system was b ilt in the se on ary system a e in an the a ltative pon s in
he is harge is time or a o r ho r perio ollowing ea h high ti e to enable l shing thro gh ew iver st ary to the oast he ity an the treatment plant are prote te by stop ban s an are s s eptible to e pe te sea level rise into the t re epen ing on the e tent o sea level rise nver argill may be or e to retreat or enhan e rrent levels o prote tion ill strating the importan e o a town’s lo ation in relation to water
even options or pgra e were mo elle with variable res lts epen ing on the ontaminant he lan base s enarios rapi in iltration an slow in iltration an the enhan e treatment n trient removal o er the most improvement a ross the ontaminants itable sites or lan base treatment an is harge may not be o n within the nver argill istri t an the osts are li ely to be m h higher than the res lts shown
he e isting treatment plant alrea y a hieves high re tions in s spen e soli s an bio hemi al o ygen eman an coli ost o the s enarios onsi ere only a hieve minimal rther improvements or these ontaminants he pgra es a hieve onsi erable re tions in nitrogen an phosphor s he osts per ho sehol or the nver argill pgra es were generally less than the other ase st y towns possibly re le ting the bene its o e onomies o s ale
he per orman e o the wastewater treatment system at li ton is well monitore in omparison to the other ase st ies in this resear h be a se o its si e an lo ation besi e ew iver st ary here is a high egree o ertainty in per orman e o the rrent system an more ertainty that the pre i te improvements o the pgra e s enarios an be a hieve i they prove to be easible ring etaile esign
mplementation o the pgra e s enarios may re ire a itional re n an y in me hani al plant an the impa t o a itional sl ge pro tion was not in l e in the pre i te osts hese iss es o l be onsi erable or some s enarios an will in rease osts he lan base s enarios epen on the availability o s itable lan an the sensitivity o the re eiving environments whi h in l en es the area re ire
t present nver argill ity o n il has not i enti ie s i ient lan lose to li ton n i ative reviews o soil types an soil moist re s ggest that a year ro n is harge to lan is nli ely to be easible s a res lt it is li ely wastewater will nee to be p mpe some istan e to a s itable site or a is harge to water retaine he ost o is harge to lan is parti larly sensitive to the istan e it nee s to be p mpe s omm nity e pe tations hange having any is harge to water in the t re is li ely to involve onsi ering an pgra e to a more omple me hani al treatment system to improve per orman e or n trient nitrogen an or phosphor s re tion
coli
E. coli
E. coli
E. coli
coli
Bluff’s Bluff’s w Invercargill’s
Southland’s four councils (Gore
‘what if’ scena
Importantly, The Southland Economic Model for Fresh Water is ‘dynamic’, which means that it traces
is cali rated using a full set of economic accounts from Statistics ew ealand for and and data from other sources Because it is dynamic, the model will show how Southland’s economy is li ely to transition from the current situation to a new water and land management system under each different scenario The shape of these ‘transition pathways’ will allow people to see the possi le economic impacts of different rates of change, oth in policy implementation and the response (i.e. the actions taken to change water use). The model’s start year is 2016 because this is the year that implementation of the ational olicy Statement of Fresh Water started in Southland
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329 Appendix 1: Industrial wastewater discharges to water and land (excluding sludge, whey, solid waste, herbicide and water)
ID Title Abstract Owner AUTH- 20158595-01 Discharge AUTH-20158595-01 | Alliance Group Ltd 20158595-01 to Water Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | Alliance Group To discharge treated meat processing wastewater and sewage from the Limited | 30/11/2016 township of Wallacetown, to water at Lorneville AUTH- 20169983-01-V1 - AUTH-20169983-01-V1 | Alliance Group Ltd 20169983-01- Discharge to Water Resource Consent | V1 Discharge Permit (To To discharge treated meat processing wastewater to the Makarewa River Water) | Alliance Group at Makarewa Junction, approx. 750 metres downstream of Branxholme - Limited | 16/02/2017 Makarewa Road AUTH-202327 202327 - Discharge to AUTH-202327 | Resource Alliance Group Ltd Water Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | Alliance Group Ltd - To discharge up to 14,400 cubic metres per day of treated meat works Mataura | 06/12/2004 wastewater to the Mataura River at Mataura AUTH-204125 204125 - Discharge to AUTH-204125 | Resource Alliance Group Ltd Water Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | To discharge up to 21,200 cubic metres of cooling water per day from the Alliance Group Ltd - Mataura meat processing plant into a water race which discharges to the Mataura | 19/12/2006 Mataura River AUTH-206299 206299 - Discharge to AUTH-206299 | Resource Alliance Group Ltd Water Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | Alliance Group Lorneville To discharge stormwater to an open drain, a tributary of the Makarewa | 30/04/2013 River, at Lorneville Riverton Highway, Lorneville AUTH-206300- 206300-V2 - Discharge AUTH-206300-V2 | Alliance Group Ltd V2 to Water Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To To discharge stormwater to the Makarewa River, at Branxholme Water) | Alliance Group Makarewa Road, Makarewa Makarewa | 11/04/2013
AUTH-206301 206301 - Discharge to AUTH-206301 | Resource Alliance Group Ltd Water Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | Alliance Group Ltd - To discharge stormwater to the Mataura River, at McQueen Avenue, Mataura | 30/04/2013 Mataura AUTH-200971- 200971-V1 - Discharge AUTH-200971-V1 | Alliance Group Ltd V1 to Land Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | Alliance Group - To discharge leachate to land from a closed refuse disposal site at Makarewa | 04/10/2002 Makarewa AUTH- 20158595-03 - AUTH-20158595-03 | Alliance Group Ltd 20158595-03 Discharge to Land Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | Alliance Group To discharge up to 3000 cubic metres of treated wastewater to land via Limited | 30/11/2016 irrigation at Crowe Road, Lorneville AUTH- 20158595-04 - AUTH-20158595-04 | Alliance Group Ltd 20158595-04 Discharge to Land Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To To discharge treated wastewater to land in circumstances that may result Land) | Alliance Group in contaminants entering water, from a contingency short term storage Limited | 30/11/2016 area, at Crowe Road, Lorneville AUTH- 20169983-02-V1 - AUTH-20169983-02-V1 | Alliance Group Ltd 20169983-02- Discharge to Land Resource Consent | To discharge meat processing wastewater through the base of a V1 Discharge Permit (To treatment pond to groundwater where it will enter the Makarewa River Land) | Alliance Group at Makarewa Junction, approx. 750 metres downstream of Branxholme - Limited | 16/02/2017 Makarewa Road AUTH-94468 94468 - Discharge to AUTH-94468 | Resource Alliance Group Ltd Land Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | Alliance Group Lorneville To discharge leachate into the ground, in circumstances where it may | 05/06/1998 enter water, from a closed landfill at Lorneville AUTH-95498 | Resource Silver Fern Farms Consent | Discharge Ltd Permit (To Land) | Silver Fern Farms Management Limited - Group 95498 - Discharge to Environmental | To discharge up to 1400 cubic metres of primary treated wastewater per AUTH-95498 Land 17/03/1999 week to land, from a venison abattoir at Mossburn AUTH-201191 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | Blue 201191 - Discharge to Sky Meats (NZ) Ltd | To discharge up to 1000 cubic metres of meat processing and rendering AUTH-201191 Land 03/12/2002 Blue Sky Meats Ltd plant wastewater to land at Morton Mains via a spray irrigator AUTH-20147510 | South Pacific Meats Resource Consent | Ltd Discharge Permit (To AUTH- 20147510 - Discharge to Water) | South Pacific 20147510 Water Meats Ltd | 15/05/2015 To discharge stormwater to an open drain at New River Estuary AUTH-202727 202727 - Discharge to AUTH-202727 | Resource New Zealand Land Consent | Discharge Aluminium Smelters Permit (To Land) | New Ltd Zealand Aluminium To discharge stormwater and process water onto land and into the Smelters | 08/10/2004 ground at Tiwai Point, in circumstances where they may enter water AUTH-203373 203373 - Dishcarge to AUTH-203373 | Resource New Zealand Land Consent | Discharge Aluminium Smelters To discharge contaminants onto land including circumstances where they Permit (To Land) | New Ltd may enter water and to discharge water including contaminants to the Zealand Aluminium coastal marine area includes surface and cooling and flushing waters at Smelters | 06/06/2006 Tiwai Point Bluff Harbour AUTH-203376 203376 - Discharge to AUTH-203376 | Resource New Zealand Land Consent | Discharge Aluminium Smelters Permit (To Land) | New Ltd Zealand Aluminium To discharge up to 295 cubic metres per day of treated sewage onto and Smelters | 06/06/2006 into land at Tiwai Point AUTH-203379 | Resource New Zealand Consent | Coastal Permit Aluminium Smelters 203379 - Discharge to (Discharge to Water CMA) Ltd To discharge up to 140 cubic metres per day of treated effluent into AUTH-203379 coastal water | New Zealand Aluminium Foveaux Strait at Tiwai Point Smelters | 06/06/2006
