Budadiri, Year2021

Declaration

This Updated Environmental and Social Impact Statement has been prepared by the Department of Environment and Social Safeguards (DESS) of Uganda National Roads Authority (IUNRA).

Preparation of this report has been undertaken in accordance with the National Environment Act (NEA), 2019, National Environment (Impact Assessment) Regulations, 2020; as well as abiding by African Development Bank Operational Safeguards Standards (OSS), the UNRA Environment and Social Safeguards Policy, IUCN Considerations and IFC Performance Standards.

UNRA accepts No responsibility or legal liability arising from the unauthorized use by third parties of data or professional opinions herein contained.

Department of Environment and Social Safeguards-DESS Uganda National Roads Authority-UNRA Plot 3-5 New Port Bell Road, UAP Business Park, Nakawa P.O. Box 28487 Kampala, UGANDA http//: www.unra.go.ug

JUNE 2021

An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

ESIA Team

Name Role/Speciality Qualification Patrick I ESIA Team leader Signature Kamanda MSc EP&M(APUS-USA), BSc [Chem], (MUK), PGDEM(RVB), PGDE(MUK), IEMA(UK), IAIA, EAAIA, (EA), UAIA(UG)

Brian E EHS Expert Karugaba Occupational Safety and Health Expert MSc. Natural Resources (Sustainable Environment Management-UK), BSc Conservation Biology (Mak), PGD Project Planning & Mgt (UMI), Cert. NEBOSH. Lukwago Biodiversity specialist Wilber MSc. Environment and natural Resource, BSc. Forestry, Nature Uganda, UAIA (UG), Herpetological society

Contributing Experts Matovu Benard - Terrestrial ecologist (Flora and fauna) Stephen Obore - Social Development Specialist Ninsiima Juliet - Sociologist Okello Brenda - Sociologist Janate Awor - Sociologist Dismas Ongwen - Physical cultural resources specialist Kayongo Barbara - Air, Noise, and Vibration specialist Katumba Godfrey - Water quality analyst Hilda Atwine - Community Health and Safety Expert Edward Jjuko - Social Development specialist

Contributing Government Agencies Directorate of Water Resources Management, - Water Quality assessment Ministry of Water and Environment Department of Museums and Monuments, -- Physical Cultural Resource Assessments Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife Antiquities Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social - Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Development

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

TABLE OF CONTENT ESIA Team ...... ii List of Figures ...... ix List of Tables ...... x ACRONYMS ...... xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... xii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 2 1.2 Project Justification ...... 3 1.3 The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) ...... 4 1.3.1 Specific objectives of the ESIA ...... 4 1.3.2 ESIA Process ...... 4 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 6 2.1 Geographical location ...... 7 2.2 Area of influence ...... 8 2.3 Proposed Alignment Design and Components ...... 9 2.3.1 The project components ...... 9 2.3.2 Design Geometrics ...... 9 2.4 Project support facilities ...... 17 2.4.1 Campsites and workshops ...... 17 2.4.2 Project material sources ...... 17 2.5 Project Equipment and Human resource ...... 18 2.5.1 Equipment ...... 18 2.5.2 Human resource ...... 19 2.6 Project Activities ...... 19 2.6.1 Pre - Construction Stage ...... 19 2.6.2 Construction Phase ...... 19 3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 23 3.1 National Policy Framework ...... 24 3.1.1 Uganda’s Vision 2040 ...... 24 3.1.2 National Development Plan III 2020/2021-2024/2025 ...... 24 3.1.3 National Environment Management Policy (1994) ...... 24 3.1.4 The National Water Policy (1999) ...... 24 3.1.5 The National Policy for Conservation and Management of Wetlands (1995) ...... 24 3.1.6 The Wildlife Policy, 2014...... 24 3.1.7 The National Gender Policy, 2007 ...... 25 3.1.8 National Forestry Policy, 2001 ...... 25 3.1.9 Uganda National Culture Policy, 2006 ...... 25

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

3.1.10 National HIV/AIDS and the World of Work Policy, 2007 ...... 25 3.1.11 The National Tourism Policy, 2002 ...... 26 3.1.12 Ministry of Works & Transport Policies (Gender, HIV/AIDS, OHS) 2008 ...... 26 3.1.13 National Land Policy, 2013 ...... 27 3.1.14 National Climate Change Policy, 2015 ...... 27 3.1.15 The National Policy on Elimination of Gender Based Violence (GBV), 2016 ...... 27 3.1.16 UNRA Environment and Social Safeguards Policy, 2016 ...... 27 3.1.17 The UNRA Land Acquisition and Resettlement Management System (LARMS), 2019...... 28 3.2 National Legal Framework ...... 28 3.2.1 Constitution of Republic of Uganda, 1995 ...... 28 3.2.2 National Environment Act, No.5, 2019 ...... 28 3.2.3 Land Act, Cap 227 ...... 28 3.2.4 Water Act, Cap 152 ...... 28 3.2.5 Roads Act, 2019 ...... 29 3.2.6 Access to Roads Act, Cap 350 ...... 29 3.2.7 The Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act (2006) ...... 29 3.2.8 Mining Act, 9/2003 ...... 29 3.2.9 The Historical Monument Act (1967) ...... 30 3.2.10 Uganda Wildlife Act, Cap. 2000 ...... 30 3.2.11 Local Government Act, Cap 243 ...... 30 3.2.12 The Uganda National Roads Act, 2006 ...... 30 3.2.13 Workers’ Compensation Act, Cap 225 ...... 30 3.2.14 NSSF Act Cap 222 ...... 31 3.2.15 Rivers Act, Cap 357 ...... 31 3.2.16 Traffic Act, 2002 ...... 31 3.2.17 Immigrations Act, Cap 63 ...... 31 3.2.18 Public Holiday Act ...... 31 3.2.19 Employment Act, 2006 ...... 31 3.3 Regulatory framework ...... 32 3.3.1 The National Environment (Environmental and Social Assessment) Regulations, S.I No.143 of 2020 .. 32 3.3.2 National Environment (Waste Management) Regulations S.I. No. 49 of 2020, ...... 32 3.3.3 National Environment (Wetlands, Riverbanks and lakeshores Management) regulation S.I No. 2/2000 32 3.3.4 The National Environment (Standards for Discharge of Effluent into water or land) Regulations, 2020 32 3.3.5 National Environment (Control of Smoking in Public Places) Regulations, 2004 ...... 34 3.3.6 National Environment (Noise Standards and Control) Regulations, 2003 ...... 34 3.3.7 Draft National Air Quality Standards, 2006 ...... 34 3.3.8 Water Resources Regulations, 1998 ...... 35 3.3.9 National Environment (Audit) Regulation, 2020 ...... 35

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

3.4 International Conventions ...... 35 3.4.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – United Nations (1992) ...... 35 3.4.2 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources – OAU (1968) ...... 35 3.4.3 Stockholm Convention ...... 35 3.4.4 International and Regional Gender Equality Conventions ...... 36 3.5 Safeguard Policies of African Development Bank ...... 36 3.6 Institutional Framework ...... 39 3.6.1 Ministry of Works and Transport (MoWT) ...... 39 3.6.2 Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA) ...... 39 3.6.3 Ministry of Water and Environment (MoWE) ...... 39 3.6.4 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) ...... 40 3.6.5 Ministry of Gender Labour & Social Development ...... 40 3.6.6 Directorate of Geological Survey and Mines ...... 40 3.6.7 Ministry of Local Government Local ...... 40 3.7 Required Licenses and Permits ...... 41 4.0 ESIA STUDY METHODS ...... 42 4.1 Literature review ...... 43 4.2 Physical Environment Assessments ...... 43 4.2.1 Air quality assessments...... 43 4.2.2 Physical Agents: Noise/ Sound, Vibration, Humidity and Temperature Assessment ...... 44 4.2.3 Water quality assessments ...... 45 4.3 Biological environment assessment ...... 45 4.3.1 Vegetation Survey Methods ...... 45 4.3.2 Fauna surveys ...... 46 4.4 Socio-economic assessment ...... 46 4.4.1 Socio-economic surveys and Stakeholder engagements ...... 46 4.4.2 Methods for Stakeholder engagement and consultations ...... 47 4.5 Physical Cultural Resources survey methods ...... 47 4.6 Methods for impact assessment and analysis ...... 48 4.6.1 Impact assessment ...... 48 4.6.2 Impact analysis ...... 48 4.7 Public Disclosure ...... 49 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE ...... 50 5.1 Physical Environment ...... 51 5.1.1 Climate ...... 51 5.1.2 Climate Change ...... 52 5.1.3 Geology and Soils ...... 55 5.1.4 Drainage and Water sources ...... 56 5.1.5 Magnetic Field Radiation ...... 61 5.1.6 Vibration level assessment ...... 61 Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority v

An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

5.1.7 Noise ...... 62 5.1.8 Particulate Matter ...... 63 5.1.9 Air quality monitoring ...... 64 5.1.10 Physical Agents...... 65 5.2 Biological environment ...... 65 5.2.1 Vegetation ...... 65 5.2.2 Fauna within the Project Area ...... 67 5.3 Socioeconomic baseline conditions within the project area ...... 68 5.3.1 Administrative structure ...... 68 5.3.2 Population and demographic characteristics of the project area ...... 68 5.3.3 Household characteristics of respondents ...... 68 5.3.4 Means of transport for the households in the project area ...... 70 5.3.5 Current travel patterns ...... 70 5.3.6 Education in the project area ...... 71 5.3.7 Attendance of school by household members ...... 71 5.3.8 Health services ...... 71 5.3.9 Land use and Ownership ...... 74 5.3.10 Housing ...... 75 5.3.11 Access to water ...... 76 5.3.12 Sanitation ...... 76 5.3.13 Energy sources ...... 76 5.3.14 HIV/AIDs ...... 77 5.3.15 Waste Disposal ...... 78 5.3.16 Gender analysis ...... 78 5.3.17 Migration Status and Years spent in the Project Area ...... 79 5.3.18 Incomes ...... 80 5.3.19 Existence of Vulnerable Groups in project ...... 82 5.4 Physical cultural resources ...... 83 5.4.1 Burial sites ...... 83 5.4.2 Spiritual sites...... 83 5.4.3 Religious sites ...... 86 5.4.4 Pottery Sites ...... 88 6.0 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATION ...... 89 6.1 Introduction ...... 89 6.2 Principles of stakeholder engagements ...... 89 6.3 Categories of Stakeholders ...... 89 6.4 Preparatory activities for stakeholder engagements ...... 89 6.5 Methods of engagements and consultations ...... 90 6.5 Outcome of the Stakeholder Engagement Process...... 91 7.0 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 101 Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority vi

An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

7.1 Multi-criteria Alternative Analysis Using Environment and Social Indicators ...... 101 7.2 No Project Alternative ...... 101 7.3 LOCATION ALTERNATIVES ...... 101 7.3.1 Route Alignment Alternative 1 – Major Deviation Alternative ...... 102 7.3.2 Route Alignment Alternative 2-Minor Deviation Alternative ...... 102 7.3.3 Comparative Alternative Assessment ...... 102 8.0 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 105 8.1 Overview ...... 105 8.2 Positive Impacts analysis and enhancement measures ...... 106 8.2.1 Employment opportunities ...... 106 8.2.2 Improved connectivity within the Elgon region...... 107 8.2.3 Enhancement of socioeconomic development in the region ...... 107 8.2.4 Creation of business opportunities ...... 107 8.3 Negative impacts analysis and mitigation measures ...... 108 8.3.1 Pre-Construction Phase Impacts ...... 108 8.3.2 Construction Phase Impacts ...... 109 8.3.3 Operation phase ...... 122 8.4 Cumulative impacts ...... 122 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN (ESMMP) ...... 124 9.1 Overview of ESMMP ...... 124 9.2 Objectives of the ESMMP ...... 124 9.3 Monitoring ...... 124 9.4 Responsibilities ...... 125 9.4.1 UNRA (Project Developer) ...... 125 9.4.2 Project Supervision Consultant ...... 125 9.4.3 Contractor (s) ...... 125 9.4.4 Development partners ...... 126 9.4.5 NEMA ...... 126 9.5 Project Reporting Commitments ...... 126 9.6 Detailed ESMMP ...... 126 9.7 Organizational Set-Up and ESMMP Implementation Mechanisms ...... 154 9.7.1 Set up of Environmental and Social Safeguards Management ...... 154 9.7.2 Management of environmental and social safeguards in the proposed project...... 154 9.7.3 Operational challenges ...... 155 9.7.4 DESS Capacity Building Needs under the Project ...... 156 9.8 Integration of Environmental and Social Aspects into Procurement Process ...... 157 9.8.1 Bidding ...... 157 9.8.2 Bill of Quantities (BoQs) ...... 157 9.8.3 Safeguards Clauses ...... 157 9.8.4 Staffing ...... 157 Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority vii

An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

9.8.5 ESMMP Monitoring and Reporting ...... 157 9.8.6 Project Reporting Commitments ...... 158 9.8.7 Decommissioning and restoration of disturbed areas...... 158 9.9 Contractor/ UNRA Management Plans ...... 158 9.9.1 Influx Management Plan ...... 159 9.9.2 Labour Management Plan...... 159 9.9.3 Explosives and Blasting Management Plan ...... 159 9.9.4 Traffic Management Plan ...... 160 9.9.5 Security Management Plan ...... 160 9.9.6 Noise Control Plan ...... 160 9.9.7 Waste Management Plan ...... 161 9.9.8 HIV/AIDS and Gender Action Plan ...... 161 9.9.9 Site Decommissioning and Restoration Plan ...... 161 9.10 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) ...... 162 9.11 Monitoring against the ESMMP ...... 167 9.12 Auditing and Review ...... 168 9.13 Proposed Complementary Initiatives ...... 169 9.13.1 Improvement of common markets ...... 169 9.13.2 Construction of produce storage facilities ...... 170 9.13.3 Rehabilitation of the Nakizira Gravity Flow Scheme ...... 171 9.13.4 Proposed Budget for financing complementary initiatives ...... 171 10.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 173 References ...... 174 APPENDICES ...... 175 Appendix 1: Water quality certificates of analysis ...... 175 Appendix 2: Plant Species in the Project Area ...... 179 Appendix 3: Avifauna (Birds) ...... 182 Appendix 4: Screening Forms Potential Environmental and Social, Health and Safety Risks ...... 184 Appendix 5: Content of the Scoping Report ...... 186 Appendix 6: Attendance sheets for stakeholder consultations ...... 187

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

List of Figures Figure 1: Summary of the EIA process (EIA Reference Manual; UNEP, 2002) ...... 5 Figure 2: Location of the project area in Elgon Region, Eastern Uganda ...... 7 Figure 3: Typical cross section for the urban crossings ...... 11 Figure 4: Typical cross section for the rural sections ...... 11 Figure 5: Proposed bridge and box culvert locations ...... 13 Figure 6: Typical equipment used in road construction ...... 18 Figure 7: Climate information for Mbale region (climatedata Uganda) ...... 52 Figure 8: Rock outcrops on Namagumba Budadiri section ...... 56 Figure 9: Drainage of project area (Source: Draft District State of Environment Report 2007) ...... 57 Figure 10: Some of the water sources close to RoW ...... 58 Figure 11: Location of community water sources along the project ...... 59 Figure 12: Vegetation along the road project...... 66 Figure 13: Tthe most common reason for travel ...... 70 Figure 14: education level of household members in the project area...... 71 Figure 15: Major public facilities located along the road ...... 72 Figure 16: Disease burden in Mbale district ...... 73 Figure 17: Common diseases in the project area ...... 74 Figure 18: Land ownership in the project area ...... 75 Figure 19: Housing status of respondents ...... 75 Figure 20: Categories of water sources in the project area likely to be affected by project development ...... 76 Figure 21: Known HIV/AIDS transmission modes ...... 77 Figure 22: HIV/AIDS available in project area ...... 78 Figure 23: Number of years lived in the area ...... 80 Figure 24: Main sources of livelihood ...... 81 Figure 25: Boda boda business along the road ...... 81 Figure 26: Road side vending along the proposed road ...... 82 Figure 27: Affected grave site at Buwamaniala ...... 83 Figure 28: Family Shrine at Namagumba ...... 84 Figure 29: Another shrine at Namagumba ...... 84 Figure 30: Mudodo tree at Buwaniala town centre ...... 85 Figure 31: Imbalu initiation tree ...... 86 Figure 32: Mayiyi born again church ...... 86 Figure 33: Buweri Mosque ...... 87 Figure 34: Kawala solutions centre ...... 87 Figure 35: Christ Sanctify Church Mufutu ...... 88 Figure 36: Roulette decorated portsherds at Buweri town council ...... 88 Figure 37: Engagement at Bugusege Sub county ...... 90 Figure 38: Engagement with Namagumba community ...... 90 Figure 39: Engagement with Buwalasi community ...... 90 Figure 40: One the common markets operating on the existing carriageway ...... 170 Figure 41: Common produces in along the project stretch ...... 171

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

List of Tables

Table 1: Administrative units traversed by the proposed Namagumba-Budadiri- Nalugugu road ...... 8 Table 2: Sections with design speed of 50KM/hr ...... 9 Table 3: Summary of design elements ...... 10 Table 4:Proposed service roads ...... 12 Table 5: Proposed Junctions ...... 12 Table 6: Location condition of some of the existing structures ...... 14 Table 7: Proposed bridge structures ...... 15 Table 8: Properties of Gravel Borrow Sources ...... 18 Table 9:Key activities associated with the project ...... 20 Table 10: Standards for general chemicals and micro-biological discharge ...... 32 Table 11: Standards for inorganic substances effluent discharge Effluent requirements are for direct discharge into surface water, land or sewer ...... 33 Table 12: Permissible Noise Levels ...... 34 Table 13: National air quality standards ...... 34 Table 14: Operational Safeguards and Relevance to the Project ...... 37 Table 15: List of permits and licenses required ...... 41 Table 16: Maximum permissible noise levels relevant to project ...... 45 Table 17: A quantitative format for ranking impacts based on parameters summarized as magnitude and sensitivity ...... 48 Table 18: Analysis of climate change factors, impacts and proposed interventions for mitigation and adaptation .. 53 Table 19: Key water parameters assessed ...... 59 Table 20: Readings for Vibration: Acceleration (m/s2) ...... 62 Table 21: Measurements of Noise level, dB(A) ...... 63 Table 22: Readings for Particulate matter measured ...... 63 Table 23: Readings for Air Quality Baseline ...... 64 Table 24: Mammals in the project area ...... 67 Table 25: Reptiles encountered ...... 67 Table 26: Table showing the Local Government Administrative and political Structure in Uganda ...... 68 Table 27: Table showing Household Social Demographic Characteristics ...... 69 Table 28: Means of transport used ...... 70 Table 29:Health centres in Mbale district ...... 72 Table 30: Summary issues, concerns and fears from consultations...... 91 Table 31: Comparative Evaluation of alternatives ...... 103 Table 32:Definition of impacts ...... 105 Table 33: A quantitative format for ranking impacts based on parameters summarized as magnitude and sensitivity...... 106 Table 34: Rating of impact parameters to guide professional judgment ...... 106 Table 35:cumulative impacts ...... 123 Table 36: Detailed Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) ...... 127 Table 37: : Types of Grievances and examples ...... 163 Table 38: Screening and categorization criteria ...... 165 Table 39: Grievances Process Flow ...... 165

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

ACRONYMS

AfDB - African Development Bank CAC - Criteria Air Contaminants CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and CITES - Flora CR - Critically Endangered DWRM - Water Resources and Management EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EN - Endangered ESIA - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMMP - Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ESIP - Environmental and Social Implementation Plan EXIM - Export-Import GPS - Geographical Positioning System HIV - Human Immune Virus IFC - International Finance Corporation ISS - Intergrated Safeguards System IUCN - International Union for the Conservation of Nature NEMA - National Environmental Management Authority NDP - National Development Plan NGOs - Non-Governmental Organizations OSs - Operational Safeguards ToRs - Terms of Reference TSP - Total Suspended Particulate UNEP - United Nations Environment Program UNESCO - United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNRA - Uganda National Roads Authority UTM - Universal Transverse Marketer UWA - Uganda Wildlife Authority VES - Visual Encounter Surveys VOC - Volatile Organic Carbon VU - Vulnerable WBGT - Wet Bulb-Globe Temperature Index WCS - Wildlife Conservation Society URDM - Uganda Road Geometric Design Manual, 2010

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background The Government of Uganda, through the Uganda National Roads Authority has earmarked the upgrading of Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road (29km) from unpaved to paved (Bituminous standard) through a proposed African Development Bank (AfDB) funding. This road segment starts at Namagumba in Mbale on Namunsi-Sironko road, through Budadiri Town Council connecting back to Sironko-Namunsi road at Nalugugu in Sironko district. The upgrading of this road segment is expected to alleviate the transport situation in this area. Currently, the road is a gravel carrying medium traffic volume and has a 4.0m wide carriage way. The road along its various sections has been subjected to varying degrees of damage due to rapid increase in big and heavy transportation vehicles carrying agricultural produce, coupled the relative heavy rains in the area.

Road construction activities are associated with significant environmental and social impacts. The Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) of AfDB presents Operational Safeguards (OSs) that provide for assessment of environment, climate change and social risks and impacts as early as possible in the project cycle for the projects under their support. This is further emphasised by the National Environment Act No. 5 of 2019, in its Schedule 5, which requires a comprehensive Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for projects of this nature prior to their implementation. UNRA in its Environment and Social Safeguards policy (2016), demonstrates its commitment to avoiding, preventing, reducing and mitigating negative environmental and social impacts of its activities including road development, and where possible enhancing positive impacts to the environment and people.

In line with the above, UNRA undertook the ESIA for this project and presented the report to National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) for consideration in 2012. NEMA approved the project in 2014 and issued an Environment Impact Assessment certificate (NEMA/EIA/8813) valid for 5 years from 16th August 2016. In compliance with condition xxii of the certificate, this study is being undertaken to determine the current baseline conditions of the project and to seek approval of the changes under the issued certificate. In addition, this assessment aims to enable project compliance with the Integrated Safeguards System of African Development Bank (AfDB) to secure financing for development of the project.

Project Justification The National Development Plan (NDP) III identified the upgrading of Namagumba – Budadiri – Nalugugu road to be among the priority projects to be implemented in the to spur socioeconomic development in the Elgon Region. The proposed road traverses a rich agricultural hinterland with potential for commercialization of agriculture hence, will serve to accelerate Government’s social transformation and modernization programmes. In addition, the proximity of the proposed road to Mount Elgon National park, Sipi falls and other tourist attractions in the area makes it a strategic investment towards boosting the tourism potential and socio-economic transformation of the region. The traffic growth rate is on the increase with heavy traffic noticeable during the market days on most of the growth centres particularly at Mutufu, Kiguli, Bugusege and Salalira.

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021 flooding of the area and sometimes deaths of people and livestock. Therefore, upgrading of this road will come a long way in improving the livelihoods of the population through improved connectivity to markets and social services.

Project Description Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road has been designed to class II paved standards to achieve a high degree of mobility and harmony along the corridor. The horizontal and vertical alignments of the proposed road upgrade have been designed to be as close as possible to the existing yet remain in accordance with the Uganda Road Design Manual Specifications. Critical elements of road design include sight distances, Super-elevation, widening, grades, horizontal and vertical alignment features. The road has been designed with the following cross-sectional elements: 6.0m carriageway (2no x 3m lanes), 2nox2.0m shoulders, and 2.5m raised paved walkways (including the covered drain) in the major growth centres and with a design life of up to twenty (20) years. The principal design speed of 90 km/h and 60 km/h for level and rolling terrain respectively has been considered. Generally, the terrain of the project area can be classified as rolling from chainage Km 0+000 – 18+000 with absolute maximum gradient of 7.5% and flat from chainage Km 18+000 – 28+294 with maximum gradient of 5.5%. In addition, service roads of 200m, 900m and 150m on either side of the road have been considered at growth centres of Namagumba, Mutufu and Nalugugu respectively.

The ESIA Process It is a statutory requirement by Uganda Government laws (National Environment Act 2019) that development projects that are deemed to bear significant environmental and social risks and impacts undertake comprehensive Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) (Sections 3 (5b), 5 (i), 110). The ESIA for the proposed road development project was undertaken in 2012 with an aim of recommending mitigation measures for the negative impacts and enhancing the positive ones. It was approved National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) with Certificate number NEMA/EIA/8813 valid for 5 years from 16th August 2016. In compliance with condition xxii of the certificate, this study is being updated to determine the current baseline conditions of the project and to seek approval of the changes under the issued certificate. More so, in anticipation for project financing from AfDB, the ESIA has been updated to enable compliance with AfDB’s ISS and OSs and specifically under OS1 which requires that an ESIA is carried out to identify, analyse and mitigate potential environmental and social impacts associated with projects that they support and deemed to carry significant environmental and social risks and impacts.

This update included a desktop study, field investigations and data collection, stakeholder identification and engagement, impact assessment and development of mitigation measures.

Key Baseline Features The project is located in the districts of Sironko and Mbale along the foot of Mount Elgon ranges in the Eastern part of Uganda. According to Meteorological data, Mbale receives rainfall totalling 1,191 mm per annum experiencing a bi-modal type of rainfall pattern with the heaviest amount of rainfall occurring in March-July and the least in August-September. Temperatures in lowland areas are warmer with maximum mean average of 27°C - 32°C and minimum mean average of 15°C 17°C; the highlands are colder with maximum mean average of 25°C - 28°C and minimum mean average of 15 ° - 16 °C. The area is underlain by tertiary and quaternary volcanoes as well as quaternary sedimentary rocks characterised by black sticky fertile volcanic soils.

The area is devoid of lakes but has rivers and streams emanating from Mt Elgon ranges catchment area and all draining into major rivers of Simu and Sisi in Bulambuli county and Sironko in Budadiri County. Besides being with reduced water volume, these major rivers are heavily polluted with molasses wastes generated by local beer brewers and wastes dumped into these rivers. These rivers

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021 are also prone to siltation arising from accelerated erosion due to removal of the tree cover along river banks and the catchment area. Domestic water demands in the area are mainly met by a mix of technologies; instance, in the high altitude areas like Budadiri town council, potable water is through piped water supply by National Water and Sewerage Cooperation (NWSC) with an abstraction from River Sironko, while Buwalisi and Buyoba sub counties are also served with piped water through a gravity flow scheme. However, a number of areas do rely on springs and hand pumps for their water needs, mainly in the lower lands of Mutufu, Mafudu and Namanyonyi.

Baseline assessment results for noise taken in the selected sampled points indicate that spot average noise readings for day time in the sampled points characterized of a mixture of both residential and commercial activities, ranged from 29.7 dB(A) to 85.8dB(A) and 30.2dB(A) to 88.5dB(A) for minimum and maximum sound levels respectively. For all air quality parameters such CO2, CO, NO2, H2S and VOCs among others measured, none of them were above the Permissible Exposure Level. More so, the assessment noted presence of inhalable particles (of 5µm diameter) that fall within PM10 classification and respirable particles (0.3 µm and 0.5 µm diameter) that fall within PM2.5. However, none exceeded the PM2.5 - 10 µg/m3 annual mean and 25 µg/m3 24-hour mean; and PM10 - 20 µg/m3 annual mean & 50 µg/m3 24-hour mean as set by World Health Organisation (WHO).

The Project area has been greatly modified from wooded savannah and forest to cultivation and settlements. A few patches of natural forested areas are scattered particularly in the valleys and wetlands along the project road. The ESIA recorded a total of 77 species of plants in 72 genera and 30 families. The dominant woody species recorded along the road sections included Cascabela thevetia, Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum, Senna septabilis, Albizia spp., Coffea stenophylla, Callistemon citrinus, Phoenix rupicola, Vernonia amygadalena, Phoenix reclinata, Acanthus spp, Ficus natalensis, Ficus sycomorus, and Acacia brevispica, other introduced plants include Pinus spp, Mangifera indica, Eucalyptus spp, Carica papaya, and Jacaranda mimosifolia. The number of plant species within this corridor is relatively low compared to known plant diversity in the region. This could be attributed to high intensity of disturbances (land conversion) along the roads.

A total of 62 species of Birds were recorded from the filed surveys and one of the recorded species was of critical conservation concern. These included Elminia longicauda, Haliaeetus vocifer, Ispidina picta, Nectarinia kilimensis, Pycnonotus barbatus, Drepanorhynchus reichenowi, Leptoptilos crumeniferus, Corvus albus and Ploceus ocularis among others. There was very low species richness of birds; and this is attributed to modified nature of the landscape. Similarly, a number of species of herptiles were recorded in the project area. The reptiles include Red-headed rock agama, Trachylepis striata, Chamaeleo gracilis, and Rana angolensis all of which are categorised to be of Least Concern by IUCN while the Hemidactylus mabouia that is considered Not assessed (NA)

The assessment noted that the project area dominated by women. Mbale district is 921sq km in size, with human population estimated to be 555, 296 where 268,224 are male and 287,072 females. Sironko district on the other hand has an estimated total population of 246,636 people with 121,989 (49.5%) male and 124,647 (50.5%) female. Majority of this population is young and of school going age. Road transport is the only mode of transport in the project area with vans, buses, motorcycles and bicycles a common means of transport. More so, it was noted that subsistence agriculture is the major source of livelihood. Crop farming and animal husbandry are the major backbone of the economy in the area. Business enterprises include retail shops, food vending especially on market days.

Mbale Regional Hospital is the only referral hospital in the area. However, there are a number of health facilities at the level of Health Centre IV, III and IIs which provide medical services before referrals. The status of housing in the project are permanent, semi-permanent and temporary. Shallow wells/boreholes are the main sources of water for domestic use and are complemented by the gravity Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority xiv

An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021 water system. Solar is most commonly used source of energy for lighting, while fuelwood (including firewood and charcoal) provides the main source of energy for cooking.

Key Impacts and Risks Positive impacts associated with the development of Namagumba-Budadari-Nalugugu road are significant and they include improved connectivity in the Elgon region, enhancement of socioeconomic development, reduced public transport costs, shorter travel times, and improved road safety, improved access to health services, improved local economies and induced development. These are coupled with immediate benefits of both direct and indirect employment opportunities on the project.

The Resettlement Action Plan prepared alongside this ESIA, sets out the extent of land to be acquired for the Right of Way and properties to be affected. Both commercial and residential structures will either be demolished or partially affected especially in Budadiri and other growth centres along the project road. Other land-take impacts are associated with project support facilities such as campsites and gravel borrow areas from which the contractor will temporarily operate. The sensitivity of this impact is ranked as high on account of cost of replacement and attachment to properties. More so, there is anticipated loss of livelihood by the enterprises currently operating from near the project road and especially at Budadiri growth centre. When equitable compensation is provided to restore livelihoods and property of affected households, residual impacts of involuntary resettlement will be of low or moderate significance. It is equally important that the RAP includes provisions on GBV and sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) risk mitigation as these usually relate to compensation and livelihoods, specific reporting lines for these issues.

Upgrading of the road will require gravel and rock for different purposes (aggregate, concrete products base material etc.). Some secondary impacts of stone blasting and quarrying such as injury or death caused by fly rock are irreversible. Damage to dwellings near quarries would be a considerable social impact in rural poor communities. Unless a firm contractual commitment is made by the contractor, sensitivity of this impact is taken to be High. Stone quarry sites will be subjected to a standalone ESIA by contractors while borrow pits will undertake an appropriate level of Environment and Social Assessment as required by the National Environment Act, No 5 of 2019. It should be a contractual requirement for the contractor to design material source area restoration plans in the Contractor’s Environment and Social Management/Implementation Plan. No potential construction material source areas shall be sited near an ecologically or socially sensitive area i.e. not close to wetlands, cultural heritage areas, schools, health facilities and administrative centres. Contracts shall not be closed without environmental restoration to the satisfaction of NEMA and District Local Governments.

Dust nuisance will mainly become topical in very dry periods and wherever clearance, earthworks, material transport or construction takes place in the vicinity of public places such as schools and health centres. Dust generation can adversely affect the health and safety of construction workers at the site. The impact will be moderate. The pollution in localized places and working zones may affect the health of workers and any nearby people or sensitive receptors within 50m. Overall, the impact of air pollution during construction will be moderate for receptors within 200-300m and low for receptors located more than 500m from the project road. Dust emission is anticipated to be addressed by routinely sprinkling water during construction. Other measures include speed control by having in place such as humps, dust screens at areas across sections with schools, sensitization of both communities and workers, use of appropriate PPE (e.g. respirators/masks) etc. The Contractor will undertake monitoring of particulate matter both at the major sources (blasting areas and crusher units etc.) as well as at the receptors especially homes and schools etc. This is critical to check on the levels to which the workers and public are exposed to.

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The potential noise related issues during construction of the project is disturbance to sensitive receptors like schools, health centres and residential areas. The level of noise exposure and associated risks for the health and well-being of the workforce will depend on the individual workplace and type of equipment used. The noise level will be major for construction workers and those receptors within less than 50m from the construction site and moderate for those living 100-200m away. Due to the high noise levels of construction machinery, the personnel operating the machines and the workers stationed close to the machines will be prone to exposure of high levels of noise. Workers at risk are those who will be exposed to it for up to 8-10 hours daily at work.

Upgrading of the project road will require widening of the carriageway and this will necessitate relocation of service lines causing temporary disruption of service delivery to clients including commercial enterprises. This could translate into financial losses to utility companies and their clients depending on when the services are reconnected. It was established that, there are a number of boreholes/shallow wells along the road alignment within the project area. These will involve relocation and it is suggested that, UNRA will engage a sub-contractor to undertake relocation of these facilities. Timely execution of relocation programs will eliminate inherent delays likely to be caused from such processes if not well executed. These are important sources of domestic water serving communities in this water stressed region especially during the dry season.

The influx of male workers into the project area may increase the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission. The concentration of young males in worker’s camps may lead to illicit and unsafe sexual behaviour that may push up infection rates in the local areas. However, since most of the labour force will be below 40 years and residents, it is expected that behavioural change will help stabilize the infection rate. However, should infections occur due to lapses in awareness, impact magnitude is high. It is equally noted that, there will likely be risks of SEA, sexually harassment (SH) and GBV that are bound to happen as a result of the labour influx. In addition, labour influx into this project area could be a potential source of conflict between workers and the local population.

Occupational health and safety risks in the project can be high largely because of the number of workers expected on the project road coupled with common reluctance of contractors to enforce health and safety compliance as well, their reluctance to commit resources towards safety at work. If not well addressed, sometimes, instances of fatalities arise in the sites. Near schools, heavy earth moving equipment might attract inquisitive children to construction sites. Besides being a safety risk, noise and dust from road construction activities and equipment might temporarily disrupt school activities. If due caution is not taken by drivers, haulage trucks and road construction equipment might be an accident risk to school children and further cause distraction.

Soil erosion is expected, especially as a result of vegetation loss and movement of heavy machinery on bare soils. In addition, poor disposal of spoil could propel the risk further. There is potential risk of soil erosion near the streams and water bodies in the project area may pose threats associated with siltation and contamination of the aquatic environment.

Management and Monitoring of Impacts and Risks The ESMP provides a summary of activities, their related potential impacts and the corresponding recommended mitigation measures to be carried out during the pre-construction, construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the Project. It details active remedial and mitigation measures to be continuously carried out to prevent or minimize impacts on the bio-physical and socio- cultural environments as well as to promote occupational safety and health of employees. It also seeks to identify the various institutional responsibilities to manage the environmental aspect of the Project as well as the cost involved.

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The Contractor will be required to prepare standalone safeguards management plans as part of the Contractor’s Environment and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP)/Environmental and Social Implementation Plan (ESIP). Reference should always be made to the C-ESMP/ESIP as the overarching document that contains general Control Statements for management of various impacts such as air quality, solid waste, and hazardous materials, water quality and ecosystems, noise and vibration control, erosion control, waste excavation and disposal and occupational health and safety, sexual exploitation and abuse, sexual harassment, traffic, labour force, grievance redress and so on. In addition to the Management Plans, the Contractor should prepare Method Statements for specific activities such as earthworks and submit for the Supervision Engineer’s review and comments before commencement of works. If the Engineer notifies the Contractor that a specific method statement has failed to provide adequate mitigations, such a statement should be revised and approved by the Client/UNRA/or their representative – Supervision Consultant.

Several statutory and contractual approvals and licenses will be required before commencement of certain construction activities. Securing of approvals requires preparation of the relevant documentation and/or payment of fees. This needs to be done during mobilization to ensure that all approvals are secured in a timely manner to avoid construction delays. It is important to ensure that all materials (sand and aggregates) are sourced from quarries, borrow pits and sand mines approved by NEMA and compliant with environmental laws. Permits for water abstraction and construction on surface water will be obtained during the mobilization period. Where relocation of utilities is to occur, the contractor will obtain permission from relevant service providers during the mobilization period to avoid delays. For all new materials sites to be opened up and operated by the Project, NEMA approval must be secured while all existing sites should undertake/provide proof of having valid approvals and/or having environmental compliance agreements with NEMA. In either of the cases, appropriate environmental and social assessment shall be undertaken in accordance with the Operational Safeguards of the African Development Bank.

Routine inspections will be carried out to cover all aspects of environmental and social management on the site. Either a standalone Monthly Environment Report shall be prepared, or safeguards shall be sufficiently covered in the Contractor’s Monthly Progress Report in fulfilment of the Contractor’s contractual reporting obligations. The report will highlight different activities undertaken to manage environmental and social aspects of the project in line with contract specifications, laws, standards, policies, and plans of Uganda and AfDB’s ISS. UNRA will take the responsibility to fulfil the requirements for conducting of periodic environmental and social audit in line with the National Environment Act 2019. Implementation of ESMP activities will be approved by UNRA and safeguards compliance will be among the basis for payment. Final payment for the contractor shall be tagged to successful restoration of all disturbed areas and clean-up of all construction sites.