AUTH-205500 | Resource Fonterra Ltd Consent | Discharge To discharge up to 9,300m3 per day of treated dairy process wastewater Permit (To Water) | and up to 20,700m3 per day of condensate, cooling water, stormwater, 205500 - Discharge to Fonterra Limited | denitrification water and demineralisation water from the Edendale dairy AUTH-205500 Land 04/11/2008 factory to the Mataura River AUTH- 20158423 - Discharge to AUTH-20158423 | Fonterra Ltd 20158423 Land Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | Fonterra Limited | To discharge dairy factory wastewater to land at Mararua Farm, State 21/04/2017 Highway 1, Edendale AUTH- AUTH-20171236 - AUTH-20171236 | Fonterra Ltd 20171236 Discharge to Land Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | Fonterra Limited | To discharge dairy factory wastewater to land and aerosols and odours 13/07/2017 into the air at Dobbie Road, Edendale AUTH-204524-V1 | Open Country Dairy Resource Consent | Ltd Discharge Permit (To AUTH-204524- 204524-V1 - Discharge Water) | Open Country To discharge condensate and stormwater from a milk processing plant to V1 to Water Dairy Ltd | 23/10/2007 a farm drain at Awarua AUTH-300569-V2 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To AUTH-300569- 300569-V2 - Discharge Water) | Waikaia Gold Ltd To discharge water and contaminants from a gold mining operation to V2 to Water | 01/02/2012 Waikaia Gold Ltd the Waikaia River and to the Garvie Burn at Freshford AUTH-207232 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | 207232 - Discharge to Bathurst Coal Limited | To discharge treated stormwater to a tributary of the Wairio Stream at AUTH-207232 Water 24/03/2010 Bathurst Coal Ltd Company Road, Nightcaps from a coal mining operation AUTH-300661-V2 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To AUTH-300661- 300661-V2 - Discharge Water) | Bathurst Coal To discharge treated site water to the Wairio Stream at the Coaldale V2 to Water Limited | 18/07/2011 Bathurst Coal Ltd Mine Site, Company Road, Nightcaps AUTH-206094 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | 206094 - Discharge to Bathurst Coal Limited | To discharge mine water, stormwater and coal-wash process water to a AUTH-206094 Land 24/03/2010 Bathurst Coal Ltd soakage pit at Company Road, Nightcaps AUTH-20158148-01 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To AUTH- 20158148-01 - Water) | Greenbriar To discharge treated mine water from New Vale mine to an unnamed 20158148-01 Discharge to Water Limited | 01/12/2015 Greenbriar Ltd tributary of the Hedgehope Stream at Waimumu AUTH-20158148-02 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To AUTH- 20158148-02 - Water) | Greenbriar To discharge treated surface runoff and groundwater from Goodwin Coal 20158148-02 Discharge to Water Limited | 01/12/2015 Greenbriar Ltd Mine to the Hedgehope Stream at Waimumu AUTH-201973 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | 201973 - Discharge to Greenbriar Limited | To discharge treated minewater and stormwater to Morley Stream at AUTH-201973 Water 04/08/2003 Greenbriar Ltd Ohai from a coal mining operation AUTH-207359 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | 207359 - Discharge to Greenbriar Limited | To discharge up to 12,000 cubic metres of untreated water per day to AUTH-207359 Water 28/09/2010 Greenbriar Ltd Morley Stream near Ohai AUTH-301848 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | 301848 - Discharge to Greenbriar Limited | To discharge surface water and groundwater from the Wairaki No. 1 AUTH-301848 Water 02/12/2013 Greenbriar Ltd Opencast Mine pit to the Morely Stream AUTH-200989 200989 - Discharge to AUTH-200989 | Resource Ravensdown Water Consent | Discharge Fertiliser Co-op Ltd Permit (To Water) | Ravensdown Fertiliser Co- To discharge stormwater to a tributary of the Dipton Stream at the op Ltd | 23/05/2002 Dipton Limeworks, Gerrard Road AUTH-96448 96448 - Discharge to AUTH-96448 | Resource Ravensdown Water Consent | Discharge Fertiliser Co-op Ltd Permit (To Water) | Ravensdown Fertiliser Co- op Ltd - Balfour (Balfour Lime Division) | To discharge stormwater from a limestone quarry to a tributary of the 21/10/2000 Longridge Stream at Kingston Crossing Road, Balfour AUTH-202170 202170 - Discharge to AUTH-202170 | Resource Fernhill Limeworks Water Consent | Discharge Ltd Permit (To Water) | Fernhill Limeworks Ltd ( ) To discharge stormwater to a tributary of the Winton Stream from a | 26/08/2003 limeworks at Kauana, Winton AUTH-203820 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | To discharge treated and untreated stormwater from a fertiliser 203820 - Discharge to Ballance Agri-Nutrients Ballance Agri- manufacturing, storage and dispatch facility, via an unnamed drain to the AUTH-203820 Water Ltd | 05/06/2007 Nutrients Ltd Mokotua Stream at Bluff Road, Awarua AUTH-96033 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | 96033 - Discharge to Southern Aggregates Ltd Southern AUTH-96033 Water | 29/11/2000 Aggregates Lt To discharge stormwater and cooling water from a quarry at Greenhills AUTH-20169941-02 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | International International AUTH- 20169941-02 - Specialty Aggregates Specialty Aggregates To discharge water back to an existing excavated pond for gravel washing 20169941-02 Discharge to Water Limited | 16/01/2017 Ltd at 419 Cross Road, Pebbly Hill, Dacre AUTH-207367-V1 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | International International AUTH-207367- 207367-V1 - Discharge Specialty Aggregates Specialty Aggregates To discharge gravel washwater to water for aggregate cleaning at Pitt V1 to Land Limited | 12/07/2010 Ltd Road, Otatara AUTH-96287 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | International Specialty International To discharge stormwater onto or into land from a quarry and to discharge 96287 - Discharge to Aggregates Ltd | Specialty Aggregates treated stormwater from a quarry into water an unnamed tributary of AUTH-96287 Land 07/11/1997 Ltd Awarua Bay, at Awarua Bay Road AUTH- 20147508-01 - AUTH-20147508-01 | Fulton Hogan 20147508-01 Discharge to Land Resource Consent | Southland Ltd Discharge Permit (To Land) | Fulton Hogan Southland Ltd | To discharge up to 800,000 litres of gravel washwater to land in 10/04/2015 circumstances where contaminants may enter water AUTH- 20157783-01 - AUTH-20157783-01 | Mr Alister 20157783-01 Discharge to Land Resource Consent | MacDonald Discharge Permit (To To take groundwater and to discharge washwater from gravel washing Land) | Mr Alister into a pond near the Oreti River about 450 metres below the Mossburn MacDonald | 30/04/2015 Bridge AUTH-205360 205360 - Discharge to AUTH-205360 | Resource Southern Stone & Land Consent | Discharge Timber Ltd Permit (To Land) | To discharge gravel washwater into the ground via seepage through the Southern Stone & Timber base of the settling/storage ponds at Tokonui-Gorge Road Highway, Ltd | 28/04/2008 Gorge Road AUTH-205660- 205660-V1 - Discharge AUTH-205660-V1 | Pyper's Produce Ltd V1 to Land Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | Pyper's Produce To discharge washwater from vegetable cleaning to land using a sprinkler Ltd | 18/05/2009 irrigation system at Branxholme Road Invercargill AUTH-302648- 302648-02 - Discharge AUTH-302648-02 | AG & GJ Whyte Ltd 02 to Land Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To To discharge gravel washwater to land at Oporo Flat Road Waianiwa Land) | AG & GJ Whyte Ltd | 14/01/2014
AUTH-205270 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | Network Electrical 205270 - Discharge to Servicing Ltd | Network Electrical To discharge washwater from a truckwash into the Waihopai Arm of the AUTH-205270 Water 02/07/2008 Servicing Ltd New River Estuary via the Invercargill City Council stormwater system AUTH-20169938-02 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | Southern Stone AUTH- 20169938-02 - & Timber Limited | Southern Stone & To discharge aggregate wash water through the base of water storage 20169938-02 Discharge to Water 31/01/2017 Timber Limited ponds to groundwater AUTH-300378-V2 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | Resolution Resolution AUTH-300378- 300378-V2 - Discharge Developments Limited | Developments To discharge wash water and boiler blow-down water to a former mine V2 to Water 27/07/2011 Limite pit near Craig Road, Mataura AUTH-301935 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | 301935 - Discharge to Crawford Enterprises Ltd Crawford AUTH-301935 Water | 03/02/2013 Enterprises Ltd To discharge gravel wash water to a tributary of Ota creek AUTH-302438-03 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To AUTH-302438- 302438-03 - Discharge Water) | J Baynes | 03 to Water 18/04/2014 J Baynes To discharge wash water containing sediments to the extraction pond AUTH- 20147304 - Discharge to AUTH-20147304 | D T King Ltd 20147304 Land Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | D T King Ltd | To discharge truck wash water and stock truck effluent to land, at 14/10/2015 Otautau Wreys Bush Road, Otautau AUTH- 20157914-01 - AUTH-20157914-01 | Patrice Downs Ltd 20157914-01 Discharge to Land Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To To discharge truck wash waste water (and dairy shed effluent and Land) | Patrice Downs Ltd wintering shed effluent and dairy farm effluent sludge) to land at Gap | 01/10/2015 Road West, Winton AUTH- 20158427-02 - AUTH-20158427-02 | McGregor Concrete 20158427-02 Discharge to Land Resource Consent | Ltd Discharge Permit (To Land) | McGregor To discharge up to 100,000 litres per day of gravel wash water to land, in Concrete Ltd - Winton | circumstances where it may enter water, near the Oreti River, about 13/01/2016 1.5km below the Winton Bridge AUTH-205992 205992 - Discharge to AUTH-205992 | Resource McGregor Concrete Land Consent | Discharge Ltd Permit (To Land) | McGregor Group Ltd | To discharge up to 100,000 litres of gravel wash water to land per day at 05/06/2009 the Oreti River some 600 metres above Dipton Stream confluence AUTH- 20169440-01 - AUTH-20169440-01 | McClintock 20169440-01 Discharge to Land Resource Consent | Contracting Limited Discharge Permit (To Land) | McClintock Contracting Limited | To discharge up to 100 cubic metres of gravel wash water per day to land 13/09/2016 at Riversdale-Waikaia Road, Riversdale AUTH- 20169960-02 - AUTH-20169960-02 | Ryal Bush Transport 20169960-02 Discharge to Land Resource Consent | Limited Discharge Permit (To Land) | Ryal Bush Transport Limited | 14/02/2017 To discharge gravel wash water to land at Viner Road, Branxholme AUTH-205922 205922 - Discharge to AUTH-205922 | Resource Wreys Bush Land Consent | Discharge Concrete Products Permit (To Land) | Wreys Ltd Bush Concrete Products To discharge up to 250 cubic metres of gravel wash water per day to land Ltd | 26/05/2010 and to dispose of sludge from a settling pond to land at Wreys Bush AUTH-301570 301570 - Discharge to AUTH-301570 | Resource Kapuka Transport Land Consent | Discharge Ltd Permit (To Land) | Kapuka To discharge truck wash water to land at Kapuka South Road, Kapuka Transport Ltd | 21/09/2012