UNRA has on behalf of Government of Uganda committed to provide human and financial resources to implement several safeguards standards. UNRA will hold all project implementers accountable for putting in place adequate material measures and actions to mitigate the Project’s potential environmental and social risks and impacts. UNRA is currently reviewing and updating its Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) and this will be critical to guide project implementation.

The overall implementation and monitoring of the ESIA/ESMP for the road project is the responsibility of UNRA through its Directorate of Network Planning and Engineering and specifically, the Department of Environmental and Social Safeguards (DESS). DESS is headed by a Head of Department whose other staff include 5 Specialists (3No. Social Development Specialists and 2No. Environmental Specialists) and 6 Senior Officers (3No. Senior Sociologists and 3No. Senior Environmental Officers). In addition, there is a pool of five Technical Assistants (3No. Environmental Specialists and 2No. Social

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Development Specialists) and these are provided through technical assistance programmes by AfDB and World Bank financed projects. Furthermore, DESS has 5No. Junior Safeguards officers and 6No. Environmental and Social Safeguards Trainees. UNRA currently faces some operational constraints that require attention to adequately manage the growing number of roads and bridges projects which are estimated at 40 on-going road projects spread all-over the country and about 63 road projects under different stages of preparation (including bridges on various roads throughout the country).

Complementary initiatives

Complementary initiatives have been developed through a meaningful stakeholder consultation and engagement. The proposed initiatives have been developed in consultation with the affected communities, district stakeholders, NGOs/CSOs and the African Development Bank, during the May 2020 virtual pre-appraisal mission. It was noted that markets play a vital factor in the livelihoods of the people of the project area. In addition, the region was noted to have significant challenges associated with accessing clean water. Much visible interventions such s shallow wells and a gravity water scheme, they have failed due to limited maintenance capacity. As a result, many of these interventions have not served their intended objectives. The following initiatives are therefore proposed to complement the project and will further be evaluated: a) Improvement of common markets; b) Construction of produce storage facilities and c) Rehabilitation of the Nakizira Gravity Flow Scheme and will need an estimate of USD $ 515,000 to have them implemented.

Conclusion and Recommendations The proposed road development is anticipated to enhance socioeconomic opportunities for the communities in the rich agricultural hinterland of the Elgon region, which is identified to have potential for commercialization of agriculture. Furthermore, upgrading of this road will come a long way in improving the livelihoods of the population through improved connectivity to markets and social services since it will solve the current challenges of delayed travel times, high vehicle maintenance costs and road safety thus facilitating poverty reduction in the region. Therefore, the project will accelerate Government’s social transformation and modernization programmes. More so, due to its proximity to Mount Elgon National park, Sipi Falls and other tourist attractions in the area, the proposed project is a strategic investment towards advancing the tourism potential of the region. In addition, the assessment noted trans-border trade especially in food stuffs at the markets in Mutufu and Salalira; such trade will be enhanced with the development of the proposed project.

Despite the above, upgrading works will trigger negative effects such as land take, loss of vegetation, loss of livelihoods, disruption of public utilities such as electricity and water supply, dust nuisance, noise, occupational and community health and safety challenges among others. The Namagumba- Budadiri-Nalugugu road that is proposed for upgrading is in existence and therefore behavioural and ecological impacts or stress on the fauna has been happening. Impacts on fauna species and population will therefore be low however, the impact on land take and social ills are expected to be significant due the high population density and linear settlement pattern along the proposed alignment.

This assessment has evaluated the potential impacts of the proposed project and determined appropriate measure to either avoid or mitigate the negative impacts while enhancing the positive ones at different levels of the project cycle. A costed ESMMP has been developed to guide development of the ESIP to guide the project implementation phase. The ESIA has further determined that that the residual negative impacts are of low significance.

The ESIA team recommends that the proposed project is implemented in close consultation with the leadership of the area, the district authorities and the government Ministries, Departments and Agencies, including Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development, Ministry of Water and Environment and NEMA. Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority xviii

An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

1.2 Project Justification

1.3 The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

1.3.1 Specific objectives of the ESIA

1.3.2 ESIA Process

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

1.1 Background

The Government of Uganda, through the Uganda National Roads Authority has earmarked the upgrading of Namagumba Budadiri Nalugugu road (29km) from unpaved to paved (Bituminous standard) through a proposed African Development Bank funding. This road segment starts at Namagumba in Mbale on Namunsi-Sironko road, through Budadiri Town Council connecting back to Sironko-Namunsi road at Nalugugu in Sironko district. The upgrading of this road segment is expected to alleviate the transport situation in this area. Currently, the road is a gravel carrying medium traffic volume and has a 4.0m wide carriage way. The road along its various sections has been subjected to varying degrees of damage due to rapid increase in big and heavy transportation vehicles carrying agricultural produce, coupled the relative heavy rains in the area.

The proposed project traverse physical environment characterized with relatively flat terrain between Nalugugu and Budadiri, and slightly steep terrain between Budadiri– Namagumba and crosses several valleys with stream and rivers that emanate from the Mount Elgon ranges. The area is agriculturally productive characterized with high production of crops like bananas, Matooke, Coffee, onions, Irish potatoes, Avocado among others. The proposed road will improve connectivity in the region that will facilitate market access for these perishable agricultural products, improve access to social services like hospitals and schools.

Road transport is the most dominant mode of transport in Uganda, carrying over 96 percent of passenger and freight traffic (National Development Plan III). The national road network comprises of 144,785 Km of national roads, District roads, urban roads and community access roads, that connect all parts of the country and the only means of access to rural communities.

The national roads currently make up 25 percent of the road network in the country but carry over 80 percent of the total road traffic (Styles and Trigona, 2018). However, there are missing links in the regional networks with poor quality gravel roads leading limited access to markets and other social services affecting profitability of agricultural produce, which is the key source of livelihoods for most rural communities. Therefore, construction of the proposed Namagumba Budadiri Nalugugu road would provide such a missing link connecting Sironko district to other potential markets in Mbale, Kapchorwa and across the border to Kenya.

UNRA whose mandate is to develop and maintain the national road network is proposing to construct the Namagumba Budadiri Nalugugu road with support from the African Development Bank. This is in line with the NDP III, which emphasizes the crucial role of seamless integrated infrastructure in fostering economic development.

An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021 to determine the current baseline conditions of the project and to seek approval of the changes under the issued certificate. In addition, this assessment aims to enable project compliance with the Integrated Safeguards System of African Development Bank (AfDB) to secure financing for development of the project.

1.2 Project Justification

The goal of the NDP III is to increase household incomes and improving the quality of life of Ugandans, through prioritizing investment in priority economic growth drivers as identified in the Uganda Vision 2040. The National Development Plan III (NDP III) 2020/2021-2024/2025 developed under the theme “Sustainable Industrialization for inclusive growth, employment and wealth creation”, placed integrated Transport Infrastructure and Services among the development drivers.

The NDP III notes that seamless integrated infrastructure is crucial to any economic development. Infrastructure plays an important role in contributing to a higher rate of economic growth leading to improvement of the country's standard of living. Infrastructure is key to integration in global and domestic trade and market systems. As such, transport infrastructural problems limit a country’s ability to engage properly and harness benefits in the globalization process. Uganda’s transport infrastructure is an integral part of its regional and international competitiveness. Productivity in virtually every sector of the economy is affected by the quality and performance of the country’s transportation, water, power supply and other types of infrastructure. Therefore, access to and efficiency of transport infrastructure is critical to Uganda’s competitiveness and ability to harness its regional and globalization potential.

More so the NDP III determined that transport infrastructure and services are still inadequate and disjointed due to among others high cost of transport infrastructure and services; inadequate integrated land use and transport planning; inadequate transport asset management; and high vulnerability of the transport sector to the impacts of climate variability and change.

The proposed road traverses a rich agricultural hinterland with potential for commercialization of agriculture hence, will serve to accelerate Government’s social transformation and modernization programmes. In addition, the proximity of the proposed road to Mount Elgon National park, Sipi falls and other tourist attractions in the area makes it a strategic investment towards boosting the tourism potential and socio-economic transformation of the region. The traffic growth rate is on the increase with heavy traffic noticeable during the market days on most of the growth centres particularly at Mutufu, Kiguli, Bugusege and Salalira.

Although regularly maintained, there are tremendous challenges using the existing road. These are augmented by the narrow width of the carriage way, the low lands that are prone to flooding especially by the meandering rivers and streams from Mt. Elgon. The relatively perceived high intensity of the rain during the rainy seasons, coupled with poor drainage cause severe erosion of the road surface and washing away of bridges, making connectivity difficult since some sections of the road become impassable especially for heavy trucks carrying food produce. Over the years, River Sironko and its tributaries have bust their banks during heavy rainy seasons, causing washing away of bridges, flooding of the area and sometimes deaths of people and livestock. On the other hand, during the dry season, dust is a common characteristic causing impaired visibility for motorists and associated traffic accidents. The linear settlements along the road, enterprises and agricultural fields are often covered by dust blooms that affect the quality of life, health and livelihood of the population.

Therefore, upgrading of this road will come a long way in improving the livelihoods of the population through improved connectivity to markets and social services such as health facilities, worship centres, schools among others. It will solve the currently challenges of delayed travel times, high vehicle maintenance costs and road safety thus facilitating poverty reduction in the region. Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 3

An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

1.3 The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

In pursuit of environmental sustainability and social equity, it is a statutory requirement by Uganda Government laws (National Environment Act, No. 5 of 2019) that development projects that are deemed to bear significant environment and social risks and impacts undertake comprehensive Environmental and Social Impact assessments.

The purpose of such an assessment is to guide mandated agencies in reaching informed decisions on the most practical and appropriate way of achieving designated project objectives while promoting environmental quality, conserving natural resources, maintaining ecosystem health and ensuring social equity and justice. The ESIA study was deliberately executed to accord all stakeholders on the proposed Namagumba-Budadiri- Nalugugu road upgrade project an opportunity to deliberate on the nature of the project and inform its design such that the project addresses current development constraints and vulnerabilities.

Furthermore, according to the AfDB’s screening guidelines, major transportation projects requiring major upgrading are classified as Category I projects, which require detailed ESIA investigations. Therefore, this ESIA has been carried out in compliance with the legal requirements of Uganda and the AfDB’s Operational Safeguards with the implicit purpose of promoting environmental and social sustainability while in pursuit of desired economic goals and social objectives accruing to construction of the road.

1.3.1 Specific objectives of the ESIA

The specific objectives of the ESIA include:

i) To identify and assess potential environmental and social impacts and recommend appropriate mitigation strategies (avoid, minimize, restore and compensate);

ii) To identify and analyse project alternatives with a view of avoiding and minimizing adverse impacts and risks, and to optimize the benefits to socioeconomic development and other development activities in the region;

iii) To undertake meaningful consultations with relevant stakeholders including potentially affected persons, government agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), private sector and the public in order to design and implement an inclusive project;

iv) Prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan that details required mitigation and monitoring actions.

1.3.2 ESIA Process

According to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Reference Manual (UNEP, 2002), the EIA process is summarized in Figure 1. This process was followed through while undertaking the project ESIA in 2012.

Screening: the proposed project for constructing Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu was screened to determine the level of assessment required, its significant impacts on the environmental and social aspects, and existing opportunities. The Screening also analysed the possibilities to avoid impacts or develop mitigation measures. Such projects were listed in schedule 3 of the National Environment Act Cap 153 and still remain under the category that requires mandatory ESIA as listed under the fifth Schedule of the National Environment Act, No.5 of 2019. Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 4

An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

Scoping: following confirmation that the proposed project required a detailed ESIA, Scoping was carried out as the first step in the ESIA process to determine the scope of work to be undertaken in assessing the likely environmental and social impacts of the proposed development. In this regard, a site reconnaissance was conducted in the project area. This was followed by a scoping exercise, which identified the potential significant impacts that required detailed assessment while eliminating the insignificant ones. Consultative meetings were also held with various stakeholders, including local communities and officials of Sironko and Mbale districts, to determine the issues of most importance for consideration during detailed assessment. Analysis of alternatives to be considered was also done.

Impact analysis, mitigation and impact management: basing on information from the scoping exercise, a detailed environmental and social impact study was carried out. It involved literature review, collection of primary and secondary baseline data and meaningful stakeholder consultations. Potential impacts were analysed and possible mitigation measures developed for proper management of impacts. This Report was submitted to NEMA for review and consideration.

Decision-making: Based on the findings of the ESIA, NEMA approved the project on 16th August 2016 and issued Certificate No. NEMA/EIA/8813.

Figure 1: Summary of the EIA process (EIA Reference Manual; UNEP, 2002)

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Geographical location

2.2 Area of influence

2.3 Proposed Alignment Design and Components

2.3.1 The project components 2.3.2 Design Geometrics

2.4 Project support facilities

2.4.1 Project material sources 2.5 Project Equipment and Human resource

2.5.1 Equipment

2.5.2 Human resource

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

2.1 Geographical location

The Namagumba – Budadiri- Nalugugu road is a 29 km gravel road situated in the districts of Mbale and Sironko in the Mt Elgon region, eastern Uganda (Figure 2). It is among the National Roads Network identified and prioritised for upgrade from gravel to bituminous standards according to the National Development III. The full road alignment follows the existing Namagumba- Budadiri-Nalugugu gravel road and traverses relatively flat terrain between Nalugugu and Budadiri, along the valley between Budadiri and Kiguli and slightly steep terrain between Budadiri -Namagumba. The road crosses several valleys with streams and rivers that emanate from the Mount Elgon ranges.

This road has been considered for upgrading because the low levels especially in some sections of the flood plain which makes the current road flood-prone and not motorable during the rainy seasons. Gullies created by severe erosion in the steeper sections of the road have made the current road narrow on most sections. These factors affect traffic flow hence slowing down transportation of goods and people. The implementation of the project however will open up the area, especially the rural agricultural section and tourism accesses to Mt..Elgon National Park, and provide a boost to socio- economic activities with its resultant benefits to the local communities and the nation as a whole.

Figure 2: Location of the project area in Elgon Region, Eastern Uganda

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021

The road is characterised by linear settlements, with several buildings particularly in the growth centres rural sections. The area also has several developmental projects namely, coffee processing plant, fish farming, tree planting and utilities such as water supply under the gravity flow scheme and Hydro electricity grid transmission supply.

The road passes through about 8 growth centres and one town council. The growth centres are Namagumba, Patto, Bugusege, Sinalori, Buweri, Budadiri, Salalila and Nalugugu. Table 1 shows the districts, subcounties, trading centres and villages through which the road will pass.

Table 1: Administrative units traversed by the proposed Namagumba-Budadiri- Nalugugu road

No District Sub-county Major Trading Centres Villages

1 Mbale Namanyonyi Namagumba Namagu mb a B, Kifafa

2 Sironko Buwalasi Pato, Busamaga Pato T/C, Nagu di, Buwira, Nan yenya, Kadod oyi, Maguma, Bumu du, Nadome, Mukusi, Bunambo zo, Buwamaniala. 3 Sironko Buwasa Bugusege, Bugusege central, Kakoti, Bugusege, Bunabbonyo Mayiyi, Kyawob ungo. 4 Sironko Buyobo Buyobo, Bumusi, Masheke, Nabisagasa, Dunga, Bu Buweri mayamba, Bulambuli, Bulumulo, Buwadika, Bumusi, Mutumba, Nab biga, Buyi, Kishuli, Buweri, Wosita, Kisoso. 5 Sironko Budadiri Town Budadiri, Kilomb e Kalawa, Nakido wa, Bumatofu, Naluwoli, Council Bbuyi, Gibinda 6 Sironko Bumirasi Miwu Buwesonga, Kyagwe, Miwu, Buk itemu

7 Sironko Bumalimba Mutufu, Nandere Mutufu Trading centre, Buyama, Biwa,

Kibizi, Masabasi, Bun andasa, Kidago, Buh ugu Namili, Kisenyi, 8 Buyaka, Matsembwa, Kisenyi, Namak Sironko Bukise Nandago yele, Mivu le, Salalila, Miyembe, Basate, Gadigadi, Bumasoba, Kityale

2.2 Area of influence

This is defined as the area that will be affected by the project development. The zones in this area have been defined based on the intensity of the impacts. These were identified under the Direct Impact Area (DIA) and Indirect Impact Area (INDIA). DIA is the area that will receive primary impacts resulting from project activities. The key DIA areas include: road reserve, road diversions, borrow pit areas and spoil disposal sites as well as rock quarries. Much as this road upgrade ESIA covers the Direct Impact Area of the carriage-way which has been set at 50m from center-line, it has considered an indirect zone of influence of 500m on either side. However, this standard zone has to be relaxed where sensitive ecological and social receptors exist along the alignment. The relaxation is guided by impact specific characteristics to enhance mitigation planning. Such receptors include; schools, hospitals, community water sources and rivers among others.

The INDIA refers to areas that are surrounding the project area that may not be directly affected by the project, but may be influenced by human activities anticipated after the project has commenced. These

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, Year2021 areas include: the local communities along the road reserve on either side of the road, the streams and rivers on which bridges are to be constructed.

2.3 Proposed Alignment Design and Components

The existing alignment will be maintained to a great extent. The proposed road project will be upgraded to a class II paved road with a proposed single carriageway of 6m width and shoulder width of up to 2m, with a design life of up to twenty (20) years. For a Bitumen Class II road traversing level to rolling terrain, principal design speeds of 90 km/h and 60 km/h respectively has been considered. Generally, the terrain of the project area can be classified as rolling from chainage Km 0+000 – 18+000 with absolute maximum gradient of 7.5% and flat from chainage Km 18+000 – 28+294 with maximum gradient of 5.5%.

It should however be noted that many sections of the existing road are long and straight and higher speeds than these will be possible. However, through the more populated trading centres along the route, a design speed of 50 km/h has been set (Table 2).

Table 2: Sections with design speed of 50KM/hr No. From To Location 1 Km0 + 000 Km0 + 500 Namagumba

2 Km17 + 000 Km18 + 100 Budadiri 3 Km20 + 700 Km 21 + 900 Mutufu 4 Km27 +800 Km 28 + 135 Nalugugu

2.3.1 The project components

There are several project components including acquiring RoW for construction of the road carriage. The proposed width of the RoW for the Namagumba-Budadili-Nalugugu road project is 30m for most of the alignment. At growth centers where the existing corridor is less than the RoW, the centerline will be shifted to one side to minimize social economic impacts, compensation and wiping out of trading centres. The RoW limit is intended to accommodate carriage-way works and other anticipated realignments and other sector service lines like communication, electricity and water lines. Acquiring the RoW will likely lead to social related impacts or risks such as loss of land and assets, loss of livelihood especially with business persons operating along the road such as PAPs with commercial structures, communities growing crops and trees along the proposed alignment, road side vendors, transportation business among others.

2.3.2 Design Geometrics a) Road Design standards The horizontal and vertical alignments of the proposed road upgrade have been designed in line with the Uganda Road Design Manual specifications. The road has been designed to class II paved standards to achieve a high degree of mobility, with adjustments to achieve harmony along the corridor. b) Design Elements Critical elements of road design include sight distances, super-elevation, widening, grades, horizontal and vertical alignment features (Table 3). Careful evaluation of these elements is key to coming up with an efficient and safe road design.

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Table 3: Summary of design elements No. Design Element Level Rolling Terrain Terrain 1 Design Speed 90 Km/h 60 Km/h 2 Min. Horizontal Radius 320 m 185 m 3 Max. Super-elevation 7% 4 Max Gradient (Absolute) 5.5% 7.5% 5 Rate of Change of Super-elevation 0.4-0.6 max 6 Minimum crest curve Kmi (stopping sight distance) 71 31 7 Minimum Sag Curve Kmin 41 25 8 Stopping Sight Distance 170m 111m 9 Passing Sight Distance 750m 550m

2.3.2.1 Sight Distances The determination of sight distances on this road project has been guided by the nature of terrain traversed by the road. For a safe and efficient operation of all vehicles that are to use the project road, it is important to ensure that all drivers under all normal operating conditions are able to see ahead of them to avoid striking any unexpected objects in the travelled way, and also avoid crushes with opposing vehicles. 2.3.2.2 Stopping Sight Distances While travelling, a vehicle at or near the design speed of the road should be able to come to stop before reaching a stationary object in its path. This stopping sight distance involves a combination of the distance that a vehicle would travel from the instant the driver realizes the object ahead and applies brakes together with the distance travelled by the vehicle from the moment these brakes are applied until it comes to rest. In computing stopping sight distance, perception reaction time of 2.5 seconds, eye height of 1.07m above the road surface and object height of 0.15m above road surface as given in the RDM 2010 were used. 2.3.2.3 Passing Sight Distance On two-lane road, we expect faster moving vehicles to overtake the slow-moving ones. In order to accomplish the passing safely, the overtaking driver should be able to see a sufficiently long distance ahead which is clear of traffic before meeting the oncoming vehicle that appears during the manoeuvre. This is the distance required to enable the driver of one vehicle to safely pass another vehicle without interfering with the speed of an oncoming vehicle travelling at design speed. In computing the passing sight distance, driver’s eye height was taken as 1.07 meters above the road surface and object height as 1.3 meters above the road surface as stated in the RDM, 2010. Passing zones at several locations with adequate passing sight distance have been provided. 2.3.2.4 Typical cross sections The design has considered different cross-sections for the urban and rural settings. For the urban sections, a 6m carriageway is proposed, with 2m shoulders on either side of the road. A 2m footpath is also proposed to cater for pedestrian users. Solar street lighting will be installed for all the urban sections. For the rural sections, a 6m carriage way is proposed with a 2m shoulder on either side of the carriage way (Figures 3 and 4). Both the rural and urban sections will adopt the same pavement design with 300mm of gravel subbase, 200mm of crushed stone base and 50mm of Asphalt concrete.

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Figure 3: Typical cross section for the urban crossings

Figure 4: Typical cross section for the rural sections

2.3.2.5 Footpaths, Bus-bays and Road Furniture Segregated 2m wide footpaths/cycle paths are proposed at trading centres with high level of non- motorized traffic (NMT) and pedestrian traffic. The footpaths/cycle paths will be separated from the main carriageway and shoulders by an open Invert Block Drain (IBD). In addition, bus bays will be provided at all trading centres, near institutions (e.g. schools, colleges, health clinics, etc) and near all major junctions. The traffic calming measures including rumble strips, humps and appropriate warning signs will be provided where considered necessary to enhance safety.

2.3.2.6 Service Roads Service roads have also been proposed at the following trading centers to minimise conflict between local traffic and through traffic. Table 4 lists the locations and centres where service roads are proposed.

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Table 4:Proposed service roads No. Location Position From Km To Km Length (m) 1 Namagumba LHS RHS 0+100 0+300 200 2 Mutufu LHS RHS 20+700 21+600 900 3 Nalugugu LHS RHS 27+850 28+000 150 4 Total 2,500

2.3.2.7 Intersections, Junctions and Roundabouts Intersections/Junctions have been proposed as per the Design manual guidelines as well as considering the traffic flows and the design speed. In addition, several access junctions providing access to properties adjacent to the project road have also been proposed. Table 5 presents the proposed types of junctions at respective locations along the project road.

Table 5: Proposed Junctions

No. Chainage Side Junctuion Type Description 1 Km 0+000 START Type-B At Namagumba (start) 2 Km 2+570 LHS Type-A Existing road 3 Km 3+300 RHS Type-A Existing road 4 Km 3+750 LHS Type-A To Bugeza 5 Km 8+110 LHS Type-A To Sironko 6 Km 8+400 RHS Type-A Existing road 7 Km 8+800 RHS Type-A To Buteza 8 Km 12+040 LHS Type-A At Buyobo 9 Km 15+110 RHS Type-A At Buweri 10 Km 17+210 RHS Type-A To Budadiri/Butigimwa 11 Km 17+680 RHS Type-A From Budadiri 12 Km 20+480 RHS Type-A Existing road 13 Km 25+280 RHS Type-A Existing road

2.3.2.8 Drainage structures The assessment noted that most of the structures are hydraulically inadequate and show evidence of structural deficiency. A total of 5No. bridges and 6No. locations were identified as potential locations for improvement and installation of bridges or major structures for the entire project. Figure 5 shows location of the proposed Bridges and major Culvert and Table 6 presents the location and condition of some of the existing structures along the project road.

The detailed hydrology assessment has proposed 2No. Bridges and 9No. Box Culverts based on both structural integrity and hydraulic need. The number, size and location of proposed bridge and culvert structures along the project road is shown in Table 7.

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Figure 5: Proposed bridge and box culvert locations

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Table 6: Location condition of some of the existing structures

Sn Chainage Existing Structure Type Existing Condition 1. Ch 4+615 Concrete & Steel  Apron settling Composite Bridge  Pronounced scour Opening: 6.5 X 1.5m evident at outlet. Carriage way width:  Damaged wingwalls 7.2m  Evidence of overtopping.

2. Ch13+325 Concrete & Steel  Hydraulic capacity: (Sinoli Composite Bridge  adequate Bridge) Opening: 6.5 X 3m  Geometric & Carriage way width: Structural condition: 7.2m  No walkway  Previously rehabilitated  Dilapidated structure

3. Ch14+890 15m span x 5m  Narrow Carriageway (Wasita width, Bailey bridge  Pronounced erosion Bridge) of the riverbank.  Rock out crop on the riverbed.  Vegetation growth.  A temporary structure

4. Ch15+800 2.1m dia Armco  Fully silted Culvert (1cell)  Vegetation growth evident.  Evidence of overtopping.

BUDADIRI -NALUGUGU ROAD 5. Ch 02+233 Type of Bridge:  Hydraulic capacity: (Sironko Concrete adequate Bridge) Girder Bridge  Geometric & Opening: 30 X 2.5m Structural condition: Bridge width of  no walkway 8.5m with Carriage  narrow carriage way way width: 6.5m width  new bridge built in 2003  designed for HA+H(30 units) less

than the current agreed loading

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6. Ch 02+957 Timber & Steel  Hydraulic capacity: (Miwo River). Composite Bridge adequate Opening: 4.0 X 3m  Geometric & Carriage way width: Structural condition: 3.5m  narrow carriage way width, deck is timber

Table 7: Proposed bridge structures

Sn Chainage Existing Structures Proposed Structures 3x1.5x1 1. Ch 4+615 Cell Box Culvert.

24m span 2. Ch13+32 (2Spans 5 (Sinoli @15) x 3m Bridge) high

5x4x 2Cell 3. Ch14+89 Box 0 Culvert. (Wasita Bridge)

5x4x 2Cell 4. Ch15+80 Box 0 Culvert.

3x1x 1Cell 5. Ch Box 17+900 Culvert.

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BUDADIRI -NALUGUGU ROAD 3x1x 1Cell 6. Ch Box 00+135 Culvert.

30m span 7. Ch (2Spans 02+233 @15m) x (Sironko 3m High Bridge)

5x4x 2Cell 8. Ch Box 02+957 Culvert.

3x1.5 x 9. Ch Pipe Culvert 1Cell Box 08+063 Culvert.

3x1.5x 10. Ch Pipe Culvert 1Cell Box 08+154 Culvert.

3x1.5 11. Ch Pipe Culvert x2Cell Box 08+587 Culvert.

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2.4 Project support facilities

2.4.1 Campsites and workshops

It is expected that the Contractor will establish camp sites along the road sections. In general, a camp site will require approximately 1-2 hectares of land, resulting into impacts associated with land take. The Contractor will enter into formal lease agreements with the landowners prior to the construction of the campsites. In setting up construction camp sites, considerations will be given to water availability, waste management, security and access and land to rent. The camps and workshops are expected to be located at the same site. The campsites will consist of housing for workers, own water by either establishing boreholes, or abstraction from nearby water sources like streams, rivers or existing water supply schemes like existing water supply at Budadiri and Namanyonyi and Sironko gravity water schemes. Siting of potential areas for establishment of campsites will consider environmental and social sensitivities and will avoid areas such as those close to wetlands, communities and public places such as schools and health facilities among others.

2.4.2 Project material sources

Auxiliary/supporting facilities such as borrow areas, rock quarries, dump sites, and temporary accesses among others will be required to support project implementation. A number of potential material sources have been identified during the study. However, the responsibility to determine the most suitable ones lies with the Works contractor and therefore have not been assessed during this ESIA. Nonetheless, a Screening Form (Appendix 4) will be used to screen potential environment, Social, Health, and Safety risk levels of the Project Associated Facilities. Project Associated Facilities shall not be sited within or near an environmentally or socially sensitive area such as wetlands, forest and communities. More so, necessary assessments for these facilities shall be done prior to their opening and shall be in compliance with the national legal requirements and the OSs of the AfDB and the National Environment No.5 of 2019. In case a full ESIA is required, like is the case with quarries, a scoping exercise (following the Content in Appendix 5) will be undertaken to develop a TOR for carrying out an ESIA.

Some of the social risks associated with the establishment and operation of these facilities may include; physical and economic displacement, workers’ inappropriate interactions with local communities especially luring school going children, and women into sexual behaviors leading to unwanted pregnancies, increase in HIV/AIDS, and broken families among others. Other impacts include inward migration of people from outside the project area that may lead to increased crimes. Separate impact assessment studies will be undertaken for any such developments. 2.4.2.1 Gravel Borrow Sources Potential borrow sources were identified at every 5km interval along the project road within a maximum radius of 5km. Gravel sources are abundant within the project corridor however, their quantities were low (between 2500m3 to 10,000m3), with a few exceptional sources above 10,000m3.

2.4.2.2 Potential quarries Two (2No.) potential hard rock quarries were identified within a radius of 15km from the project road namely. They exist in Namagumba and Kabwangasi villages. 2.4.2.3 Sand and water Four (4No.) potential sand sources for fine aggregates were identified within the project area. The potential sites exist along R. Sironko, R. Kado and Buebele. Similarly, a number of potential water sources were determined as presented in Table 8.

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Table 8: Properties of Gravel Borrow Sources Side of Location Type No. Village the Road Status Chain age of Material (L/Right)

1 Namagumba 0+700, offset 200m L Rock/Granite Existing

2 Kabwangasi 0+ offset 14.9 Km R Rock granite Existing

Kabwangasi Salira 0.2+400, offset Newly 3 R Latelitic silt gravel village 200m opened

4 Salira village 2+400, offset 200m R Clay lateritic Existing gravel 5 Maguma village 5+100, offset 600m R Clay lateritic Existing gravel Bukuma village 15+100, 6 L Sandy gravel Existing near mount Elgon Offset 4.4km

19+700, 7 River Kado L Water+ Sand Existing Offset 1.1km 8 River Kado 20+300 R Water+ Sand Existing 29+500, 3.5 km 9 Bakolo village Kapchorwa R Clay gravel Existing off set 4.4Km

10 River Sironko 29+500 L Water+ sand Existing

11 Buebele L Sandy gravel Existing

2.5 Project Equipment and Human resource

2.5.1 Equipment

Equipment to be used in road construction include but are not limited to dumper trucks, excavators, graders, compactors (Figure 6). Most of these are heavy equipment and some are vibratory especially those used in compaction.

Figure 6: Typical equipment used in road construction

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2.5.2 Human resource

Employment of labour is anticipated including skilled and non-skilled. The anticipated quantities of human resource are not known at this point in time but shall include engineering professionals, general labour, equipment operators, laboratory technicians, hospitality and catering service professionals, administrators and managers among others. It is likely that local residents shall mostly be employed depending on their skills set. It is expected that the project will employ at least 300 people including professional, skilled, semi- skilled and unskilled staff. The Employment Act (2006), the Workers Compensation Act 2000, Labour Disputes (Arbitration Settlement) Act 2006, Labour Unions Act 2006 and the Occupational safety and health Act 2006 will need to be observed.

2.6 Project Activities

2.6.1 Pre - Construction Stage The pre-construction stage is composed of two sub-stages; surveying and assessments, and land acquisition. Surveying and assessment during pre-construction stage is focused on materials, topography, RAP and ESIA concerns while land acquisition entails obtaining land and resettlement of affected persons.

2.6.1.1 Surveying and assessment Material investigations involved identification, excavation and collection of materials from test pits along the road. Data collected during materials investigations were taken for laboratory tests to assess soil parameters such as soil texture, composition and stability, among others.

Detailed topographical and cadastral surveys were conducted along the project route to identify land and properties that would be affected during the construction phase. The surveys also involved the establishment of the centre line of the road and marking the width limits of the Right of Way.

The land to be acquired includes; i) Land under which the proposed road will be constructed. ii) Land for spoil areas and access roads. iii) Land for equipment and plant storage sites. iv) Temporary construction camps. v) Land for stone crusher and bitumen container storage. vi) Batching plant.

2.6.2 Construction Phase The construction phase comprises upgrading the existing road to bituminous standard. Upgrading entails improvement of the carriageway and associated drainage as well as safety infrastructure along the existing alignment.

Planned construction activities include; . Stripping away existing wearing gravel surface as per design specifications. . Earthworks, involving cut and fill operations. . Excavation of gravel and soils from borrow areas. . Natural gravel/crushed rock base construction. . Bituminous construction. . Stone pitching of drains in cut and urban areas. . Gabion construction for erosion control. . Planting grass on side slopes/ embankments. . Reshaping of borrow pits and decommissioning them.

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. Construction of retaining walls where necessary on steel embankments. . Installing road furniture including traffic signs, guard rails and road markings.

Table 9 highlights the key activities associated with the Project development from pre- construction phase, construction phase to the rehabilitation of the affected areas.

Table 9:Key activities associated with the project

Activity Description

Detailed Carry out geotechnical Investigations sampling by undertaking pit Surveys excavations and drilling boreholes, driving augers underground and trial blasting. Carry out geophysical investigations with falling hammer sound source. Carry out detailed RAPs, ESIA and assembling necessary permits. Road Road transportation of personnel, equipment and materials to project project site mobilization, Site clearance for construction of camps and materials yards site set-up Creating access roads and parking areas within the camps and materials and yards temporary Construction of foundations and installation of crusher plant and facilities concrete mixing plants Installation of water pump to provide water for works and camp use Construction of domestic waste and sewer waste facilities for the camps Construct Magazine for explosives storage Create temporary access roads to project site, camps, borrow pits and spoil areas Construct sheds for Bitumen yard and heating Area Construct foundations and install temporary accommodation facilities Construct sheds for fabrication and mechanical workshops Construct sheds and bunds for fuel storage and plant service bays Abstract surface Water from surface or ground. This will require a water abstraction permit

Extractive Stone base, chippings and aggregate from rock blasted and cut from activities project area or any other suitable location cut material from road project site and existing borrow pits Extract sand using excavator machine onto tipper trucks from sites approved by the supervising Engineer Clearing of vegetation Construct temporary access roads to work areas Remove top-soil and sub-soil by mechanical stripping and stock pile at designated locations Mechanical excavation and loading of stripped material Transportation by truck of the excavated material to designated stockpile areas Storage of top-soil, sub-soil and rock material at spoil areas approved Bore drilling of ground surfaces and rocks for explosive placing

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Earth works Use of explosives for blasting of rocks Use of pneumatic Jack hammers and excavator mounted jack hammers to extract and shape rock Stone base production at crusher plant for road works Compaction of road surface layers with compactor rollers Chemical stabilization of road bed surface layers with road lime or cement Watering of road subbase and gravel base layers Mechanical stabilization of road bed layers with geotextiles, geogrid and stone masonry embankments Temporary access roads Preparation of Asphalt concrete Transportation of asphalt in containerized truck to construction area Bituminous Asphalt laying on sub-base and base road surfaces layers and Mechanical broom, compressed Air spray and water jet-wash of road seals surface Work site sampling and Laboratory investigation Vehicular transport for personnel and materials Heavy machinery and Trucks Parking along road construction area Ancillary Installation of Marker and Kilometre posts road Installation of guard rails especially at sharp corners and in the rocky facilities terrain Installation of road signs at most critical points, especially highly populated and public places and dangerous areas Road markings Installation of rumble strips and speed humps Landscaping Borrow and spread topsoil Grassing Improve soil with fertilizer or any recommended method and tree Hydro-seeding with recommended plant species planting Watering of grass Plant trees with the Right of Way Restoration Spreading of spoil material, soils and topsoil in spoil areas of material Demobilization and restoration of disturbed Camp and Yards location borrow areas sites, stone Rehabilitation of material borrow sites, stone crushing areas and crushing temporary access roads areas and Post construction monitoring temporary access roads

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2.6.2.1 Road construction Materials Materials to be required by the project include;

i) Bitumen: used for bituminous surface; ii) Cement: used mainly for concrete works; iii) Crushed rock / aggregate: required for base and surface bituminous courses and concrete works; iv) Gravel: for filling, obtained from borrow-pit areas along the project area; v) Sand: for concrete works; vi) Steel: would be required mainly for structural work; vii) Water: for construction and use in workers’ camps

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3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

The purpose of this section is to set out the legislative, regulatory, policy and institutional framework in which the proposed Namagumba-

Budadiri-Nalugugu road project has been planned and shall be implemented.

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3.1 National Policy Framework

3.1.1 Uganda’s Vision 2040

The Uganda Vision 2040 aims at transforming Uganda from its present Least Developed Country (LDC) status to, a competitive and upper middle-income country by 2040. Road infrastructure was identified as one of the priority economic growth drivers to enhance the quality of life as it facilitates movement of goods and services and general industrialization process among others. The proposed road development provides a sustainable connection between Sironko and Mbale and neighbouring districts. It is anticipated that construction of the road will improve connectivity in the region that will facilitate market access for perishable agricultural products, improve access to social services like hospitals and schools thus facilitation socioeconomic growth in the region.

3.1.2 National Development Plan III 2020/2021-2024/2025

The National Development Plan III (NDP III) 2020/2021-2024/2025 developed under the theme “Sustainable Industrialization for inclusive growth, employment and wealth creation”, placed integrated Transport Infrastructure and Services among the development drivers. Development of the Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road was identified under NDP III among the infrastructure required to facilitate connectivity for improved household incomes and quality of life. Therefore, the proposed project is aimed meeting the objectives of this Plan.

3.1.3 National Environment Management Policy (1994)

The goal of the Policy is the promote sustainable economic and social development, mindful of the needs of future generations. The policy calls for integration of environmental concerns into development policies, plans and projects at national, district and local levels, using ESIA as one of the vital tools. Thus, the policy requires that projects or policies likely to have significant adverse environmental and social impacts to undertake an ESIA before their implementation. This ESIA have been carried in full compliance with the provisions of this policy and has ensured that aspects for environmental and social sustainability are integrated in the project cycle.

3.1.4 The National Water Policy (1999)

It provides guidance on development and management of the water resources of Uganda in an integrated and sustainable manner. It is aimed at ensuring provision of water of adequate quantity and quality for all social and economic needs, with full participation of all stakeholders. Considering the road will traverse River Sironko and other streams in the area, measures shall be made to ensure that the quality and quantity of these resources is compromised.

3.1.5 The National Policy for Conservation and Management of Wetlands (1995)

It aims at curtailing loss of wetland resources and ensuring that benefits from wetlands are equitably distributed to all people of Uganda. The policy specifically calls for application of environmental impact assessment procedures on all activities to be carried out in a wetland to ensure that the development in wetlands are well planned and managed. Much as there were no major wetlands in the project area, the water catchment for the streams and seasonal swamps must not be to compromised to enable proper functionality of the ecosystem.

3.1.6 The Wildlife Policy, 2014

The main objective of this Policy to conserve wildlife resources of Uganda in a manner that contributes to the sustainable development of the nation and the well-being of its people. Ownership of wildlife

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(plant and animal) existing in its wild habitat is vested in Government on behalf of, and for the benefit of, the people of Uganda. Any activity that may have an impact on the wildlife is subject to an ESIA. Proposed project area has some wildlife for which studies have been undertaken to ensure wildlife is protected and preserved.

3.1.7 The National Gender Policy, 2007

The purpose is to establish a clear framework for identification, implementation and coordination of interventions designed to achieve gender equality and women's empowerment in Uganda. The policy is a guide to all stakeholders in planning, resource allocation, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of programmes with a gender perspective. The policy identifies Gender Based Violence and discrimination against women and girls by some cultural practices as challenges to emancipation to social economic development.

The Ministry of Works and Transport has developed guidelines for mainstreaming gender into thesector. In addition, UNRA adopted the Environment and Social Safeguards Policy with provisions for mainstreaming gender into its operations.

Under these provisions, the project shall ensure gender mainstreaming to maximise benefits to women, the youth, People with Disabilities and the elderly. In addition, measures will be taken to develop inclusive and gender sensitive designs that address different needs. More so, a Gender Action Plan will be developed to ensure inclusiveness and equal opportunities during project implementation.

3.1.8 National Forestry Policy, 2001

The goal of the Forestry Policy is “an integrated forest sector that achieves sustainable increases in the economic, social and environmental benefits from forests and trees for all the people of Uganda, especially the poor and vulnerable”. The project should avoid/minimise/mitigate impacts of construction and operation activities on all affected forest resources in the area.

3.1.9 Uganda National Culture Policy, 2006

The Policy provides a framework for the promotion of culture for development and complies with international and regional instruments on culture. The core principles underlying the Policy are; Promoting Unity in Diversity, respecting one another’s’ culture, ensuring social inclusion (Children, youth, women, PWDs, elderly, People living with HIV/AIDS and indigenous minorities), promoting cultural change, promoting environmental protection and strengthening partnerships. Labour influx especially during the construction of the project, is expected to have implications on the local culture of the project area. The risks associated with labour influx shall be managed through an appropriate Labour Management Plan in compliance with the Policy.

3.1.10 National HIV/AIDS and the World of Work Policy, 2007

The goal of this National policy is to provide a framework for prevention of further spread of HIV and mitigation of the socio-economic impact of the epidemic within the world of work in Uganda. The policy recognises HIV/AIDS as a workplace issue, which should be treated like any other serious illnesses/conditions in the workplace. It emphasizes the importance of promoting and protecting human rights, participation of people living with HIV/AIDS, gender equality as well as prevention, care, support and treatment as the major tools to be used in addressing the impact of HIV/AIDS in the world of work. It guides the overall response to HIV/AIDS in the world of work in Uganda. As a standard practice on UNRA Projects, the objective of this policy has been incorporated to include HIV/AIDS

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3.1.11 The National Tourism Policy, 2002

This policy is aimed at ensuring that tourism is a medium for poverty reduction. The development of Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road has potential to enhance or stimulate tourism in the region. The proposed project is in clise proximity with Mt..Elgon National park which is endowed with a rich biodiversity and a beautiful scenery. Appropriate management and monitoring plans shall be put in place to mitigate adverse impacts and also enhance positive benefits of the project to any tourism activities throughout all stages of the project.

3.1.12 Ministry of Works & Transport Policies (Gender, HIV/AIDS, OHS) 2008

The Ministry of Works and Transport developed sectoral policies to mainstream Gender, HIV/AIDS and Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in the sector. 3.1.12.1 Gender policy Overall objective of this Policy is to strengthen contribution of roads to poverty eradication through providing an enabling environment where women and men participate in, and benefit from developments in the sub-sector in an equitable manner. The purpose of the Policy is to institutionalize a gender perspective in road institutions and their operational and regulatory frameworks.

The specific objectives of the Gender Policy are to: i. Promote gender-responsive sub-sector policies, programmes and plans; ii. Promote gender-responsive service delivery; iii. Enhance equality of opportunities between women/girls and men/boys in the sub- sector; iv. Commit adequate resources to gender-responsive activities in the sub-sector; and v. Strengthen capacities of sub-sector institutions, partners and service providers to mainstream gender. 3.1.12.2 HIV/AIDS Policy MoWT developed the HIV/AIDS policy for the road sector based on the premise that whereas some road sector activities have been proved to be major conduits for transmission of HIV/AIDS, others directly and indirectly contribute to the fight against the pandemic. For instance, good roads and transport services can be used to enhance access to HIV/AIDS prevention services and care. On the other hand, some sector activities and good road networks have proved to be a good conduit for increased spread of the pandemic and examples include prostitution associated with long-distance truck drivers and road construction works.

The goal of this is to guide mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS activities so as to reduce prevalence of HIV infection, provide care and support to infected and affected persons and to mitigate effects of HIV/AIDS in the sub-sector. Specific objectives of the policy are to:

i. Reduce vulnerability and risk of HIV transmission in the roads sub-sector; ii. Mitigate effects of HIV/AIDS in the roads sub-sector; and iii. Improve road sector's capacity to respond to HIV/AIDS pandemic.

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3.1.12.3 OHS Policy The policy seeks to: i. Provide and maintain a healthy working environment. ii. Institutionalize OHS in the road-sector policies, programmes and plans. iii. Promote efficient road safety management practices. iv. Contribute towards safeguarding the physical environment.

UNRA will ensure adequate plans for management of the risks associated with gender, HIV/AIDS and OHS are developed prior to project commencement, and implemented in accordance with the requirements of this policy.

3.1.13 National Land Policy, 2013

The Policy is in tandem with the provisions of Uganda’s Constitution which empowers the Central and local Governments to acquire land in public interest provided the acquisition is necessary for public use or is in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health and is subject to prompt payment of a fair and adequate compensation, prior to the taking of possession or acquisition of the property. Construction of the road will require acquisition of land from landowners. In accordance to the provisions in this policy, Resettlement Action Plan will provide measures to ensure the affected landowners are compensated.

3.1.14 National Climate Change Policy, 2015

The overarching objective of this multi-sector national climate change policy is to ensure that stakeholders, including the transport sector, address climate change. This is because the predicted impacts of climate change threaten people and their livelihoods. More so, Uganda's vital transport infrastructure such as roads and bridges are also threatened by the predicted changes in climate. In order to adapt to climate change, transport plans and infrastructure management must reflect climate predictions. This project too needs to adapt climate resilient designs that can mitigate impacts arising from increased peak flows and floods.

3.1.15 The National Policy on Elimination of Gender Based Violence (GBV), 2016

The policy provides a framework for the implementation of comprehensive GBV prevention measures and provision of multi-sectoral support services for survivors. Under these provisions, the project will be required to prepare a gender action plan to support the project workers and the community during project implementation. In addition, the general environment and social management system for the project shall include: anti-sexual harassment policy, workers code of conduct, anti-retaliation policy among others.

3.1.16 UNRA Environment and Social Safeguards Policy, 2016

The UNRA Environment and Social Safeguards Policy was approved in March 2016. The policy statements include; Assessment and management of Environmental and Social impacts, Occupational and community Health and Safety, Gender, Vulnerable people, HIV/AIDs awareness and prevention, Stakeholder engagement and disclosure of information, Grievance redress mechanism, Labour and working conditions, sensitive ecosystems and sustainable management of environment, Climate change, Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement and Cultural resources. All the provisions of the Policy will be observed and implemented throughout the project cycle.

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3.1.17 The UNRA Land Acquisition and Resettlement Management System (LARMS), 2019

The LARMS lays down the procedures and standards for land acquisition for UNRA projects. It provides for meaningful stakeholder consultations and engagement, fair, adequate and timely compensation prior to expropriation of land. As such, the land acquisition process for the proposed project shall be in compliance with standards of LARMS.

3.2 National Legal Framework

3.2.1 Constitution of Republic of Uganda, 1995

The Constitution is the supreme law of Uganda. It provides for inter alia, matters pertaining to land and natural resources such as rivers and lakes and the environment. The Constitution puts upon all Ugandans the duty to create and protect a clean and a healthy environment. In this context, the ESIA has been conducted to identify, assess and develop measures to ensure that the proposed road development does not compromise the environmental and social settings of the area.

3.2.2 National Environment Act, No.5, 2019

This is the key legislation that provides the landscape for environmental management for Uganda. The Act provides for the management of the environment for sustainable development. Schedule 5 of the Act lists projects for which Environmental and social impact assessment is mandatory. This ESIA has been carried out in compliance with this Act. In addition, appropriate assessments shall be undertaken for all project support structures during the implementation phase.

3.2.3 Land Act, Cap 227

Section 3 of this act, in provisions of Article 237 of the Constitution vests all land in the citizens of Uganda, to be held under customary, freehold, mailo and leasehold tenure systems. Addressing four issues namely, holding, control, management and dispute resolution, the Act defines the incidence of each tenure regime (section 4); provides mechanisms of acquisition of certificates of customary ownership (sections 5-9); the conversion of customary tenure to freehold (sections 10-15), or collective management of land held under customary law (sections 16-27); the protection of the rights of women, children and persons with disability (sections 28); the conversion of leasehold into freehold (section 29) and the security of tenure for ‘tenants by occupancy’ (sections 30-39).

The Act also prohibits the dispossession of land on which a person resides with his or her spouse and from which they derive sustenance without the prior written consent of the spouse. In accordance with the provisions of this Act, a RAP has been prepared to guide the land acquisition process for the proposed project.

3.2.4 Water Act, Cap 152

This Act provides for the use, protection and management of water resources. The Act further provides for the devolution of water supply and sewerage undertakings in the country. Section 18, paragraph 2, states that “A person wishing to construct any works or to take and use water may apply to the director in the prescribed form for a permit to do so.”

The holder of a permit shall: i) Not allow or cause any water to be polluted; ii) Prevent damage to the source from which water is taken or water discharged after use;

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iii) Take precautions to ensure that no activities on land where water is used result in an accumulation of any substance which may render water less fit for the purpose for which it may reasonably be used.

The project shall be required to obtain appropriate permits in compliance of the provisions of this Act.

3.2.5 Roads Act, 2019

The Act empowers the Minister of Works and Transport to provide for different widths for road reserves for the different classes of public roads. In addition, the Act designates road authorities responsible for construction, alteration, rehabilitation, maintenance, protection and supervision of roads. UNRA is responsible for the development and maintenance of the national road network. It further provides that acquisition of land, excavation and taking of materials required for road construction be done in accordance with the Constitution. It also creates offences including destroying roads, obstruction and interference on roads such as the improper erection of billboards among others.

3.2.6 Access to Roads Act, Cap 350

The Access Roads Act regulates the rights of private landowners who have no reasonable means of access to public highways through adjoining land. The Act further provides for maintenance of access roads in a good and efficient state of repair and for payment of compensation to land owners of adjoining land in respect of the use of the land, the destruction of crops, trees and such other property. In essence, this this project should take into consideration that private land owner along Namagumba- Budadiri-Nalugugu area should have access to the public road.

3.2.7 The Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act (2006)

This Act provides for the health, workplace safety and welfare of employees. It provides for the prevention and protection of persons at all workplaces from injuries, diseases, death and damage to property. Therefore, employers must provide for the protection of workers from work hazards and risks, a clean and healthy work environment, sanitary facilities, First Aid and meals among others. The project shall develop an OSH plan, Emergence Preparedness and Response Plan, and Labour Management Plan to enable implementation of the provisions of the Act.

3.2.8 Mining Act, 9/2003

Sand mining, stone quarrying and gravel/murrum excavation are typical mining activities associated with road construction. Therefore, these activities must be undertaken in line with the provisions of the Act. Part XI of the Act provides for protection of the environment and requires appropriate environmental and social assessments to be carried out prior to mining activities and necessary compliance audits to be undertaken during the process. These requirements are aimed to prevent and minimise pollution of the environment.

In addition, Section 110 (2b) gives guidance on restoration activities. It provides that the environmental restoration plan shall include a detailed timetable for accomplishment of each major step to be carried out under the restoration process. Such steps may include reinstatement, levelling, re-vegetation, reforesting and contouring of disturbed land, the filling in, sealing, or fencing off of excavations among others.

As required, adequate environmental and social assessments shall be carried out for mining related activities on the project and appropriate compliance audits shall be undertaken regularly. Following completion of mining activities, sites shall be restored in accordance with approved environmental restoration plans.

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3.2.9 The Historical Monument Act (1967)

This Act provides for the preservation and protection of historical monuments and objects of archaeological, paleontological, ethnographical and traditional interest. The historical monuments act, Cap 46 gives mandate to the Department of Museums and Monuments to collect document and preserve cultural relics that have values to the community, the nation and the international community. A Chance Finds Procedure shall be adopted and implemented in case of any Chance Finds during the works on the project. This will involve reporting to the Department of Museums and Monuments for advice and any other necessary action.

3.2.10 Uganda Wildlife Act, Cap. 2000

This Act provides for the conservation of wild animals and plants and the sustainable management of wildlife in Uganda. Furthermore, the Act establishes UWA as an authority responsible for coordinating, monitoring and supervising wildlife in and outside protected areas. The ESIA did not find species of international conservation concern in this area. However, measures shall be undertaken to protect any wildlife encountered during project implementation.

3.2.11 Local Government Act, Cap 243

Local Governments Act, 1997 establishes a form of government based on district as the main unit of administration. Districts are given legislative and planning powers under Sections 36- 45 of the Act. Districts are also enjoined to plan for conservation of the environment within their local areas. This ESIA has been undertaken in consultation with district authorities of Sironko and Mbale to enhance project acceptability and sustainability. Furthermore, the project management teams shall work closely with the respective local government authorities during implementation to enhance project benefits.

3.2.12 The Uganda National Roads Act, 2006

The purpose of the Act is: i) to establish the Uganda National Roads Authority. ii) to facilitate the delivery of roads services. iii) to create an environment that is conducive to efficient and effective management of the national roads network and other services, provided by the Authority; and iv) To promote the potential for the continuous improvement of the services provided by the Authority.

The Act provides for the establishment and operation of the Uganda National Roads Authority for the purpose of managing the provision and maintenance of the national roads network in a more efficient and effective manner; to render advisory services to Government; and for related matters. In executing her mandate UNRA has determined the need to construct Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road.

3.2.13 Workers’ Compensation Act, Cap 225

The Workers Compensation Act, CAP 225 of 2000 outlines responsibilities and obligations of both employer and employee in guaranteeing the safety and health of workers. The Act outlines matters of compensation for injuries and accidents as well as responsibility of employees to take care of their health and safety while at work. This Act shall apply to all employment on the project. If personal injury by accident arises out of and in the course of a worker’s employment on the project, the injured worker’s employer shall be liable to pay compensation in accordance with this Act.

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3.2.14 NSSF Act Cap 222

The National Social Security Fund (NSSF) requires mandatory contribution of 10% and 5% of gross salary from the employer and employees respectively. All workers on the project shall be registered with NSSF and the contractor will be required to remit mandatory contributions in compliance with this Act.

3.2.15 Rivers Act, Cap 357

Section 4 of this Act requires that any dredging in a river be licensed. It states that it shall not be lawful to dredge in any river without a license from the Minister. Section 6(1) stipulates that the Regulations in the Third Schedule of this Act shall be endorsed on every license to dredge. Since the proposed road project traverse river Sironko and other streams, all activities leading to the development of the proposed project shall be conducted according to the requirements of this Act including acquisition on the necessary licenses and approvals.

3.2.16 Traffic Act, 2002

The traffic Act 2002 consolidates law relating to traffic on all public roads. The Act also prohibits encroachment on and damage to roads including road reserves. During the construction phase of the project, temporary road signs shall be installed following an approved traffic management plan. Upon completion of the project, appropriate road furniture including traffic signage shall be installed and the right of way protected from encroachment.

3.2.17 Immigrations Act, Cap 63

This Act regulates immigration into Uganda and provides for permitting for non-Ugandans prior to employment. Skilled, semi-skilled and non-skilled labour shall be required on the project. While efforts will be made to hire locally and promote local content, it is possible that skilled non-Ugandans will also seek opportunity on the project. All non-Ugandan employees and workers connected with this project shall seek a Work Permit from the Directorate of Citizenship and Immigration Control of Uganda before engaging into any project activities.

3.2.18 Public Holiday Act

The days specified in the Schedule to this Act are declared to be public holidays, which, subject to this Act, shall in every year be kept and observed as public holidays throughout Uganda. All public holidays will be observed. Project workers shall not be required to work on such days unless special arrangements are made. Such arrangements might include double pay for employees working involuntarily on such days as stipulated in the Employment Act, 2006.

3.2.19 Employment Act, 2006

The Act defines the relationship between employers and employees. It is the umbrella law that governs labour management in Uganda. The Act provides clear terms and conditions of employment including; appointments, contracts, leave management, remunerations, conflict resolution among others. The Act empowers the district labour officers to undertake labour inspections and prosecute any offences related to non-compliance to the labour laws of Uganda. The project shall develop and implement a comprehensive Labor Management Plan in consultation with the district labour offices of Sironko and Mbale.

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3.3 Regulatory framework

3.3.1 The National Environment (Environmental and Social Assessment) Regulations, S.I No.143 of 2020

The regulations provide a framework within which ESIAs for projects are undertaken. It also emphasises that an environmental and social impact study for relevant projects be undertaken in accordance with section 113 of the National Environment Act and Schedule 5 of the same Act. The regulations emphasise the adoption of the mitigation hierarchy during project planning. The regulations also introduce penalties for non-compliance to the Act. This ESIA has been prepared in compliance with these regulations.

3.3.2 National Environment (Waste Management) Regulations S.I. No. 49 of 2020,

These regulations categorise the different types of waste including hazardous waste. The regulations provide that only licensed handlers can collect, store, transport and dispose off hazardous waste. An adequate waste management plan for the project shall be developed and implemented in conformance with these regulations. More so, a licensed handler shall be procured to handle any hazardous waste generated by the project activities. The practises emphasised under these regulations are aimed at preventing the contamination of water, air, soil and other components of the environment.

3.3.3 National Environment (Wetlands, Riverbanks and lakeshores Management) regulation S.I No. 2/2000

These regulations provide principles for sustainable use and conservation of wetlands, and riverbanks. The regulations provide for; i) Mandatory ESIA for all major activities on riverbanks and lakeshores, ii) Development and implementation of measures to prevent soil erosion, siltation and water pollution. This ESIA has been undertaken in compliance with these regulations and the required mitigations for prevention of soil erosion, silting shall be developed and implemented. A soil erosion control plan shall be developed and implemented during implementation of the road especially during construction of bridges at River Sironko and associated streams.

3.3.4 The National Environment (Standards for Discharge of Effluent into water or land) Regulations, 2020

These regulations require that a permit is acquired before a developer discharges waste water into water bodies or on land. Maximum permissible levels for discharge of waste have been provided under Schedules 2, 3 and 4 of these regulations as shown in Tables 10 and 11.

Table 10: Standards for general chemicals and micro-biological discharge

No. Parameter or Pollutant Unit Maximum Permissible Limit 1 Temperature increase oC ≤5 2 Odour Not detectable 3 Color TCU 50 4 pH Units 5.0-8.5 5 Electrical Conductivity µS/cm 1000 6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 750 7 Total Suspended Solids mg/L 50 8 Biological Oxygen Demand (Unfiltered) mg/L 50

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No. Parameter or Pollutant Unit Maximum Permissible Limit 9 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/L 70 10 Cyanide (Free) mg/L 0.1 11 Cyanide (AD) mg/L 0.5 12 Cyanide (Total) mg/L 0.1 13 Nitrogen (Total) mg/L 10 14 Nitrogen (Ammonia) mg/L 10 15 Nitrogen (Nitrates) mg/L 10 16 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/L 10 17 Phosphorus (Total) mg/L 5 18 Sulphates mg/L 500 19 Chlorides mg/L 250 20 Chlorine (Residual) mg/L 0.2 21 Total Coliforms CFU/100ml 400 22 Fluorides mg/L 2 23 Sulphides mg/L 1 24 Urea mg/L 1

Table 11: Standards for inorganic substances effluent discharge Effluent requirements are for direct discharge into surface water, land or sewer

No. Parameter or Pollutant Unit Maximum Permissible Limit 1 Aluminium mg/L 0.5 2 Antimony mg/L 0.5 3 Arsenic mg/L 0.1 4 Barium mg/L 10 5 Beryllium mg/L 0.1 6 Cadmium mg/L 0.01 Calcium mg/L 100 7 Chromium (Hexavalent) mg/L 0.05 8 Chromium (Total) mg/L 0.5 9 Cobalt mg/L 0.1 10 Copper mg/L 0.5 11 Iron (Total) mg/L 3.5 12 Lead mg/L 0.1 13 Magnesium mg/L 100 14 Manganese mg/L 1 15 Mercury mg/L 0.01 16 Nickel mg/L 0.5 17 Selenium mg/L 0.02 18 Silver mg/L 0.5 19 Tin mg/L 2 20 Total Metal mg/L 10 21 Vanadium CFU/100ml 1 22 Zinc mg/L 2

The regulations require that facilities to install pollution control equipment for onsite management of effluent before it can be discharged into water or land. In compliance with these regulations, the project will develop a Waste Management Plan and will provide for installation of appropriate equipment and measures for effluent management including monitoring of effluent.

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3.3.5 National Environment (Control of Smoking in Public Places) Regulations, 2004

Regulations require that public smoking be avoided. Second-hand smoke (SHS) is a complex mixture of more than 4,800 chemical compounds, including 69 known carcinogens. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that, exposure to tobacco smoke causes disease, disability and death. According WHO, SHS is a human carcinogen for which there is no “safe” exposure level. The construction site is considered public place and thus smoking shall be prohibited at all times.

3.3.6 National Environment (Noise Standards and Control) Regulations, 2003

Part III Section 8 (1) requires machine operators, to use the best practicable means to ensure that the emission of noise does not exceed the permissible noise levels. The regulations require that persons to be exposed to occupational noise exceeding 85 dBA for 8 hours should be provided with requisite ear protection. The regulatory noise limits at construction sites are presented in Table 12.

Table 12: Permissible Noise Levels Facility Noise limits dB(A) (Leq) Day* Night* Construction 75 65 Time frame: Day 6.00 a.m -10.00 p.m.; Night 10.00 p.m. - 6.00 a.m. Source: The National Environment (Noise Standards and Control) Regulations, 2003.

Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) shall be given to all workers and especially those in areas where noise generation could exceed the permissible levels. In addition, regular maintenance of equipment including machinery shall be undertaken throughout the project. As a requirement, generators shall be installed with silencers to minimise emission of noise.

3.3.7 Draft National Air Quality Standards, 2006

Considering that construction equipment and machinery are powered by diesel/ gasoline engines, pollutants such as CO2, NOx, SOx, VOC and particulates are expected to be emitted. The draft national air quality standards provide the regulatory limits for these emissions as in Table 13. These standards shall be observed at worksites including equipment yards and workers’ camps to ensure minimal impact on local air quality.

Table 13: National air quality standards Pollutants Averaging time for ambient Standard for ambient air air Carbon dioxide (CO2) 8 hr 9.0 ppm Carbon monoxide (CO) 8 hr 9.0 ppm Hydrocarbons 24 hr 5 mgm-3 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 24 hr 0.10 ppm 1 year arithmetic mean Smoke Not to exceed 5 minutes in Ringlemann scale No.2 or any one hour 40% observed at 6m or more Soot 24 hr 500 μg/Nm-3 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 24 hr 0.15 ppm Sulphur trioxide (SO3) 24 hr 200 μg/Nm-3 Note: ppm = parts per million; “N” in μg/Nm-3 connotes normal atmospheric conditions of pressure and temperature (25oC and 1 atmosphere).

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3.3.8 Water Resources Regulations, 1998

The regulations apply to motorized water abstraction from boreholes or surface watercourses or diverting, impounding or using more than 400 cubic meters of water within a period of 24 hours. Part II, Regulation 3 requires a water permit for operation of motorized water pump from a borehole or waterway. Under Regulation 6, application for permit may be granted on conditions of projected availability of water in the area, existing and projected quality of water in the area and any adverse effect which the facility may cause among other considerations. As such, the project shall acquire water abstraction permits in compliance with these regulations.

3.3.9 National Environment (Audit) Regulation, 2020

Schedule 3 to these Regulations provide projects for which an annual environmental compliance audit must be carried out by the respective developer. The regulations also provide for voluntary compliance audits for projects not listed in Schedule 3. All projects listed in Schedule 5 of National Environment Act are among those listed in Schedule 3 of the Regulations and require a mandatory annual environmental compliance audit. Following approval of the ESIA by NEMA, the proposed project will undergo mandatory annual environmental compliance audit.

3.4 International Conventions

3.4.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – United Nations (1992)

Uganda signed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 and ratified it in 1993. The CBD requires Contracting Parties to conserve their biological diversity and promote sustainable use of biological resources. Of specific relevance to future development projects in the area is Article 14 of the CBD which requires its Contracting Parties to introduce appropriate procedures for ESIA of proposals that might have effects on biological diversity, and to provide mechanisms for taking the biodiversity impacts of programs and policies into account. This ESIA has been carried out in consideration of the requirements of this convention and has provided appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity during the project.

3.4.2 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources – OAU (1968)

The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Organization of African Unity - OAU) notes that soil, water, flora, and fauna constitute valuable capital and that these are currently under threat. The convention notes that these resources have economic, nutritional, scientific, educational, cultural and aesthetic values. The main principle of the convention is that measures necessary to ensure the conservation, utilization, and development of these resources are undertaken in accordance with scientific principles and with due regard to the best interests of the people. Effort will be made to ensure that conservation effort in the area does not compromise the quality of soil, water, flora and fauna.

3.4.3 Stockholm Convention

The convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was ratified by the Government of Uganda. It’s a convention that gives information on chemicals that are known to be persistent in the environment and how they should be managed. It seeks to protect human health and the environment from POPs including organic (carbon-based) compounds that resist degradation in the environment, have low water but high fat solubility and bio accumulate in fatty tissues. Examples include dioxins and furans, Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) and are toxic to humans and wildlife. In respect to the

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3.4.4 International and Regional Gender Equality Conventions

Uganda is a party to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). At the regional level, Uganda is a party to both regional and international conventions which have recognised the importance of mainstreaming gender and other social protection concerns for realization of human rights, sustainable development and poverty eradication. These include Agenda 21 (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992), the World Conference on Human Rights (1993), the Beijing Platform for Action (Fourth World Conference on Women, 1995), the 1997 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW, 2000), African Women Decade (2010-2020), Agenda 2063, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention) – UNESCO, African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, the 2004 Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa, and the African Women Decade (2010-2020) among others. The project shall operate a Non-Discrimination Policy which shall be implemented through a Gender Action Plan.

3.5 Safeguard Policies of African Development Bank

The African Development Bank Group (AfDB) presented an Integrated Safeguards System (ISS), as a cornerstone of its strategy to promote growth that is socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable. The ISS notes that environmental and social sustainability is key to economic growth and poverty reduction in Africa. The Bank’s Strategy further emphasizes the need to assist regional member countries in their efforts to promote growth and development while enhancing environmental sustainability and social justice. In doing so, the Bank obliges the project to adopt and implement Operational Safeguards, from the ISS (AfDB, 2013).

Furthermore, the Bank requires that project evaluation meets host country’s guidelines and the provisions stipulated in the Operational Safeguards (OS), in order to achieve Environmental and Social Sustainability. Safeguards are a powerful tool for identifying risks, reducing development costs and improving project sustainability, thus benefiting affected communities and helping to preserve the environment. The ISS not only promotes best practices in these areas but also encourages greater transparency and accountability.

The Bank’s ISS has adopted five (5) OSs and requires that borrowers/clients comply with these Safeguards’ requirements during the project cycle.

The Operational Safeguards of the Bank are:  Operational Safeguard 1 (OS1): Environmental and Social Assessment  Operational Safeguard 2 (OS2): Involuntary resettlement land acquisition, population displacement and compensation  Operational Safeguard 3 (OS3): Biodiversity and ecosystem services  Operational Safeguard 4 (OS4): Pollution prevention and control, hazardous materials and resource efficiency  Operational Safeguard 5 (OS5): Labour conditions, health and safety

The proposed project has been evaluated against these OSs to determine their implications as presented in Table 14.

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Table 14: Operational Safeguards and Relevance to the Project S/N Operational Safeguards Relevance to the Project

OS1: Environmental and This Safeguard gives guidance to the overall process of ESIA Social Assessment and in essence sets the scope of the ESIA process for AfDB funded projects including project categorization based on the receiving environment, its level of sensitivity and nature of potential impacts.

This ESIA was guided by this Safeguards with an objective of defining the receiving environment, the proposed project activities and the design in order to predict potential impacts such that opportunities to avoid, mitigate and offset negative impacts are determined while enhancing the positive impacts.

Important to note is that ESIAs for Project Associated Facilities such as Quarries, camps and gravel borrow areas among others are yet to be undertaken since the precise locations for these facilities are yet to be determined.

Following procurement of a Works Contractor, locations for the facilities will be confirmed and respective ESIA undertaken in compliance with the standards under this Safeguard.

OS2: Involuntary This Safeguard makes provisions for ensuring that in the resettlement land process of acquiring land for the project, the affected persons acquisition, population are not left worse-off than before the project. It seeks to ensure displacement and that when people are to be displaced, they are treated fairly, compensation equitably, and in a socially and culturally sensitive manner; that they receive compensation and resettlement assistance so that their standards of living, income-earning capacity, production levels and overall means of livelihood are improved; and that they share in the benefits of the project.

Since the proposed project will involve widening of the existing carriageway and clearing of the Right of Way, it will lead to displacement of people and change of land uses especially where there are business communities and agricultural activities leading to potential loss of livelihoods. Therefore, this OS has been triggered.

A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has been prepared following a meanginful stakeholder consultative process as guided by this OS. The RAP outlines measures to avoid and minise adverse impacts during the process of land acquisition and involuntary resettlement.

OS3: Biodiversity and The relevance of this OS is in the need to conserve biological ecosystem services diversity and the respective habitats.

The proposed project project area has no biological species of international importance. Therefore, it has limited impacts to trigger this OS. Nonetheless, the development of Project

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S/N Operational Safeguards Relevance to the Project Associated Facilities to support implementation of the project will observe provisions of this OS such that biological diversity and the respective habitats are as much as possible conserved.

OS4: Pollution prevention This Operational Safeguard outlines the main pollution and control, hazardous prevention and control requirements for borrowers to achieve materials and resource high environmental quality performance. The relevance of this efficiency OS to the proposed project is reflected in the Construction phase where there will be a need for environment management systems designed for:  Air emissions  Greenhouse gas emissions  Hazardous waste management  Noise pollution  Cumulative impacts associated with pollutants  Emergence preparedness and response  Resource efficiency especially choice of construction materials

The OS has guided development of mitigation measures to prevent and control pollution and enhance resource efficiency among others. Importantly also, as part of the Environmental and Social Implementation Plan ESIP which the Works Contractor will be required to developed, fresh Environmental baseline will be collected to guide development of appropriate Management Plans for Pollution prevention and control, Occupational Health and Safety, Waste Management among others for the approval of the Supervising Consultant.

Preparation of these key project plans will be guided by this OS.

OS5: Labour conditions, This OS requires UNRA employees, Contractor and sub- health and safety contractors to protect the rights of workers and provide for their basic needs, with specific objectives below:

Protect workers’ rights;

Establish, maintain, and improve the employee– employer relationship;

Promote compliance with national legal requirements and provide supplemental due diligence requirements where national laws are silent or inconsistent with the OS;

Align Bank requirements with the ILO Core Labor Standards, and the UNICEF Convention on the Rights of the Child, where national laws do not provide equivalent protection;

Protect the workforce from inequality, social exclusion, child labour, and forced labour;

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S/N Operational Safeguards Relevance to the Project

Establish requirements to provide safe and healthy working conditions.

This OS is triggered because a lot of labour will be required during the construction phase, to implement the project. The provisions of OS5 will be enforced in tandem with national labour and safety provisions as stipulated in the Employment Act, Labour Act and Public Health Act as per Uganda’s legislation.

Key in the provisions will be providing equal opportunity, collective bargaining and mass retrenchment. This OS shall be used in conjunction with the above-mentioned national legislation to further enhance workers’ conditions, protect their rights, and to avoid their abuse and exploitation.

3.6 Institutional Framework

3.6.1 Ministry of Works and Transport (MoWT)

MoWT is responsible for policy formulation in the transport sector in Uganda and therefore sets standards in the sector. Among the policies is the Gender Policy whose objective is to strengthen contribution of roads to poverty eradication through providing an enabling environment where women and men participate in, and benefit from, developments in the sub-sector in an equitable manner.

3.6.2 Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA)

UNRA was established by The Uganda National Authority Act, No. 15 of 2006 and became operational on 1st July 2008. The mandate of UNRA is to develop and maintain national road system, advise Government on general roads policy and contribute to addressing transport concerns. In this project UNRA is both a developer and lead agency. As a lead agency, UNRA manages national roads infrastructure and is responsible for mitigation of impacts associated with road development. As a developer on the other hand, UNRA is required to comply with national environmental laws including undertaking ESIA for project.

3.6.3 Ministry of Water and Environment (MoWE)

Through its technical arm (Water Resources Management Directorate - WRMD), MoWE has a responsibility to regulate quality and quantity of water resources in the country. The Directorate is responsible for the full range of integrated water resources management (IWRM) activities including monitoring, assessing, planning, allocating and regulating water resources. Specifically, the Water Resources Planning Department is responsible for water regulation through issuance of permits for water abstraction and wastewater discharge. The Wetlands Management Department in this Ministry is responsible for monitoring of wetland conservation in Uganda including projects through wetlands of conservation value. The MoWE will be instrumental in monitoring to ensure that the project is in full compliance with the relevant laws and requirements.

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3.6.4 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)

The National Environmental Act provides for the establishment of NEMA as the principal agency responsible for coordination, monitoring and supervision of environmental management activities. NEMA is under the Ministry of Water and Environment (MoWE) but has a cross- sectoral mandate to oversee the conduct of ESIAs through issuance of ESIA guidelines, regulations and registration of practitioners. It reviews and approves environmental and social impact statements (ESISs) in consultation with relevant lead agencies.

NEMA works with District Environment Officers and local environment committees at local government levels who also undertake inspection, monitoring and enforce compliance with the laws. In Government ministries, NEMA works with Environmental Liaison Units to ensure that they effectively incorporate environmental issues in their activities, policies and programs. NEMA will play a monitoring and regulatory role on this project.

3.6.5 Ministry of Gender Labour & Social Development

The Ministry has the overall mandate to mobilize and empower communities to harness their potential through Skills Developments, labor productivity and Cultural Growth for Sustainable and Gender Responsive Development of all Ugandan citizens. MGLSD works through its Directorate of Gender and Community Development, Department of Gender and Women Affairs, Department of Culture and Family Affairs, Department of Community Development, Directorate of Social Protection (Specifically the Department of Youth and Children Affairs, Department of Disability and Elderly, and Department of Equity and Rights).

The Ministry promotes cultural growth, non- formal skills development, labour productivity and gender responsive development, while focusing on reducing vulnerability associated to being or becoming poor. In addition, the Ministry rectifies imbalances to eliminate discrimination and inequalities against any individual or group of persons and takes affirmative action in favour of the marginalised.

The Ministry works with other stakeholders including the National Women’s Council, National Youth Council, National Council for Children, and National Council for Disability, Industrial Court and the Equal Opportunities Commission. These councils are also decentralized from the district to the sub- county levels. Non-state actors include the Civil Society Organizations (NGOs and Faith Based Organisations), Cultural institutions and Development Partners.

The Ministry will supervise the project to ensure Gender aspects, child protection and workers health and safety, among others are adhered to

3.6.6 Directorate of Geological Survey and Mines

Geological survey and mines is a directorate under ministry of Energy and Mineral Development whose mandate is to control all forms of mining in Uganda through the Mining Act. Stone quarrying, sand mining and gravel excavation are key to providing materials for construction of the proposed road. Quarrying and sand mining shall require an appropriate mining licence issued by the Department.