AUTH-302064- 302064-02 - Discharge AUTH-302064-02 | Golden Bush Mining 02 to Land Resource Consent | Ltd Discharge Permit (To Land) | Golden Bush To discharge wash water to land, involving open cast gold mining near Mining Ltd | 31/08/2016 Round Hill, Southland AUTH-205318 205318 - Discharge to AUTH-205318 | Resource Andrews Transport Land Consent | Discharge (1993) Limited Permit (To Land) | Andrews Transport (1993) To discharge wastewater to land via a soakhole and via a trailer tanker, Limited | 30/10/2008 from a truckwash at Riversdale AUTH-205960- 205960-V1 - Discharge AUTH-205960-V1 | Nightcaps V1 to Land Resource Consent | Contracting Ltd Discharge Permit (To Land) | Nightcaps Contracting Ltd | To discharge truckwash and stock truck effluent to land via a K-line 20/05/2009 system at Tinkertown Road, Nightcaps AUTH-206984 206984 - Discharge to AUTH-206984 | Resource Winton Park Land Consent | Discharge Investments Ltd Permit (To Land) | Winton Park Investments To discharge wastewater from a truckwash to land, at Winton-Lorneville Ltd | 16/11/2009 Highway, Winton AUTH-300549- 300549-V1 - Discharge AUTH-300549-V1 | Niagara Sawmilling V1 to Land Resource Consent | Co Ltd Discharge Permit (To Land) | Niagara Sawmilling Co Ltd | To discharge wastewater from a truckwash to land at Niagara Sawmilling 17/08/2011 at Clapham Road, Kennington AUTH-300758 300758 - Discharge to AUTH-300758 | Resource McDowall Rural Land Consent | Discharge Services Ltd Permit (To Land) | McDowall Rural Services To discharge truckwash effluent to land at Limehills - Browns Road, Limited | 14/12/2011 Browns AUTH-302581 302581 - Discharge to AUTH-302581 | Resource Booth AG (2008) Ltd Land Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | Booth AG (2008) Ltd | To discharge truckwash effluent to land via low rate irrigation at 22/10/2013 Bayswater Road Otautau AUTH-97021 97021 - Discharge to AUTH-97021 | Resource Northern Southland Land Consent | Discharge Transport Holdings Permit (To Land) | Ltd Northern Southland Transport Holdings Ltd | 05/08/1998 To discharge treated truckwash water to land via a soak hole at Te Anau AUTH-205536 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | 205536 - Discharge to Sinclair Contracting Ltd | Sinclair Contracting To discharge up to 1 cubic metre per week of truckwash wastewater to AUTH-205536 Water 29/06/2009 Ltd land where it may enter water, at Cardigan Road, Wyndham AUTH-97150 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | 97150 - Discharge to Scullys Transport Ltd | To discharge stormwater and treated truckwash effluent of up to 1 cubic AUTH-97150 Water 07/11/1997 Scullys Transport Ltd meter per day to a tributary of the Oreti River at Lady Barkley, Winton AUTH-301146 301146 - Discharge to AUTH-301146 | Resource D L Dumbleton Water Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | D L To discharge waste water to water from a gravel pit at Coal Pit Road, Dumbleton | 01/05/2012 Edendale AUTH-301940 301940 - Discharge to AUTH-301940 | Resource Land Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | Scullys Transport Ltd | To discharge truck wash waste to land via travelling irrigator at Dipton 15/03/2013 Scullys Transport Ltd Winton Highway, Limehills/Centre Bush AUTH-201094 201094 - Discharge to AUTH-201094 | Resource Pioneer Generation Water Consent | Discharge Ltd Permit (To Water) | Pioneer Generation Ltd | to discharge oil and grease from the powerhouse machinery to the Waiau 18/03/2002 River via the tailrace of the powerhouse AUTH-201095 201095 - Discharge to AUTH-201095 | Resource Pioneer Generation Water Consent | Discharge Ltd Permit (To Water) | Pioneer Generation Ltd | to discharge contaminants into water as a result of maintenance works at 18/03/2002 the existing Monowai Hydro Electric Power Scheme canal AUTH-201096 201096 - Discharge to AUTH-201096 | Resource Pioneer Generation Water Consent | Discharge Ltd Permit (To Water) | to discharge cooling water from the Monowai Hydro Electric Power Pioneer Generation Ltd | Scheme powerhouse turbines to the Waiau River via the tailrace of the 18/03/2002 powerhouse AUTH-201097 201097 - Discharge to AUTH-201097 | Resource Pioneer Generation Water' Consent | Discharge Ltd Permit (To Water) | to discharge contaminants into water as a result of maintenance works at Pioneer Generation Ltd | the existing tailrace of the Monowai Hydro Electric Power Scheme 18/03/2002 powerhouse AUTH-202854 | Resource Pioneer Generation Consent | Discharge Ltd Permit (To Land) | 202854 - Discharge to Pioneer Generation Ltd | To discharge herbicide to land in circumstances where it may enter water AUTH-202854 Land 29/08/2005 for willow control by ground-based applicators AUTH-97076- 97076-V1 - Discharge to AUTH-97076-V1 | Slinkskins Ltd V1 Land Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Land) | Slinkskins Ltd | To discharge pre-treated tannery and fellmongery wastewater onto land 03/08/2001 at Thornbury AUTH-200815 | Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | 200815 - Discharge to Craigpine Timber Ltd | To discharge timber yard storm water and condensate into the Winton AUTH-200815 Water 08/03/2002 Craigpine Timber Ltd Stream and Marshall Creek AUTH-300549- 300549-V1 - Discharge AUTH-300549-V1 | Niagara Sawmilling V1 to Land Resource Consent | Co Ltd Discharge Permit (To Land) | Niagara Sawmilling Co Ltd | To discharge wastewater from a truckwash to land at Niagara Sawmilling 17/08/2011 at Clapham Road, Kennington AUTH-301704 301704 - Discharge to AUTH-301704 | Resource Findlater Sawmilling Land Consent | Discharge Ltd Permit (To Land) | Findlater Sawmilling Ltd | To discharge stormwater to a wetland from a sawmilling operation at 14/11/2012 Wilson Crossing Road, Ryal Bush AUTH- 20146797 - Discharge to AUTH-20146797 | Brightwood Sawmil 20146797 Water Resource Consent | Discharge Permit (To Water) | Brightwood To discharge treated stormwater to an unnamed tributary of the Aparima Sawmill | 10/07/2014 River at Otautau AUTH-203262 203262 - Discharge to AUTH-203262 | Resource Dongwha Patinna Water Consent | Discharge NZ Ltd Permit (To Water) | To discharge up to 7700 cubic metres of untreated stormwater per day Dongwha Patinna NZ Ltd and up to 811 cubic metres of treated wastewater per day to the | 01/02/2006 Mataura River AUTH-203265 203265 - Discharge to AUTH-203265 | Resource Dongwha Patinna Water Consent | Discharge NZ Ltd Permit (To Water) | Dongwha Patinna NZ Ltd | 01/02/2006 To discharge tile drainage to the Hudson Stream AUTH-203260 203260 - Discharge to AUTH-203260 | Resource Dongwha Patinna Land Consent | Discharge NZ Ltd Permit (To Land) | Dongwha Patinna NZ Ltd To discharge up to 811 cubic metres of effluent to land per day and to | 01/02/2006 discharge treatment pond seepage, at Mataura AUTH-203264 203264 - Discharge to AUTH-203264 | Resource Dongwha Patinna Land Consent | Discharge NZ Ltd Permit (To Land) | Dongwha Patinna NZ Ltd | 01/02/2006 To discharge stormwater to land at Mataura
Appendix 2: Scenarios and treatment processes
Gore Wastewater Treatment Plant
Total annual inflow: Population: Existing Discharge Route: Existing Resource Consents 2,198,600m3 2013 census 12,033 people Mataura River <25 m3/s in river Rolling 80%ile (6024m3/d) BOD ≤20mg/L 2 outfalls TSS ≤20mg/L DP ≤0.5mg/L Amm-N ≤30mg/L E.coli ≤1,000MPN/100mL 25-60 m3/s in river Rolling 80%ile BOD ≤30mg/L TSS ≤50mg/L DP ≤1mg/L Amm-N ≤30mg/L E.coli ≤2,500MPN/100mL >60 m3/s in river Rolling 80%ile BOD ≤30mg/L TSS ≤70mg/L DP ≤4.9mg/L Amm-N ≤30mg/L E.coli ≤5,000MPN/100mL
Case Study Option Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Associated Issues Option Quality Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Cost Operating Cost Gore Liquid: Based on historic performance: N/A N/A Assuming entire population is connected, the per capita flow rate Existing WWTP 3mm screen - with Actiflo (as long term annual equates to 500l/hd/d. Suggests significant infiltration, stormwater inflow Primary Pond medians) or industrial contribution. Secondary Pond TSS < 30 mg/L Actiflo (operational during BOD < 10 mg/L Large seasonal load from Waitane Meats (existing additional aeration low river flows) NH4N < 20 mg/L provided when in operation) Solid: TN < 25 mg/L Storage in pond DRP < 0.2 mg/L TP < 1.0 mg/L E.coli: 3000 cfu/100 mL - without Actiflo (as long term annual medians) TSS < 50 mg/L BOD < 25 mg/L NH4N < 10 mg/L TN < 20 mg/L DRP < 2.0 mg/L TP < 3.0 mg/L E.coli: 1500 cfu/100 mL Case Study Option Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Associated Issues Option Quality Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Cost Operating Cost Option 1a - BOD, TSS, TN, TP Liquid: Likely quality $3.7M $0.5M Robust and proven technology Discharge to Water Removal (year 3mm screen TSS < 20mg/L Minimal operator input required - nutrient reduction round) Primary pond BOD < 10mg/L Additional sludge discharged to pond, so desludging frequency will Secondary Pond TN < 10mg/L need to be increased. >50% TN Trickling Filter, new TP < 1.0mg/L reduction MBBR, new E.coli <3000MPN/100mL >65% TP removal Actiflo (operating 365d/yr) Solid: as existing Option 1b – Discharge E.coli Removal Liquid Likely quality $1.0M $0.05M Robust and proven technology to Water 3mm screen TSS < 30-50mg/L Minimal operator input required - Pathogen reduction Primary Pond BOD < 10-25mg/L Secondary Pond TN <25mg/L Actiflo (operational during TP < 1.0-3.0mg/L low river flows) E.coli 126MPN/100mL UV Disinfection, new Solid: as existing Option 1c – Discharge TP Removal (year Liquid; Likely quality N/A $0.1M Robust and proven technology to Water round) 3mm screen TSS < 30mg/L Minimal operator input required - Phosphorus reduction Primary pond BOD < 25mg/L Additional sludge production, which will require more frequent pond >65% TP removal Secondary Pond TN < 25mg/L desludging. Actiflo (operating 365d/yr) TP < 1.0mg/L No redundancy in Actiflo Solid: as existing E.coli <3000MPN/100mL
Option 1d – BOD, TSS, TN Liquid: Likely quality $4.9M $0.6M Robust and proven technology Discharge to Water Removal 3mm screen TSS < 15mg/L Minimal additional contaminant reduction - Nutrient reduction Primary pond BOD < 10mg/L Minimal operator input required, as no wetland to influence the filter incl solids reduction >55% TN Secondary Pond TN < 9mg/L Additional sludge production (similar to Option 1a), which will reduction Trickling Filter, new TP < 1.0mg/L require more frequent pond desludging. >65% TP removal MBBR, new E.coli <3000MPN/100mL Disc filter includes allowance for concrete tank. Actiflo (operating 365d/yr) Cloth/disc filter, new Solid: as existing Option 1e- Discharge BOD, TSS, TN, TP, Liquid Likely quality $19M $0.8M Proven technology to Water E.coli Removal 3mm screen TSS 5mg/L Higher level of operator knowledge and skill required than Options - membrane Fine screen, new BOD 5mg/L 1a to 1d bioreactor 75% TN & TP Membrane Bioreactor E.coli 10MPN/100mL Dedicated operator required for site reduction (MBR), new TN 5mg/L Higher energy requirement than other options Solid: as existing TP 0.5mg/L Power supply to site may require upgrading Additional sludge production (more than Options 1c and 1d), which will require more frequent pond desludging.
Case Study Option Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Associated Issues Option Quality Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Cost Operating Cost Option 1f- Discharge BOD, TSS, TN, TP, Liquid: Likely quality of blended $43M $2M RO treated wastewater could be beneficially reused with additional to Water E.coli Removal 3mm screen discharge of RO permeate and RO treatment (eg stabilisation, chlorine dosing) but option assumes - Tertiary Treatment Primary Pond reject streams: discharge to the Mataura River 99% TN & TP Secondary Pond TSS 1mg/L UF/RO technology is proven for producing high quality treated reduction Trickling Filter, new BOD 1mg/L wastewater discharge. Ultrafiltration (UF) , new E.coli <126MPN/100mL Typically the RO reject stream is discharged to sea or to evaporation Note: RO reject Reverse Osmosis (RO), TN 5mg/L ponds. Neither is feasible for Gore. stream treated new TP 0.5mg/L The proposed RO reject stream treatment is unproven and would then discharged Solid: as existing require further investigation to confirm the feasibility to ensure to water RO Reject Stream Treatment: removal of TN. After blending the RO permeate and the RO reject, MBBR, new there is minimal improvement over Option 1e Wetland, new RO reject stream could be discharged to land, however this would UV, new require blending for the sodium adsorption ratio to be less than guideline values to protect soil structure. Additional sludge production (more than Options 1c and 1d), which will require more frequent pond desludging. Option 2 a -Discharge Existing process + high rate Discharge to land as current $7.7M $0.13M Significant area of land required to Land infiltration (rapid infiltration WWTP Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions - rapid rate basins etc) for land application occur year round. Likely quality to aquifer: Southland Region has high ground water tables and so subsurface BOD <1mg/L drainage likely to be required to mitigate groundwater mounding. TSS <1mg/L Extensive site and soil investigation would be required to E.coli 509MPN/100mL demonstrate if this option is technically feasible TN 9mg/L Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal TP <1mg/L around Gore may not be feasible for some of the time Option 2 b -Discharge Existing process + slow rate Discharge to land as current $23.9M $0.14M Significant area of land required to Land infiltration (spray irrigation WWTP Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions - slow rate etc) for land application occur year round. Southland has extended Likely quality to aquifer: periods of the year when soils are at or near field capacity (ie BOD <1mg/L saturated) and seasonally high groundwater tables. Application of TSS <1mg/L wastewater at these times would result in runoff E.coli <1MPN/100mL Extensive site and soil investigation would be required to TN 6mg/L demonstrate if this option is technically feasible TP <1mg/L Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal around Gore may not be feasible for some of the time
Notes:
1. The indicative capital costs are associated with the identified numerical quality values and are not scalable, i.e. a higher degree of contaminant removal may require some other type of treatment technology. 2. The identified likely treated wastewater quality targets (as medians) will require some dilution in the receiving discharge system to meet the required discharge quality under the Freshwater Management Policy. 3. The monitoring flow and load data as given for the existing system has been processed by Market Economics. It is not known whether the seasonal load from Waitane Meats has been included within the data. Review of monitoring data has been undertaken for design of Option 1e and 1f. 4. There has been no allowance for population growth. 5. For any WWTP requiring an upgrade, there will be a range of technically feasible treatment options to reduce one or more of the five contaminants of concern. The feasible options are dependent on the quality and quantity of the raw wastewater, the existing WWTP, site constraints, and the receiving environment. There are many issues that could impact on the final design and upgrade costs and these issues have not been assessed. The output is pre- feasibility level of high level options and is intended to provide an indication of likely upgrade costs. A single treatment option has been considered for upgrading the existing WWTP to reduce each of the five contaminants to a given standard(s). Each treatment option presented above is considered to provide a conservative capital cost estimate for a realistic, robust, reasonably low-tech solution for upgrading the existing WWTP to achieve the likely treated wastewater quality targets. 6. The capital costs provided above are for the add-on process/component and exclude planning work, feasibility investigations, gaining resource consents and other approvals, and GST. The Site Specific Factors identify the factors that can affect the capital costs but which have not been allowed for in the costs as provided. 7. Two land application mechanisms are outlined; high rate infiltration (HRI) and slow rate infiltration (SRI). It has been assumed that no treatment upgrade would be required. The appropriate mechanism for a given site is largely dependent on the treated wastewater quality, hydrogeology of the land application area, and annual profile of field moisture content. Two soil types have been considered to represent the range of soil types across Southland that could be considered for land application. These soil types are rapidly drained alluvial gravels and imperfectly drained clay loams, which are better suited to HRI and SRI, respectively. It is noted that there are areas of land within Southland that are not suitable for land application for some or all of the time. The unsuitability of the soil may not be able to be successfully mitigated by the use of very low loading rates, greater areas of land or storage. This study assumes that there is a suitable parcel of land within 4km and that no storage is required (eg irrigation is not stopped during periods of saturated soils or wet weather. 8. For each WWTP treatment option and land application mechanism, the capital costs provide a rough-order of costs and are based on recent tendered prices, indicative prices from suppliers, or design costing MWH has undertaken for similar sized projects. No engineering design has been undertaken at this stage. An qualitative assessment of the effect on operating costs relative to the existing ‘typical’ WWTP and discharge location (i.e. oxidation pond with a river discharge) is also provided. 9. No allowance for handling additional sludge quantities, either treatment or disposal 10. No allowance for upgrading power supply to site. 11. Operating costs are associated with new treatment costs only.
The following assumptions have been made during development of the cost estimates: a. Option1a – assumes trickling filter cover not included, assumes existing actiflo pumpset is suitable for reuse as trickling filter feed pumps, allowed for 1new pumping station to lift flow into MBBR then gravitate through actiflo, assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). b. Option 1b - assumes no requirement for UV feed pumping station, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). c. Option1c – assumes high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). Increased desludging frequency but not considered in this study. No redundancy in Actiflo. d. Option1d – assumes filter sized for 3x average daily flow. Flows above this would be bypassed. e. Option1e – assumes typical average winter and summer influent concentrations based on monitoring data provided by GDC. f. Option 1f – assumes UF backwash discharged to pond. Assumes single stage RO with 70% recovery (ie RO reject is 30% of influent flow). Assume fully nitrified wastewater passes through UF/RO. Assume blend RO permeate (treated wastewater) and treated RO reject stream are blended prior to discharge. The proposed RO reject stream treatment is unproven and would require further investigation to confirm the feasibility to ensure removal of TN. g. Option 2a – Land cost $40k/ha, RIB rising main assumed 4km length with 40m static pumping head, Single stage pumping, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river), no allowance for subsurface drainage. h. Option 2b – Land cost $40k/ha, SRI rising main assumed 4km length with 40m static pumping head, Single stage pumping, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river).