3.6.7 Ministry of Local Government Local

The Ministry of Local Government (MOLG) is a cabinet-level government ministry responsible for the "creation, supervision and guidance of sustainable, efficient and effective service delivery in the

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District and Local Council administration of Mbale and Sironko will be vital in implementation of the project by mobilizing political goodwill and sensitizing communities. In addition, the Department of Community Services, Department of Public Health, Department of Natural Resources of respective districts shall be shall be fundamental in monitoring for compliance with the laws and regulatory.

3.7 Required Licenses and Permits

Development of the proposed road project will require a number of licenses, consents and permits from relevant authorities. Table 15 presents some of the required permits.

Table 15: List of permits and licenses required S/N Permit Issuing agency Responsibility 1 ESIA Approval Certificate for the NEMA UNRA Project 2 ESIA Approval certificates for Project NEMA Contractor Associated Facilities 3 Water abstraction permit Water Resources Management Contractor Directorate, (WRMD) 4 Wastewater/Effluent discharge permit DWRM & NEMA Contractor 5 License for storage, transportation NEMA Contractor and disposal of hazardous waste 6 Permit to construct a bridge across Water Resources Management Contractor rivers. Directorate, (WRMD) 7 Magazine license (explosives) Ministry of Internal Affairs Contractor 8 Blasters License Ministry of Internal Affairs Contractor 9 Workplace Registration Permit for Ministry of Gender, Labor and Contractor worker’s Camp and Quarry sites. Social Development, OSH

10 Certification of Lifting equipment Ministry of Gender and Social Contractor development 11 Approval of layout and physical plans Districts, Municipal councils Contractor for campsites 12 Work permits for foreign workers Ministry of Internal Affairs Contractor 13 Fuel storage and dispensing permit Ministry of Energy and Mineral Contractor Development 14 Wetland User Permit NEMA UNRA 15 Dredging Permit Ministry of Water and Contractor Environment

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4.0 ESIA STUDY METHODS

4.1 Literature review 45 4.2 Physical Environment Assessments 4.2.1 Air quality assessments

4.2.2 Physical Agents: Noise/ Sound, Vibration, Humidity and Temperature Assessment 4.2.3 Water quality assessments

4.3 Biological environment assessment 4.3.1 Vegetation Survey Methods 4.3.2 Fauna surveys

4.4 Socio-economic assessment 4.4.1 Socio-economic surveys and Stakeholder engagements 4.4.2 Methods for Stakeholder engagement and consultations

4.5 Physical Cultural Resources survey methods 4.6 Methods for impact assessment and analysis 4.6.1 Impact assessment 4.6.2 Impact analysis 4.7 DepartmentPublic ofDisclosure Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 42

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4.1 Literature review

District Development Plans for Sironko and Mbale Districts, were reviewed. These provided useful information for the baseline conditions of the project area. In addition, relevant guidelines, policies and laws that guide environment Impact Assessment in Uganda were reviewed. The Integrated Safeguards System of the African Development Bank with its associated Operational Safeguards were reviewed to ensure that the assessment is in line with the set standards. Relevant international conventions where Uganda is party were also reviewed. Other literature included UNRA’s internal safeguards standards and literature on biodiversity of the area. A full list of literature that was reviewed is provided in the reference section.

4.2 Physical Environment Assessments

4.2.1 Air quality assessments

This assessment focused on the Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC) and Greenhouse Gases which reflect the project emissions of concern with respect to environmental health. Major sources of outdoor air emissions in the project area are from vehicular traffic activities. Different air pollutants that were assessed include;

i) Particulate Matter (PM), including total suspended particulate (TSP). Inhalable

particulate matter (PM10) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2); ii) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) iii) Oxides of Nitrogen iv) Carbon Monoxide (CO)

v) Greenhouse Gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4). vi) Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC)

MX6 Multi-Gas Monitor Industrial Equipment was used to measure air quality parameters. Air quality measurements were taken on the selected sections of the proposed road. The principle involved in Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) sampling method is that the particles are filtered from known volume of an air sample by a suction apparatus (Lazer Particle Counter). The results of concentration of particulate matter are displayed on the screen and recorded.

4.2.1.1 Particulate Matter Inhalable (PM10) and respirable (PM2.5) particulate matter comprise of small particles less than 10 μm and 2.5 μm respectively. Particles of diameter smaller than 10 μm can make their way deep into the respiratory tract and will become lodged there in causing both acute and chronic health effects. Potential sources of such particulate matter (PM) include vehicular movements, two-wheeler movements, existing milling businesses, internal combustion and fired equipment.

4.2.1.2 Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is produced in combustion processes by the oxidation of sulphur in fuel (gasoline, diesel oil, and waste oil). Sulphur dioxide emissions are largely confined to construction equipment and back up diesel generators, when they are fired.

4.2.1.3 Oxides of Nitrogen Nitrogen oxides are expected to be produced during combustion processes particularly those at high temperature and pressure, such as internal combustion engines. During project implementation it is anticipated that NOx will be released by all internal and external combustion equipment on site.

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4.2.1.4 Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide is often produced during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. Potential sources of Carbon monoxide during project implementation will include internal and external combustion of fuels in motor vehicles. 4.2.1.5 Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Greenhouse gases are emitted as a consequence of all internal and external combustion equipment on site, plus land clearing burning. Greenhouse gasses generally include all emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). For the project, emissions of CH4 are virtually absent as natural gas is not available as a fuel (natural gas is mostly methane). Diesel fuel and propane make up nearly all of the fuel used in the Local Study Area (LSA). Nitrous oxide is emitted as a byproduct of high-temperature combustion. These emissions are insubstantial. As such, in this assessment, it was assumed that GHGs are fully represented by emissions of CO2 (e.g., CO2e = CO2). 4.2.1.6 Volatile Organic Carbon Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are carbon-containing (organic) compounds that readily evaporate into the air under ambient conditions. While VOCs are naturally present in the atmosphere and emitted by automobiles and industrial processes, the concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors. Emissions of VOC at the project site will be relatively small.

4.2.2 Physical Agents: Noise/ Sound, Vibration, Humidity and Temperature Assessment

4.2.2.1 Noise/Sound The sound level was measured by Precision Integrating Sound Level Meter Type: 4 in one Digital Sound Level Meter, Model CEM DT 8820 (range 35 – 130 dBA) for noise, (-20 – 750oC) for temperature, (25% - 95%) relative humidity. The meter is equipped with the three frequency-weighing networks (A, B and C) that are used to estimate the response characteristic of the ear at various sound levels and frequency distribution of noise over the audible spectrum. The (A) frequency-weighing approximates the response characteristics of the ear for levels below (55dB). The (B) frequency weighing approximates the response characteristics of the ear for levels between (55 and 85) dB and the (C) frequency weighing approximates the response characteristics of the ear for levels above 85dB.

It consists of the following main features:

i. The Sensor or Microphone: The sensor is a high precision electrode condenser microphone, which must be protected from physical abuse, dirt, oil, water or ingress of any other such substance. ii. The Control Panel: The control panel comprises of the: Recorder for the maximum level of sound, and minimum level of sound, Range selector, Auto and manual rest switches, Hold on max and min level iii. The Range Selector: These switches can be used for selecting the relevant range of the sound level.

Sound assessment procedure The charged sound level meter was adjusted for slow time response. The sound levels were measured at different sites with maximum and minimum recordings taken for the particular site and respective average sound levels calculated as the final readings. Readings were taken at several points along each of the proposed selected locations. Data obtained from baseline noise monitoring was processed and is presented according to the analysis below. The noise levels were compared with the minimum and maximum noise levels shown in table 16.

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Table 16: Maximum permissible noise levels relevant to project Facility Noise limited B (A) (Leq) Day Night Operation of the facility 75 65 Residential buildings 50 35 Mixed residential (with some commercial and 55 45 entertainment) Time frame: Day – 6.00 a.m -10.00 pm. Night: 10.00 p.m. – 6.00 a.m. The time frame takes into consideration human activity.

4.2.2.2 Vibration assessment Vibration often presents a threat to people and wildlife in the areas where it is above the recommended threshold. The sources of vibration can be transport and construction equipment among others. To determine the baseline vibration levels in the project area, the PCE-VM 5000 vibration meter was used.

The acceptable vibration levels include values of total vibration in their gross (cm/s) and relative (dB) and values of speed through the most developed in practice frequency spectrum (> 355 Hz), which include 6 octaves of frequency bands. Each octave band has their own permissible values of the average-squared wave velocity or amplitude induced by the operating mechanisms and machinery.

4.2.3 Water quality assessments

The sources of water pollutants during construction include Soil erosion, diesel and oil, other harmful chemicals, construction debris and dirt. Water samples were taken from the different water points along the different sections of the Namagumba Budadili Nalugugu road.

While some physical parameters were assessed onsite, some parameters required collection, storage and transportation of samples to an accredited laboratory for further analysis. The water quality samples were collected in 1.5 liters plastic sampling bottles and delivered to Directorate of Water Resources and Management (DWRM) Laboratories in Entebbe for analysis. Several characteristics of water were assessed, and these included physical characteristics (temperature, color, light, sediment suspended in the water), chemical characteristics (dissolved oxygen, acidity (pH), salinity, nutrients and other contaminants) and biological characteristics (bacteria and algae).

4.3 Biological environment assessment

4.3.1 Vegetation Survey Methods

Vegetation surveys involved;

i. Reviews of existing secondary data on flora of the project area. ii. Detailed field studies of existing vegetation.

A general baseline (gradsect) (Wessels et al., 1998) traversing multiple vegetation types was used as the main technique during the surveys. Transect lines traversing different vegetation structures within the project area were established to guide the vegetation surveys. Langdale-Brown et al. (1964) vegetation map was used to examine the range of vegetation types that covered the project area. Site specific vegetation descriptions and classifications were determined based on species dominance and floral features such as; grass, herb, shrub, tree and land coverage at each selected sampling site. Plant species of conservation concern and invasive species encountered were recorded, geo- referenced and their habitats noted. Photographic records of the vegetation types were taken. Literature was reviewed to determine whether any of the identified species was of conservation concern.

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4.3.2 Fauna surveys

4.3.2.1 Mammal surveys Given the highly modified nature of the habitats in the project area, there exists very few potential sites that contain considerable diversity of mammals. Mammals surveys were conducted through direct and indirect means as described by Sutherland (2006). Direct means involved purposeful transect searches in any potential habitats such as along the proposed routes. Indirect means included looking for animal spoor (Scent, footmarks, fecal samples, etc.) for the mammal. This whole process was augmented with consultations with some members of the local community, giving information on any kind of mammal species that are seen within the project area.

4.3.2.2 Herptiles surveys Visual encounter and call surveys (VES) These were mainly conducted during daytime. Surveys were done to document species of Amphibians and reptiles in the project area. The surveys included purposeful searches in potential habitat features such as; beneath exfoliating leaves liter or barks of trees, holes in the ground, and along existing riverbanks and streams in the project area. Any species seen or heard was recorded immediately. In addition, opportunistic encounters for any Herptiles species and/or their signs was considered to augment survey effort of visual encounter surveys.

4.3.2.3 Avifauna surveys Transect and Listing method Given the modified nature of the landscape in the project area, this method was chosen as the best to sample avifauna species. As this described by Sutherland (2006), this method was used to survey birds in the project area. The method involved using the project road sections as survey transects, where a car was driven at a steady average speed of 20km/hr., while recording any birds seen or heard along the way. This also involved momentarily stopovers to clearly listen to bird sounds and distinguish them. All the birds seen or heard in the vicinity of the project area, were recorded. Their frequencies of occurrence (recording rate) were also recorded to document the most frequent and commonest bird species in the area. According to this method, common species would be expected to occur much frequently and, rare species on only a few times.

4.3.2.4 Species habitat assessment & Matching This was employed for all fauna species under study. This included assessment of ant potential habitat sections within the project area, to predict (based on Literate/ secondary data), the different species of mammals, Herptiles and birds that could potentially be hosted in the project area, by virtue of the habitat conditions in the project area.

4.4 Socio-economic assessment

4.4.1 Socio-economic surveys and Stakeholder engagements

Data collection was undertaken at household level as well as in communities/settlements and other social aggregations. The approach taken to collect and gather data relevant for completing this ESIA were as follows:

i. Document and literature review; involving detailed study of existing, related and relevant documents, case studies, reports, manuals and policies. ii. Data collection (primary and secondary) at subcounty and district level. iii. Selection of a representative sample population for which a quantitative and qualitative assessment was done.

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iv. Field survey using structured and semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, participant observations and focus group discussions. v. Assessment and analysis of field findings. vi. Stakeholder consultation and additional data collection (informant interviews, focus group discussions etc). vii. Analysis of identified impacts and determination of their severity and significance.

4.4.2 Methods for Stakeholder engagement and consultations

Meaningful stakeholder engagements and consultations were carried through meetings project affected persons, officials of the relevant sub counties and districts, and government Ministries, Departments and Agencies. The method for engagement and consultations included Key informant interviews, consultative meetings, focus group discussions and structured interviews.

4.4.2.1 Key Informant Interviews Key informant interviews were conducted to gather information from communities, key officials in MDAs Districts and Sub-counties. Additionally, information was also sought from religious, opinion leaders and other community members based on their knowledge on subjects of interest. Categories of Key Informants included the Chief Administrative Officers, LCV Chairpersons, District Natural Resources Officers, District Environment Officers, District Community Development Officers, District Land Officers, District Engineers, District Physical Planners and District Water Officers.

4.4.2.2 Consultative meetings Consultative meetings were organized and attended by different categories of people that included political leaders, technical teams and representatives of special interest groups including people with disabilities, the youth and people living with HIV/AIDS among others.

4.4.2.3 Focus Group Discussion This technique involved a small group of respondents (usually 6-10 respondents) who were interviewed together in a common location. The interviewer led the discussion and ensured that every person had an opportunity to respond. Focus group discussions were held with women, business owners including boda bodas.

4.4.2.4 Structured interviews Primary data was collected by interviewing members of the sample population. The structured interview method was used to collect household data with the aid of a structured questionnaire.

4.5 Physical Cultural Resources survey methods

(a) Paleontological and Archaeological surveys

Archaeological surveys were done to examine the earth’s surface for sites and archaeological record such as artefacts, eco-facts and features for example stone and bone tools, metallurgical implements, potsherds and others, bones, skeletons and storage pits, fire places (hearths), house foundations or even rock paintings and engravings on cave walls or boulders (Humphreys, 1986).

Test excavations To determine the cultural history of the area, test pit excavations were carried out.

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(b) Ethnographic surveys

Consultations with communities and other stakeholders were done so as to understand some interpretations on some sites as they regarded to be custodians of our recent past histories. Among those consulted were District leaders, cultural and religious leaders.

Interviews were carried out to identify sites of cultural heritage importance. Focus Group Discussions and Individual Interviews with community members of the affected areas were conducted to obtain information about the cultural heritage resources and their significance. Stakeholders guided the survey team to some of the heritage sites and gave recommendations regarding the proposed development.

4.6 Methods for impact assessment and analysis

4.6.1 Impact assessment

The pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the proposed road are anticipated to have potentially significant negative impacts especially on the biophysical environment and socio-economic environment. Whereas positive impacts should be enhanced, negative impacts should be avoided, mitigated or eliminated. During establishment of impact significance, several impact parameters were evaluated using matrix method (as described in chapter 8). The impact parameters that were assessed include Type, Timing, extent, certainty, duration, and magnitude, and receptor sensitivity. Where; Timing : time frame (phase) at which an impact occurs within a project area Duration : the period of persistence of an impact on receiving environment Extent : area of occurrence/influence by the impact on the subject environment Magnitude : the strength of the impact on the environment Certainty : the likelihood of occurrence of an impact Significance : the overall change brought in the environment Sensitivity : Level of change on the receptor environment

4.6.2 Impact analysis

Significance of an impact depends on magnitude and sensitivity. Magnitude is the strength of an impact on the receiving environment, while severity is extent of damage that an impact could cause on the receiving environment. The significance of impacts associated with the proposed project were analyzed using Matrix method (Leopold et al, 1971 & HA, 2008). Following the analysis of impacts, professional judgment was applied as recommended in the EIA guidelines (Canter, 1996, Morris & Therivel, 2001) and an appropriate rank was assigned to each impact in different phases of the project as guided by Table 17

Table 17: A quantitative format for ranking impacts based on parameters summarized as magnitude and sensitivity

Sensitivity Significance Very low Low Medium High 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Very low 1 Negligible Minor Minor Minor

2 4 6 8 Low 2 Minor Minor Moderate Moderate 3 6 9 12 Medium 3 Minor Moderate Moderate Moderate

Magnitude 4 8 12 16 High 4 Minor Moderate Moderate Severe

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Rating of impact parameters to guide professional judgment Symbol No minor Low Moderate High Very High No M=Magnitude 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 P=Probability 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 E= Extent 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 S=Significance < 30 40-50 > 60

Where, D=DURATION: (0 to 1 years) –1. (2 to 5 years) –2. (5 to 15 years) –3. (> 15 years) – 4. Or permanent – 5, And S= (E+D+M) P

4.7 Public Disclosure

This ESIS will be disclosed to the public at the UNRA website. In addition, hardcopies of the report will be submitted for disclosure at the Sub-counties and Districts of the project area.

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5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE

5.0 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-

ECONOMIC BASELINE

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5.1 Physical Environment

The project is located in the districts of Sironko and Mbale along the foot of Mount Elgon ranges in the Eastern part of Uganda. Sironko district borders with Bududa and Mbale districts in the South, Kapchorwa in the North East, Nakapiripirit in the North and Bukedea in the West. Mbale district on the other hand borders with Sironko and Bukedea in the North, Bududa/Manafwa in the East and Tororo in the South. The proposed road upgrade transverses 6 sub counties of Sironko district (Butandiga, Buwasa, Buhugu, Buwalasi, Buyobo and Budadiri Town Council in Busulani Sub County) and one sub county of Namanyonyi in Mbale District.

5.1.1 Climate

Rainfall According to Meteorological data, Mbale receives rainfall totalling 1,191 mm per annum experiencing a bi-modal type of rainfall pattern with the heaviest amount of rainfall occurring in March-July and the least in August-September. There is a short dry season between the two seasons, and a long dry period between January and March. The district’s climate is generally influenced by the Mt Elgon ranges and experiences very low temperatures in areas with high altitude. Sironko district also experiences bimodal type of rainfall with the heaviest in the first season of March-June while there is low rainfall in the second season between the months of August–November. The average rainfall is 1550 mm per year. This heavy rainfall supports the agriculture sector, which is the base of the district livelihood. There is a short dry period mid-June to July and a long dry period between the months of December-March.

Temperature and humidity Due to altitudinal differences, a range of temperature conditions are experienced in Sironko District. Temperatures in lowland areas are warmer than high elevation areas. These range from 27°C to 32°C mean maximum temperatures and from 15°C - 17°C mean minimum temperatures in the lowlands. In highland areas mean maximum temperatures range from 25°C - 28°C and mean minimum temperatures 15 ° - 16 °C. In general, temperatures in Sironko district are on average 28°C but become lower as one goes up the highland areas. On the other hand, climate in Mbale is humid tropical with a fairly uniform average temperature of 23.0 °C throughout the year. As expected, temperatures in lower elevation areas in Mbale Region are warmer than high elevation areas up the Mount Elgon. There is a wide temperature range from the low elevation such as west of Mbale town to the high elevation areas within the Mt. Elgon National Park in the eastern part. A summary of the climate information for the region is presented in Figure 7.

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Figure 7: Climate information for Mbale region (climatedata Uganda)

5.1.2 Climate Change

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1994), Climate Change is defined as a change in the statistical properties of climate systems when considered over long periods of time regardless of the cause. Climate change is attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alters the composition of the global atmosphere. While climate change is a global phenomenon, its adverse effects are more severely felt by the poor countries and poor people in particular because of limited capacity to cope and also their over dependency on natural resources for their livelihoods.

The climate change models for Uganda point to an increase in temperature in the range of 0.70C to 1.50C by 2020. The models predict a likely increase in the variability of rainfall with most areas probably getting higher rainfall. These changes will have adverse impacts on agricultural production and food security. This will have a significant effect on employment levels particularly in Agriculture sector, where over 70% of the district’s population is engaged.

Sironko and Mbale districts just like any other district in Uganda are highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks due to its socio-economic characteristics. Climate change and natural disasters pose serious adverse impacts on the environment, the people and their livelihoods. The districts are experiencing signs of climate change as exhibited by the trends in average temperatures and rain fall. The observed climate related disasters in the project area include; mudslides, floods, rock rolling and hailstorm.

The area currently experiences frequent and intense occurrences of prolonged dry spells (drought) and intense rainfall resulting into floods and mud/landslides. These have had significant impacts on the livelihoods of the local community who largely depend on natural resources and particularly agriculture as their main source of income and employment. Over 80% of the households depend on agriculture for their livelihood and numerous trees are being destroyed to clear land for agriculture and

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for energy needs. Coupled with the increase in population there is intense pressure on land and the environment resulting into unsustainable use of the natural resources.

The high intense prolonged droughts accompanied by erratic rains and floods inevitably increased the incidence of pests, vectors and diseases in plants, livestock, poultry and humans. For instance, malaria has continued to be the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the area. Water pollution resulting from flooding has also led to an increase in water bone diseases.

Climate change is both a cause and an effect of biodiversity loss. The high temperatures and prolonged droughts that emanate from climate change not only lead to extinction of biodiversity that is not resilient to these conditions but also spur human migrations to clear up virgin areas for agriculture and encroach on sensitive ecosystems for settlement hence degrading biodiversity in the process. Communities are currently encroaching onto wetlands which were habitats for many birds and animals that are now becoming extinct due to habitat modifications. Table 18 shows the anticipated impacts of climate climate change on different sectors of the economy in the project area and the inventions planned for implemention on a continuous basis.

Table 18: Analysis of climate change factors, impacts and proposed interventions for mitigation and adaptation

Climate sector Impacts Interventions for mitigation and change adaptation factor Heavy rain Health -Increased incidences of -Promote home improvement falls and shift mosquito borne diseases like campaigns in malaria -Use of insecticide treated nets seasonality -Increased incidences of -Boiling of water before use water borne diseases like -Building strong VIP latrines diarrhea -Promoting hand washing -Increased incidences of -Enforcing public health Act pneumonia sickness Infrastructure  Contamination of water  Increase fresh water harvesting services and quality through Rain water harvest tanks works  Scarcity of fresh water for  Training of water user committees human consumption on their roles and responsibility  Flooding of roads due to  Build proper drainage systems poor drainage (channels)  Silting of culverts and soil  Planting trees along the road erosion reserves  Destruction of  Construction of better bridges to settlements, pipes and improve access to social services bridges like schools and health  Conservation of water catchment areas

Agriculture  Soil erosion due to  Promote climate smart agricultural and flooding practices Production  Erosion of top soils  Encourage tree planting  Flooding of agricultural  Enforce standards while cultivating sites/fields along streams  Loosing flowers on fruit  Promote soil and water trees conservation practices  Damage root crops due to  Introduce flood tolerant crops like water logging rice  Death of fisheries  Regularly open drainage channels resources

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Climate sector Impacts Interventions for mitigation and change adaptation factor  Decrease in available fish  Sensitize farmers on postharvest species handling  Extinction of some fish varieties  Famine and hunger Rise in Health  Increase in respiratory  Expand health outreach temperatures diseases programmes  Heat stress  Strengthen health referral system  Increased dust  Mobilize communities to seek  Increased epidemic health services outbreak (eye diseases,  Encourage communities to practice cough and flu proper waste disposal  Improve aeration through proper ventilation Production  Rotting/premature  Promote water for production spoiling of  Plant more tress crops/vegetation  Promote agro-forestry and  Insect pests breed faster sustainable use of forest  Crops dry up and get  Train farmers on preparation of damaged fodder and hay  Food insecurity  Avoid bush burning  Lack of pasture for  Training farmers on post harvest animals and increased handling death of animals  Decreased quantity of milk Infrastructure  Ground water depletion  Protection of water catchment services and  Water shortage areas works  Drought  Water recycling  Increased cooling cost  Planting of trees Prolonged Health  Water contamination  Boiling drinking water before use dry spells  Dusty environment  Health improvement campaigns (drought) Infrastructure  Water shortage  Expand water collection systems services and  Contamination of water and gravity flow supply systems i.e. works  Dust from roads which piped water supply may result to accidents  Employ dust control measures  Conflicts between water while constructing roads users (irrigation, livestock  Boil drinking water before use and human consumption)  Separate provision of water for irrigation and livestock Production  Death of animals due to  Promotion of water for production poor pasture e.g. construction dams  Poor yields  Introduction of drought resistant  Famine and malnutrition crop varieties  Soil erosion due to wind  Sensitization of farmers on climate change issues and mitigation measures Natural  Drying up of wetlands  Protect ecologically sensitive areas resources  Loss of ecosystems and like wetlands and forests biodiversity  Mobilize communities to draw  Degradation of the wetland action plans environment and reduced  Awareness creation on sustainable vegetation cover use of the environment  Increased cases of wild  Enforce environmental laws and fire out breaks regulations Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 54

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Climate sector Impacts Interventions for mitigation and change adaptation factor  Afforestation and re-afforestation programmes

Review of available literature and consultations with stakeholders revealed the common impacts of climate change in the project area include the following: a) Displacement of people due to Severe flooding along river Sironko R. Sironko is the main river in the project area and a source of water for both domestic and industrial use. Originating from Mt. Elgon, the river often bursts its banks, flooding the foot of the mountain, displacing people and destroying property. Many of the structures along the river are now temporary due to anticipated losses during rainy seasons.

b) Disruption of transport services due to severe flooding During the wet seasons, a number of streams and rivers in the area overtop the culverts and bridges. In some cases, the culverts and bridges are washed away, causing disruptions in in transport within this region. One on the bridges connecting the Budadiri to Mt Elgon was washed away in 2020 and has not been restored to date. It is proposed that resilient engineering designs for both structures and pavement for this project to ensure sustainable connectivity in the region. The engineering design has considered 100-year flood height, and designed the structures for 100 year return period and further checked for 200-year return period.

5.1.3 Geology and Soils

Geology The project area is underlain by tertiary and quaternary volcanoes as well as quaternary sedimentary rocks. The Pre-Cambrian rock system and the Cainozoic rock formations are the major formations underlying the Mbale region. The pre-Cambrian rock system is mainly granitic or high to medium metamorphosed formations, consisting of undifferentiated gneisses and elements of partly granitic and metamorphosed formations. Cainozoic formations consist of Pleistocene to recent sediment, alluvium, black soils and moraines. The impermeable nature of these rocks make most of the areas adjacent the Mount Elgon National Park susceptible to landslides in the rainy seasons of the year. Soils are majorly clayey in the highlands, clay loams in mid-altitude areas and sandy in the lowlands and valleys.

Soils The area is located in fertile volcanic soils which at one time were under thick vegetation cover. The soils in the flood plain are water-logged in the wet season(s) and are characterized by silt carried during the rainy reason. In the raised train of Budadiri from Budadiri Town council to Patto at the Sironko Mbale district border, the soils are mainly the black sticky volcanic soils. For the rest of the section from Patto to Namagumba, the soils have a thin layer of volcanic soils and are brown in colour. Fertile volcanic soils especially on the ridges transcend the slopes and ridges of the Elgon. The good climate, and good scenery are a major tourist attraction for the region. The lowland areas mainly have sand to clay loam soils, with some rocky out crops (Figure 8) and support cereal crops while the higher lands support perennial crops especially coffee and bananas.

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Figure 8: Rock outcrops on Namagumba Budadiri section

5.1.4 Drainage and Water sources

Drainage The area is devoid of lakes but has rivers, streams all emanating from Mt Elgon ranges catchment area and all draining into major rivers Simu and Sisi in Bulambuli county and Sironko in Budadiri County. Sisi and Simi confluent to make River Salika which finally joins River Sironko (Figure 9) as it pours its water in the Lake Bisina and Opeta wetland complex in Kumi district. These rivers and streams are the main source of water for drinking, bathing and washing. Some of the rivers and streams which used to burst banks and would cause floods are now seasonal and contain water only in the wet season and drying up in the dry season.

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Figure 9: Drainage of project area (Source: Draft District State of Environment Report 2007)

Besides being with reduced water volume, these major rivers are heavily polluted with molasses wastes generated by local beer brewers and wastes dumped into these rivers. These rivers are also prone to siltation arising from accelerated erosion due to removal of the tree cover along river banks and the catchment area.

Ground water Groundwater recharge in the project area is mainly from rainfall. On the level of groundwater development in the project area, abstraction points are mainly hand pumps/boreholes mainly to meet domestic water demands and are mainly located in the lower areas of the project area like Mutufu and Namagumba. Ground water quality in the project area as presented in the laboratory analytical results was generally of acceptable quality and less impacted by pollution (Appendix 1).

Potable/Domestic piped water system Domestic water demands in the project area are mainly met by a mix of technologies. In the high altitude areas like Budadiri town council, potable water is through piped water supply by National Water

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and Sewerage Cooperation (NWSC) with an abstraction from River Sironko, while Buwalisi and Buyoba sub counties are also served with piped water through a gravity flow scheme. However, a number of areas do rely on springs and hand pumps for their water needs, mainly in the lower lands of Mutufu, Mafudu and Namanyonyi. There are some water sources located close to the proposed right of way (Figure 10). Two boreholes (one at Namagumba and other at Mukyere in Bukesi sub county) were within 3 meters of the existing road alignment as well as a springs and public stand water pipes. Figure 11 shows a map of community water sources along the project road. These shall need relocation or provision of alternative sources in case the design of the proposed project requires extra right of way at those points where the sources are located.

Figure 10: Some of the water sources close to RoW

Given that domestic water pipes are laid adjucent to the road network, care shall be taken that the road works do not damage the pipes or cause minimal damage so as to limit interruptions to water supply. Where there is need to extend the pipes, NWSC shall be alerted in advance such that pipes are extended prior to road works. Figure 8 shows the community water sources adjust to the project.

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Figure 11: Location of community water sources along the project

Baseline of Water Quality in Project Area Some of the key water quality parameters assessed and the key objectives for undertaking the assessment are presented in Table 19. The water quality certificates of analysis for all parameters assessed are presented in Appendix 1.

Table 19: Key water parameters assessed Parameter Objective Offensive Odour Not to be present Visible foam, oil scum, litter Not to be present Dissolved Oxygen Not less than 2.0 mg/L for 90% of samples (DO) within 2 m of the riverbed Temperature Change due to human activity not to exceed 2 oC Total suspended solids Not to raise the ambient level by 30% caused by human activity Unionised Ammonia (UIA) Annual mean not to exceed 0.021 mg/L as unionised form

Nutrients (PO4, NO3, NO2) Shall not cause excessive algal growth Total Inorganic Annual mean depth-averaged inorganic nitrogen not to Nitrogen (TIN) exceed 0.4 mg/L

Toxic substances including heavy metals, Should not attain such levels as to produce significant hydrocarbons, oils. toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic effects in humans, fish or any other aquatic organisms

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Turbidity River Sironko turbidity levels have been increasing in the last five (5) years, based on data recorded by the Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM). This has lowered the visibility through the water column. There is high variation in turbidity between the upstream points on the river (before NWSC intake at Kado in Budadiri) and the lower areas at the Budadiri-Nalugugu bridge and further variations between the dry season and rainy season, with turbidity estimates in the river averaged 15 NTU, in the dry season 50 NTU, in the rainy season owing to transfer of sediments from degraded sub catchments. At the time of this assessment turbidity measured an average 16.8 NTU at Kado section of the river and highest measurement at 22 NTU at Budadiri-Nalugugu road.

Dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen is an important parameter to determine river health. When dissolved oxygen levels in water drop below 5.0 mg/l, aquatic life is put under stress, the lower the concentration, the greater the stress.

Baseline dissolved oxygen levels for streams and rivers in the project area were low at an average of 4.3 mg/l (see appendix 1) due to high levels of erosion and sedimentation in the river. This is an indication of rivers tending to stress levels. Major pollution is associated with cultivation at the banks of these rivers and streams, but sensitisation is ongoing by the Ministry of Water and Environment through its Kyoga Water Management office at Mbale.

Chemical and biological oxygen demand Characteristic levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the streams fall between 18-19 mg COD/l (Baseline data) for Wosita and Buyi streams due to discharge of Ethanol (waragi) distillation wastes in these areas. Much of COD for River Sironko average 5.1mg/L mg COD, and dropped to 4.3 as the river flows downs stream towards Nalugugu, potentially due to increased sediment load, sand mining and agriculture in the lower areas of Mutufu and Mafudu Parishes.

Sediments and Nutrients (Nitrates and phosphates) Nutrient loading into area streams and rivers was minimal for nitrates. However, the rivers have elevated levels of Phosphorus at average of 0.486 mgP/L. These levels are high compared to regional values. Much of the phosphate dynamics is driven by sediment loading from rich phosphate soils of the Mt Elgon area. This is evidence with the flourishing of agriculture in Budadiri area and the great Elgon ranges yet no evidence of extensive use of phosphate based fertilizers in the region.

Though these phosphate levels may not be an immediate problem to the area streams owning to limitations in the nitrates levels, they pose a challenge for the receiving lakes in the lake Kyoga system where incoming waters with high levels of phosphate would simulate algae growths assisted with nitrogen fixation in the lake.

With the proposed project predicted to promote agriculture production owing to better transportation and easy access to markets, poor agricultural practises are likely lead to increased deposits of phosphate rich soils into the area streams and rivers leading to phosphate enrichment in the catchment lakes. Other direct concerns from the road works towards nutrient additions is generally increased sedimentation during road works near the river and increased runoff from the paved roads directly into the river. This may be due to having open channels that discharge directly into the river. The environment management plans of the area shall include management of run off from the road in order to protect water sources.

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Heavy metals Contamination of water and sediments by heavy metals is a well-documented occurrence. These metals return to the water column when the pH levels go below pH 5 when there is an occurrence of contamination. Uganda National Roads Authority together with DWRM took level of heavy metals pollution in River Sironko. As part of this baseline assessment, heavy metal analysis (cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and Arsenic) was undertaken, with samples from River Sironko, project area steams, and selected ground water sources. Values for Chromium, Arsenic, Zinc and Copper were all below the ambient recommended guideline values (see results in the certificates of analysis Appendix 1). It is therefore essential that limits of heavy metals pollution are observed mainly for lead and cadmium. The contractor should not therefore dispose of lead acid batteries within the vicinities of area rivers and streams.

5.1.5 Magnetic Field Radiation

Nonionizing radiation includes a spectrum of ultraviolet light (UV), visible light, infrared (IR), microwave (MW), Radio Frequency (RF) and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF). Electron magnetic fields radiations are transferred through electric and magnetic fields as flow of electricity. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has set 200 µT (200,000 nT) as the exposure limit to magnetic fields. For Chronic exposure, the limit is set at 0.4 µT (400 nT).

Almost all of sampled points had Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) in the frequency range of 50/60 HZ. Potential sources for ELF included electrical transformers, radio transmissions, telecommunications appliances, electrical appliances and electrical wires that transmitted perpendicular and parallel to the sampling points.

5.1.6 Vibration level assessment

Vibration is the mechanical oscillations of an object about an equilibrium point. Vibration effects are dependent on the intensity of the oscillations and nature of structure or object in which it is transmitted. Such vibrations can affect both physical structures and human health depending on proximity to the source. In the United Kingdom, the Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 specify daily exposure levels as follows.  For hand-arm vibration (HAV), the daily ELV is 5 m/s² and the daily EAV is 2.5 m/s².  For whole-body vibration (WBV), the daily ELV is 1.15 m/s² and the daily EAV is 0.5 m/s². Vibration assessment was taken along selected sampling points on the project. All of the sampled sites had readings less than the equipment detection limit of 0 as the minimum level for acceleration for this respective equipment (Table 20). This is attributed to the fact that though vehicular and two wheeler motion was observed along the sampled locations, it was extremely minimum to be detected during measurements. However, it should be noted that fragile housing structures made of permanent bricks materials though of age and social services such as schools, health care facilities, churches, businesses and offices existed along these locations. In order to anticipate the impact of vibrations radiated from equipment and tools, hand-arm and whole body vibration measurements should be undertaken regularly during construction phrase. Results from vibration assessment along selected sampling points and readings are shown in table

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Table 20: Readings for Vibration: Acceleration (m/s2)

Channel 1 Channel 2 Sampling point GPS Min Max Min Max Elgon Technical College 635548.76mE,12758067mN 0 0 0 0 Ministry of works labour 635865.24mE,127850.0mN based institute 0 0 0 0 Buwalasi health center 3 636312.76mE,128070.95mN 0 0 0 0 Buwalasi Anglican church 636347.78mE,128001.24mN 0 0 0 0 Pato Market 636699.65mE,128019.70mN 0 0 0 0 Bugusege market 64608.57mE,126808.11mN 0 0 0 0 Coffee processing facility 647692.62mE,129781.56mN (privately owned) 0 0 0 0 Budadiri girls boarding high 64797354mE,129658.64mN school. 0 0 0 0 Budadiri health center 6483951mE,129443.84mN 0 0 0 0 Mutuffu market in mutuffu 645677.67mE,13288764mN town council 0 0 0 0 Mutuffu health center 111 645354.13mE,133065.68mN 0 0 0 0

5.1.7 Noise

Unregulated or uncontrolled noise often interrupts performance or communication thus predisposing a person to a risk of accidents, injuries, dangerous occurrences, stress, anxiety, illnesses such as noise induced hearing loss (which could be permanent or temporary loss), tinnitus and physical damage among others. Onset of outcomes due to exposure (effects) are dependent on the threshold, time of exposure to the noise, biological, physical and emotional factors surrounding the person at risk.