Matāura Wastewater Treatment Plant
Total annual inflow: Population: Existing Discharge Route: Existing Resource Consents 220,800m3 1,509 people Mataura River Current consent to discharge ADWF of 2000m3/d into (605m3/d) From 2013 census Mataura River expires in 2021 TSS < 60 mg/L BOD < 20 mg/L DRP < 1.5kg/day Ammonia-N 15kg/day E.coli: 5000 cfu/100 mL
Trigger values: DRP 1kg/day Ammonia-N 10kg/day
Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Case Study Option Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option (new units in bold) Quality Cost Operating Cost Mataura Existing WWTP Liquid: Actual mean 2013 – 2015 N/A N/A Per capita flow rate equates to 401 l/hd/d. Suggests some infiltration. Oxidation pond BOD 7.8, 4.9, 7.5mg/L Existing quality from WWTP only marginaaly exceeds the treatment Wetland TSS 16.0, 7.5, 23.8mg/L objectives set for addressing initial NPS-FM response. Therefore Solid E.coli 921.3, 240.8, minimal additional options developed. Storage in pond 2645MPN/100mL TN 10.9, 9.3, 10.0mg/L TP 1.2, 1.0, 1.8mg/L
Option 1a - TSS Removal Liquid: Likely quality $0.34M $7,000 Scope of wetland improvements to be confirmed if option is progressed Discharge to Water As existing BOD <10mg/L Robust and proven technology - solids reduction Enhancements to Wetland TSS 10mg/L Minimal operator input required - Plant thinning E.coli 5000MPN/100mL - Improve gradient / TN <11mg/L flow depth TP <2mg/L Solid: as existing Option 1b – Discharge BOD, TSS, E.coli Liquid: Likely quality $0.31M $26,000 Robust and proven technology to Water Removal As existing BOD <10mg/L Minimal operator input required – pathogen reduction UV, new TSS <25mg/L Solid: as existing E.coli 126MPN/100mL TN <11mg/L TP <2mg/L Option 2 a -Discharge to Existing process + high rate Discharge to land as current $2.6M $28,000 Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions for Land infiltration (rapid infiltration WWTP land application occur year round. - Rapid rate basins etc) Southland Region has high ground water tables and so subsurface Likely quality to aquifer: drainage likely to be required to mitigate groundwater mounding. BOD <1mg/L Extensive site and soil investigation would be required to demonstrate TSS <1mg/L if this option is technically feasible E.coli 245MPN/100mL Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal TN 4mg/L around Mataura may not be feasible TP 1mg/L Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Case Study Option Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option (new units in bold) Quality Cost Operating Cost Option 2 b -Discharge to Existing process + slow rate Discharge to land as current $3.6M $30,000 Significant area of land required Land infiltration (spray irrigation WWTP Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions for - Slow rate etc) land application occur year round. Southland has extended periods of Likely quality to aquifer: the year when soils are at or near field capacity (ie saturated) and BOD <1mg/L seasonally high groundwater tables. Application of wastewater at TSS <1mg/L these times would result in runoff E.coli <1MPN/100mL No allowance for odour control at disposal site TN 2.4mg/L Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal TP <1mg/L around Mataura may not be feasible
Notes:
1. The indicative capital costs are associated with the identified numerical quality values and are not scalable, i.e. a higher degree of contaminant removal may require some other type of treatment technology. Also, the total capital cost of the identified upgrade option cannot be averaged to create a cost per kg removal of contaminants between the current baseline performance and future ‘marker’ targets, as there is an initial investment in plant and infrastructure that is not scalable across the entire range. i.e. the cost of a distributor for a BTF provided to achieve a TN target of 20mg/l will be the same as required for a target of 10mg/l. 2. The identified likely treated wastewater quality targets (as medians) will require some dilution in the receiving discharge system to meet the required discharge quality under the Freshwater Management Policy. 3. The monitoring flow and load data has been processed by Market Economics using data provided by Environment Southland. The data is limited and may not include any intermittent industrial loads. Further sampling and data assessment will be required prior to commencement of actual design. 4. There has been no allowance for population growth. 5. For any WWTP requiring an upgrade, there will be a range of technically feasible treatment options to reduce one or more of the five contaminants of concern. The feasible options are dependent on the quality and quantity of the raw wastewater, the existing WWTP, site constraints, and the receiving environment. There are many issues that could impact on the final design and upgrade costs and these issues have not been assessed. The output is pre- feasibility level of high level options and is intended to provide an indication of likely upgrade costs. A single treatment option has been considered for upgrading the existing WWTP to reduce each of the five contaminants to a given standard. Each treatment option presented above is considered to provide a conservative capital cost estimate for a realistic, robust, reasonably low-tech solution for upgrading the existing WWTP to achieve the likely treated wastewater quality targets. 6. The capital costs provided above are for the add-on process/component and exclude planning work, feasibility investigations, gaining resource consents and other approvals, and GST. The Site Specific Factors identify the factors that can affect the capital costs but which have not been allowed for in the costs as provided. 7. Two land application mechanisms are outlined; high rate infiltration (HRI) and slow rate infiltration (SRI). It has been assumed that no treatment upgrade would be required. The appropriate mechanism for a given site is largely dependent on the treated wastewater quality, hydrogeology of the land application area and annual profile of field moisture content. Two soil types have been considered to represent the range of soil types across Southland that could be considered for land application. These soil types are rapidly drained alluvial gravels and imperfectly drained clay loams, which are better suited to HRI and SRI, respectively. It is noted that there are areas of land within Southland that are not suitable for land application for some or all of the time. The unsuitability of the soil may not be able to be successfully mitigated by the use of very low loading rates, greater areas of land or storage. This study assumes that there is a suitable parcel of land within 4km and that no storage is required (eg irrigation does not stop during periods of saturated soils or wet weather. 8. For each WWTP treatment option and land application mechanism, the capital costs provide a rough-order of costs and are based on recent tendered prices or design costing MWH has undertaken for similar sized projects. No engineering design has been undertaken at this stage. An assessment of the effect on operating costs relative to the existing ‘typical’ WWTP and discharge location (i.e. oxidation pond with a river discharge) is also provided. 9. No allowance for handling sludge quantities, either treatment or disposal 10. No allowance for upgrading power supply to site. 11. Assume predominantly domestic catchment (ie no significant trade waste flow or load). 12. Operating costs are associated with new treatment processes only.
The following assumptions have been made during development of the cost estimates: a. Option1a – Wetland enhancements primarily associated with plant thinning, and improvements to the hydraulic gradient flow depth to provide HRT of 6 days. Wetland dimensions not known so scope uncertain. b. Option 1b - assumes no requirement for UV feed pumping station, Assume peak daily dry weather flows and high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). c. Option 2a – Land cost $40k/ha, RIB rising main assumed 4km length with 40m static pumping head, Assume peak daily dry weather flows and high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river), no allowance for subsurface drainage.
Option 2b – Land cost $40k/ha, SRI rising main assumed 4km length with 40m static pumping head, Assume peak daily dry weather flows and high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river).
Winton Wastewater Treatment Plant
Total annual inflow: Population: Existing Discharge Route: Existing Resource Consents 256,900m3 1233 total equivalent Winton Stream Current consent to discharge 750m3/d into Winton Stream (704m3/d) connections expires in 2023. AMP records 2,436 people – (2013 census Min. standards for Class D waters apply. 2,211) Total ammonia nitrogen limits apply beyond the mixing zone.
Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Case Study Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option (new units in bold) Quality Cost Operating Cost Winton Existing Liquid: Actual mean 2013 – 2016 N/A N/A Majority of reticulation is asbestos cement. WWTP 3mm screen BOD 16.4mg/L Reticulation inspection in 2004 and condition graded as moderate. No Oxidation pond TSS 32.4mg/L areas of significant concern. Wetland E.coli 4225MPN/100mL Rock filter beds silted and overgrown Solid TN 22.0mg/L Robust and proven technology Storage in pond TP 3.6mg/L Minimal operator input required
Option 1a - BOD, TSS, TN Liquid Likely quality $3.6M $42,000 Robust and proven technology Discharge to Water Removal 3mm screen BOD 10mg/L Minimal operator input required - nutrient reduction Trickling Filter, new TSS 15mg/L Additional sludge discharged to pond, so desludging frequency will 50% TN reduction Clarifier, new E.coli 5000MPN/100mL need to be increased. Oxidation pond TN 10mg/L Wetland, enhanced TP 3.6mg/L Solid: as existing Option 1b – Discharge BOD, TSS, E.coli Liquid: Likely quality $0.6M $29,000 Robust and proven technology to Water Removal 3mm screen BOD 15mg/L Minimal operator input required –pathogen reduction Oxidation pond TSS 20mg/L Wetland, enhanced E.coli 126MPN/100mL UV disinfection, new TN 22mg/L Solid: as existing TP 3.6mg/L Option 1c – Discharge BOD, TSS, TP Liquid: Likely quality $0.2M $28,000 Robust and proven technology to Water Removal 3mm screen BOD 15mg/L Minimal operator input required - phosphorus Oxidation pond TSS 20mg/L Additional sludge production, which will require more frequent pond reduction 50% TP reduction Chemical dosing, new E.coli 5000MPN/100mL desludging. Wetland, enhanced TN 22mg/L Solid: as existing TP 2mg/L Option 1d – BOD, TSS, TN Liquid: Likely quality $4.1M $90,000 Robust and proven technology Discharge to Water Removal 3mm screen BOD 10mg/L Minimal additional contaminant reduction Nutrient reduction Trickling Filter, new TSS 10mg/L Risk of filter blocking if solids carryover from wetland, which then incl solids 55% TN reduction Clarifier, new E.coli 5000MPN/100mL requires additional operator attention reduction Oxidation pond TN 9mg/L Additional sludge production (similar to Option 1a), which will require Wetland, enhanced TP 3.6mg/L more frequent pond desludging. Cloth/disc filter, new Solid: as existing Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Case Study Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option (new units in bold) Quality Cost Operating Cost Option 1e- Discharge BOD, TSS, TN, TP, Liquid: Likely quality $7M $200,000 Proven technology to Water E.coli Removal 3mm screen BOD 5mg/L Higher level of operator knowledge and skill required than Options 1a Membrane Fine screen, new TSS 5mg/L to 1d bioreactor 75% TN & TP Membrane bioreactor, new E.coli 10MPN/100mL Dedicated operator required for site reduction Solid: as existing TN 5mg/L Higher energy requirement than other options TP 0.5mg/L Power supply to site may require upgrading Additional sludge production (more than Options 1c and 1d), which will require more frequent pond desludging. Option 2 a -Discharge Existing process + high rate Discharge to land as current $2.8M $29,000 Significant area of land required to Land infiltration (rapid infiltration WWTP Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions for Rapid rate basins etc) land application occur year round. Likely quality to aquifer: Southland Region has high ground water tables and so subsurface BOD <2mg/L drainage likely to be required to mitigate groundwater mounding. TSS 1mg/L Extensive site and soil investigation would be required to demonstrate E.coli 924MPN/100mL if this option is technically feasible TN 8mg/L Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal TP 2mg/L around Winton would not be feasible
Option 2 b -Discharge Existing process + slow rate Discharge to land as current $4.8M $34,000 Significant area of land required to Land infiltration (spray irrigation WWTP Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions for Slow rate etc) land application occur year round. Southland has extended periods of Likely quality to aquifer: the year when soils are at or near field capacity (ie saturated) and BOD <1mg/L seasonally high groundwater tables. Application of wastewater at TSS <1mg/L these times would result in runoff E.coli 75MPN/100mL No allowance for odour control at disposal site TN 5mg/L Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal TP 1.3mg/L around Winton would not be feasible
Notes:
1. The indicative capital costs are associated with the identified numerical quality values and are not scalable, i.e. a higher degree of contaminant removal may require some other type of treatment technology. Also, the total capital cost of the identified upgrade option cannot be averaged to create a cost per kg removal of contaminants between the current baseline performance and future ‘marker’ targets, as there is an initial investment in plant and infrastructure that is not scalable across the entire range. i.e. the cost of a distributor for a BTF provided to achieve a TN target of 20mg/l will be the same as required for a target of 10mg/l. 2. The identified likely treated wastewater quality targets (as medians) will require some dilution in the receiving discharge system to meet the required discharge quality under the Freshwater Management Policy. 3. The monitoring flow and load data summarised for the existing system has been processed by Market Economics using data provided by Environment Southland. The data is limited and may not include any intermittent industrial loads. Further sampling and data assessment will be required prior to commencement of actual design. Monitoring data has been reviewed for the development of Option 1e. 4. There has been no allowance for population growth. 5. For any WWTP requiring an upgrade, there will be a range of technically feasible treatment options to reduce one or more of the five contaminants of concern. The feasible options are dependent on the quality and quantity of the raw wastewater, the existing WWTP, site constraints, and the receiving environment. There are many issues that could impact on the final design and upgrade costs and these issues have not been assessed. The output is pre-feasibility level of high level options and is intended to provide an indication of likely upgrade costs. A single treatment option has been considered for upgrading the existing WWTP to reduce each of the five contaminants to a given standard(s). Each treatment option presented above is considered to provide a conservative capital cost estimate for a realistic, robust, reasonably low-tech solution for upgrading the existing WWTP to achieve the likely treated wastewater quality targets. 6. The capital costs provided above are for the add-on process/component and exclude planning work, feasibility investigations, gaining resource consents and other approvals, and GST. The Associated Issues identify the factors that can affect the capital costs but which have not been allowed for in the costs as provided. 7. Two land application mechanisms are outlined; high rate infiltration (HRI) and slow rate infiltration (SRI). It has been assumed that no treatment upgrade would be required. The appropriate mechanism for a given site is largely dependent on the treated wastewater quality, hydrogeology of the land application area, and annual profile of field moisture content. Two soil types have been considered to represent the range of soil types across Southland that could be considered for land application. These soil types are rapidly drained alluvial gravels and imperfectly drained clay loams, which are better suited to HRI and SRI, respectively. It is noted that there are areas of land within Southland that are not suitable for land application for some or all of the time. The unsuitability of the soil may not be able to be successfully mitigated by the used of very low loading rates, greater areas of land, or storage. This study assumes that there is a suitable parcel of land within 4km and that no storage is required (eg irrigation is not stopped during periods of saturated soils or wet weather. 8. For each WWTP treatment option and land application mechanism, the capital costs provide a rough-order of costs and are based on recent tendered prices or design costing MWH has undertaken for similar sized projects. No engineering design has been undertaken at this stage. An assessment of the effect on operating costs relative to the existing ‘typical’ WWTP and discharge location (i.e. oxidation pond with a river discharge) is also provided.
9. No allowance for handling additional sludge quantities, either treatment or disposal 10. No allowance for upgrading power supply to site. 11. Operating costs are associated with new treatment processes only.
The following assumptions have been made during development of the cost estimates: a. Option1a – Wetland enhancements primarily associated with desludging to provide HRT of 6 days. Wetland dimensions not known so scope uncertain. Cost allows for construction of new wetland (worst case) with additional land cost component of $40k/ha, assumes current wetland is fully planted, 5% plant mortality / 2years, trickling filter cover not included, trickling filter feed / recycle pump station included, clarifier sludge disposal recycled into pond (will increase desludging frequency but not considered in this study), assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). b. Option 1b - assumes no requirement for UV feed pumping station, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). c. Option1c – assumes alkalinity dosing is not required, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). d. Option1d – assumes filter sized for 3x average daily flow. Flows above this would be bypassed. e. Option1e – assumes typical average influent concentrations based on per capita unit generation typical for domestic catchments in New Zealand. It assumes there is no significant trade waste flow or load f. Option 2a – Land cost $40k/ha, RIB rising main assumed 4km length with 40m static pumping head, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river), no allowance for subsurface drainage. g. Option 2b – Land cost $40k/ha, SRI rising main assumed 4km length with 40m static pumping head, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river).
Nightcaps Wastewater Treatment Plant
Total annual inflow: Population: Existing Discharge Route: Existing Resource Consents 34,900m3 196.3 total equivalent 300m long weeded drain New consent currently being processed – 15 year status (96m3/d) connections into Wairio Stream quo. AMP records 294 people – May not meet standards for E.coli under RWP. ADWF, ADF and PWWF not (2013 census 306) known. Data derived from PS
Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Case Study Option Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Quality Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option Cost Operating Cost Nightcaps Existing Liquid: Actual mean 2013 - 2015 N/A N/A Reticulation inspection in 2004 identified 48 faults. WWTP Oxidation pond BOD 9.3, 8.0, 9.8mg/L Rock filter beds silted and overgrown but weeds probably providing Rock filter beds TSS 53.0, 17.2, 79.3mg/L some filtration Solid: stored in pond E.coli 636.7, 35,213, 2093MPN/100mL TN 19.2. 6.9, 9.1mg/L TP 3.3, 0.9, 1.5mg/L
Option 1a - TSS, TN Liquid: Likely quality $0.26M $4,000 Robust and proven technology Discharge to Water- Removal As existing BOD <10mg/L Minimal operator input required - nutrient reduction Wetland, new TSS 15mg/L Additional sludge production, which will require desludging of new 80% TSS Solid: as existing E.coli 5000MPN/100mL wetland. reduction TN <10mg/L 50% TN TP <4mg/L reduction Option 1b – Discharge E.coli Removal Liquid: Likely quality $0.25M $14,000 Robust and proven technology to Water As existing BOD <10mg/L Minimal operator input required – pathogen reduction UV, new TSS <80mg/L Solid: as existing E.coli 126MPN/100mL TN <20mg/L TP <4mg/L Option 1c – Discharge to TP Removal Liquid: Likely quality $0.15M $8,000 Robust and proven technology Water As existing BOD <10mg/L Minimal operator input required - Phosphorus reduction 50% TP Chemical dosing, new TSS <80mg/L Additional sludge production, which will require more frequent pond reduction Solid: as existing E.coli 5000MPN/100mL desludging. TN <20mg/L TP <2mg/L Option 2 a -Discharge to Existing process + high rate Discharge to land as current $1.0M $20,000 Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions for Land infiltration (rapid infiltration WWTP land application occur year round. - Rapid rate basins etc) Southland Region has high ground water tables and so subsurface Likely quality to aquifer: drainage likely to be required to mitigate groundwater mounding. BOD <1mg/L Extensive site and soil investigation would be required to demonstrate TSS 2.4mg/L if this option is technically feasible E.coli 12,200MPN/100mL Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal TN 11mg/L around Nightcaps would not be feasible TP 1.8mg/L
Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Case Study Option Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Quality Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option Cost Operating Cost Option 2 b -Discharge to Existing process + slow rate Discharge to land as current $1.2M $22,500 Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions for Land infiltration (spray irrigation WWTP land application occur year round. Southland has extended periods of - Slow rate etc) the year when soils are at or near field capacity (ie saturated) and Likely quality to aquifer: seasonally high groundwater tables. Application of wastewater at BOD <1mg/L these times would result in runoff TSS 1.2mg/L No allowance for odour control at disposal site E.coli 3MPN/100mL Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal TN 8mg/L around Nightcaps would not be feasible TP 1.2mg/L Notes:
1. The indicative capital costs are associated with the identified numerical quality values and are not scalable, i.e. a higher degree of contaminant removal may require some other type of treatment technology. Also, the total capital cost of the identified upgrade option cannot be averaged to create a cost per kg removal of contaminants between the current baseline performance and future ‘marker’ targets, as there is an initial investment in plant and infrastructure that is not scalable across the entire range. i.e. the cost of a distributor for a BTF provided to achieve a TN target of 20mg/l will be the same as required for a target of 10mg/l. 2. The identified likely treated wastewater quality targets (as medians) will require some dilution in the receiving discharge system to meet the required discharge quality under the Freshwater Management Policy. 3. The monitoring flow and load data has been processed by Market Economics using data provided by Environment Southland. The data is limited and may not include any intermittent industrial loads. Further sampling and data assessment will be required prior to commencement of actual design. 4. There has been no allowance for population growth. 5. For any WWTP requiring an upgrade, there will be a range of technically feasible treatment options to reduce one or more of the five contaminants of concern. The feasible options are dependent on the quality and quantity of the raw wastewater, the existing WWTP, site constraints, and the receiving environment. There are many issues that could impact on the final design and upgrade costs and these issues have not been assessed. The output is pre-feasibility level of high level options and is intended to provide an indication of likely upgrade costs. A single treatment option has been considered for upgrading the existing WWTP to reduce each of the five contaminants to a given standard. Each treatment option presented above is considered to provide a conservative capital cost estimate for a realistic, robust, reasonably low-tech solution for upgrading the existing WWTP to achieve the likely treated wastewater quality targets. 6. The capital costs provided above are for the add-on process/component and exclude planning work, feasibility investigations, gaining resource consents and other approvals, and GST. The Associated Issues identify the factors that can affect the capital costs but which have not been allowed for in the costs as provided. 7. Two land application mechanisms are outlined; high rate infiltration (HRI) and slow rate infiltration (SRI). It has been assumed that no treatment upgrade would be required. The appropriate mechanism for a given site is largely dependent on the treated wastewater quality, hydrogeology of the land application area, and annual profile of field moisture content. Two soil types have been considered to represent the range of soil types across Southland that could be considered for land application. These soil types are rapidly drained alluvial gravels and imperfectly drained clay loams, which are better suited to HRI and SRI, respectively. It is noted that there are areas of land within Southland that are not suitable for land application for some or all of the time. The unsuitability of the soil may not be able to be successfully mitigated by the use of very low loading rates, greater areas of land or storage. This study assumes that there is a suitable parcel of land within 4km and that no storage is required (eg irrigation does not stop during periods of saturated soils or wet weather. 8. For each WWTP treatment option and land application mechanism, the capital costs provide a rough-order of costs and are based on recent tendered prices or design costing MWH has undertaken for similar sized projects. No engineering design has been undertaken at this stage. An assessment of the effect on operating costs relative to the existing ‘typical’ WWTP and discharge location (i.e. oxidation pond with a river discharge) is also provided. 9. No allowance for handling additional sludge quantities, either treatment or disposal. 10. No allowance for upgrading power supply to site. 11. Assumes predominantly domestic catchment (ie no significant trade waste flow or load). 12. Operating costs are associated with new treatment processes only.