Baseline assessment results for noise taken in the selected sampled points indicate that spot average noise readings for day time in the sampled points characterized of a mixture of both residential and commercial activities, ranged from 29.7 dB(A) to 85.8dB(A) and 30.2dB(A) to 88.5dB(A) for minimum and maximum sound levels respectively (Table 21). Majority 56.3% (n=18) of the sampled sites had measurements above the permissible levels of 55 dB(A) for day time noise measurements in a mixed residential and commercial setting. This was attributed to noise generating activities within these locations which included human conversations, animal sounds, music playing at music recording shops, community radio announcements, speeding vehicular and two wheelers movements, blowing of horns, traders calling for clients at market places, and other community activities. However, point source noise measurements were not undertaken to generate precise sound levels in respect of the source and thus propose specific mitigation measures as per the hierarchy of controls for noise. Such confounding factors will contribute to an increment on the impact of noise during and after project activities.

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Table 21: Measurements of Noise level, dB(A)

Sampling point dBA Min dBA Max Ave dBA Elgon Technical College 33.4 43.0 38.2 Ministry of works labour based institute 30.2 42.4 36.3 Buwalasi health center 3 49.2 56.5 52.85 Buwalasi Anglican church 29.7 31.8 30.75 Pato Market 84.0 88.0 86.0 Bugusege market 83.8 87.5 85.65 Coffee processing facility (privately owned) 45.2 48.6 46.9 Budadiri girls boarding high school. 52.2 67.7 59.95 Budadiri health center 33.3 53.3 43.3 Mutuffu market in mutuffu town council 85.8 88.5 87.15 Mutuffu health center 111 36.5 48.0 42.25

5.1.8 Particulate Matter

During the day time spot measurements for particulate matter, it was noted that levels of particulate matter detected increased due to speeding of vehicular and two wheeler motions, mixing of sand at construction activities, and uprising wind that often blew particulate matter. From baseline assessment results it’s indicated that inhalable particles (of 5µm diameter) that fall within PM10 classification and respirable particles (0.3 µm and 0.5 µm diameter) that fall within PM2.5 range were detected (Table 22). However, none exceeded the PM2.5 - 10 µg/m3 annual mean & 25 µg/m3 24-hour mean; and PM10 - 20 µg/m3 annual mean & 50 µg/m3 24-hour mean as set by WHO. However, it is anticipated that during construction and operation phrase in the project area, these readings will definitely change due to increase in particulate matter generation activities in the different seasons or time periods. It is therefore, important that continuous monitoring is enforced to mitigate the effects of dust during construction to the workers, community members and their livelihoods or social activities.

Table 22: Readings for Particulate matter measured

0.3 µm 0.5 µm 5 µm filter filter filter Sampling point Elgon Technical College 4.82E-04 7.29E-05 9.467E-06 Ministry of works labour based institute 3.80E-04 4.32E-05 1.836E-06 Buwalasi health center 3 4.46E-04 5.40E-05 4.95E-06 Buwalasi Anglican church 5.92E-04 2.05E-05 2.376E-05 Pato Market 8.03E-04 1.21E-04 5.598E-06 Bugusege market 8.44E-04 5.51E-04 8.77E-05 Coffee processing facility (privately owned) 5.38E-04 5.26E-05 2.484E-07

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Budadiri girls boarding high school 7.52E-04 9.38E-05 1.773E-06 Budadiri health center 5.85E-04 7.61E-05 3.582E-06 Mutuffu market in mutuffu town council 9.88E-04 1.93E-04 2.088E-06 Mutuffu health center 111 5.20E-04 7.38E-05 3.24E-06

5.1.9 Air quality monitoring

The UK Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets the following Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): - i. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) at 5 ppm ceiling limit (a level that should not be exceeded during any part of the work experience); ii. Carbon monoxide (CO) at 50 ppm Permissible Exposure Limit (the maximum amount or concentration of a chemical that a worker may be exposed to for 8 hours); iii. Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) at 20 ppm ceiling limit; iv. Methane (CH4) at 1000 ppm; and v. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) at a Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) of 0.75 ppm, with 0.5 ppm as the action level. Similarly, the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set the carbon dioxide PEL at 10,000 ppm and 30,000 ppm for an 8-hour time-weighted average and 15-minute short- term exposure limit respectively.

From the baseline studies undertaken (Table 23), Nitrogen dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide and Methane had readings less than the detection limit at 0 as the minimum level for this equipment. Though levels of Carbon monoxide, Volatile Organic Carbons and carbon dioxide readings were detected for day time spot measurements, none of these were above the PEL. During project implementation, precautionary measures should be instituted to minimize health effects to the workers and community considering that these levels will drastically change during the construction and operation phrases.

Table 23: Readings for Air Quality Baseline

Sampling point NO2 H2S CO CO2 VOC CH4 Elgon Technical College 0 0 0 641 0.7 0 Ministry of works labour based institute 0 0 0 444 0.1 0 Buwalasi health center 3 0 0 0 765 0 0 Buwalasi Anglican church 0 0 0 702 0 0 Pato Market 0 0 0 436 0 0 Bugusege market 0 0 0 440 0 0 Coffee processing facility (privately owned) 0 0 0 450 0 0 Budadiri girls boarding high school 0 0 3 455 0.3 0 Budadiri health center 0 0 6 430 0.4 0 Mutuffu market in mutuffu town council 0 0 4 447 0.1 0 Mutuffu health center 111 0 0 0 469 0 0

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5.1.10 Physical Agents

Occupational exposure to heat can result in injuries, disease, reduced productivity, and death. During this assessment, the Wet Bulb-Globe Temperature Index (WBGT) was used to establish environmental factors of heat stress namely temperature and relative humidity. Readings were taken at Air (dry) bulb temperature (DB), Natural Wet Bulb temperature (WB) and Dew/Globe thermometer temperature (GT). According to ISO 7243: Hot Environments—Estimation of Heat Stress on Working Man, Based on the WBGT-Index (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) [ISO 1989], WBGT exposure limits for acclimatized workers is set at 33°C Resting, 30 °C for light activity, 28 °C Moderate activity, 25 °C Heavy activity and 23 °C Very heavy activity.

Construction activities are characterized by tasks that range from heavy to very heavy activities demanding a lot of energy that results in high metabolic activity thus body exhaustion. From the baseline results it was established that all the sampled points (n=31) had readings below the threshold of WBGT exposure limits for heavy activities. However, it is prudent that precautionary measures are instituted to prevent body exhaustion for efficient labor productivity during very heavy activities.

5.2 Biological environment

5.2.1 Vegetation

Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road has been greatly modified from wooded savannah and forest to cultivation and settlements. A few patches of natural forested areas are scattered particularly in the valleys and wetlands along the project road (Figure 12). Consequently, there exists no specific vegetation structure in the project area since most of it has been converted and destroyed. Therefore, vegetation of the area was compared with the vegetation vegetative communities with that of the Lang- Dale-Brown et al. (1964) system. Comparison was also made with the vegetation characterization of the nearby Mt Elgon national park, which is about 5km away from Budadiri Town. A section of the National park lies along Mt. Elgon which the fourth highest mountain in Africa, and straddles both Kenya and Ugandan borders. The vegetation in this national park is varied and complex mainly comprising of alpine moorland, bamboo forest, montane forest, grassland, and savannah woodlands (Bennun & Njoroge 1999, Dale 1940).

On the other hand, the Lang-Dale-Brown (L-B) system recognizes 22 ecosystem types, identified by letters between A to Z. The L-B system is based on plant community composition rather than just plant biomass, which was more relevant to the goal of characterizing vegetation and identifying sensitive habitats. Although much of Uganda’s vegetation has been extensively altered over the past few decades the L-B system can still be considered to represent the potential of an area to support an ecosystem type, which is relevant for a study of environmental impacts (Kalema J, et al, 2010, Pomeroy D, et al, 2002). According to the L-B system eastern Uganda, and hence Budadiri region; is classified under the R, T, and V classes, which are among the DRY LANDS as described below;

R: Tree and shrub steppes – these are Typical of areas with 6-700 mm a year of rain, with many small trees and shrubs T: Bushlands - These are characteristic of over-grazed areas which would otherwise be more open savannas V: Dry thickets- these are dense spiny trees and shrubs which can become almost impenetrable. Therefore, although there exists no defined vegetation characterized in the project area, according the L-B system the potential vegetation characterization type of this area would be drylands. However, a Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 65

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reclassification of the L-B by Lillesø et al (2011), pointed out the possible influence of anthropogenic factors, especially fire, on the current vegetation patterns.

Based on the vegetation sampling carried out during this exercise, the surveyed areas yielded a total of 77species of plants in 72 genera and 30 families. The number of plant species within this corridor is relatively low compared to known plant diversity in the region. This could be attributed to high intensity of disturbances (land conversion) along the roads.

The dominant woody species recorded along the road sections included Cascabela thevetia, Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum, Senna septabilis, Albizia spp., Coffea stenophylla, Callistemon citrinus, Phoenix rupicola, Vernonia amygadalena, Phoenix reclinata, Acanthus spp, Ficus natalensis, Ficus sycomorus, and Acacia brevispica the indigenous plants. This area has however many sections scattered with introduced plant species like Pinus spp, Mangifera indica, Eucalyptus spp, Carica papaya, and Jacaranda mimosifolia. Other plant species within the open grassland included Maesopsis eminii, Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus javanicus and Cyperus diformis. A few photographs (Figure 12) show the vegetation of along the project. A list of plant species of the project area is presented in Appendix 2.

Figure 12: Vegetation along the road project

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5.2.2 Fauna within the Project Area

Mammals There were five species of mammals identified from the surveys. All the mammal species were of least conservation concern according to the international conservation union. Table 24 highlights the mammal species discovered during the field surveys. These results indicate a low diversity of mammals in the project, and this is evidently attributed to the modified nature of the landscape in the project area.

Table 24: Mammals in the project area

SN Mammal species Species name IUCN red list (2020) 1 Dwarf mongoose Helogale parvula Least Concern (LC) 2 Ethiopian Epauletted fruit bat Epomophorus labiatus Least concern (LC) 3 Marsh mongoose Atilax paludinosus Least Concern (LC) 4 Rusty-bellied Brush-furred Rat Lophuromys sikapus Least concern (LC) 5 Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus Least Concern (LC)

Avifauna (Birds) A total of 62 species of Birds were recorded from the filed surveys. None of the recorded species was of critical conservation concern. Appendix 3 shows the list of avifauna species discovered during the study. The species of birds observed in the project area, were those which are versatile to live in a wide variety of habitats including urban centres. In comparison, there were only 62 species of birds recorded in the project’s sites, and yet the neighbouring Mt Elgon national park and its ecosystems is known to contain over 500 species of birds. The very low species richness of birds is attributed to modified nature of the landscape.

Herptiles (Amphibians and Reptiles) Herptiles include Amphibians and reptiles. In this survey, only a few amphibians were encountered. All these amphibians were not of critical conservation concern according to the IUCN red list. In contrast, there were only five (05) species of reptiles representing five families, recorded in the project area (Table 25). However, the adjacent Mt Elgon national park contains a total of 49 species of reptiles comprising 3 Chelonians, 18 species of Lizards, 4 species of Chameleons, 1 species of Monitors and 24 species of snakes (Kityo & Agwanda, 2004).

Table 25: Reptiles encountered

SN Species common name Family/Group IUCN red list status 1 Hemidactylus Tropical house Gekkonidae/Geckos Not assesed mabouia Gecko (NA) 2 Red-headed rock Agama agama Agamidae/Lizards Least concern agama (LC) 3 Trachylepis striata Stripped skink Scincidae/ Skinks Least concern (LC) 4 Chamaeleo Slender Chamaeleonidae/ch Least concern gracilis chameleon amealeons (LC) 5 Rana angolensis Angolan river Pyxicephalidae/Frog Least concern s (LC)

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5.3 Socioeconomic baseline conditions within the project area This section examines the socio-economic characteristics in the project area such as, demographics, livelihood sources, employment, health, vulnerable groups, and related gender issues among others as expounded below:

5.3.1 Administrative structure

The project area covers the two districts of Mbale and Sironko that are subsequently split into counties, sub-counties, parishes and villages. The district, municipalities, divisions, Town Councils and sub counties are self-accounting, make executive decisions and formulate development objectives and budgets in line with policies of the Central Government. Mbale district comprises of 20 sub counties, 4 town council, and 1 municipal council with 3 divisions, 145 parishes/wards and 1,037 villages/cells. Sironko District on the other hand has thirty-two (32) sub counties and ten (10) Town Councils with 206 parishes/wards and 1,443 villages/cells.

Table 26: Table showing the Local Government Administrative and political Structure in Uganda

Level Administrative Head Political Head District Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) Local Council V Chairman

Town Council Town Clerk Local Council IV Chairman (Mayor) County Assistant Administrative Officer Local Council IV Chairman (AAO) Sub-county Sub-county Chief Local Council III Chairman Parish Parish Chief Local Council II Chairman

Village Local Council I Chairman

5.3.2 Population and demographic characteristics of the project area

The population of Mbale District is estimated to be 555, 296 where 268,224 are male and 287,072 females; with a total land area of 921sq km. The population density is estimated to be 587 persons per square kilometer with an average household size of 4.6. The largest proportion (51.8%) of the population is less than 15 years of age which makes the District’s total dependency ratio high. The District’s population is distributed as 90.2% rural and 9.8% urban (Mbale District Development Plan 2020/2021-2024/2025). Sironko district on the other hand has an estimated total population of 246,636 people with 121,989 (49.5%) male and 124,647 (50.5%) female. Bukiise sub-county has the highest population of 20,283 people while Bukyambi sub county had the least population of 3,485 people

5.3.3 Household characteristics of respondents

The socio-economic survey covered a total of 336 respondents from the project area of which 263 were Male while 73 were female. The determination of the sample size was informed by the total population of the villages along the proposed road project. The sample size of 30% was taken given the survey sample size of 336 respondents.

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The survey revealed that most of the household heads are in monogamous marriages (81%) while 19% were in polygamous marriages. In terms of ethnicity, the population, the majority indicated to be Bagisu/Bamasaba with over 94%. The population in the project are is mostly Christian with 39% protestant, 37% catholic, 10% born again and 13% Muslim. The demographic characteristics of the population in the project area is shown in Table 27. Table 27: Table showing Household Social Demographic Characteristics Characteristics Frequency

Age range of household heads 18 – 40 59 40 - 60 194 60+ 82 Below 18 1 Marital status of the household Heads Married /cohabiting (monogamous) 206 Married /cohabiting (polygamous) 58 Single 12 Divorced / separated 12 Widow / widower 48 Highest grade obtained by household members None 34 Others 1 Primary seven 155 Secondary 111 Vocational / diploma / certificate 19 University level 16 Religion household heads Catholic 124 Moslem 43 Protestant 132 Pentecostals 24 Jahovas witness 1 Adventist 3 Born again 8 Isamasiya 1 Ethnic group of household heads Baganda 2 Bagisu 316 Bagwere 1 Mukiga 1 Munyankole 1 Kakwa 1 Others 14

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5.3.4 Means of transport for the households in the project area

The only means of transport in the project area is road transport with no other forms of transport available. The majority of respondents indicated to be using Taxis (29%), hired motor cycles (35%) and foot (25%), as their most common means of transport. Relatedly, 6% used bicycles, 3% used buses, 2% used their own motorcycle as a means of transport and only 1% used their own car. This is elaborated in Table 28. Table 28: Means of transport used Means of transport Frequency Foot 204 Bus 21 Lorry 10 Motorcycle (Owned) 19 Motorcycle (Hire) 268 Bicycle 45 Own car 5 Taxi 235

5.3.5 Current travel patterns

Travel in the project area is characterized by walking, use of motorcycles and taxis mostly to the market, to work points, to access gardens, health facilities and for family visits (Figure 13). In terms of road type used by the population in the project area; 23% used national roads (trunk roads), 32% used district feeder roads, 26% used community access roads while 19% used foot paths. As seen from above, there is no other means of transport in the project area other than road transport hence making it important for the project to be implemented so that access to the markets and social services can be improved in the project area.

120 106 100 82 80 67 60 30 32 Frequency 40 20 11 5 3 2 1 1 1 0 Frequency

Reason for travel

Figure 13: Tthe most common reason for travel

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5.3.6 Education in the project area

It is important to study the education levels of household members in relation to project implementation because education has a strong correlation with employment and prevalence of poverty. When probed about school attendance, it was noted that (39%) of household members did not complete primary education while 18% did not attend school at all. 23% of household members completed primary education (PLE). Those that attained Uganda Certificate of Education (UCE) were (9%), while 6% completed Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education (UACE). Only 4% of household members in the project area attained university level of education as shown in the Figure 14.

The significant number of persons in the project area that have attended school presents a good opportunity for ready labor force (casual, semi-skilled and skilled) during construction phase. Relatedly, it is equally important that an appropriate communication strategy is devised for sections of the population in the project area that did not attend school or complete primary education so that they are not entirely left out of project activities.

Figure 14: education level of household members in the project area

5.3.7 Attendance of school by household members

Findings indicate that 80% of households in the project area had members who were currently attending school. Only 20% of the surveyed household did not have any members of their households attending school in the project area. The findings resonate with Uganda’s population structure whereby a majority of the population is under 18 years and therefore of school going age. This therefore means that the likely impact of school dropout due children seeking employment on the project and engagements in petty may be significant if not well managed. Community engagements and involvement of school management and parents to promote school retention will for part of the social management plans for the project.

5.3.8 Health services

Namagumba Busdadiri Nalugugu project area has several public facilities located along the road including health facilities, schools, markets among others (Figure 15).

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Figure 15: Major public facilities located along the road

Health facilities within the road project area comprise of public health facilities, (Health Center IVs, Health Center IIIs, Health center IIs) and private health facilities run by faith-based organizations and individuals within the project area. Mbale district has 63 health facilities with one Regional Referral Hospital, 36 government owned Health centers, 9 Private not for profit health centers, 7 NGO facilities and 12 private for profit health facilities. There are 3 General hospitals, 5 Health Center IVs, 28 Health Center IIIs and 27 Health Center IIs (Table 29). The health facilities are well distributed where by at least on average each sub county has one health center although some of them lack the basic equipment to offer adequate services. Some of these facilities are located very close to the road proposed for upgrade.

Table 29:Health centres in Mbale district

Category Ownership Government NGO PFP PNFP TOTAL Reg. hospital 1 0 0 0 1 General hospital 0 1 2 0 3 H/C IV 3 0 0 2 5 H/C III 23 2 0 3 28 H/C II 9 4 10 4 27 Total 36 7 12 9 64 Number of staff houses 13 0 0 0 13

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Sironko has three Health Centre IVs; Muyembe, Budadiri and Buwasa. The Health Centre IIIs include; Bunambuti, Gametimba, Buginyanya, Bumwambu, Bulanganya, Bumasaba, Bumaseke, Bulwala, Bugiboni, Bumumulo, Bulujewa, Bubeeza, Buwalasi, Sironko, Nalugugu, Bukhalu. The Health Centre IIs include; Kata, Masiira, Bumugusi, Simu-Pondo, Mutufu, Buyaya, Bubeza, Nampanga and Tunyi.

Morbidity and causes of ill health This study established that Malaria was the leading cause of sickness in Mbale district closely followed by non-pneumonia cough or cold. Other leading causes of illness identified were; urinary tract infections (UTIs), skin conditions and hypertension (Figure 16). The high Malaria cases recorded are attributed to increasing number of mosquito breeding sites like bushes and stagnant water around homesteads. The non-pneumonia cough was mostly in children while the urinary tract infections were most likely caused by poor hygiene. Figure shows the major causes of ill health in Mbale district.

BAR GRAPH SHOWING TOP 5 DISEASE CASES

Skin diseases

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Hypertension

No pneumonia-cough or cold

Malaria

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 200000

Figure 16: Disease burden in Mbale district

The findings from the household survey is in agreement with the data from Mbale DDP which identifies malaria as the leading cause of sickness with 56%. Other causes of ill health were cough and skin diseases with 11% and 5% respectively. The non-communicable diseases (others) accounted for 16% of the disease burden in the project area (Figure 17). In order not to worsen an already bad situation, it is important that the project controls/avoids ponding of water and generation of dust during the project construction phase. Equally important is the need for the project to put in place its own mechanisms for managing worker’s health in order not to put pressure on the existing community health infrastructure.

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Figure 17: Common diseases in the project area

5.3.9 Land use and Ownership

Land use Land along the project area is predominantly used for agriculture and settlement. The farming system is mainly mixed crops and livestock at subsistence level. The major crops grown include Bananas, Coffee, Maize, Onions, Tomatoes, Irish potatoes and Cassava among others. Livestock such as cattle, goats, and sheep, and poultry are also kept by smallholder farmers mainly for food and income. The food produced in this area supports the communities in the districts and neighboring Kenya.

Type of Land Ownership Uganda recognizes formal and informal land ownership rights. Formal land tenure in the project area includes customary, freehold, leasehold and public land as defined in Uganda’s 1995 Constitution and governed under the Land Act (1998).

The most common type of land ownership in the project area is Kibanja. A Kibanja holder holds an equitable interest in Mailo land which can be transferred with consent of a registered owner. It is worth noting that Kibanja is peculiar to mailo land found mostly in Buganda. The assessment determined that one of the Buganda princes, Semei Kakungulu, owns a sizable estate where kibanja holders are settling. Fgure 18 shows the types of land ownership in the project area.

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Mailo/ titled 5%

Customary 40%

Kibanja 55%

Figure 18: Land ownership in the project area

5.3.10 Housing

Housing along Namagumba- Budadiri-Nalugugu road project is mainly characterised by permanent, semi-permanent and temporary structures in the trading centres. The permanent structures were predominantly in trading centres, and interestingly a stroyed structure was seen in Budadiri town which is a reflection of development in the area. Semi-permanent and temporary structures were commonly observed in the rural set up. Review of the District Development plan for Sironko (2020-2025) indicated that over 80% of the population is rural based with poor housing conditions attributed to low income levels. With regards to settlement patterns, there is uneven distribution, majorly characterized by linear settlement along roadsides, riverbanks and nucleated settlement pattern in trading centers. Data obtained from the household survey indicates 66% of the respondents had permanent structures most of which were from the urban settings, 24% have semi-permanent structures and 10% have temporary structures (Figure 19).

Permanent Semi-permanent Temporary

10%

24%

66%

Figure 19: Housing status of respondents

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5.3.11 Access to water

Access to improved water supply (i.e. piped, infrastructure-based water) across the country is estimated to be 71% and 67% in urban and rural areas, respectively. Of these, only 26% of the urban population is estimated to have piped water on premises, and less so within informal settlements (MWE, 2016). The project area is endowed with various water sources like the rain water, ground water, rivers, piped water, streams among others used by most communities (Figure 20). The safe water coverage in the district stands at 65%. However, some section of the community still depends on open water sources which was perceived to be unsafe considering fact that the rivers/ streams transverse communities of high human settlements. Considering the proximity of some water sources along the road, there are risks of contamination during construction. Furthermore, there are possibilities of disruption of water supply during construction due to the proximity of water structures (tap stands, pipe lines, boreholes, protected springs). Environment management plans shall include measures to protect the quality and quantity of water in the project area.

Valley Tank/Earth Gravity flow water dam 1% 0% Others 8% Borehole 14%

River, lake Stream & swamp 19% Tap Unprotected 28% spring/well 11%

Protected spring/well 19% Rain water tank 0%

Figure 20: Categories of water sources in the project area likely to be affected by project development

5.3.12 Sanitation

Existing literature indicates that 8.5% of the population in the project area have no toilet facilities. This exposes the community to risks of diseases such as dysentery, diarrhoea, and typhoid. Some community members have devised means of using temporal pit latrines. These are a risk considering the abundant flowing river/streams and the high water table. The project will liaise with local authorities to address the risks associated with poor sanitation in order not to exacerbate the poor sanitation in the area.

5.3.13 Energy sources

The results from the social economic survey indicates that the project area has mainly four major sources of domestic energy that are being used by the communities namely; fuel wood, petroleum products, hydroelectricity, solar and kerosene. At least 90% of the households in Sironko district as well as institutions use biomass as the main source of energy. Over 96% of the rural populations utilize firewood

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and the 65% of the urban population uses charcoal as their main source of energy for cooking. The use of other improved sources of energy such as electricity, gas and bio-gas and solar is still low.

5.3.14 HIV/AIDs

HIV/AIDS still remains an underlying health issue in most communities in Sironko and Mbale with high prevalence within rural growth centers. The knowledge level of the respondents regarding HIV/AIDS transmission was high in certain aspects and low on others. For example, 73% of respondents knew that HIV/AIDS was transmitted through unprotected sex, yet other modes were least known (Figure 21).

% of known HIV/AIDS transmission mode

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Series1 Series2

Figure 21: Known HIV/AIDS transmission modes

The trade aspect has greatly attracted influx of people from different societies outside the region with intensions of buying agricultural produce from the local markets.

It was noted that the influx causes higher risks of spread of HIV/AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases. In addition, the “Imbalu cultural ritual ceremonies” was identified as another contributing factor in the spread of HIV/AIDs, STDs and unwanted pregnancies among young girls. The ritual ceremony attracts a large crowd of people with majority being the excited youth who take opportunity to engage in sexual affairs.

There are available HIV/AIDS prevention and management services in the area (Figure 22). However, according to the Sironko DDP (2020-2015), the interventions for HIV prevention in the communities are not well aligned to the existing behavioural, biological risk, socio-cultural and economic drivers. The lack of coordination is manifested by poor referrals and linkages between implementing partners. Cognisant of the risks associated with road construction projects in an already fragile community, UNRA shall engage a Nominated Service Provider to manage the risks associated with HIV/AIDS, Gender based violence, Gender and Community Health and Safety.

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Figure 22: HIV/AIDS available in project area

5.3.15 Waste Disposal

The increasing population in the project area has led to increase in quantity of wastes generated from different points and activities. The commonly generated wastes are solid wastes mostly collected from households and along trading centers. The community devised means of disposing and containing wastes by digging pits, burning and also spreading those that can decay under banana plantations to act as manure. Nevertheless, the major challenge is that these pits have turned out to be potential hazards in communities because they are left open without any kind of protection.

5.3.16 Gender analysis

In line with UNRA’s gender equity strategy, a gender analysis was conducted during preparation for this ESIA through gender disaggregated FGDs using the three gender frameworks namely; i. Activity Profile, ii. Access and Control profile and, iii. The influencing factors.

The purpose of this gender analysis was to understand the dominant development problems, existing opportunities and the implication of accessibility limitations to control over economic resources for women and men. This was premised on the assumption that, the greater the gender inequality in project communities, the higher the possibility that women will be in a weak position to share project benefits. The outcome of the gender analysis provides measures to ensure that women and men receive equitable project benefits and share equitably in the related livelihood support programs.

Gender socio-economic characteristics At household level, women’s participation in decision making is low. Only about 35% of women in the project area participate in decision making in regard to major household purchases. The women particularly participate household chores and undertake agriculture to ensure household food security, while men believe that a husband should make the major household decisions.

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Farming is practiced by both men and women, although women play a bigger role, especially in planting, weeding and harvesting. Women are also responsible for selling agricultural products in the market, although men control the money earned. During FGD with women it was established that although women are responsible for over 80% of the agricultural activities in the project area, they own less than 7% of all productive land. Therefore, women practice agricultural production on land to which they have access but no control. They also reported that they are in charge of food crops which are for household consumption and rarely sold for income while men are in charge of cash crops like coffee and bananas which generate high incomes. This phenomenon has aggravated poverty amongst women

Given the fact that poverty is still rampant in the project area, the relationship between gender, poverty and development is very crucial. This is because poverty does not only impact differently on women and men, but they also experience poverty differently. Gender differences in poverty situations were noted and it was discovered that women are poorer compared to their male counterparts because most of the women do not own productive assets specifically land. They are also most likely not employed. The few who chance to get employment opportunities are given low paying positions. Therefore, the district has introduced vocational skills training for women and youth groups in an attempt to bridge the gap.

Gender Based Domestic Violence (GBV) Although there is no clear statistics on this matter, domestic violence is noted to be among the common crimes in Sironko district. The most evident and common forms of GBV are defilement, rape assault.

Furthermore, general academic performance of girls was noted to lag behind the boy in grade promotion and learning achievements. Enrolment of girls is very low especially at secondary levels and cohort survival rate for girls stands at 62.6% compared to 67.5% for boys. Similarly, the percentage passes among boys in PLE stands at 68% compared to 47% for girls. This is mainly due to domestic roles played by the girl child prompting them to drop-out of school. Other factors hindering their performance are absenteeism, early pregnancies, early marriages among others.

The project will develop and implement a Gender Action Plan to address the identified gender based issues. In addition, a Nominated Service Provider (NSP) will be engaged to undertake awareness creation on Gender, GBV and sensitization of workers on Code of conduct.

5.3.17 Migration Status and Years spent in the Project Area

Findings from the survey revealed that, majority of the respondents (57%) have lived in the project rea over thirty years followed by 18 who lived between 20-30 years. Therefore, a small proportion of 8.6% have recently migrated in to the project area within the last 10 years. Figure 23 shows the numbers of years lived in the project area.

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Years lived in the area 250

200

150

100

0 0- 10 10- 20 20- 30 30+

Figure 23: Number of years lived in the area

5.3.18 Incomes

The majority of the population in the project area (96%) derive their incomes from subsistence agriculture where cultivation of both cash and food crops such as; coffee, bananas, beans, maize, cabbage and ground nutsare grown. In addition, raring of livestock is practiced and most animals kept include cattle, goats and pigs. Other economic activities include; trading, forestry, industry, metal works and fabrication, transportation, agro-processing industry, mining (mainly in Bukhulo, Buwalasi, Bukyambi and along river Sironko and its tributaries) and stone quarrying mostly in Buwalasi and Bukhulo.

The findings from the sampled households along the proposed road indicated that the predominant occupation of the population is subsistence farming accounting for 35%, followed by commercial farming at 20%. Business is at 17% as illustrated in Figure 24. This can be attributed to relatively high settlements in urban areas where a considerable number is engaged in trade and some form of commercial farming

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Main source of livelihood 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Figure 24: Main sources of livelihood

Retails business During the survey, it was noted that there are different retail shops along the proposed road. These were predominantly observed in trading centres and are dealing in different items ranging from general merchandise, agricultural produce, food stuffs among others.

Boda boda Motorcycle transport (Boda-boda) has become a hub for youth within the project area and is a prominent economic activity in project districts of Mbale and Sironko. During Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with motorcycle (locally known as “bodaboda”) transporters (Figure 25), it was noted that there are a number of boda bodas in trading centres and the business is a primary source of livelihood for some youth within the project area and their fares range from 2,000/ per trip or more, depending on the distance of the journey and the difficulty of the terrain.

Figure 25: Boda boda business along the road

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Roadside vending Roadside vending of food stuffs and other items is common and a source of employment and income for many rural dwellers especially by women in the project area (Figure 26). From observation and FGDs, it was revealed that women dominate roadside vending. Some women in the roadside businesses have used the roads as ready markets for their own produce from their own gardens. The women sell their vegetables and other food stuffs to road users. Some of the items included vegetables, Bananas, cabbage, onions, beans among others. The different roadside vendors engaged reported mainly selling their food stuffs in the evening after carrying out household chores although some reported starting work in the morning hours. Additionally, from meetings with women, they reported expressed their concerns that the road construction might impact on their businesses hence affecting their sources of income.

Figure 26: Road side vending along the proposed road

Weekly markets Finding from the baseline survey revealed that there are weekly rural markets along the proposed road. Markets in rural areas play an important role in improving agricultural marketing as they provide a location at which farmers can meet with traders and increase retail competition by providing a convenient place where farmers can meet with consumers. It was established that the markets are predominantly food markets although other merchandise are sold. The biggest market in the project area is at Salalira.

5.3.19 Existence of Vulnerable Groups in project

Disadvantaged or vulnerable individuals or groups are defined by the World Bank as those people who by virtue of specific conditions or circumstances including age, gender, ethnicity, religion, physical, mental or other disability, social, civic or health status, and/or dependence on unique natural resources may be more likely to be adversely affected by project impacts and/or more limited than others in their ability to take advantage of project benefits. Individuals and groups that are vulnerable are mostly excluded or are unable to participate meaningfully in any community discourse and may require specific assistance. From the findings, the vulnerable groups in the project area include people living with chronic illness, people with disabilities, the elderly, women- headed households and children -headed households, Lack of access to production assets especially land is key to designating most people to vulnerability. The project Resettlement Action Plan should provide measures to support and assist the identified categories of vulnerable groups.

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5.4 Physical cultural resources 5.4.1 Burial sites

Some areas of cultural importance were identified along the proposed road. Most notable were the burial grounds that are spread out through most of the households neighboring the proposed road. It should be noted that some sections of the road are characterised by linear settlements, with relatively high concentrations of settlements in the rural growth centres. A survey undertaken revealed that there were atleast 89 burial sites that are located within or close to the Right of Way. Whie some graveyards were not in the RoW, the widening of the road was likely to leave the graves exposed or close to the road, which the communities considered culturally inappropriate. While the burial sites that are within the RoW will be valued and families provided with support to relocate the sites, those that are not directly affected will be engaged to find solutions to secure/ screen off the graves to avoid having them exposed.

Figure 27 is an extended burial ground of Saul Nagwere family in Bumundu A village, Bamundu parish Buwarasi sub county. It’s a large site where part of the grave yard (about 20 graves) is directly affected by the project RoW. This would leave some graves close to the road, which is considered inappropriate.

Figure 27: Affected grave site at Buwamaniala

5.4.2 Spiritual sites

Namagumba Spiritual Site At Namagumba, a sprititual site belonging to one family (Munyole by cultural grouping) was found, with both a family cultural house shrine (Figure 28) and burial ground in close proximity. The cultural house is directly affected while the burials (ten in total, six adults and four children) are not directly affected. The brick walled and iron sheet roofed open hut, is used by the family members to perform cleansing rituals for any misfortunes resulting from disorganising the spiritual requirements of their family or clan. According to the family, it is possible to relocate the spiritual house if proper measures aree undertaken.

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Figure 28: Family Shrine at Namagumba

Namagumba Spirituarl Site 2 Another family and clan cultural house was recorded at Namagumba belonging village. A brick opens through and grass thatched hut/Shrine (Figure 29) is directly affected in ROW. Ths is used for settling spiritual attacks in form of cleansing and healing. The hut is characteristic of “Ensiiro” the middle pole where the spirits are cast. The owners are open to relocating it if all what may require is followed and respected. It will involve getting a new locality, and involvement of spiritual traditionists. Feasts and sacrifices are offered in the process of relocating.

Figure 29: Another shrine at Namagumba

Mutumba Cultural Site A cultural site was found at Buweli. This is a locality of Imbalu cultural related ritual performance before the process continues to the Mudodo Tree (Figure 30). It is found in the township of Buweli in front of a building. It is alleged that initiations including cleansing for the boys awaiting circumcision is done here, before the ritual of Kadodi dancing is done following the trail to the Mudodo tree (Figure 30) where more rituals are further performed. A few elders contacted reported that originally, there was a tree as well not until new developments in the area particularly the power line saw the tree cut. However, they maintained the area for their Imbalu related activities which will not be the case this time round. For that reason, they are to get a new locality which will involve some cultural practices in terms of ritual performance.

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Buwamaniala Mudodo Tree 1 This cultural site is found in Buwamaniala town centre, Buwamaniala parish Busamaga sub county. The site is characteristic with a Mudodo (Figure 30) tree where circumcision initiation takes place. This tree has been in use for about 10 years. The tree is affected as it is observed very close to the Row just less than a meter away. The site is considered a very important site where circumcision ceremonies take place including some rituals involved in the process. The tree can be replanted according to cultural elders.

Figure 30: Mudodo tree at Buwaniala town centre

Mutumba Mudodo Tree2 In Mutumba village, Bumusi parish, Buyobo sub county, Sironko district, another Mudodo Tree where Imbalu circumcision initiation takes place thus Imbalu initiation tree (Figure 31). It is at this tree locality as well where the Kadodi dancing ceremonies take place. However, the road takes part of the area where such takes place although the main tree is not affected. It should be noted that there are more minor trees in association with it an indication that this tree has been preserved for so long, its justification of the cultural value it holds for the community. The project will be tampering with the site in general. More engagement is need to find out how this matter will be handled, either to find another locality in general for the cultural performances.

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Figure 31: Imbalu initiation tree

5.4.3 Religious sites

Bunambozo Christian healing Pentecostal Church This church is located in the Row. It’s used by over 120 people in terms of capacity for example during divining festival season while during the normal prayer days about 80 people attend prayers. Active days of the church official are Sundays for prayer gathering; Tuesdays are prayer for families; Wednesdays are for bible study teaching and Saturdays the church community are always preparing for Sunday prayersCharacteristically, the structure is made of iron sheets and wooden doors, open windows, mud and wattle weaved with elephant grass reads.

Mayiyi Born Again Church This church of the born again faith is found in Mayiyi village, Buwalasi sub county (Figure 32). Topographically, it is located in a valley and very close to the road, and will be directly affected by the road development. The church structure is made of permanent materials and serves a population of approximately 100 persons.

Figure 32: Mayiyi born again church

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Buweli Mosque A mosque in Buweli village, Buweli town council Buyobo sub county was recorded among the physical cultural resources likely to be affected by the road development (Figure 33). Coonsultations with the community indicate that the mosque serves about 200 people during prayer days especially on Fridays and the known Islamic faith Eid days.

Figure 33: Buweri Mosque

Kalawa Solution Centre Another religious site recorded in Kalawa ward is the Kalawa Solution centre, a born again faith (Figure 34). This timber and iron sheet roofed structure has been in existence for over five years serving more than 100 people in terms of capacity during special prayer days such as on Sundays. The church apart from the two services every Sunday; 9:00 – 10:15am and that from 10:15am – 1:00pm, people gather for bible study every Tuesday and fellowships every Thursday. It is directly affected meaning it will require relocation after consultations with the church elders.