The following assumptions have been made during development of the cost estimates: a. Option1a – cost allows for construction of new wetland with HRT 6 days min, 0.6-1.5m deep, used 0.6m (USEPA). Land cost component of $40k/ha, assumes current wetland is fully planted, 5% plant mortality / 2years, assume peak daily dry weather flows and high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). b. Option 1b - assumes no requirement for UV feed pumping station, Assume peak daily dry weather flows and wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). c. Option1c – assumes alkalinity dosing is not required, Assume peak daily dry weather flows and high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). d. Option 2a – Land cost $40k/ha, RIB rising main assumed 4km length with 40m static pumping head, Assume peak daily dry weather flows and high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river), no allowance for subsurface drainage. e. Option 2b – Land cost $40k/ha, SRI rising main assumed 4km length with 40m static pumping head, Assume peak daily dry weather flows and high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river).
Ohai Wastewater Treatment Plant
Total annual inflow: Population: Existing Discharge Route: Existing Resource Consents 43,400m3 233.5 total equivalent Current consent to discharge 120m3/d at ADWF and 3 Tributary to Orauea Stream 3 (119m /d) connections to Waiau River 480m /d at WWF. AMP records 294 people – TSS <30mg/l. (2013 census 303) BOD <30mg/l. Min. standards for Class D waters apply. Total ammonia nitrogen limits apply beyond the mixing zone.
Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Case Study Option Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Quality Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option Cost Operating Cost Ohai Existing WWTP Inlet Screen Actual mean 2013 - 2015 N/A N/A Per capita flow rate equates to 404 l/hd/d. Suggests some infiltration. 2no. Imhoff Tanks BOD 6.4, 10.0, 10.5mg/L Reticulation inspection in 2012/13 and identified 174 faults. Overall 2no. Stone media filters TSS 8.3, 9.7, 11.3mg/L pipe grading is moderate but lateral connections poor so likely source *1 2no. rectangular humus FC 94MPN/100mL of infiltration. tanks NH4N 2.5, 2.5, 5.6mg/L Rock filter beds silted and overgrown UV disinfection chamber TP 2.1, 1.8, 2.2mg/L
Notes *1 – pre-2014 data. Thereafter values are elevated with average of 5091MPN/100mL. Discussed with SDC and most probable cause is bulb maintenance issues.
NO WWTP UPGRADES REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE:
BOD <10mg/L TSS <15mg/L FC <126MPN/100mL (bulb maintenance required) TN <10mg/L TP 2mg/L Notes: 1. The identified likely treated wastewater quality targets (as medians) will require some dilution in the receiving discharge system to meet the required discharge quality under the Freshwater Management Policy. 2. The monitoring flow and load data has been processed by Market Economics using data provided by Environment Southland. The data is limited and may not include any intermittent industrial loads. Further sampling and data assessment will be required prior to commencement of the final design. It is assumed that the catchment is predominantly domestic with no significant trade waste flow or load. 3. SDC have reported that the current UV is undersized and is proposed to be replaced. However, there does not appear to have been any change to the flow and loads since 2014, which would suggest that there is no requirement to upgrade if the UV plant is maintained. 4. There has been no allowance for population growth.
Assumes predominantly domestic catchment (ie no significant trade waste flows or loads).
Te Anau Wastewater Treatment Plant
Total annual inflow: Population: Existing Discharge Route: Existing Resource Consents 301,257m3 2,621 total equivalent Upukerora River Current short term consent to discharge 1,400 m3/d (max. (825m3/d) connections monthly average) into Upukerora River expires in 2020 AMP records 2,628 Trigger values outside mixing zone: people – (2013 census SIN <0.295 mg/L 1,911) DRP <0.026 mg/L
Kepler block (from Commissioners’ decision) TN 27.1mg/L TP 7.8mg/L Microbial contaminants <126cfu/100mL Max discharge rate 4,500m3/d (Sept – March) and 2,000m3/d (April – August)
Case Study Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Associated Issues Option Quality Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Cost Operating Cost Te Anau Existing WWTP Liquid: Actual mean 2013 – 2015 N/A N/A Per capita flow rate equates to 314 L/hd.d bar screen BOD 26.0, 17.9, 23.0mg/L Reticulation inspection in 2004 and condition graded as moderate. No Primary oxidation pond TSS 46.6, 40.6, 97.5mg/L areas of significant concern. (with aerators) E.coli 945, 705, 2233MPN/100mL Kepler Block selected for land disposal of treated wastewater and Secondary oxidation NH4N 16.2, 10.2, 10.3mg/L consents lodged in 2013 ponds TN 26.6, 16.3, 19.5mg/L Wetland TP 6.9, 5.5, 8.4mg/L Solid: stored in ponds Option 1a - TN Removal Liquid: As existing + Likely quality $2.25M $15,000 Robust and proven technology Discharge to Water 50% reduction Trickling Filter BOD <30mg/L Minimal operator input required - nutrient reduction Solid: as existing TSS <100mg/L Additional sludge discharged to pond, so desludging frequency will need E.coli 2000MPN/100mL to be increased. TN 10mg/L TP <8mg/L Option 2 b -Discharge to Liquid: As existing + pond Discharge to land as current $12.8M $0.25M Significant area of land required Land waveband + pump station + WWTP Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions for Slow rate transfer pipeline + land application occur year round. Southland has extended periods of recirculation pump station + Likely quality to aquifer: the year when soils are at or near field capacity (ie saturated) and odour control + treated BOD 1mg/L seasonally high groundwater tables. Application of wastewater at these wastewater disposal TSS 1.5mg/L times would result in runoff. Solid: as existing E.coli 1MPN/100mL Extensive site and soil investigation would be required to demonstrate if TN 9mg/L this option is technically feasible TP 2.9mg/L Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal around Te Anau may not be feasible Notes:
1. The indicative capital costs are associated with the identified numerical quality values and are not scalable, i.e. a higher degree of contaminant removal may require some other type of treatment technology. Also, the total capital cost of the identified upgrade option cannot be averaged to create a cost per kg removal of contaminants between the current baseline performance and future ‘marker’ targets, as there is an initial investment in plant and infrastructure that is not scalable across the entire range. i.e. the cost of a distributor for a BTF provided to achieve a TN target of 20mg/l will be the same as required for a target of 10mg/l. 2. The identified likely treated wastewater quality targets (as medians) will require some dilution in the receiving discharge system to meet the required discharge quality under the Freshwater Management Policy. 3. The monitoring flow and load data has been processed by Market Economics using data provided by Environment Southland. The data is limited and may not include any intermittent industrial loads. Further sampling and data assessment will be required prior to commencement of actual design. 4. There has been no allowance for population growth. 5. For any WWTP requiring an upgrade, there will be a range of technically feasible treatment options to reduce one or more of the five contaminants of concern. The feasible options are dependent on the quality and quantity of the raw wastewater, the existing WWTP, site constraints, and the receiving environment. There are many issues that could impact on the final design and upgrade costs and these issues have not been assessed. The output is pre-feasibility level of high-level options and is intended to provide an indication of likely upgrade costs. A single treatment option has been considered for upgrading the existing WWTP to reduce each of the five contaminants to a given standard(s). Each treatment option presented above is considered to provide a conservative capital cost estimate for a realistic, robust, reasonably low-tech solution for upgrading the existing WWTP to achieve the likely treated wastewater quality targets. 6. The capital costs provided above are for the add-on process/component and exclude planning work, feasibility investigations, gaining resource consents and other approvals, and GST. The Site Specific Factors identify the factors that can affect the capital costs but which have not been allowed for in the costs as provided. 7. One land application mechanism is outlined; slow rate infiltration (SRI). It has been assumed that no treatment upgrade would be required. The appropriate mechanism for a given site is largely dependent on the treated wastewater quality, hydrogeology of the land application area, and annual profile of soil field moisture content. It is noted that there are areas of land within Southland that are not suitable for land application for some or all of the time. The unsuitability of the soil may not be able to be successfully mitigated by the use of very low loading rates, greater areas of land or provision of storage. This study assumes that there is a suitable parcel of land within 18.3km and that no storage is required (eg irrigation is not stopped during periods of saturated soils or wet weather). 8. For each WWTP treatment option and land application mechanism, the capital costs provide a rough-order of costs and are based on recent tendered prices or design costing MWH has undertaken for similar sized projects. No engineering design has been undertaken at this stage. A qualitative assessment of the effect on operating costs relative to the existing ‘typical’ WWTP and discharge location (i.e. oxidation pond with a river discharge) is also provided. 9. No allowance for handling additional sludge quantities, either treatment or disposal. 10. No allowance for upgrading power supply to site. 11. Operating costs are associated with new treatment processes only.