Figure 34: Kawala solutions centre

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Christ Sanctify Church Mutufu Christ Sanctify Church is located in Mutufu in Kitagolu village, Nandele parish Bumalimba sub county (Figure 35). The road is only 2m away from the church, leaving no room for using the church during construction as the access will likely be blocked, not The construction activities such as ground breaking and continued machine usage will be attracting dust and direct noise which will antagonise the prayer activities on specific days. Engagements shall be held with church members and the developer to ensure minimal impacts on the church and its activities.

Figure 35: Christ Sanctify Church Mufutu

5.4.4 Pottery Sites

Buweri Pottery Site Pottery site in RoW is a characteristic of several potshards in one locality seemingly transported into this locality; Buweli town council, Buyobo sub, Sironko district. The surrounding environment, well organised bricks and stones in association is indicative of modern human activity (Figure 36). This makes it difficult to reconstruct the historical relations of these potsherds with the area. It should be noted that the roulette designed pots are still in production today, that even makes it more complicated to associate such potsherds to the historical chronology of the area. However, if the site proves productive during the project implementation, a chance find procedure should be employed.

Management plans specific to each of the physical cultural resources identified, shall be developed, implemented and monitored during project implementation.

Figure 36: Roulette decorated portsherds at Buweri town council

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6.0 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATION

6.1 Introduction The process for stakeholder engagements and consultations for Namagumba- Budadiri –Nalugugu road was first undertaken during the prepration of the ESIA in 2012. Additional stakeholder engagements and consultations have been carried out to during the update of this ESIA to comply with National, UNRA and ADB requirements. This process aimed at disclosing the information about the project, generating good understanding and enhancing project acceptability. In addition, potential risks, impacts and proposed mitigation and enhahancement measures were discussed.

6.2 Principles of stakeholder engagements

The stakeholder engagements and consultations that were undertaken were guided by the following principles; i. The engagements were free of external manipulation or coercion and intimidation; ii. There was prior communication and seeking consent with the stakeholders. Engagements were undertaken within the agreed time at the convenience of the parties engaged or consulted; iii. The engagements were enabled by provision of relevant, understandable, and accessible information, in a language best understood by the stakeholders.

6.3 Categories of Stakeholders A stakeholder mapping and analysis process was undertaken to determine the stakeholders who hold power, influence and interest in the project. Basing on this, a Stakeholder Engagement plan was developed to guide engagements. This ESIA was carried out in close consultation with different stakeholders at different levels. At national level, relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) were consulted. A series of consultative meetings were also held with districts stakeholders of Sironko and Mbale.Others were held with Sub county authorities and local communities and with different groups along the proposed road including, boda bodas, women and business community.

From the Stakeholder analysis that was conducted, the following key stakeholders were identified and engaged; a) National Stakeholders/Lead Agencies i) Ministry of Works and Transport ii) Ministry of Water and Environment iii) National Environment Management Authority iv) Ministry of Gender, Labor and Social Development b) District Officials both political and technocrats c) Sub-county Officials d) Affected Communities including sstakeholders like those with businesses along the road and in trading centres (shop keepers, Bodaboda cyclists), water user groups etc e) NGOs

6.4 Preparatory activities for stakeholder engagements The field activities were preceded by a preparatory/mobilization plan for the inclusion and consultation with all the key stakeholders. The program for engagement and consultations with all project stakeholders were developed in consultation with the local leadership in the two districts. The ESIA team collaborated with the District Community Development Officers (DCDOs) and the sub-county Community Development Officers to identify notify and mobilize district and local stakeholders. These included political leaders, technical teams, and representatives of women, youth, people with disabilities and business community. The planned consultative meetings were publicized by means of invitation letters to various local government institutions and follow -up phone calls. Community meetings were confirmed indicating the dates and venues. Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 89

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6.5 Methods of engagements and consultations Effort was made to ensure that all relevant stakeholders were fairly represented and consulted considering issues of leadership positions, gender, age, and physical abilities. To this effect, different methodologies were adopted and used during these consultations ranging from formal consultative meetings with National, District, Sub County and community stakeholders, Focus Group Discussion (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and informal group discussions in the project communities. Stakeholders were facilitated to give their views, concerns and fears about the proposed project. There were question and answer sessions to elicit more information and to provide more clarification on some issues raised by stakeholders. Figures 37 to 39 show mages of stakeholder engagement sessions. Records of attendace are attached in Appendix 5.

Putting into consideration issues of gender, age, business orientation and physical disabilities, gender profiling was integral in stakeholder engagements for purposes of getting information on women, men, girls and boys in terms of their division of labour, roles and responsibilities, access to, and control over resources, and their relative condition and position in society. To this effect, separate Focus Group discussions were conducted with men, women and vulnerable groups such as the elderly. The separate FDGs with men and women served to create enabling conditions for their participation and to ensure that they freely express their concerns and discuss more freely.

It was also appreciated that some people were more informed on socio-economic aspects than others. To this effect, Key Informant Interviews were conducted with different categories of people to elicit more infroomation on subject of interest.

Figure 37: Engagement at Bugusege Sub county Figure 38: Engagement with Namagumba community

Figure 39: Engagement with Buwalasi community Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 90

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6.5 Outcome of the Stakeholder Engagement Process

From the stakeholder engagements and consultation held, a number of issues, concerns and fears were raised as presented in the Table 30. Registration lists of persons that participated in the engagements are attached as Appendix 6.

Table 30: Summary issues, concerns and fears from consultations.

Theme / Subject Stakeholders’ Views, Concerns Stakeholder who raised Responses and fears on proposed road project the issue Impacts on Gravity The road will affect water structures Officials of National The project will develop utility relocation plans and Flow Scheme and like Transition lines, distribution lines; Water and Sewerage communicate with service providers iin advance other water sources, tap stands, Chambers, manholes Corporation (NWSC) at service ducts built along the road and Budadiri Office, other water sources like boreholes. community members There will be a need for relocation water facilities.

Extension of the road There were inquiries and requests to The anticipate financing is for Namugumba – to Mt Elgon National extend the project to Mt Elgon Budadiri- Nalugugu. However, the request would be park National park area to boost tourism. Officials of Uganda Wild forwarded to management for review and Currently tourists use boda bodas to Life Authority (UWA) at consideration and feedback provided access the sites due to poor road Budadiri Office conditions.

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Theme / Subject Stakeholders’ Views, Concerns Stakeholder who raised Responses and fears on proposed road project the issue Informative road During erection of sign posts along Designing and erection of roadside sign posts is Sign posts the road, UWA signpost should be done in consultation with stakeholders. UWA shall be given proper location and clear engaged at an appropriate time for their input information about existence of the tourist attraction features on Mt Elgon.

Relocation of Electric There are a number of electric Officials at UMEME Relocation of utilities including powerlines is an poles structures on the proposed road like Mbale Regional office integral part of project. Relocation of powerlines shall electrical poles and cables which are be done in close consultation with UMEME to ensure likely to be affected by the proposed minimal distruption of the service. road UMEME has pre-qualified companies which can handle relocation of electric poles when need arises. Drainage There is an overwhelming amount of RDC/DPC/GISO Sironko Appropriate structures such as box culverts and water in Salarilla between Mutufu and District bridges have been designed with adequate capacity Bukiise. to address the drainage challenges.

Creation of Job The project will create job Officials of Sironko and UNRA has a policy in place where the contractor is opportunities opportunities and therefore during the Mbale District Local required to consider the local content by providing implementation of works, UNRA Governments, Sub employment opportunities to people in the project should consider employing the people counties and members of area. in the project area than using people communities from other districts. Bukusege market. Bukusege market along the road and Officials of Sironko The project will work with local authorities and the is likely to be displaced by the District Local affected vendors to identify and relocate the market proposed road project. Government to a suitable area. Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 92

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Theme / Subject Stakeholders’ Views, Concerns Stakeholder who raised Responses and fears on proposed road project the issue

There is a designated area for the market however vendors prefer conducting business from the roadside and have been operating there illegally.

Siltation There is likelihood of siltation of water Officials from Sironko The Contractor will be required to develop the bodies along the proposed road. and Mbale District Local method statements to minimize the risks of soil There are streams and river Sironko Governments erosion and siltation. Such statements will be along the proposed road and this will implemented with approval and guidance of the affect the aquatic life. The proposed supervision consultant. mitigation will be to plan for scour checks in the design Biodiversity loss Biodiversity loss is associated with Officials of Sironko and Biodiversity studies have been done as part of this project development because some Mbale District Local ESIA to determine those at risk and appropriate species of birds, plants and animals Governments measures for their management could be lost in the proess of road development. Vegetation loss Bush Clearence and removal of Officials of Sironko and UNRA has a program for Green Right of Way vegetation was noted as a likely Mbale District Local (GROW) that aims at planting trees along the roads impact during road construction. This Governments, members to green the road reserve. Indigenous tree species will affect environment negatively of the community such as muvule are given priority and will be planted therefore there should be tree on this project planting plan to compensate for the cut trees. It was further highlighted that there are pockets of muvule trees along the road and if they are cut, muvule trees should be planted.

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Theme / Subject Stakeholders’ Views, Concerns Stakeholder who raised Responses and fears on proposed road project the issue Storm water Opening up of borrow areas loosens Officials of Sironko and The contractor will prepare method statements that and subjects the soils to storm water Mbale District, Sub minimize run off and soil erosion. There will be runoff which affects downstream Counties and restoration plans for the borrow areas. households. They proposed to communities undertake proper restoration of the borrow areas by planting trees and grass.

Dust Dust nuisance was highlighted as the Officials from Sironko The contractor will develop an environment and likely impact of the road construction and Mbale Districts, social management plan which has dust control with associated health issues. The Sub counties and measures to mitigate dust nuisance project should plan to sprinkle water members of during the road construction phase. communities damage on The issue of damage to structures Community members The contractor will capture baseline information on structures during and development of cracks on all existing strutures road construction houses was strongly highlighted as a along the allignmnet and those that shall be affected potential impact of the road will be assessed and compensated under injurious construction. People asked what affection. would be done to the affected properties. Air pollution Air pollution was noted as a concern District officials from Routine air quality monitoring will be undertaken. due use of old machines/equipment Sironko and Mbale, Sub Vehicles and equipment will be serviced and during road construction. It was county officials and maintained to reduce risk of air pollution. discussed and proposed that the members of carbon receptors such as trees communities should be maintained and communities be provided with tree seedlings for planting.

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Theme / Subject Stakeholders’ Views, Concerns Stakeholder who raised Responses and fears on proposed road project the issue Contamination of Contamination of streams and rivers District officials from The contractor will develop and implement waste Streams and Rivers was noted as a likely impact of road Sironko and Mbale, Sub management plans for management of waste on the contruction due to oil spills and poor county officials and project. Spillage control measures shall be put in waste management practices. It was members of communities place. Routine water quality monitoring shall be also noted that there are springs undertaken by the contractor. downstream which are sources of water for the neighboring communities. Precaution should be taken to avoid contaminating the quality of water.

Employment It was noted that the road project is District officials from UNRA promotes local content where by contractors opportunities likely to bring employment Sironko and Mbale, Sub are encouraged to give priority to employment of opportunities. Howver there was a county officials and people from the project area. The contractor of the concern that the contractior will members of proposed project will be encouraged to recruit employ people from other areas and communities people from the project area. denying people from the project area job opportunities. It was proposed that people from the project areas should be given first priority for employment. Reduced Transport Reduced transport costs was District officials from costs identified as a positive impact of the Sironko and Mbale, Sub project which leads to increased county officials and saving and improved standards of members of living. communities

Labour influx in the Labour influx was nnoted as a key District officials from The contractor will develop a labour management project area concern in the project area. Sironko and Mbale, Sub plan that promotes recruitment of people from the

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Theme / Subject Stakeholders’ Views, Concerns Stakeholder who raised Responses and fears on proposed road project the issue county officials and project area. A workers’ code of conduct shall be This is because the proposed road members of developed and signed by all workers to regulate their project will attract different people communities behaviour. A Nominated Service Provider (NSP) will from different areas and be engagaged to undertake workers and community backgrounds in seach for job sensitisation on project related issues. A grievance opportunities on the project. redress mechanism will be established to manage project related grievances. This may increase social vices like domestic violence, elopement with peoples’ wives, child abuse and defilement cases. UNRA should work closely with the District stakeholder to mitigate such vices. HIV/AIDS and It was observed that the project will District officials from The project will engage a Nominated Service Sexually attract many workers who on many Sironko and Mbale, Sub Provider (NSP) to manage the HIV/AIDS program on Transmitted occasions come without their county officials and the project. The NSP will undertake workers and Infections (STIs) spouses and end up starting new members of community sensitization to increase awareness on relationships which increases the communities HIV/AIDS, undertake HIV/AIDS ccounselling and risk of spread of HIV/AIDS and STIs. testing, distribute condoms and provide IEC materials. Child Labor and It ws noted that the project may District officials from The project will have a child protection policy that school drop out increase cases of child labor and Sironko and Mbale, Sub shall prohibit employment of minors on the project. school drops in bid to generate county officials and In addition, all workers shall have to provide National incomes from the project. It was members of IDs to prove their age before employment on the strongly pointed out that there should communities project. Community sensitisation will be conducted be strong policies to prohibit child labor on the project Negative impacts on It was noted that the project will have District officials from A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be prepared sources of negative impacts on the livelihoods Sironko and Mbale, Sub to guide compensation of Project Affected People livelihood. of households along the proposed county officials and (PAPs) inline with national and AfDB requiremnts road. The project will lead to community members prior to expropriation of their land and properties. displacement of households and UNRA will conduct assessment of the affected destruction of sources of livelihoods sources of livelihoods and provide compensation to like land, gardens, businesses and enhance livelihood restoration of the PAPs. Further

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Theme / Subject Stakeholders’ Views, Concerns Stakeholder who raised Responses and fears on proposed road project the issue road side stalls. Therefore, there consultations will be held regarding relocation and should be adequate compensation to provision of stalls for farmers. enable affected households restore their livelihoods. Responsible authorities should consider the option of relocating such businesses to other places for continuity. Project should provide stalls for farmers so that they can sell their agricultural produce

Family disharmony It was anticipated that Compensation District officials from Compensation process shall include sensitization of owing to awards are likely to cause domestic Sironko and Mbale, Sub project affected persons on management of cash compensation violence and family breakups among county officials and compensation. FInancial literacy training will be awards the family members. This was community members provided to PAPs prior to payment of compemsation. attributed to missuse of cash compensation by men who may end up enagaing unnecessary expendituires and extra marital relationships. Therefore, strategies including sensitization of spouses on utilization of compensation money should be planned for.

Grievance Will there be Mechanisms for Sub county officials Thr project shall establish a grievance redress management registering complaints caused by the (Buwalasi, Buweri mechanism to manage project related complaints Mechanism. project? Town), Community including compensation. Grievance Management members in Sironko. Committees (GMCs) will be formed and trained on the project to handle all project grievances. Destruction of This was presented as a major Officials from Sironko The design team will consider the request and Growth Centres concern. There is fear that the district, Budadiri Town undertake options analysis and choose the most proposed road is likely to wipe away Council and community viable option. the existing towns especially Budadiri T/C whose structures are close to the

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Theme / Subject Stakeholders’ Views, Concerns Stakeholder who raised Responses and fears on proposed road project the issue road. The project design to avoid passing through towns in order not to wipe them out.

Blocked accesses to Blocked accesses to properties and District officials from The contractor will provide temporary accesses to properties and homes was noted as a likely impact of Sironko and Mbale, sub homes during active works and permanent access at homes road construction. This might cause county and Town Council the end of the construction. distubances, grievances and conflicts Officials; and community between the communities and the members contractor. It was proposed that temporal accesses be provided during road construction as a mitigation measure Storm water There was expression of concern on District officials from The project design will an adequate drainage system drainage the management of storm water from Sironko and Mbale, sub to ensure that storm water is channelled to follow the management drainage strutueres loike culverts. If county and Town natural course and avoid affecting people’s assets not well managed, such water Council Officials; and negatively impact people’s gardens community members and lead to reduced food (Kalawa and Bumatofu productivity. Wards) Coffee factory There was a fear that the proposed Sironko district officials The meeting was taken through the preliminary road would affect the coffee factory and community design, which indicated that the coffee factory will not at Busamaga members of Busamaga be affected.

Urbanization Increased urbanization was noted as Sironko district and The issues raised are all provided for in the road a key impact of the proposed project. Budadiri Town Council design This will attract more to the towns hence increased population. There ios need therefore to provide amenities to cater for the increased population.

The project should consider putting in place safety features such as;

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Theme / Subject Stakeholders’ Views, Concerns Stakeholder who raised Responses and fears on proposed road project the issue zebra crossings, pedestrian walkways and street lighting to cater for the urban population and mitigate crimes associated with urbanization Graveyards It was revealed that the proposed Community members The project will develop a Ressettlement Action Plan project will likely affect people’s from Sironko district (RAP) to guide compensation and relocation of graveyards some of which are located grave yards before commencement of works within the proposed alignment. It was proposed that the project should facilitate affected people to relocate their graves peacefully.

Vulnerable groups It was brought to the attention of the District officials from The project will undertake detailed vulnerability ESIA team that vulnerable groups Sironko and Mbale, sub assessment and provide appropriate mechanism for such as; widows, single headed county and Town Council supporting vulnerable households in the RAP. households and child headed Officials; and community households exist in the project area. members Such people may be negatively impacted by the project since thay may not be in position to cope up with impacts of the road.

Security threats It was noted that the proposed project Police officer at The project will work with local authorities and will escalate security risks as aresult Bugusege Police post – security agencies to enhance security in the project of labour influx in the project area. area. Such risks include theft of project property and materials, and general insecurity Impact on Uganda It was observed that the project will Principal of Uganda The concerns were forwarded to the design team for Technical Collage take a big chunk of land of the college Technical Colleg Elgon consideration. Feedback shall be provided (Elgon Technical (from chainage 1+400 – chainage Collage) 2+200) hence affecting the staff quarters, gardens and the compound of UTC. It was proposed that the road

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Theme / Subject Stakeholders’ Views, Concerns Stakeholder who raised Responses and fears on proposed road project the issue alignment be changed to save the college. Increased accidents It was highlighted that the proposed District and Sub County The project will prepare and implement traffic road project will lead to increase in Officials in Sironko and management plans to enhance public road safety. accidents communities Adequate road safety measures will be put in place including road signage, traffic mamagement personnel, temporary humps and safety awareness campgns during road construction phase. Post construction road safety campagns will be undertaken to enhance road safety. Corporate Social There was a request for construction Leaders at Nalugugu UNRA does not normally provide public toilet Responsibility of a public latrine at Nalugugu market. Sub County faciliites. However, the sub county can make a (CSR) request to the contractor when road construction commences.

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7.0 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

Analysis of alternatives adopted in this ESIA is based on a two-tiered approach. The first level of alternative analysis is based on multi-criteria analysis using key environment and social indicators to analyze two locational alternatives (Minor deviations and Major deviations) and the No-Project alternative. The minor deviations alternative which follows the existing alignment is the most viable option selected at this level.

Since the selected alternative meets all design criteria, the existing alignment was subjected to an economic analysis to determine the most optimal technological configuration at the construction level. The constitutes the second level of alternative analysis.

7.1 Multi-criteria Alternative Analysis Using Environment and Social Indicators

a) The No-project alternative (Zero Alternative). b) Location alternatives (alternative sites).

For any alternative to be considered feasible such an alternative must meet the project objectives of the development proposal without presenting significantly high associated impacts. Four alternatives have been identified as follows.

7.2 No Project Alternative The “No-Project Alternative” refers to not implementing the proposed project at all. This alternative would imply that the current status quo would continue. It is important to note that the No Project Alternative is the baseline against which all other alternatives and the development proposals will be assessed. When considering this alternative, the impacts (both positive and negative) associated with any specific alternative or the development proposal would not occur. In effect the impacts of the No- Project Alternative are inadvertently evaluated by assessing the other options. In addition to the direct implications of retaining the status quo, there are certain indirect impacts which may occur should the No Project alternative be followed.

The option will impede the potential for commercialisation of agriculture in the rich agricultural hinterland of Mbale and Sironko where the proposed project is located. In addition, the anticipated benefits from the tourism industry due to the proximity to Mt. Elgon National Park, Sipi falls and the gorgeous landscape would not materialise. Connectivity to facilitate movement of goods and services including access to markets, hospitals and schools would remain a fundamental impediment to social economic transformation of the region. Thus, this alternative will perpetuate the current challenges of delayed travel times, high vehicle maintenance costs and road safety thus undermining the efforts to reduce poverty in the region.

7.3 LOCATION ALTERNATIVES

Location alternatives can apply to the entire proposed project as well as the specific individual components of the proposed development. The location alternatives considered during the project feasibility and planning phases were; . Major Deviation Alternative and . Minor Deviations Alternative.

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7.3.1 Route Alignment Alternative 1 – Major Deviation Alternative

The route alternative will divert off the existing road in all growth centres to minimise the negative social impacts. The growth centres to be bypassed include; Pato, Busamaga Bugusege, Bunabbonyo, Buyobo, Bumusi, Buweri, Budadiri, Kilombe, Miwu, Mutufu, Nandere and Nandago. This would be done to improve road safety and to minimize, land acquisition and property loss along the route alignment. This Alternative would require changes in the alignment deviating from the existing carriageway at these points. The new sections would traverse vast undisturbed areas that will be cleared for road construction, resulting into very high construction costs and increased environmental footprint of the road upgrade project. This Alternative was therefore deemed not viable.

7.3.2 Route Alignment Alternative 2-Minor Deviation Alternative

Minor deviation alternatives do not attempt to make major realignments to roads, thus community and road user safety is an issue. Rather than diverting around settled areas, minor deviation alternatives apply mitigation measures on the existing alignment that would improve road safety. These minor deviation alternatives often impact on existing ribbon-development patterns along the road. Affected persons have to be compensated, but the ecological impact is often low, due to anthropogenic influences on the ecosystems around settled areas. Local mitigation attempts to improve road safety and alignment are implemented at the cost of impacting on existing properties. For this project, this alternative considered realignment at Namagumba, Budadiri, Mutufu and Nalugugu. Furthermore, service roads are proposed on this option to minimise conflict between local traffic and through traffic. This would improve road safety and minimise environment and social impacts.

7.3.3 Comparative Alternative Assessment

Alternative assessments should be reviewed in both Major and Minor deviation contexts. Major Deviation Alternative road impacts are primary to reduce road safety impacts on communities by diverting roads around settled areas at the cost of impacting on previously undisturbed “Greenfield” sites. Minor deviation alternatives are primarily concerned with increasing road safety for road users and surrounding communities with mitigation measures such as speed limits, signage, wider roads, at the expense of landowners, rather than altering existing alignments, which would impact on undisturbed “Greenfield” sites. Minor deviation alternatives in this project were also used to avoid impacts on burial sites and other culturally significant buildings, such as churches and mosques as required by development partners.

The social and economic use of the road has been considered when evaluating major and minor deviation alternatives. Daily community life relies on this road mobility within the districts. The livelihoods of people who earn from activities along the road including commercial services have also been considered. The comparison of alternatives and the evaluation considered is presented in Table 31.

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Table 31: Comparative Evaluation of alternatives

Route Alternatives Key Environmental and Social No–Project 1 2 Components Alternative (Major Deviation (Minor deviation Alternative Alternative Socio-economic Parameters Land use Status Quo remains Realignment to impact Minimal land use (0) on undisturbed areas (- change, affected 3) properties (-1) Land take No landtake and Virgin land to be Additional land to be status quo remains acquired off the existing taken to achieve 30m (0) alignment (-3) ROW (-1) Impact on commercial Status Quo remains Loss of Business for Stimulated commercial centers – stagnating existing enterprises enterprises (+3) economic bypassed by the road (- development, due to 3) lack of improved connectivity (0) Demolition of No structure is Most structures in Structures within the structures affected (0) growth centres will be ROW shall be avoided although demolished but structures off the compensation shall be current alignment could given though be affected (-1) disturbances occur (-2) Impacts on Gender Status quo remains Re-alignment to avoid Re-alignment to avoid (0) major settled areas, major settled areas, some will reduce some will reduce exposure exposure +3 +3 Impacts on urban Routine All urban infrastructure Disruption of infrastructure and maintenance of will be avoided (+3) infrastructure will occur Utilities infrastructure is such as power lines, required (-1) water and telecom but can be mitigated (-1)

Environment and Safety Parameters

Traffic management in Traffic management Much of the through Speed calming facilities urban centers is not orderly but traffic will be diverted to will be introduced to limited in volume the deviations and manage through traffic (+1) construction traffic shall (+2) be away from commercial centers (+3)

Impacts on wetlands No impact will be Impacts will be high due Minimal impacts since registered to number of wetlands in only one swamp Status Quo remains project area section would be (-3) affected at Budadiri (0) (-1) Safety during and after Status Quo remains Increased safety by Alignment through construction (0) bypassing settled area settled areas, but safety (+3) risk mitigated (+2)

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Thus, from an alternative assessment approach, minor deviation alternatives for Namagumba- Budadiri-Nalugugu road will be a more-viable alternative. The alternative will address the safety challenges, will not adversely affect the social and economic activities in existing growth centers and will have minimal impact on cultural heritage sites. This however will come at the cost of land compensation. Compensation impacts have been lessened by reducing the Right of Way (ROW) to 30m.

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8.0 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

8.1 Overview Potential impacts of the proposed Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road are analysed in this chapter. Impact analysis involves identification of an impact and all its parameters on the environment and determination of its significance. Biophysical and social-economic impacts associated with the project vary with project phases (pre-construction, construction, and operational phases).

Definition of impacts For the proposed road development, potential positive and negative impacts were identified for the Pre-construction, Construction, and Operational phases; and have been defined as shown in Table 32.

Table 32:Definition of impacts

Impact type Impact description - Impacts resulting from incremental effects of other previous, existing or Cumulative future projects - Are directly caused by a specific action as the primary effects Direct - Occur at the same time and location as the action - Reasonably foreseeable and caused by a project but occur at a different time Indirect or place Irreversible - Impacts cannot be completely reversed Long-term - Impacts would persist for many years or decades Medium-term - Impacts could last a few years - Reduce socio-economic welfare of people Negative - Reduce quality of existing environment - Enhance socio-economic welfare e.g. employment Positive - Increase quality of existing environment Reversible - Impacts can be completely reversed Short-term - Impacts last only a short duration probably a few days or months (Extracted from: UNEP, Environmental Impact Assessment Training Resource Manual, 2002)

Impacts of the same/different nature may differ in several parameters including, timing, duration, extent, magnitude, certainty, significance, where; Timing : time frame (phase) at which an impact occurs within a project area Duration : the period of persistence of an impact on receiving environment Extent : area of occurrence/influence by the impact on the subject environment Magnitude : the strength of the impact on the environment Certainty : the likelihood of occurrence of an impact Significance : the overall change brought in the environment Sensitivity : Level of change on the receptor environment

Impact analysis

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The significance of impacts associated with the proposed project was analysed using Matrix method (Leopold et al, 1971 & HA, 2008) (33) and later subjected to professional judgment (Canter, 1996, Morris & Therivel, 2001), during the project cycle.

Table 33: A quantitative format for ranking impacts based on parameters summarized as magnitude and sensitivity.

Sensitivity Significance Very low Low Medium High 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Very low 1 Negligible Minor Minor Minor

2 4 6 8 Low 2 Minor Minor Moderate Moderate 3 6 9 12 Medium 3 Minor Moderate Moderate Moderate

Magnitude 4 8 12 16 High 4 Minor Moderate Moderate Severe

Table 34: Rating of impact parameters to guide professional judgment

Symbol No minor Low Moderate High Very No High M=Magnitude 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 P=Probability 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 E= Extent 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 S=Significance < 30 40-50 > 60

Where,

D=DURATION: (0 to 1 years) –1. (2 to 5 years) –2. (5 to 15 years) –3. (> 15 years) – 4. Or permanent – 5 And S= (E+D+M) P

8.2 Positive Impacts analysis and enhancement measures

8.2.1 Employment opportunities It is anticipated that the project will provide direct employment opportunities for about 300 unskilled and skilled personnel throughout the project cycle. It is expected that the majority of the workers will be Ugandans. This will highly contribute to a reduction in unemployment and boost people’s incomes in the project area. Receptor Impact Type Extent Duratio Magnitude Probabilit significance n y Direct, communities 4 2 6 5 60 positive

The enhancement measures:

i) To promote local content, semi-skilled and unskilled labour shall be sourced from within the project area. This is in conformance with The Buy Uganda Build Uganda, 2014 policy; ii) Involvement of Local leaders in the recruitment process to ensure fair and full participation of the local people; iii) Provision and honouring of contracts to all project workers; Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 106

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iv) Ensure gender equity in employment v) Ensure a safe working environment for all workers; vi) Development and implementation of a workers’ code of conduct; vii) Provision of security by working with Police, Army and local authorities.

8.2.2 Improved connectivity within the Elgon region The connection between Sironko and Mbale will provide improved road transport network within the Elgon region. This solves the current challenges experienced by different travellers especially on market days and during the rainy seasons when some sections of the road are impassable and the trucks ferrying foodstuffs are unable to manoeuvre the existing road. In addition, access to social services such as schools, health facilities will be greatly improved.

Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitud Probability significanc e e General Direct, 5 5 10 5 100 public positive

Enhancement measures for this positive impact include:

i) Routine and periodic maintenance of the road; ii) Regular road safety campaigns within the project area; iii) Regular maintenance of the feeder roads to facilitate traffic from villages to access the project road. iv) Routine and periodic maintenance of the drainage along the project road.

8.2.3 Enhancement of socioeconomic development in the region Markets at Salarila and Mutufu are major sources of food stuffs such as Bananas, carrots, tomatoes, onions, and clothing, to the local communities as well as neighbouring Kenya. The markets are also critical sources of livelihoods for the community members who sell merchandize. Development of this project will facilitate livelihoods of the local communities and further enhance socio economic development in the Elgon Region.

Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance General Direct, 4 5 8 5 85 public positive

In order to enhance this impact,

i) Provision of service roads at the markets ii) Complementary initiatives for women traders in aspects such as financial management, cooperatives development and bulk marketing among others. iii) Regular maintenance of the feeder roads to facilitate traffic from villages to access the project road. iv) Construction of market stalls in collaboration with local authorities.

8.2.4 Creation of business opportunities Stone quarrying is one of the major income generating activities in the area. During project construction such quarry material may be required. In addition, construction activities stimulate business opportunities in markets such as vending food stuffs, groceries and clothing among others along the project road especially near the proposed sites for workers’ camps, equipment yards, etc.

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Additionally, land is always rented from community members to set up temporary workers’ camps, equipment yards, borrow areas, quarries etc. Owners of land on which these facilities will be erected will earn a rental income upon negotiations with contractors. Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Direct, 4 Communities 3 6 5 65 positive

Among the enhancement measures are:

i) Ensure proper acquisition or rental of land from land owners is in line with national laws and is well documented to avoid grievances. ii) Adequate, fair, and prompt payments for the landowners; iii) Conduct safety awareness regarding construction activities; iv) Community sensitization on business opportunities; v) Ensure equal opportunities to promote women participation.

8.3 Negative impacts analysis and mitigation measures

8.3.1 Pre-Construction Phase Impacts

Increased human activity Pre-Construction activities include; feasibility studies, engineering designs, ESIA studies, Resettlement Action Planning and mobilization by the contractor. The ESIA activities provide a roadmap for environmental and social planning. Mobilization involves preparations prior to starting works. It includes acquiring equipment, planning and preparing for their storage, setting up campsites, offices and recruitment of workers. The major activity of environmental concern during pre- construction is location and construction of auxiliary facilities. The assessment of this impact is as below;

Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitud Probability significance e General Direct, 4 2 6 5 60 physical and negative social environment

The Location of camps in local habitats and social setups, designing camps with inadequate amenities and construction impacts make this impact significant. However, adequate environmental and social assessments for project support facilities such as quarry material sources, gravel sources (borrow areas) and the proposed project campsite, shall be undertaken in accordance with the national laws and OSs of AfDB. No objection from the AfDB and NEMA approvals shall be secured for project associated facilities prior to their establishment.

To mitigate impacts associated with increased human activities pre construction, the following measures are proposed:

i) Adequate environmental and social assessments for project associated facilities shall be undertaken in accordance with national requirements and AfDB’s OSs; ii) Locating project associated facilities like camps away from any sensitive ecosystems, and busy community settings; iii) Designing the camps with adequate amenities for project workers;

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iv) Continuous meaningful stakeholder engagements especially with local authorities, communities and project workers.

Land take The Right of way for the proposed Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road is 30m wide. This implies that community members settled along the proposed road shall be displaced to give way for this development. By implication, some households will lose structures including houses and farmlands and businesses. Considering that subsistence agriculture is the major source of livelihoods for the rural communities in the project area, this will have major negative impacts. The anticipated loss of property, land and crops was the main concern of the Project Affected Persons.

Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Land and Direct, business 5 5 6 5 80 negative owners

All land acquisition processes shall be implemented in line with by AfDB’s OS2: Involuntary resettlement land acquisition, population displacement and compensation. This Safeguard makes provisions for ensuring that in the process of acquiring land for the project, the affected persons are not left worse-off than before the project. It seeks to ensure that when people are to be displaced, they are treated fairly, equitably, and in a socially and culturally sensitive manner; that they receive compensation and resettlement assistance so that their standards of living, income-earning capacity, production levels and overall means of livelihood are improved; and that they share in the benefits of the project. Impacts associated with involuntary resettlement land acquisition shall be mitigated as follows;

i. The right of way has been reduced from the standard 50m to 30m to minimize this impact. ii. The designs have provided for a bypass for the major growth centres at Nalugugu and Budadiri. iii. Adequate, fair, and prompt compensation and resettlement of PAPs should be done before project construction activities commence. iv. Timely communication to PAPs on schedules of project activities should be done to enable them adjust their livelihoods plans. v. Meaningful stakeholder engagements should be held with the PAPs throughout the process of land acquisition. vi. The PAPs should be given adequate vacation notification in accordance with the national legal requirements. vii. The RAP should define mechanisms that are responsive to the extent possible to the prevailing needs of the beneficiaries/PAPs.

The residual impact will be very minimal after implementation of the mitigation measures.

8.3.2 Construction Phase Impacts

Habitat modification and loss There will be vegetation clearance to set the site for earthworks and subsequent excavations during construction. While the environment of the project area is heavily modified by human activities, there are some sections with natural and semi natural vegetation. Vegetation clearance is associated with habitat fragmentation and loss in carbon sinks since plants serve a tremendous role on carbondioxide sequestration.

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Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Direct, Vegetation 3 5 4 5 60 negative Mitigation measures

i) Vegetation clearance should be minimised and restricted to the required section where the road will be constructed. Vegetation clearance shall only be allowed in the approved working areas; ii) The contractor shall only operate following a method statement approved by the Supervision Engineer. The method statement shall address all environmental sensitivities; iii) Adequate measures will be undertaken to restore all areas disturbed by the project to facilitate revegetation. The residual impact significance is expected to be moderate due to permanent vegetation loss.

Spread of alien invasive species Alien and invasive species can be compounded by disturbances to the ecosystems through excavations, earthworks and through movement of machinery and equipment contaminated with materials of invasive plant species. Invasive plants suffocate growth of native species and some have potential to degrade soil fertility.

Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Direct, Vegetation 3 2 4 2 18 negative

Mitigation measures

i) Assess for known invasive species while selecting sources for materials and consider sites that do not have such species. ii) Avoid ferrying material that contain foreign seeds into the project area iii) Mechanically remove all invasive species that sprout within the project area; iv) Develop and implement an adequate site restoration plan. Pollution due to poor waste management Road construction is associated with generation of different streams of waste which could contaminate water, soil and air. The possibility of waste generation is high, and this has severe pollution impacts in case such wastes are released to the environment before proper treatment. The assessment noted that the growth centres in the project area face waste management challenges. Wastes anticipated include both domestic and industrial such as waste oils, debris from demolishing structures in the right of way, cut to spoil and wastewater among others.

The general environment and communities are at risk in case of any pollution events. However, the quantity of such hazardous waste materials onsite will be very small thus only minor accidental spills could occur.

Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance General Direct, 3 2 6 4 44 environment negative

Management of construction material will be in compliance with AfDB’s OS4 Pollution prevention and control, hazardous materials and resource efficiency. This will aim at achieving high quality environmental performance, efficient and sustainable use of natural resources over the life of the project. The mitigation measures will include;

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i) Application of appropriate technology which minimizes waste generation. ii) Restrict interaction between the project activities and the natural environment. iii) Measures should be developed to Reuse, Recycle and Reduce generated waste; iv) Develop and implement an adequate waste management plan; v) Implement a good housekeeping culture. vi) Routine monitoring of environmental and social aspects including water quality testing should be undertaken within the project area.

Residual impact: it is expected that after proper implementation of appropriate mitigation measures, the residual impact will be minimal.

Soil erosion The soils of the project area were noted to be loose with an unstable profile and prone to erosion during the rainy season. Vegetation loss leaves soils bare and movement of heavy machinery on bare ground further loses the soil particles thus facilitating soil erosion. In addition, inappropriate disposal of spoil could propel the risk further. There is potential risk of localized soil erosion along the proposed project area resulting into siltation of the rivers and streams, and contamination of the aquatic environment.

Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance General Direct, 3 2 6 4 44 environment negative

Mitigation measures

i) Movement of heavy machinery should be restricted to approved areas; ii) Vegetation clearance should be minimized as much as it will be practically possible and following an approved method statement; iii) Soil erosion barriers such as contour bunds will be necessary around the operational area; iv) Confine the direct zone of impact to minimize run offs; v) Prepare and implement an adequate site restoration plan; vi) Develop and implement an adequate Spoil Management plan.