The following assumptions have been made during development of the cost estimates: a. Option1a – Trickling filter cover not included. Additional sludge discharge to ponds, so desludging frequency will need to increase. No allowance for these costs. New filter feed / recycle pump station included in costs. b. Option 2b – Assumes irrigation site is 18.3km to the south of Te Anau. Costs allow for an odour treatment facility at irrigation site. Assume high wet weather flows are balanced at Te Anau WWTP
Invercargill Wastewater Treatment Plant
Total annual inflow: Population: Existing Discharge Route: Existing Resource Consents 9,052,300m3 50,000 people New River Estuary 12month rolling medians (24,801m3/d) connected. BOD – 20mg/l TSS – 50mg/l FC – 6000MPN/100mL
Expires 30 June 2029
Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Case Study Option Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option (new units in bold) Quality Cost Operating Cost Invercargill Existing Liquid: Actual mean/median 2013 – 2015 N/A N/A High stormwater infiltration WWTP • Screen CBOD 6.1, 8.5, 9.0mg/L Robust and proven technology • Pre-aeration TSS 16.1, 20.0, 20.0mg/L Minimal operator input required • Sedimentation tanks E.coli 1,285, 1,161, Sludge produced continuously from sedimentation tanks and • Trickling filter 1,516MPN/100mL secondary clarifier. • Secondary clarifier TN 20.0, 29.6, 33.0mg/L Facultative ponds TP 4.0, 4.7, 4.5mg/L Wetland Solid: FC values typ. 20% higher than Digester E.coli values Sludge lagoons
Option 1a - BOD, TSS, TN Liquid: Likely quality $8.8M $1.2M Robust and proven technology Discharge to Water Removal • Screen BOD 10mg/L Minimal operator input required - nutrient reduction • Pre-aeration TSS 15mg/L Additional sludge discharged to pond, so desludging frequency will 65% TN reduction • Sedimentation tanks E.coli 2000MPN/100mL need to be increased. • Trickling filter TN 10mg/L • Secondary clarifier TP 5mg/L Bioreactors, new Facultative ponds Wetland Solid: as existing Option 1b – Discharge BOD, TSS, E.coli Liquid: Likely quality $4.0M $0.3M Robust and proven technology to Water Removal • Screen BOD 10mg/L Minimal operator input required – pathogen reduction • Pre-aeration TSS 20mg/L • Sedimentation tanks E.coli 126MPN/100mL • Trickling filter TN 30mg/L • Secondary clarifier TP 5mg/L • Facultative ponds • Wetland • UV disinfection, new Solid: as existing Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Case Study Option Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option (new units in bold) Quality Cost Operating Cost Option 1c – Discharge BOD, TSS, TP Liquid: Likely quality $0.35M $0.42M Robust and proven technology to Water Removal • Screen BOD 10mg/L Minimal operator input required – phosphorus • Pre-aeration TSS 20mg/L Additional sludge production, which requires handling. Capacity reduction 60% TP reduction • Chemical dosing, new E.coli 2000MPN/100mL and performance of existing digesters with alum-based sludge • Sedimentation tanks TN 30mg/L would need to be reviewed if this option progressed. • Trickling filter TP 2mg/L Additional sludge production, which will require more frequent • Secondary clarifier lagoon desludging • Facultative ponds • Wetland Solid: as existing Option 1d – BOD, TSS, TN Liquid Likely quality $10.5M $1.3M Robust and proven technology Discharge to Water Removal • Screen BOD 10mg/L Minimal additional contaminant reduction - Nutrient reduction • Pre-aeration TSS 15mg/L Risk of filter blocking if solids carryover from wetland, which then incl solids 70% TN reduction • Sedimentation tanks E.coli 2000MPN/100mL requires additional operator attention reduction • Trickling filter TN 9mg/L Additional sludge production (similar to Option 1a), which will • Secondary clarifier TP 5mg/L require more frequent lagoon desludging. • Bioreactors, new • Facultative ponds • Wetland • Cloth/disc filter, new Solid: as existing Option 1e- Discharge BOD, TSS, TN, TP, Liquid: Likely quality $36M $1.7M Proven technology to Water E.coli Removal • 3mm screen BOD 5mg/L Higher level of operator knowledge and skill required than Options - Membrane • Fine screen, new TSS 5mg/L 1a to 1d bioreactor 80% TN & TP • Membrane bioreactor, E.coli 10 MPN/100mL Dedicated operator required for site reduction new TN 5mg/L Higher energy requirement than other options Solid: as existing TP <1mg/L Power supply to site may require upgrading Additional sludge production (more than Options 1c and 1d), which will require more frequent lagoon desludging. Option 2 a -Discharge Existing process + high rate Discharge to land as current $24M $0.45M Significant area of land required to Land infiltration (rapid infiltration WWTP Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions - rapid rate basins etc) for land application occur year round. Likely quality to aquifer: Southland has high ground water tables and so subsurface drainage BOD <1mg/L likely to be required to mitigate groundwater mounding. TSS <1mg/L Extensive site and soil investigation would be required to E.coli 473MPN/100mL demonstrate if this option is technically feasible TN 12mg/L Pumps required to transfer treated WW to discharge site are very TP <1mg/L large with significant energy consumption. Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal around Invercargill would not be feasible
Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Treatment Process Expected Wastewater Discharge Case Study Option Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option (new units in bold) Quality Cost Operating Cost Option 2 b -Discharge Existing process + slow rate Discharge to land as current $66M $0.48M Significant area of land required to Land infiltration (spray irrigation WWTP Assumes that suitable area of land available and suitable conditions - Slow rate etc) for land application occur year round. Southland has extended Likely quality to aquifer: periods of the year when soils are at or near field capacity (ie BOD <1mg/L saturated) and seasonally high groundwater tables. Application of TSS <1mg/L wastewater at these times would result in runoff E.coli <1MPN/100mL Pumps required to transfer treated WW to discharge site are very TN 8mg/L large with significant energy consumption. TP <1mg/L No allowance for odour control at disposal site Indicative review of soils and soil moisture indicate that land disposal around Invercargill would not be feasible
Notes:
1. The indicative capital costs are associated with the identified numerical quality values and are not scalable, i.e. a higher degree of contaminant removal may require some other type of treatment technology. Also, the total capital cost of the identified upgrade option cannot be averaged to create a cost per kg removal of contaminants between the current baseline performance and future ‘marker’ targets, as there is an initial investment in plant and infrastructure that is not scalable across the entire range. i.e. the cost of a distributor for a BTF provided to achieve a TN target of 20mg/l will be the same as required for a target of 10mg/l. 2. The identified likely treated wastewater quality targets (as medians) will require some dilution in the receiving discharge system to meet the required discharge quality under the Freshwater Management Policy. 3. The monitoring flow and load data summarised for the existing system has been processed by Market Economics using data provided by Environment Southland. The data is limited and may not include any intermittent industrial loads. Further sampling and data assessment will be required prior to commencement of actual design. Monitoring data has been reviewed for the design of Option 1e. 4. There has been no allowance for population growth. 5. For any WWTP requiring an upgrade, there will be a range of technically feasible treatment options to reduce one or more of the five contaminants of concern. The feasible options are dependent on the quality and quantity of the raw wastewater, the existing WWTP, site constraints, and the receiving environment. There are many issues that could impact on the final design and upgrade costs and these issues have not been assessed. The output is pre-feasibility level of high-level options and is intended to provide an indication of likely upgrade costs. A single treatment option has been considered for upgrading the existing WWTP to reduce each of the five contaminants to a given standard(s). Each treatment option presented above is considered to provide a conservative capital cost estimate for a realistic, robust, reasonably low-tech solution for upgrading the existing WWTP to achieve the likely treated wastewater quality targets. 6. The capital costs provided above are for the add-on process/component and exclude planning work, feasibility investigations, gaining resource consents and other approvals, and GST. The Associated Issues identify the factors that can affect the capital costs but which have not been allowed for in the costs as provided. 7. Two land application mechanisms are outlined; high rate infiltration (HRI) and slow rate infiltration (SRI). It has been assumed that no treatment upgrade would be required. The appropriate mechanism for a given site is largely dependent on the treated wastewater quality, hydrogeology of the land application area, and annual profile of soil field moisture content. Two soil types have been considered to represent the range of soil types near Invercargill that could be considered for land application. These soil types are rapidly drained alluvial gravels and sandy loams, which are better suited to HRI and SRI, respectively. It is noted that there are areas of land within Southland that are not suitable for land application for some or all of the time. The unsuitability of the soil may not be able to be successfully mitigated by the use of very low loading rates, greater areas of land or provision of storage. This study assumes that there is a suitable parcel of land within 4km and that no storage is required (eg irrigation is not stopped during periods of saturated soils or wet weather). 8. For each WWTP treatment option and land application mechanism, the capital costs provide a rough-order of costs and are based on recent tendered prices, indicative pricesfrom suppliers, or design costing MWH has undertaken for similar sized projects. No engineering design has been undertaken at this stage. An assessment of the effect on operating costs relative to the existing ‘typical’ WWTP and discharge location (i.e. oxidation pond with a river discharge) is also provided. 9. No allowance for handling additional sludge quantities, either treatment or disposal. 10. No allowance for upgrading power supply to site. 11. Operating costs are associated with new treatment processes only.
The following assumptions have been made during development of the cost estimates:
a. Option1a – additional sludge discharge to ponds, so desludging frequency will need to increase. No allowance for these costs. b. Option 1b - assumes no requirement for UV feed pumping station, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). Assumes that treated wastewater has a UV transmittance of at least 40% c. Option1c – assumes alkalinity dosing is not required, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river). Capacity and performance of existing digesters with alum- based sludge would need to be reviewed if this option progressed. d. Option1d – assumes filter sized for 3x average daily flow. Flows above this would be bypassed. e. Option1e – assumes typical average winter and summer influent concentrations based on monitoring data provided by ICC. f. Option 2a – Land cost $40k/ha, RIB rising main assumed 4km length with 40m static pumping head, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river), no allowance for subsurface drainage. g. Option 2b – Land cost $40k/ha, SRI rising main assumed 4km length with 40m static pumping head, Assume high wet weather flows are balanced in oxidation pond or disposed/discharged elsewhere (e.g. river).
Bluff Wastewater Treatment Plant
Total annual inflow: Population: Existing Discharge Route: Existing Resource Consents 474,500m3 2300 people connected Foveaux Strait Current consent to discharge 3,850m3/d. (1,300m3/d) plus 7500 equivalent BOD ≤ 100mg/L and 80% of samples shall be maintained < 80mg/L. people industrial load. TSS ≤ 100mg/L and 80% of samples shall be maintained < 80mg/L. FC ≤ 6,000MPN/100mL and 80% of samples shall be maintained From ICC Plant ≤ 1,000MPN/100mL. brochure 2001 Expires in 2025.
Economic Considerations (+/-30%) Objective of Expected Wastewater Discharge Case Study Treatment Process Indicative Capital Indicative Annual Associated Issues Option Quality Cost Operating Cost Bluff Existing WWTP Liquid: Actual mean/median 2013 – 2015 N/A N/A 6mm screen BOD 17.3, 17.2, 20.9mg/L Aerated lagoon TSS 48.5, 42.5, 48.9mg/L Clarifier FC 339, 188, 518MPN/100mL UV disinfection TN 25.6, 35.1, 49.1 Solid: TP – 2.2, 4.5, 6.9 Sludge Tanks
Notes:
1. Treated wastewater currently discharges is Foveaux Strait, which is in the coastal marine area (CMA). The CMA is not covered by the Water and Land Plan and this WWTP has not been considered further as part of this study. However, it is noted that the treated wastewater discharge quality has complied with the resource consent limits for the past five years.