Residual impact significance is low where adequate mitigation measures are implemented.

Vibration Impacts of vibration during the construction phase of the project will be considerable especially during compaction of the base and sub-base layers. In addition, movement of heavy equipment during construction will generate vibration. From the baseline assessment, it is evident that all vibration readings at the proposed Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road area were less than the equipment detection limit at 0 as the minimum level for acceleration for the equipment used.

Though majority of the physical structures such as building are made of permanent materials it is anticipated that during project construction and operation phases, ground vibration may occur as means of surface waves and body waves and subsequently cause significant potential impact when in close proximity to sensitive structures. It is anticipated that vibration will disrupt performance of social services such as school programmes, religious sessions, health care services, and other economic activities, especially in the growth centres.

To the workers and community members particularly vulnerable groups (elderly, children, pregnant women, PWD and those with chronic illnesses), these vibrations may cause both acute and chronic health effects which may result in occupational diseases e.g. Muscle-skeletal disorders, central nervous system disorders, cardiovascular diseases, among others if not detected and treated at an

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Receptor Type of Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Impact General Direct, 2 2 4 4 32 environment negative

Mitigation measures

i) Apply appropriate technology that localizes vibration to the targeted area; ii) Appropriate method statement for work shall be developed and implemented following the approval of the supervision consultant iii) Regularly service all equipment that are associated with vibration generation; iv) All works should be carried out within permissible vibration levels; v) Work should only be conducted during daytime; vi) Provide appropriate PPE to workers as well as fitting workers to the right tasks; vii) Project activities should be scheduled not to interrupt social services such as school programmes, religious sessions, health care services, and other economic activities. viii) Community members and workers should be sensitized on the effects of vibration and control measures that should be adhered to;

Residual impact significance will be very low after implementation of the mitigation measures.

Noise nuisance Exposure to intermittent or continuous noise emissions can be injurious to a person’s health causing permanent or temporary loss of hearing depending on the threshold and time of exposure. From the baseline assessment, due to the limited activity in the project area majority of the sampled points had their average sound levels being below daytime threshold level of 55 dB(A) for mixed locations with commercial and residential activities.

It is anticipated that though the majority of the sound levels in sampled points were below the permissible levels for a mixed environment, these readings will change once construction and operation activities in the proposed project area have commenced due to the presence of noise generating sources. If not mitigated, such noise levels will affect the health and safety of workers, the community members’ livelihoods and social services such as schools, medical facilities and religious ceremonies among others.

Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance General Direct, 2 2 6 4 40 environment negative

Mitigation measures i) Project activities will only be implemented during daylight hours; ii) The contractor shall comply with national safety and health standards and guidelines; iii) Engineering controls should be used to reduce noise generation at the source e.g. isolation; iv) All equipment should be maintained/serviced appropriately; v) Workers exposed to high noise levels should be provided with appropriate personal protective gear – ear plugs, earmuffs or ear defenders, as would be appropriate; vi) Appropriate methods must be utilized for replacement of equipment which would otherwise generate noise; vii) Develop and implement a Medical surveillance plan for workers in noise prone environments. Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 112

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It is further required to monitor noise pollution during construction period generated by construction equipment as guided by the table below which gives standard noise impact by construction equipment according to the EPA classification. Equipment Noise level (dB) Bulldozer 80 Front loader 72-84 Rock breaker 81-98 Dump truck 83-94 Scraper 80-93 Roller 73-75 Asphalt paver 86-88 Welding generator 71-82 Concrete mixer 74-88 Air compressor 74-87 Pneumatic instruments 81-98 Cement and dump trucks 83-94

Particulate matter Particulate matter is the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air, some of which are hazardous. This complex mixture includes both organic and inorganic particles, such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Inhalable (PM10) and respirable (PM2.5) particulate matter are comprised of very small particles that are less than 10 μm and 2.5 μm respectively. Exposure to fine particles can cause short-term health effects such as eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, coughing, sneezing, runny nose and shortness of breath. Exposure to fine particles can also affect lung function and worsen medical conditions such as asthma and heart disease. Scientific studies have linked increases in daily PM2.5 exposures with increased respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions, emergency department visits and deaths. Studies also suggest that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter may be associated with increased rates of chronic bronchitis, reduced lung function and increased mortality from lung cancer and heart disease. People with breathing and heart problems, children and the elderly may be particularly sensitive to PM2.5. PM2.5 are tiny particles in the air that reduce visibility and cause the air to appear hazy when levels are elevated. Particles in the

PM2.5 size range are able to travel deeply into the respiratory tract, reaching the lungs.

At the time of the baseline assessment, the project area was noted to receive significant amounts of dust from the gravel road due to relatively high vehicular traffic associated with high socio-economic activities.

The impact on air quality and air pollution of fugitive dust is dependent on the quantity, relative humidity, temperature, wind velocity and drift potential of the dust particles. Large particles settle out near the source causing a local nuisance problem. Fine particles can be dispersed over much greater distances.

However, it is anticipated that on commencement of construction and operation activities concentration of particulate matter will increase due to presence of potential sources ranging from vehicular movements, earth works, transportation of materials or waste or off cuts, offloading and loading of materials among others. Furthermore, with the varying temperatures, relative humidity and wind velocity, it is anticipated that soils and deposited dust on surfaces will be drier and more readily available for suspension or re-suspension in air, leading to higher concentrations of suspended particulate matter.

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Given the close proximity of social-economic activities, social services and residential premises to the project area, it is anticipated that there may be significant adverse impacts to the receptors namely; workers, community members, general public, their businesses and properties.

Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Project Direct, 3 2 6 5 55 workers and negative community

Mitigation measures i. To avoid the generation of unnecessary dust, material drop height should be reduced, material storage piles and spoil areas should be protected from wind erosion. This can take the form of wind breaks, water sprays, among others ii. Trucks carrying finer granular materials should be covered at all times and comply with the set speed control mechanisms such as safety signs, speed control limits, speed humps and pedestrian access mechanisms, among others; iii. Dust suppression by watering should be done regularly on the road section under construction. iv. Speed on the road under construction shall be regulated to acceptable limits by use of temporary speed humps, installation of road signage, among others. v. The engines whether for trucks or other plant/equipment should be well maintained in an efficient form to reduce on gaseous emissions; vi. Workers should be provided with appropriate respiratory Personal Protective Equipment/gear as guided by PPE Management Plan and Risk Assessment and Management Plan; vii. Workers should be medically certified to wear respiratory Personal Protective Equipment/gear provided; viii. All stockpiles should be maintained for as short a time as possible and should be enclosed by wind breaking enclosures of similar height to the stockpile. Stockpiles should be situated away from the site boundary, water courses and nearby receptors and should take into account the predominant wind direction; ix. Protection mechanisms should be instituted around social services such as dust control measures or shields or flexibility in work schedules; x. Periodic occupational hygienic measurements for Particulate matter should be conducted and mitigation measures implemented throughout project life cycle; xi. Medical surveillance system for all workers to include pre-employment, routine, post- employment medical examination and biological monitoring should be instituted and monitored by an Occupational Physician.

Air pollution Outdoor air pollution activities have been noted to be potential sources of Criteria Air Contaminants

(CAC) and Greenhouse Gases such as Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Volatile

Organic Carbons, and Methane (CH4) that can affect human and environmental health if their levels are not effectively controlled.

During construction and operational activities in the project area, it is anticipated that there shall be an increase in vehicular traffic and machine or equipment operations (potential sources of air pollutants) attributed to the increased movement of goods, persons and services.

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Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type Personnel at Direct, 3 2 4 4 36 site and the negative general environment

Mitigation measures i. All trucks or other plant/equipment should be well maintained according to the maintenance schedule to reduce on gaseous emissions; ii. Workers should be provided with appropriate respiratory Personal Protective Equipment/gear as guided by PPE Management Plan and Risk Assessment. However, before issuance of respiratory PPE, each worker should be medically certified to wear the respiratory PPE as this shall in turn prevent adverse health incidents such as difficulty in breathing; iii. An occupational hygienic surveillance plan should be developed and implemented throughout project life cycle of Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road. All data should be compared against set standards and mitigation measures implemented; iv. Medical surveillance system for all workers to include pre-employment, routine, post- employment medical examination and biological monitoring should be instituted and monitored by an Occupational Physician.

Physical agents Workers involved in infrastructure works are often exposed to extreme heat or strenuous physical activities in hot or cold environments which increases their risk for heat or cold stress. This may subsequently result in occupational accidents and occupational illnesses such as heat stroke, heat exhaustion among other. Exposure to heat can also result in sweaty palms, fogged-up safety glasses, dizziness, and may reduce brain function responsible for reasoning ability, creating additional hazards.

During project implementation, it is anticipated that workers will be involved in strenuous physical activities especially during the dry season when temperatures are high. From the baseline measurements, it is evident that workers will be at risk of both minor and major occupational incidents during dry season when temperatures are high. Some of the risks associated with working in high temperatures include heat exhaustion, fainting (syncope) and heat stroke which could be fatal in absence of medical attention. Once left unaddressed, these risks affect productivity of the worker and may result in occupational accidents and diseases.

Receptor Type of Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Impact Project Direct, 3 2 6 4 44 workers negative

Mitigation measures i. Proper scheduling of work tasks to ensure that heavy tasks are performed at time when working temperatures in the atmosphere are favourable; ii. Flexible working hours to include rest breaks and rotational work practices should be established, communicated in the contracts of employment and operationalised for all workers; iii. Workers should be provided with welfare services to include wholesome drinking water, appropriate PPE, resting shades in respect of working temperatures and tasks being performed; iv. An occupational hygienic surveillance plan should be developed and implemented throughout project life cycle. All data should be compared against set standards and mitigation measures implemented;

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An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, June 2021 v. Medical surveillance system for all workers to include pre-employment, routine, post-employment medical examination and biological monitoring should be instituted and monitored by an Occupational Physician; Influx of labor The project is expected to offer employment opportunities. Such opportunities lead to massive immigration in anticipation of employment hence concentration of people of different backgrounds within one place. This is associated with risks such spread of HIV/AIDS, prostitution, drug abuse, potential child abuses and gender based violence. Furthermore, influx of labour in an area strains social services and increases competition for natural resources resulting into potential conflict with the host community.

Receptor Impact Type Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Host Direct, 3 2 6 5 55 community Negative

Mitigation measures i) Local workers should be given priority during recruitment; ii) Recruitment of workers should be done in corroboration with the local authorities; iii) HIV/AIDS prevention programs shall be implemented during the proposed road project; iv) The Project shall work in collaboration with Uganda Police and the local security units including local governments to curb social ills; v) An adequate workers’ code of conduct will be developed and implemented; and vi) Access to workers’ camp will be restricted; vii) Project shall operate a clinic to provide medical services to the workers in order not to overwhelm the existing health facilities.

Alteration of landscape and aesthetics The project area is endowed with a beautiful scenery with the Mt. Elgon ranges, rocks and streams and rivers. Reduction in aesthetics is as a result of alteration of the landscape through vegetation clearance, material sourcing and poor spoil management. The alignment for the proposed road development does not directly interact with Mt. Elgon ranges. However establishment of project associated facilities could pose risks of altering the landscape aesthetics.

Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type General Direct, 2 2 6 3 30 environment negative

Mitigation measures i) Appropriate landscaping should be considered upon completion of the construction phase; ii) Siting of project associated facilities should be cognizant of the natural aesthetics of the project area; iii) Appropriately manage wastes, stockpiles and spoil within the project area; iv) Habitat restoration with indigenous plant species that are representative of the damaged areas should be done to compensate for the vegetation loss and restore the ecological integrity of the areas.

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Impact on Utilities The visible utility services in the project area include electricity and water. Some of the service lines and structures fall within the right of way. By implication, during construction there will be disruptions in the supply of water and electricity. This will affect households, businesses and institutions like schools, health centres among others. Generally, this impact is of medium significance.

Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type General Direct, 2 2 4 5 40 environment negative

Mitigation measures

i. Timely planning of relocation following an approved utilities relocation plan. ii. Timely communication and notification of affected communities regarding planned relocation works.

Residual impact will be insignificant with the implementation of these mitigation measures.

Temporary loss of access to homes and businesses Road works may result into temporary blocking of accesses to homes, private properties and social facilities. This may happen during drainage works, cutting and filling, dumping of gravel, heaping of spoil, securing of active sites, etc. The practise results into considerable disruption of economic and social activities in the project area. This impact is negative, moderate, short and medium term, reversible. Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type Community Direct, 2 2 6 4 40 negative

Mitigation measures

i. All works should be carried out in accordance with an approved method statement. ii. Temporary accesses should always be provided wherever an existing access is affected. iii. Existing accesses should be restored after works, or convenient alternatives provided. iv. Planning for stockpiles and spoil areas should be done in consultation with the local leadership and should be approved by the supervision consultant.

Disruption of school activities This impact will be felt by schools which are close to the project road. The sensitive receptors for this impact will be pupils, students and teachers. Heavy earth moving equipment might attract inquisitive children to construction sites. Besides the safety risk, noise and dust from the road construction activities and equipment might temporarily disrupt school activities. If due care is not taken, accidents might arise.

Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type Schools Direct, 3 2 6 4 44 negative

Mitigation measures i. Wherever practical, the contractor should schedule construction near schools on weekends or holidays when school activities are hold; Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 117

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ii. Where ever the risks exist, the contractor should screen off schools with a material that obscures pupils from construction activities to avoid accidents and disruption of studying; iii. Safety campaigns should be carried out in schools in consultation with school administration to create awareness about the risks associated with road construction and necessary precautions they need to undertake; iv. Development and implementation of traffic management plan that includes installation of speed humps, use of flag persons and dust suppression especially near schools.

Social ills of construction labour The influx of workers, typically young males seeking road construction jobs will be associated with a series of social challenges such as crime, alcoholism/illicit drug abuse, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) of women and girls and prostitution. These are often related to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. Vices such as drug abuse and prostitution would affect social coherence and security in project communities tarnishing the image and intent of an otherwise good project.

Crime, drug abuse and prostitution Unless sensitization of all workers is undertaken, this impact is highly sensitive and significant. Duration of the above-mentioned social ills will be short-term ending with completion of the project but associated social and health effects can be long-term and irreversible, especially addiction to drugs.

HIV/AIDS Risk The influx of male workers into the project area may increase the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission. The concentration of young males in the project area may lead to illicit and unsafe sexual behaviour that may push up infection rates in the local areas. Risky sexual behaviour and drug abuse are ranked as likely to occur due to common attitudes of construction workers though this will be moderated by HIV/AIDS awareness creation and prevention programme.

Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment can occur between men and women in the work place when there is insufficient sensitization of workers against prohibitions for sexual harassment, as well as the absence of reporting and disciplinary measures.

Sexual Exploitation and Abuse Construction workers are predominantly males. When attitudes that condone gender inequality and abuse of power are prevalent in the work sites, or culture, this increases the risk for women and girls in the community to be sexually exploited and abused by construction workers. This is particularly so in settings where there is impunity for these practices. A large influx of male construction workers may also contribute to elopement with people’s spouses and underage girls.

Gender based violence at the community level This impact refers to gender-based violence that women and girls may experience as a result of project implementation. This may include intimate partner violence (IPV) as a result of failure to equitably manage compensation awards at household level. This may also refer to other GBV-related risks incurred as a result of projects creating changes in the communities in which they operate and causing shifts in power dynamics between community members and within households. Male jealousy, a key driver of GBV, can be triggered by labor influx on a project when workers are believed to be interacting with community women with the fear that it could exacerbate the risk of family breakdown. Child labour The existence of construction activities in the area may expose children to risks of exploitation and abuse. More so, young boys and girls may choose to drop out of schools to seek employment on the projects directly or indirectly. In line with the AfDB OSs 5, the project shall not employ children in a

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Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type Community, Direct, 4 4 8 4 64 Workers negative

Mitigation measures i. Prioritise recruitment of workers from the project area; ii. The contractor should involve local (LC) leaders in labour recruitment to ensure people hired have no criminal records and that no children below 18years are hired. iii. Local governments and the contractor shall collaborate with police to contain criminal activities in the project area. iv. A register of all construction workers shall be maintained with local authorities to aid in tracking cases of child neglect. v. UNRA shall procure a service provider for awareness creation and prevention of HIV/AIDS, GBV and Violence Against Children and other social risks. vi. Workers shall sign a code of conduct that addresses the risks of sexual harassment, drug and substance abuse, and other social ills. vii. Peer based awareness creation and counselling shall be instituted within the workforce. viii. A workers’ Grievance redress mechanism shall be established and operationalised. ix. The contractor shall develop and implement a SEA and Sexual Harassment prevention action plan with an accountability and Response Framework as part of the contractor’s Environment and Social Implementation plan. x. Continuous engagements should be held with the community and Grievance Redress committees should be established and trained to manage community level grievances. Residual Impact: Following mitigation, residual impact will be of moderate significance. As such, targeted programmes aimed at empowering women and girls should be considered as part of this project to mitigate risks associated with social ills. Such programmes may include skills enhancement in value chain addition for agricultural produce.

Business loss/loss of livelihood There are different categories of businesses that operate along the proposed road that will be directly affected by acquisition of land for road development. These include retail shops, restaurants, carpentry workshops, quarrying activities, road side vending, among others. There are also number of periodic general markets that operate on specific days at Salalira and Mutufu growth centres along the road. Road construction activities may disrupt business on market days leading to business loss. It was noted that a semi-permanent market was under construction at Mutufu Prison which is off the right of way. Therefore, construction activities will not have significant impact on Mutufu market, but will significantly affect other markets and other businesses along the road.

Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type Business Direct and 3 2 6 4 44 Community indirect negative

Mitigation measures i. Fair and timely compensation for the affected businesses ii. Develop and implement livelihood restoration plans for affected livelihoods.

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iii. Relocation of business to the already existing markets in the project areas for example Mufutu market. iv. The project should consider construction of market stands to accommodate the displaced roadside businesses.

Occupational health, safety and security risks of workers and community Safety and health aspects of projects relate to handling of equipment during works, exposure to noise, vibration, dust, exhaust fumes and general aspects of injuries and accidents due to works. Traffic management during road works also present key risks to workers and communities that sometimes must continue to use the roads under construction. The value of construction equipment and materials on construction sites, make them susceptible to thieves and attacks. Projects often hire armed personnel to provide security for the project who sometimes become a security threat to the community.

Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type Workers and Direct and 4 2 8 4 56 Community negative

Mitigation measures; i. In line with AfDB OSs4 and 5, the project shall develop and implement management plans that address aspects of occupational health and safety, security, and pollution prevention following the World Bank Group Environmental Health and safety guidelines. ii. The project shall determine the potential hazardous materials to be used or generated throughout the lifecycle of the project and shall considered alternatives that use or generate less hazardous materials. The project will not manufacture, trade, donate or use any chemicals that are banned or subject to phase-out by international treaties, including ozone- depleting substances and persistent organic pollutants. iii. Community and workers’ sensitisations shall be regularly undertaken to reduce risks of exposure to construction sites hazards. iv. The project shall develop and implement emergency response plans proportionate to the risks, to respond to accidents or emergency events that may cause risks to human health and environment.

Sourcing, haulage and storage of materials for construction Sourcing and haulage of construction materials may pose different risks both at the material source and during transportation. The risks may include those associated with poor siting and management of material sources as well as risks associated with transportation like road accidents and dust emissions. In addition, poor storage may result in stockpile collapse, soil erosion that could contaminate water sources and dust emissions, among other associated risks. It is common on haulage roads that dust contaminates goods in roadside markets and noise affects sensitive receptors such as schools and health centers. More so, transportation of materials is always associated with damaging of feeder roads if not well maintained.

Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type Community, Direct 3 2 8 4 52 Institutions negative

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Mitigation measures i. Siting of material sources shall be done in consultation with the district environment and community development officers; ii. Adequate ESIAs shall be done for all material sources and their environmental and social management plans developed and implemented. iii. The contractor shall provide appropriate safety signage, humps, banksmen and regular watering on the haulage roads to suppress dust. iv. Haulage roads shall be regularly maintained to ensure they are motorable at all times. v. The contractor shall ensure that proper contracts are done with land owners of borrow pits, quarries and dumpsites to mitigate any land related issues. vi. Stockpiles shall not exceed a recommended height as guided by the supervision consultant after undertaking appropriate assessments.

Disruption of traffic flow During the construction phase, it is sometime inevitable that some sections of the road are temporarily closed and traffic diverted to either new or existing routes. This is done to allow for road works to progress safely. This may cause temporary delays of transportation of goods and passengers, traffic congestion and possibly accidents along the diversions or project roads. This impact could be more significant especially during market days when vehicular traffic is very high.

Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type Community direct 3 2 8 4 52 and road negative users

Mitigation measures i. Develop and implement a robust traffic management plan; ii. Diversion or detours should be adequately maintained; iii. Any traffic diversions should be communicated in time, with clear signage; iv. Hire, train and deploy traffic flag persons to guide traffic.

Spread of Corona Virus Disease COVID19 The project will attract workers from different sections of society into the project area. Construction activities involve working in groups, meetings, toolbox talks among others. In addition, construction activities are associated with high turn-over, which means people move in and out very often. As such, and considering the high contagious nature of covid19, there will be high risks associated with its spread.

Receptor Impact Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Type Community direct 5 2 8 5 52 and project negative workers

Mitigation measures i. The project shall domesticate the covid19 standard operating procedures (SOPs) developed by Ministry of Health and World Health Organisation; ii. Screening of workers and visitors before accessing the project and its facilities; iii. Limit interaction of the workers with the community by encamping the workers; iv. Vaccination of all project workers especially the category that is considered high risk. Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 121

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v. Regular sensitisation of the workers and the communities on the risks, nature and SOPs for COVID19; vi. Isolation of workers with signs and symptoms of COVID19.

8.3.3 Operation phase

“New Road Effect” and Associated Accidents While the condition of the roads in the project area is currently poor, road users have been driving very carefully. It is anticipated that a newly constructed road will excite the road users. Such excitement usually results in road users driving faster than safe: a phenomenon referred to as “new road effect”. This usually happens in the first months of commissioning a new road and is associated with frequent road accidents with possible loss of lives and goods. The impact would be short-term but resultant effects are long-term if no concerted effort is expended in sensitization of road users and local communities.

Receptor Type of Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Impact Communities Direct, 4 2 6 3 36 Road users negative

Mitigation measures i) Appropriate and adequate road furniture including speed humps and road signs will be installed especially near public schools and the trading center; ii) Traffic safety awareness programmes shall be conducted regularly both during construction and use of the road. Training will target teachers (who should train pupils), health workers, public transport drivers, police and general community.

Poor drainage of storm water from the road Paving will increase volume and erosive power of runoff from the road/carriageway and discharged into sinks (rivers, streams, forests or farmlands, etc.) adjoining the road. If discharged onto private land and farmlands, erosive storm-water poses a risk of gullies, land degradation and siltation of streams, swamps and rivers. Receptor Type of Extent Duration Magnitude Probability significance Impact Environment, Direct, Communities, 2 5 6 2 26 negative Landowners

Mitigations include i. The road design should provide for appropriate drainage structures guiding water away from peoples’ properties into the natural water courses. ii. Erosion protection measures shall be provided including; scour checks, lining of drains. iii. Regular drains maintenance shall be undertaken during operation phase iv. Construct interception ditches, settling ponds to prevent muddy water ingress into surface watercourses.

8.4 Cumulative impacts Several infrastructural developments are taking place in Sironko and Mbale according to the development plans of the two districts and the National Development Plan III. Currently, there are ongoing road upgrades of Muyembe-Nakapiripirit, rehabilitation of Tororo-Mbale-Soroti-Lira road,

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Table 35:cumulative impacts

Source/project Cumulative impact Receptor environment Impacts: General environment i. Existing road  Vegetation Clearances development  Habitat alteration and destruction projects  Loss of aesthetic beauty ii. Sironko bridge  Soil erosion rehabilitation works  Displacement of people Community iii. Local  HIV/AIDS and other sexually government Transmitted Diseases feeder roads  Accumulation of waste maintenance  Dominance of immigrant workers on employment opportunity  Potential of child abuse  Social ills  Social disruption of communities  Pressure on existing social services

Mitigation measures Addressing cumulative impacts is a concerted effort, and the developer shall.

i) Implement all mitigation measures specified under this ESIS. ii) Development and implement a stakeholder engagement Plan. iii) Coordination with the other developers in the area to implement joint mitigations.

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9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN (ESMMP)

9.1 Overview of ESMMP

This chapter describes how the Project proposes to manage the environmental and social impacts and risks that will arise during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the proposed Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road.

This is a core tool that the Contractor will use to monitor project implementation and develop a standalone Environmental and Social Implementation Plan (ESIP) to guide construction works. This ESMMP is intended to guide the contractor in the preparation, implementation, monitoring and reporting on the ESIP. The ESIP will need to be regularly reviewed and updated as the project progresses to reflect any changes in project implementation and organization as well as regulatory requirement.

9.2 Objectives of the ESMMP

The objectives of the ESMMP include:

i) Assist in ensuring continuous compliance with national laws and regulations and requirements of AfDB; ii) Provide a framework for UNRA’s compliance, auditing and inspection programs; iii) Provide a mechanism for ensuring that measures identified in the ESIA are implemented to mitigate potentially adverse impacts and enhancement of positive ones; and iv) Provide assurance to regulators and stakeholders that their requirements with respect to environmental and socio-economic performance will be complied with.

9.3 Monitoring

Monitoring involves a routine check on the progress of implementation and the resultant effects on the environment as the project proceeds. These shall be checked against their effectiveness in reducing the negative impacts or enhancing the benefits identified in the ESIA. Monitoring procedures will comprise formulations of enforceable contractual terms to ensure contractors implement the ESMMP. In addition, certifying a project completion and handover process will require approval of UNRA and NEMA.

UNRA is committed to implementing industry best practices as well as international standards for environmental protection, social development, and health safety and security. In support of this commitment, UNRA has developed an Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS), governed by an Environmental and Social Safeguards Policy (2016). The ESMS provides UNRA with a procedural framework for implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining its environmental, social, health and safety commitments and targets.

The ESMMP provides a link between policy and implementation, essentially, acting as a planning document, summarizing environmental and social commitments (as outlined in this ESIA) and presenting the management measures and monitoring programs to be undertaken to achieve these commitments. The ESMMP provides a framework for developing flexible and readily updateable environmental management procedures.

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9.4 Responsibilities

9.4.1 UNRA (Project Developer)

The Project Developer will:

i) Have overall responsibility to supervise environmental and social compliance; ii) Ensure that appropriate resources are allocated to facilitate environmental and social management of the Project, including financial and human resources; iii) Review for quality and approve the Contractor’s ESIP for project implementation, ESIAs for project associated facilities and the Final Environmental Mitigations Report; iv) Ensure that adequate supervision for implementation of the ESMMP is provided at all times; v) Check that penalties for non-compliances with contractual environmental commitments are actioned; and vi) Undertake regular compliance audits, including the mandatory Annual Environmental Compliance Audit in accordance with the National Environment Act. 9.4.2 Project Supervision Consultant

The Supervision Consultant will: i) Check that the required management and monitoring measures identified in the ESMMP are incorporated into the ESIP; ii) Monitor the implementation of the ESIP; iii) Regularly review and cause updating of the ESIP; iv) Enforce compliance with the contractual environmental and social requirements; v) Approval acceptable sites for project associated facilities prior to their respective ESIAs; vi) Issue any penalties for non-compliances with contractual environmental commitments. 9.4.3 Contractor (s)

The contractor(s) shall: i) Develop an ESIP in line with this ESMMP prior to construction, providing detail to meet environmental and social management requirements, and to the satisfaction of the Supervision Consultant; ii) Effectively implement and manage the ESIP to the satisfaction of Supervision Consultant and UNRA; iii) Monitor, record, audit and conduct surveillance of the implementation and effectiveness of the ESIP and report their effectiveness to Supervision Consultant; iv) Report regularly to the Supervision Consultant’s Environmental and Social Specialists regarding environmental and social performance; v) Prepare regular reports (monthly, quarterly, and annually) on environmental, social, health and safety performance. vi) Undertake adequate environmental and social assessments, including annual environmental compliance audits, for project associated facilities; vii) Recruit qualified and experience environmental and social personnel to implement the ESMMP; viii) Report environmental and social incidents to the Supervision Consultant, UNRA and relevant government authorities. Furthermore, document actions taken to rectify and improve the situation; ix) Check that all other requirements as described in the contract specification and other licenses, certificates and permits are complied with;

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x) Review and update the ESIP, during construction annually or if any significant changes occur; and xi) Ensure that all workers are regularly sensitised on environmental, social, occupational health and safety aspects of the project to enhance compliance. 9.4.4 Development partners

Development partners including AfDB will; i) Provide appropriate guidance towards compliance with the Operational Safeguards; ii) Allow for quick feedback on any safeguards documentation of the project; iii) Provide no-objection on environmental and social matters whenever required; and iv) Play an oversight role in implementing the Safeguards Requirements.

9.4.5 NEMA

i) As part of preconstruction activities, NEMA will undertake environmental and social due diligence including review and consideration of this ESIA in consultation with other relevant stakeholders. ii) NEMA shall also review and consider ESIAs for project support facilities. iii) Issue permits and licences required to guide project operations iv) Monitor implementation of EIA conditions of approval and provide feedback for continuous improvement. v) Review and consider Environmental and Social Audits for the project road and project support facilities.

9.5 Project Reporting Commitments

On an annual basis, the Contractor will, under the guidance of UNRA, engage services of an independent environmental and social compliance auditor to determine the level of the Project’s environmental and social performance. The report will provide the information and data required to determine compliance with national legal requirements. The aspects to be reported on shall include; grievance management, labour influx, traffic management, community health and safety and security, air quality, erosion and water pollution, waste management, emergency response, HIV/AIDS and gender management, Environmental and social restoration, among others.

9.6 Detailed ESMMP

The detailed ESMMP is provided in Table 39

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Table 36: Detailed Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP)

Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) Positive impacts a) Tasks for a) Percentage of Contractor, locally employees/work Supervision Impact Quarterly None None available skills er recruited from Engineer and Employment opportunities are given to the project area. UNRA the local b) Number of Contractor Occupational Enhancement measure(s) people. incidents and Daily None health and a) Recruit labour from project area b) Competitive registered on Supervision safety with involvement of Local leaders wages are site. Engineer paid. b) Ensure a safe working c) Average salary/ wages paid to environment for all workers Contractor, workers in c) Provision and honouring of Supervision i comparison with Quarterly None None Engineer and contracts to all project workers salaries for UNRA d) Ensure gender equity in similar jobs in employment the area. e) Development and implementation d) Number of Contractor, grievances Supervision Grievance of a workers’ code of conduct; Weekly None f) Provision of security by working recorded from Engineer and management project workers. UNRA with Police, Army and local e) Security authorities. management Contractor, Induction and Daily 20,000 plan UNRA safety training. implemented. Impact a) Scheduled Annually Seamless maintenance 100,000 ii and as UNRA MoWT Improved connectivity within the Elgon mobility for all promptly Retooling scheduled region road users undertaken

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) Enhancement(s) b) Installation of Contractor Works road safety Quarterly None budget a) Routine and periodic furniture maintenance of the road c) Number of Contractor, b) Management of traffic within mentions eg Supervision Quarterly 1000 the project area; radio talk Engineer and c) Undertake road safety shows UNRA campaigns. d) Number of road d) Traffic management and safety None regular maintenance of feeder campaigns Quarterly 500 roads conducted .

Improved a) Changes in Impact socio- socio-economic economic conditions in the Annually UNRA None None Enhanced socioeconomic development in conditions in area the region the area

Enhancement measures;

a) Provision of service roads at the b) Record of markets Routine and periodic 100,000 b) Complementary initiatives for Quarterly UNRA Retooling women traders in aspects such as maintenanc financial management, e cooperatives development and undertaken bulk marketing among others. c) Regular maintenance of the feeder roads to facilitate traffic

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a) Land for project Conducive associated Impact: Contractor, atmosphere for facilities is Supervision businesses obtained based Quarterly None None Creation of business opportunities Engineer on willing leaser and UNRA Enhancement(s): willing leasee a) Ensure proper acquisition or rental agreements. Contractor, of facilities from land owners b) Evidence of Supervision Contractual Negotiation with proper documentation to payments made Quarterly Engineer sum skills avoid grievances. to land owners and UNRA b) Adequate, fair, and prompt c) Number of iii Contractor, payments for the landowners; safety training Supervision Contractual c) Conduct safety awareness sessions Quarterly None Engineer sum regarding construction conducted and UNRA activities; d) d) Community sensitization on e) Number of community business opportunities sensitization Contractor, e) Ensure equal opportunities to session on Supervision Quarterly 540 None promote women participation business Engineer opportunities and UNRA

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) f) Percentage of Contractor, women Supervision Quarterly None None employed on Engineer the project and UNRA Negative impacts Pre-construction phase Impacts Contractor, a) Adequate ESIAs supervision Contract Quarterly None Increased human activity and RAPs Engineer, sum UNRA Mitigation measures Contractor, b) Project facilities supervision Contract located in Quarterly None a) Adequate environmental and Engineer, sum approved sites social assessments for project UNRA associated facilities shall be Limited c) Number of Contractor, undertaken in accordance with Camps supervision Contractual destructive Quarterly None national requirements and AfDB’s human activity registered as Engineer sum i OSs; in ecological workplaces and UNRA b) Locating project associated sites and facilities like camps away from any communities sensitive habitats, and away from Contractor, busy community settings; d) Stakeholder supervision Contractual c) Designing the camps with views recorded Monthly None Engineer, sum and action taken adequate amenities for project UNRA workers; d) Continuous meaningful stakeholder engagements

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PAPs are not a) Number of Land take left worse off PAPs Quarterly UNRA 500,000 None Mitigation measures: compensated a) The right of way has been and resettled reduced from the standard 50m to b) Number of 30m to minimize this impact. PAPs who have b) The designs have provided for a re-adjusted their Quarterly UNRA None None bypass for the major growth sources of centres at Nalugugu and Budadiri. livelihood c) Adequate, fair, and prompt c) Number of Sensitization compensation and resettlement of stakeholder and Quarterly UNRA None PAPs before construction engagements mobilization commences; held meetings d) Timely communication to PAPs on schedules of project activities e) Meaningful stakeholder engagements should be held with the PAPs d) Number of PAPs who have Quarterly f) Adequate vacation notification UNRA None None given to PAPs. relocated from the ROW g) The RAP should define mechanisms that are responsive to the extent possible to the prevailing needs of the beneficiaries/PAPs.

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD)

Construction phase Habitat a) Vegetation Contractor, Habitat modification and loss connectivity and clearance Supervision Contractual Daily None Mitigation measures Habitat limited to Engineer, sum heterogeneity approved areas UNRA a) Minimise vegetation clearance to the approved working areas; b) Works done by Contractor, an approved Supervision b) Implement Method statement that Daily i method Engineer, None None incorporate environmental social statement UNRA requirements and sensitivities. c) Adequate measures will be Contractor, undertaken to restore all areas c) Restoration plan Supervision Contractual Monthly None disturbed by the project to facilitate implemented Engineer, sum revegetation. UNRA

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD)

No et loss of species of a) Vegetation Contractor, Contractual conservation clearance Supervision None Spread of alien invasive species Daily sum concern limited to Engineer, Mitigation measures ecological approved areas UNRA importance a) Assess for known invasive species b) Avoid carrying Contractor, top soil into the Supervision Contractual while selecting sources for Quarterly None project area. Engineer, sum materials UNRA b) Avoid ferrying material that contain ii foreign seeds into the project area c) Number of c) Mechanically remove all invasive invasive species Identification of Contractual species that sprout within the encountered Monthly Contractor alien invasive sum project area; and removed species d) Develop and implement an invasive species. adequate site restoration plan. Capacity d) Approved building in Contractor, restoration Contractual restoration Quarterly Supervision plans sum planning and Engineer, implemented. implementatio n Zero pollution a) Works done by Contractor, from Waste an approved Supervision iv Daily generated method Engineer, None None statement UNRA,

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD)

Pollution due to poor waste b) Activities Contractor, confined to Supervision Contractual management Daily None designated Engineer, sum project areas UNRA Mitigation measures: c) Proper waste management Contractor, a) Application of appropriate practice Contractual Daily Supervision None technology which minimizes waste observed on site sum Engineer generation. for example b) Restrict interaction between the waste sorting project activities and the natural d) Adequate environment. waste Contractor, Contractual c) Measures should be developed to management Monthly Supervision None sum Reuse, Recycle and Reduce Plan Engineer generated waste; implemented d) Develop and implement an e) Housekeepin Contractor, adequate waste management g schedule Contractual Daily Supervision None sum plan; Engineer e) Implement a good housekeeping culture. f) Physical and Contractor, f) Quarterly water quality tests Chemical Contractual Monthly Supervision None should be undertaken within the properties of sum Engineer project area. water

Impact: Controlled soil a) Movement of Contractor, Contractual v Soil erosion erosion equipment Supervision None Daily sum limited to Engineer, Mitigation measure(s): approved areas UNRA Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 134

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) a) Movement of heavy machinery b) Vegetation Contractor, should be restricted to approved Contractual clearance Supervision None areas; Daily sum limited to Engineer, b) Vegetation clearance should be approved areas UNRA minimized as much as it will be c) Erosion control Contractor, practically possible and following measures are Supervision Contractual an approved method statement; implemented None Daily Engineer, sum c) Soil erosion barriers such as around erosion UNRA contour bunds established around prone site operation areas; Contractor, d) Operational Supervision Contractual d) Confine the direct zone of impact Daily None areas sealed off. Engineer, sum to minimize run offs; UNRA e) Prepare and implement an e) Adequate Contractor, adequate site restoration plan; habitat Supervision Contractual Quarterly None f) Develop and implement an restoration plan Engineer, sum adequate Spoil Management plan. implemented UNRA and f) Adequate spoil Contractor, management Supervision Contractual Daily None plan Engineer, sum implemented UNRA Controlled a) Works done as Contractor, vibration per approved Supervision Impact: Daily during works method Engineer, None None Vibration vi statement UNRA,

b) Level of Contractor, Mitigation measure(s): vibration (Hz) monthly Supervision None None Engineer,

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) a) Apply appropriate technology that localizes vibration to the targeted c) Schedule of area; Contractual servicing of Monthly UNRA None b) Appropriate method statement for sum equipment work shall be developed and

implemented following the approval of the supervision e) Daily work Contractor, consultant schedule Daily Supervision c) Regularly service all equipment None None that are associated with vibration Engineer, generation; Contractor, f) Workers in d) All works should be carried out Supervision appropriate PPE Daily within permissible vibration levels; Engineer, None None

e) Work should only be conducted UNRA during daytime; g) Number of sensitization Contractor, Contractual f) Provide appropriate PPE to Daily None workers as well as fitting workers meetings held Supervision sum

to the right tasks; h) Vibration impact Contractor, g) Project activities should be Contractual assessment Annually Supervision None scheduled not to interrupt social sum services such as school conducted Engineer programmes, religious sessions, health care services, and other i) Pre-assessment economic activities. and post- Contractor, h) Community members and assessment of Contractual Vibration Annually Supervision workers should be sensitized on the vibration sum assessment Engineer the effects of vibration and control effects measures that should be adhered conducted to. Impact Generated noise Contractor, a) Schedule of Contractual contained within Monthly Supervision None project activities sum Noise nuisance acceptable limits Engineer Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 136

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) Mitigation measure(s): c) Noise Contractor, Contractual a) Project activities will only be monitoring Monthly Supervision None sum implemented during daylight hours records Engineer b) The contractor shall comply with national safety and health d) Equipment Contractor, Contractual standards and guidelines service Monthly Supervision None sum c) Engineering controls should be schedules Engineer used to reduce noise generation at the source e.g. isolation Contractor, d) All equipment should be e) PPE distribution Contractual Quarterly Supervision None maintained/serviced appropriately; log sum Engineer e) Workers exposed to high noise levels should be provided with appropriate personal protective gear – ear plugs, earmuffs or ear defenders, as would be appropriate; Contractor, f) Appropriate methods must be Contractual f) Medical reports Quarterly Supervision None utilized for replacement of sum equipment which would otherwise Engineer generate noise; g) Develop and implement a Medical surveillance plan for workers in noise prone environments. Controlled a) Reduced Impact Contractor, particulate material drop Increase in particulate matter Supervision matter height for Daily None None Engineer, Mitigation measure(s) generation and granular UNRA materials

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) a) Reduce material drop height, material dispersion Contractor, b) Lengths of the storage piles and spoil areas should be during works Supervision Contractual road sections Daily None Engineer, sum protected from wind watered b) Covering trucks carrying finer granular UNRA materials c) Number of Contractor, c) Dust suppression by watering access trucks covered Supervision Contractual Daily None roads and stockpiles while carrying Engineer, sum d) Reduce speed on the road under materials UNRA construction by speed humps, d) Installed speed Contractor, installation of road signage, among Contractual control Quarterly Supervision None others. sum measures Engineer e) Regular maintenance of plant/equipment should be done f) Protective Equipment/gear as guided by e) Schedule of Contractor, Contractual servicing of Quarterly Supervision None PPE Management Plan and Risk sum Assessment should be provided to equipment Engineer workers; g) Workers should be medically certified to Contractor, f) PPE distribution Contractual Quarterly Supervision None wear respiratory Personal Protective logs sum Equipment/gear provided; Engineer h) All stockpiles should be maintained for g) Adequate as short a time as possible and should Medical Contractor,

surveillance Supervision be enclosed by wind breaking monthly Contractual plan Engineer, None enclosures of similar height to the sum stockpile. implemented UNRA

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) i) Protection mechanisms should be h) a maximum Contractor, instituted around social services such of 3-5 m Supervision Contractual as dust control measures or shields or maintained Daily Engineer, None sum flexibility in work schedules; for UNRA, j) Conducted and periodic occupational stockpiles hygienic measurements for Particulate i) Dust control measures matter and implement mitigation Contractor, provided Contractual measures throughout project life cycle; Daily Supervision None near schools sum Engineer k) Medical surveillance system for all and workers. communities j) Conducted Periodic Contractor, occupational Contractual Quarterly Supervision None hygienic sum Engineer measureme nts Contractor, a) Schedule of Controlled air Supervision Impact servicing of monthly Contractual Pollution Engineer, None Air pollution equipment sum during works UNRA Mitigation measure(s) a) All trucks or other plant/equipment b) Risk should be well maintained according Assessment ix to the maintenance schedule to and reduce on gaseous emissions; Management

b) workers should be provided with Plan UNRA None None Monthly appropriate respiratory Personal implemented/ Protective Equipment/gear as guided Enforced by PPE Management Plan;

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) c) An occupational hygienic surveillance Contractor, plan should be developed and Supervision implemented throughout project life c) Workers in Daily Engineer, None cycle. appropriate PPE UNRA d) Medical surveillance system for all workers to include pre-employment, d) Adequate Contractor, routine, post-employment medical Medical Supervision Contractual examination and biological monitoring surveillance monthly None Engineer, sum should be instituted and monitored by plan UNRA an Occupational Physician implemented

a) Percentage of Contractor, Project workers Impact: employees/work Supervision living Quarterly None None Influx of labour er recruited from Engineer harmoniously the project area. and UNRA with local Mitigation measure(s) communities Contractor, b) Engagements supervision a) Local workers should be given priority with local Engineer, Contractual Monthly None during recruitment; authorities on UNRA, sum b) Recruitment of workers should be done recruitment Local xv in corroboration with the local leaders authorities; c) HIV/AIDS Contractor, prevention supervision Contractual c) HIV/AIDS prevention programs shall be Quarterly None programs Engineer, sum implemented during the proposed road implemented UNRA project; Contractor, d) The Project shall work in collaboration d) Engagements supervision with Police and Engineer, Contractual with Uganda Police and the local Quarterly None security units including local local security UNRA, sum governments to curb social ills; units Local leaders

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) e) An adequate workers’ code of conduct e) Adequate Contractor, workers’ code of will be developed and implemented; supervision Contractual conduct Quarterly None f) Access to workers’ camp will be Engineer, sum developed and restricted; and UNRA implemented g) Project shall operate a clinic to provide Contractor, f) Checks at the medical services to the workers in order supervision Contractual entrances of Daily None not to overwhelm the existing Engineer, sum worker’s camps. community health facilities. UNRA a) Landscaping Contractor, Impact Protected done with supervision Contractual landscape and approval of the Bi-annualy None Engineer, sum Alteration of landscape and aesthetics aesthetics Supervision UNRA Consultant Mitigation measures b) Approved Waste Contractor, Management supervision Contractual a) Appropriate landscaping should Daily None be considered upon completion of Plan Engineer, sum the construction phase; implemented UNRA b) Siting of project associated x facilities should be cognizant of the natural aesthetics of the project c) Number of sites area; restored to the Contractor, c) Appropriately manage wastes, satisfaction of supervision Contractual stoke piles and spoil within the Supervision Quarterly Engineer, None sum project area; Consultant, UNRA, d) Habitat restoration with indigenous UNRA and NEMA plant species that are NEMA representative of the damaged areas should be done to

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Impact Minimum service Impact on Utilities disruption during works Mitigation measures Untilities relocated Contractor, in following an supervision Contractual xi a) Timely planning of relocation Quarterly None approved Utilities Engineer, sum following and approved utilities Relocation Plan UNRA relocation plan. b) Timely communication and notification of affected communities regarding planned relocation works.

Contractor, a) An approved supervision Contractual xii PAPs to continue method statement Monthly None Engineer, sum accessing their implemented UNRA properties

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) b) Temporary Contractor, Impact accesses provided supervision Contractual wherever and Monthly None Temporary loss of access to homes and Engineer, sum whenever businesses UNRA necessary Mitigation measures:

a) All works should be carried out in accordance with an approved method statement. b) Temporary accesses should always be provided wherever an Contractor, c) Permanent existing access is affected; supervision Contractual accesses provided Quarterly None c) Existing accesses should be Engineer, sum restored after works, or after works convenient alternatives provided; UNRA d) Planning for stockpiles and spoil areas should be done in consultation with the local leadership and should be approved by the supervision consultant. Workplan for operations near Contractor, School activities schoold developed supervision Contractual xiii Quarterly None proceed normally and implemented in Engineer, sum during the project consultation with the UNRA cycle affected schools

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) Number of affected Contractor, Impact schools screened supervision Contractual Monthly None Disruption of school activities off during Engineer, sum operations UNRA Mitigation measure Contractor, a) Wherever practical, the contractor Number of supervision Contractual should schedule construction near engagements with Monthly None Engineer, sum schools on weekends or holidays schools UNRA when school activities are on hold; b) Where ever the risks exist, the contractor should screen off schools with a material that obscures pupils from construction activities to avoid accidents and disruption of studying; c) Safety campaigns should be Number schools Contractor, carried out in schools in Contractual with project Daily supervision None consultation with school sum flagpersonnel Engineer administration; d) Development and implementation of traffic management plan that includes installation of speed humps, use of flag persons and dust suppression especially near schools.

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD)

Impact Project Number of project Contractor, workers recruited supervision Contract implemented Monthly None Social ills of construction labour harmoniously from with the project Engineer, sum area (Subcounties) UNRA Mitigation measures; a) Prioritise recruitment of workers Number of Contractor, from the project area; engagements with supervision b) The contractor should involve local local leaders, Quarterly None None Engineer, (LC) leaders in labour recruitment including police over UNRA to ensure people hired have no recruitment criminal records and that no Contractor, Updated staff children below 18years are hired; supervision register for the Montly None None c) Local governments and the Engineer, xvi project contractor shall collaborate with UNRA police to contain criminal activities Service provider for Contractor, in the project area; management of supervision Contract Monthly None d) A register of all construction HIV/AIDS, GBV and Engineer, sum workers shall be maintained with VAC risks UNRA local authorities to aid in tracking Percentage of Contractor, Labor laws cases of child neglect; workers who have supervision Monthly None and general e) UNRA shall procure a service signed a code of Engineer, human rights provider for awareness creation conduct UNRA and prevention of HIV/AIDS, GBV Grievance and Violence Against Children and Contractor, management other social risks; supervision Grievance mechanism Monthly None f) Workers shall sign a code of Engineer, management developed and conduct that addresses the risks of UNRA sexual harassment, drug and implemented

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) substance abuse, and other social ills; g) Peer based awareness creation and counselling shall be instituted within the workforce; h) A workers’ Grievance redress Number of Contractor, mechanism shall be established engaments for to supervision and operationalised; Monthly None SEA in general create awareness Engineer, i) Develop and implement a SEA about SEA UNRA and Sexual Harassment Prevention Action Plan; and j) Continuous engagements with the community and establishment and trainf of Grievance Redress committees. Number of affected enterprises UNRA and Business loss Quarterly 500,000 Impact No one left worse compensated or re- Contractor assessment off established Business loss/loss of livelihood

Mitigation measures; Number of PAPs Implementation a) Fair and timely compensation for involved in Quarterly UNRA 500,000 of livelihood the affected businesses; livelihood initiatives initiatives

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) b) Develop and implement livelihood restoration plans for affected livelihoods; c) Relocation of business to the Number of affected already existing markets in the enterprises Quarterly UNRA None None project areas for example Mufutu relocated to market; and exisiting markets d) Consider construction of market stands to accommodate the displaced roadside businesses.

An adequate health Healthy, safe and Health, safety Impact and safety, security, Contractor, secure work and security and pollution supervision Contract environment Quarterly management, Occupational health, safety and security prevention plan Engineer, sum pollution risks of workers and community developed and UNRA prevention approved Mitigation measures a) Develop and implement occupational health and safety, security, and pollution prevention plan following the World Bank Group Environmental Contractor, Type materials Health and safety guidelines. supervision approved approved Monthly None None b) Use of only approved materials on Engineer, for the project project; UNRA c) Undertake regular Community and workers’ sensitisations on construction hazards and risks;

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) d) Develop and implement emergency Contractor, response plans prop0tionate to the Number of supervision Contract Monthly None risk, to respond to accidents or community Engineer, sum emergency events that may cause UNRA risks to human health and Contractor, Emergency environment. supervision Contract Emergency Response Plan Quarterly Engineer, sum response implemented UNRA Material sources not Impact Potential risks of located near Contractor, project support sensitive supervision Contract Monthly None Sourcing, haulage and storage of facilities identified environmental Engineer, sum materials for construction and managed systems or UNRA settlements Mitigation measures; Contractor, Projects facilities a) Siting of material sources shall be supervision Contract whose ESIAs are Monthly None done in consultation with the Engineer, sum done and approved district environment and UNRA community development officers; b) ESIAs shall be done for all material sources and their environmental Adequate Traffic Contractor, and social management plans Management Plan supervision Contract Monthly None implemented. developed and Engineer, sum c) Provide appropriate safety implemented UNRA signage, humps, banksmen and

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) regular watering on the haulage roads to suppress dust. d) Proper contracts are entered into Records for land Contractor, with land owners of borrow pits, acquisition for supervision Contract Monthly None quarries and dumpsites to mitigate project support Engineer, sum any land related issues. facilities UNRA e) Haulage roads shall be regularly maintained to ensure they are motorable at all times. f) Stockpiles shall not exceed a recommended height as guided by Contractor, Shecdule of the supervision consultant after supervision Contract maintenance of Quarterly None undertaking appropriate Engineer, sum haulage roads assessments UNRA

Minimum Impact disruption of Adequate Traffic Contractor, traffic flow during Manageement Plan Contract Disruption of traffic flow Quarterly supervision None project developed and sum Engineer c0struction implemented Mitigation measures;

a) Develop and implement a robust Shecdule of traffic management plan; Contractor, maintenance of Contract b) Diversion or detours should be Quarterly supervision None diversions and sum adequately maintained; Engineer detours

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) c) Any traffic diversions should be communicated in time, with clear signage; d) Hire, train and deploy traffic flag persons to guide traffic. The spread of COVID-19 controlled Contractor, COVID-19 SOPs Contract Daily supervision None implemented sum Engineer

Contractor, Number of project Contract Monthly supervision None workers encamped sum Engineer

Contractor, Number of workers Contract Monthly supervision None vaccinated sum Engineer

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD)

Impact

Spread of Corona Virus Disease (COVID- 19)

Mitigation measures;

a) Domesticate the COVID-19 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) developed by Ministry of Health and World Health Contractor, Organisation; Contract Health reports Monthly supervision None b) Screening of workers and visitors sum before accessing the project and Engineer its facilities; c) Encamp project workers to limit interaction with the community; d) Vaccinate all project workers especially the high risk category; e) Regular sensitisation of the workers and the communities on the risks, nature and SOPs for COVID-19; and f) Isolation of workers with signs and symptoms of COVID19.

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Impact/ Mitigation/ Enhancement and Preferred Monitoring/ Frequency Responsible Capacity Commitments Outcomes performance party Indicative Building Indicators costs Requirements (USD) Contractor, Impact Appropriate road supervision Contract Quarterly None Safe and furniture installed Engineer, sum “New Road Effect” and Associated sustainable road Accidents UNRA Contractor, Road safety Mitigation measures; supervision Contract considerations of Monthly None Engineer, sum the design a) Design and instal appropriate and UNRA adequate road furniture including speed humps and road signs; and Number of road b) Conduct traffic safety awareness safety awareness Monthly UNRA 200,000 Road safety programmes during and after campagins construction. Stromed water Adequate drainage Contractor, controlled structures supervision Contract Impact Monthly None channeling water to Engineer, sum natural courses UNRA

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Mitigation measures;

a) Design for appropriate drainage structures guiding water away from peoples’ properties into the Contractor, natural water courses; Schedule of supervision Contract b) Provide erosion protection drainage Quarterly None Engineer, sum measures including scour checks, maintenance lining of drains etc; UNRA c) Undertaken regular maintenance of drainage channels during operation phase; and d) Construct interception ditches, settling ponds to prevent muddy water ingress into surface watercourses.

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9.7 Organizational Set-Up and ESMMP Implementation Mechanisms

9.7.1 Set up of Environmental and Social Safeguards Management

The overall implementation and monitoring of the ESIA/ESMMP for the proposed road project is the responsibility of UNRA through its Directorate of Network Planning and Engineering and specifically, the Department of Environment and Social Safeguards (DESS). DESS is headed by a Head of Department whose other staff include 5 Specialists (3No. Social Development Specialists and 2No. Environmental Specialists) and 6 Senior Officers (3No. Senior Sociologists and 3No. Senior Environmental Officers). In addition, there is a pool of five Technical Assistants (3No. Environmental Specialists and 2 No. Social Development Specialists) and these are provided through technical assistance programmes by the World Bank and African Development Bank (AfDB) and their contracts expire with the respective projects that they support. Furthermore, DESS has 5No. Junior Safeguards officers and 6No. Environmental and Social Safeguards Trainees. In terms of mandate, DESS has a primary role to ensure all UNRA programs, plans, projects and activities mainstream environmental and social safeguards considerations as well as ensuring that, UNRA’s capacity and awareness is built in the areas of environmental and social safeguards. In execution of this over-arching mandate, DESS has in place some environmental and social safeguards management tools such as Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS), Safety Management System (SMS) and Land Acquisition and Resettlement Management Systems (LARMS).

Operationally, DESS is involved in a range of environmental and social safeguards roles in the Authority cascading from reviews of ESIAs and RAPs, monitoring and supervision of on-going road construction projects to direct involvement in-house in the preparation of environmental and social safeguards reports for road projects under planning. There are currently over 40 on-going roads and bridges projects spread all-over the country and about 60 road projects under different stages of preparation (including bridges on various roads throughout the country).

9.7.2 Management of environmental and social safeguards in the proposed project

UNRA will assign dedicated Environment and Social Safeguards staff for the proposed road project. UNRA will hire Project Environmental Specialist and Social Safeguards Specialist, to augment UNRA’s overstretched Capacity to manage the ongoing numerous projects. The specialists will be hired before commencement of the civil works. UNRA shall liaise with the AfDB to provide the project Safeguards Staff training on management of environmental and social aspects (including safeguards compliance monitoring) in line with the provisions of the Integrated Safeguards System, with specific focus on 5 Operational Safeguards. The safeguards team will undertake environmental and social monitoring of the ESMMP in conjunction with the relevant stakeholders including government departments and agencies that have a role in the implementation of the project by way of their sector/statutory mandate. UNRA will be represented on site by a Supervision Consultant. The Project Supervision Consultant will assist UNRA to provide a full-time presence on site to manage the contracts. The team of the Project Supervision Consultant will comprise of among others a qualified and UNRA approved full-time Environmental Expert and Sociologist. The Contractor will also have an Environmental Manager, Health and Safety Manager and Social Manager to support in managing potential environmental, social, health and safety risks and impacts.

It is also recommended that the project shall procure a dedicated vehicle for safeguards staff hired at UNRA level and the Contractors and Supervision Consultant shall be required to provide dedicated

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9.7.3 Operational challenges

Bearing in mind how the mainstreaming path for cross-cutting themes into the road sub-sector has developed, UNRA has made effort to institutionalize environmental and social safeguards agenda into its planning and operations. The environmental and social safeguards profile in the Entity is high as evidenced by development and implementation of an Environmental and Social Management System and the Safety Management System. All these are no mean achievements and more reforms towards improving safeguards landscape in the Entity continue to grow. Despite the above milestones, the operations of DESS is grappling with a number of challenges which continue to affect its efficient delivery of environmental and social safeguards services in UNRA and some of these include:

Staffing

The human resource equation for the delivery of environmental and social safeguards compliance oversight by DESS is wanting in view of the growing number of road projects under preparation and implementation by UNRA. More so, some of the projects have tight preparation timelines as well as stringent safeguards requirements demanded by financing agencies and the national requirements as contained in the amended National Environment Act 2019. No doubt, available personnel in the Department is being stretched despite effort they put towards the requirements by the projects.

In addition, the Technical Assistants hired present two challenges in that, the duration of their contracts is tied to the project duration and their involved is specific to the projects which they were procured to support. This limits their ability to offer capacity building, which would create sustainability. These indicate the human resource challenge at hand.

Equipment

In execution of supervisory and monitoring role, DESS relies largely on physical site inspections, interviews and review of records without going into some in situ measurements of some physical and ecological parameters. The approach can be exploited by fraudulent contractors since they will have known that, there will be no measures for on-site physical verifications. DESS shall have in-house equipment for rapid verification of noise, air quality, vibrations and water quality. It is recommended that the DESS Specialists working onsite shall undertake verification measurements of specific parameters on a case-by-case basis, especially near sensitive locations when construction is ongoing. Regular/daily monitoring of project activities shall be undertaken by the Contractor. All monitoring results/parameters shall be recorded and used in case of complaints. In the same vein, there should be readily available logistics in terms of vehicles for the Department to rapidly respond to environmental and social safeguards emergencies in the projects as they happen.

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9.7.4 DESS Capacity Building Needs under the Project

For effective management of the environmental and social safeguards requirements in the road project the following are proposed: a. Hire of Technical Assistants/Advisers: The Project could hire 2No. Technical Assistants i.e. 1No. Environmental Specialist and 1No. Social Development Specialist. b. Hire of Community Liaison Officers: For on-ground liaison and communication with the PAPs and the communities at large in the areas of the project, it is proposed that, services of local CLOs who are graduates in environment and related social science disciplines be sourced. c. Support towards effective operationalization of ESMS: Much as the ESMS is comprehensive in a number of UNRA’s environmental and social safeguards operations, there is need to have a dedicated officer to lead in ensuring its effective implementation. d. Training: There will be need to conduct induction-training sessions for CLOs, Technical Advisers, and project Technical officers on the following area: i. General ISS requirements; ii. Gender aspects in the project; iii. Child labor awareness; iv. Vulnerability awareness and sensitization drives; v. Climate change mainstreaming; vi. Livelihoods ventures; vii. HIV/AIDS, STIs and COVID-19 control; viii. UNRA ESMS provisions and its requirements; and ix. Awareness on National Environment Act 2019 and its provisions relating to the road project.

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9.8 Integration of Environmental and Social Aspects into Procurement Process

9.8.1 Bidding

During the bidding process, the Contractor will be expected to include a brief methodology of the implementation of the relevant environmental and social safeguards and attach a cost of implementation of these plans in his proposal bid. In addition, the Contractor should provide relevant staff for the implementation of the safeguards including a Social Manager supported by Community Liaison Officers, an Environment Manager supported by HSE Officers and a Health and Safety Manager. Lastly, the contractor must prove prior experience in adequately managing safeguards issues in the road sector.

9.8.2 Bill of Quantities (BoQs)

The BoQs must capture all relevant safeguards aspects. These should include safeguards staffing, documentation (ESIP, etc.), waste management, HIV/AIDS, grievance redress, gender awareness, site clean-up and landscaping, monthly ESMMP reporting, and Annual Enviromental Compliance Audits among others. Laxity in the provision and use of personal protective equipment is a risk to the safety of workers. The BoQs should provide a sum for PPE and supervision be done to ensure that all workers undertake works while in full PPE.

9.8.3 Safeguards Clauses

As a best practice, the contracts for the civil works should include clauses on management of environment and social aspects. Sometimes, the clauses are weak and cannot be used to hold the contractors accountable. There is need to strengthen the clauses and to tailor them to the specific project safeguards aspects and management needs.

9.8.4 Staffing

It is common for contractors to recruit unqualified safeguards staff or to assign safeguards duties to site foremen or clerks with no prior safeguards experience. Staffing requirements should be spelt out in the contracts. In addition, it may be useful to include the minimum requirements in the contracts for the civil works. Therefore, UNRA through the supervising consultants must approve the contractor’s Environment Manager, Health and Safety Manager and the Social Manager.

9.8.5 ESMMP Monitoring and Reporting

Laxity in implementation and reporting on safeguards issues is common amongst contractors largely because they do not take safeguards issues seriously. This can be addressed by requiring contractors to prepare monthly environment and social monitoring reports. These should either be pay items and clearly included in the BoQs or a condition for certification and payment approvals. Contractor’s safeguards reports are usually characterized by failure to include useful monitoring indicators such as safety statistics (fatalities, minor injuries, near misses, etc.), number of trees cut, and/or replanted amongst others. The contractors will require training on safeguards monitoring and reporting. The contractors need to undertake proper recordkeeping of all safeguard activities. The contractors should liaise with District technical offices such as the District Environment Officer, District Community Development Officer, District Engineers and Physical Planner to ensure proper monitoring and timely implementation of project activities. Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 157

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The Supervising Consultant shall be required to maintain a Compliance Tracker to follow-up on implementation of corrective instructions during project implementation and also guide on the use of financial remedies to evoke Compliance. For example, each instruction that does not get implemented for two consecutive reminders would attract financial penalty without further reminder or withhold of any financial certificate due for payment. The Contractor will be required to report accidents to the supervising engineer in a timely manner and police, including maintaining an accident and incident log; Serious Accidents shall be reported to the Supervision Consultant immediately and to UNRA within 12 hours and to AfDB within 24 hours of occurrence.

9.8.6 Project Reporting Commitments

The Contractor will be required to prepare regular reports (monthly, quarterly, and annual) on environmental, social, health and safety performance. On an annual basis, the Contractor will, under the guidance of UNRA, engage services of an independent environmental and social compliance auditor to determine the level of the Project’s environmental and social performance. The report will provide the information and data required to determine compliance with national legal requirements as well as OSs of AfDB. The aspects to be reported on shall include; grievance management, labour influx, traffic management, community health and safety and security, air quality, erosion and water pollution, waste management, emergency response, HIV/AIDS and gender management, Environmental and social restoration, among others.

9.8.7 Decommissioning and restoration of disturbed areas

At the end of the construction period, the Contractor must ensure restoration of all disturbed areas including material sites through proper landscaping, backfilling and restoring topsoil, re-introduction of genetic species e.g. natural re-grassing similar to those destroyed in order to re-establish the natural local ecosystem. The final payment must be tagged to successful restoration activities.

9.9 Contractor/ UNRA Management Plans

The Contractor will be required to prepare some standalone safeguards management plans in addition to the Contractor’s Environment and Social Implementation Plan (ESIP). Reference should always be made to the ESIP as the overarching document that contains general Control Statements for various impacts such as air quality, solid waste, and hazardous materials, water quality and ecosystem, erosion control, waste excavation and disposal and safety and occupational health. In addition to the Management Plans, the Contractor should prepare Method Statements for specific activities such as earthworks and submit for the Supervision Engineer’s review and comments before commencement of works. If the Consultant notifies the Contractor that a specific method statement has failed to provide adequate mitigations, such a statement should be revised and resubmitted until when approved. UNRA will also prepare any other management plans for other unforeseen project safeguards risks. The Supervision Consultant (as represented by the Resident Engineer) shall provide clearance to the ESIP before commencement of civil works, in technical consultation with UNRA and the AfDB.

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9.9.1 Influx Management Plan While project-induced influx can benefit the project and host communities (e.g., by increasing business opportunities, improving the availability goods and services, and offering employment to locals), the influx can pose significant risks and impacts. If not carefully managed, labour influx can negatively affect public infrastructure, utilities, public services, housing, health, food security and social dynamics in the project area, especially in rural, remote or small communities, which typically have less absorptive capacity than a large urban environment. The Plan will detail measures aimed at: 1) avoiding or reducing negative influx impacts and enhancing positive impacts in the project area of influence; and 2) providing capacity building for Contractor, local government and communities to help them cope with project-induced in-migration.

9.9.2 Labour Management Plan The Contractor is expected to have a clear plan for recruitment of workers to promote project ownership by the communities. The Contractor should give preference to local people by recruitment of unskilled and semi-skilled labour from project villages and this should be done through local areas councils from where those seeking employment should get letters of recommendations. Such as plan shall for a basis for developing a “Code of Conduct” that will be signed by all workers on the project.

9.9.3 Explosives and Blasting Management Plan The road construction will require considerable amounts of stone chipping/gravel. In order to quarry this material, explosives will be employed as a primary means of breaking the rock from designated sources. The purpose of the Explosives and Blasting Management Plan is to describe how the Contractor will integrate safe use of explosives into quarrying operations while minimizing environmental and social impacts. The objectives of the Explosives and Blasting Management Plan are as follows: a. Ensure that handling of explosives is done in a manner that will minimize the possibility of accidents or incidents; b. Provide guidance on explosives management for the Project; c. Prescribe procedures for safe blasting; d. Ensure that infrastructure for explosives storage is compliant with all applicable regulations; e. Prescribe safe and environmentally sound measures for disposal or destruction of explosives; f. Prescribe procedures for dealing with spills of explosive materials; and g. Elaborate the chain of responsibility for explosives management.

Permits required for the use and storage of explosives will be obtained prior to quarrying. The permits and licenses required are listed below; a. Permit for Use of Explosives (Renewable yearly) – Required under the Explosives Act, b. Explosives Magazine License (Renewable yearly) – Required under the Explosives Act, c. Explosive Transportation Permits – Required under the Explosives Act, d. Blasting Certificate – Required under the Occupational Health and Safety Regulations. Development and implementation of the Explosives and Blasting Management Plan shall be done in consultation with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and district security agencies of the district in which the quarry will be located and shall require the approval of the Supervision Consultant before implementation.

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9.9.4 Traffic Management Plan The major purpose of the Traffic Management Plan is to help protect road users and workers and keep traffic delays to a minimum through proper and clear signage and controls. The Traffic Management Plan will provide actions to ensure safety of road users and construction staff during construction of Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu Road. It will outline traffic control and traffic management procedures to prevent potential hazards associated with road use during construction. Any road work resulting in obstruction of roads needs to be managed so that safety is not compromised and disruptions and delays to road users are kept to a minimum. Therefore, the Plan should include a road safety awareness program among its key components and will be developed and implemented in consultation with District Traffic Police.

9.9.5 Security Management Plan The project has not had security concerns in the recet decades. Nonetheless, contractors for infrastructure projects such as roads often hire armed security personnel to provide the required security for people, equipment and materials. Such armed secutity personnel can become a risk to the community/project area. The Plan will therefore provide guidance and requirements on safety and security for the Project and further ensure that the risk of insecurity from armed security personnel is minimised as much as possible.

It will identify potential security risks present during the construction phase, methods and actions to mitigate these risks, and the requirements to ensure the highest levels of safety and security in the implementation of the Project. It will, therefore, set out commitment of the Project to security under the project. UNRA will not sanction any use of force by direct or contracted workers in providing security except when used for preventive and defensive purposes in proportion to the nature and extent of the threat.

UNRA through the Supervision Consultant will: i) make reasonable inquiries to verify that the direct or contracted workers retained by the Contractors to provide security are not implicated in past abuses; ii) train them adequately in the use of force and appropriate conduct towards workers and host communities; iii) require them to act within the applicable law and any requirements set out in the ISS; iv) UNRA will review all allegations of unlawful or abusive acts of security personnel, take action to prevent recurrence and where necessary report unlawful and abusive acts to relevant Authorities such as the Police, Local Councils, District Local Governments; v) UNRA shall require that background check be done on all deployed Security personnel and further require them to sign a Code of Conduct to make behavioural commitments; vi) UNRA shall require establishment of a clear and accessible Grievance Redress Mechanism handle complaints from both the Workers and the host community; vii) Establish coordination and reporting arrangements between the Project Security and the Public Security Agencies; and viii) Put in place appropriate site access and control measures such as fencing of facilities, installing manned gates, surveillance cameras.

9.9.6 Noise Control Plan The noise sensitive receptors mainly include schools and residential areas located within less than 50 m from the proposed route. Workers exposed to construction noise are sensitive receptors as well. The Noise Control Plan will consolidate the noise control mitigations and methods to be compiled by the contractor

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9.9.7 Waste Management Plan The Waste Management Plan should include the following: i) Waste sources and streams ii) Management Hierarchy (3Rs) iii) Practices (collection + storage + disposal) for non-hazardous waste iv) Practices (collection + storage + disposal) for hazardous waste v) Logistics (bins, etc.) vi) Permitting requirements vii) Monitoring + Reporting (KPIs) The Contractor will implement waste management measures and practices throughout the construction period to mitigate risks. The Contractor shall undertake measures to respond to all generated categories of wastes i.e. solid wastes (food residues, metal scraps, bottles, plastics, polythene sheets, wood pallets, papers, faecal matter and other parking materials), construction wastes such as rejects/offcuts of bricks, steel reinforcement, nails, iron sheets, timber among others and liquid wastes (waste oil, wastewater, urine etc.). The Contractor should be aware that large quantities of cut to spoil may be generated which will require disposal. Therefore, the contractor is expected to identify potential sites for waste disposal before excavation works commence in order to secure the requisite approvals in a timely manner.

9.9.8 HIV/AIDS and Gender Action Plan The Contractor in pursuit of his commitment to health and safety will organize trainings, conduct awareness and education on the use of infection control measure in the workplace. The Contractor shall provide appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to protect workers from the risk of exposure to HIV/AIDS and incorporate HIV/AIDS information in occupational health and safety inductions, provide guideline in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), publicize knowledge related to HIV/AIDS and STIs to the work crews and the surrounding communities, provide information on good HIV prevention interventions, including promotion of the correct use of condoms and ensure sufficient resources are available for HIV programs. The contractor is expected to also come up with a Gender Actio Plan (GAP). The GAP will cover gender related aspects, such as GBV risks at community and worker’s level, Sexual Harassment to protect women workers as well as community members, mitigation measures, responses and who is in charge of different actions, show aspects of gender division of labour in terms of equality and equity, gender segregation (for example female workers having separate toilets and changing rooms from male workers), gender working conditions, provision of job opportunities where the contractor identifies areas where ladies are given high opportunities such as cleaning, human resource positions, working in laboratories, flag ladies among others. The GAP should show gender sensitivity and show a clear code of conduct. The GAP should also provide a checklist to help identify whether the project is gender complainant.

9.9.9 Site Decommissioning and Restoration Plan At the end of construction activities, the Contractor shall ensure restoration of the disturbed natural sites through environmental rehabilitation, backfilling and restoring topsoils, (re-) introduction of genetic species (e.g. natural re-grassing) similar to those destroyed in order to re-establish the natural local ecology. The decommission phase will focus on any of the following as applicable:

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a) Workers’ camp b) The parking/ equipment yards c) Material stockpile areas d) Access roads e) Quarries and borrow pits

Specifically, the process of rehabilitating and restoring the site shall follow the following sequential approach: a) All facility structures shall be demolished; the rumble/debris shall be used for fill purposes or taken to an approved disposal site; b) All equipment, vehicles, trucks and machinery shall be removed from sites; c) Makeshift access roads shall be closed, scarified and revegetated d) Backfilling all openings with soil and leftover overburden e) Planting fast-growing trees and grasses to stabilize excavated areas with native species; f) Fencing off the re-vegetated areas should be provided until the reinstated vegetation has reached maturity Joint site inspections will be conducted to ensure site restoration before handover of the project in order to assess the progress of restoration activities. They will constitute the Contractor, UNRA, Resident Engineer and the District Environment Officer.

Progressive restoration should be encouraged throughout project implementation, especially for the exhausted materials areas/sites, including parts of quarries, etc. Thus need for restoration plans to be prepared in advance and where necessary approved by NEMA and other responsible statutory bodies.

9.10 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)

Project activities including those of the contractor at implementation phase usually result into undesirable social-economic and environmental impacts, which may cause feelings of discomfort and unfairness among project stakeholders including PAPs. This often results into grievances which require to be managed easily and promptly so as not to affect project activities. UNRA has recently developed harmonized guidelines for GRM (2018) for its roads and bridges projects. The same guidelines will be followed on this project.

Therefore, this section describes avenues for affected persons to lodge a complaint or express a grievance against the project, its staff or contractors during project implementation. It also describes the procedures, roles and responsibilities for addressing grievances and resolving disputes. Every aggrieved person shall be able to trigger this mechanism to quickly resolve their complaints. A grievance in the context of this project is defined as a complaint of dissatisfaction, harm, unfairness or mistreatment raised by an individual or a group within the project area including project workers affected by project processes and activities

Purpose and Objectives of GRM The purpose of the GRM is to put in place a simple and easily accessible systematic process for recording, processing and promptly resolving grievances during project planning and implementation. In line with the UNRA ESS policy and UNRA Harmonized Grievance Redress Mechanism, 2018, the specific objectives of the GRM are: i. To provide project stakeholders with a clear mechanism of channeling grievances;

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ii. To set up and make known to all stakeholders a clear, accessible, transparent and efficient system for receiving and resolving grievances; iii. To record, categorize and prioritize the grievances; iv. To provide an environment that fosters free and honest exchange of information and ideas in regard to resolving received grievances; v. To define clear roles and responsibilities of the various parties involved in managing grievances. vi. To promptly resolve grievances in consultation with stakeholders within a specified timeframe; and vii. To escalate unresolved grievances in line with UNRA harmonized GRM procedure.

Sources of Grievances During project planning and implementation, and during project development, grievances arise from multiple sources. These include but not limited to casualties, fatalities, damages to sensitive ecosystems, loss of productive lands and assets, the spread of diseases, sexual violence, physical displacement, loss of livelihoods, as well as delayed completion of essential works among others. More detailed sources are provided in Table 9-2.

Table 37: : Types of Grievances and examples Type of Grievances Examples Engineering Related The major issues related to engineering are to do with the alignment Grievances of the proposed road, culvert locations, cost overruns, and the location of detours and diversions. Environmental Disturbance of natural ecosystems, inadequate management of Grievances project impacts such as storm water, stone blasting, dust, noise, uncovered borrow areas, encroachment on natural resources, waste disposal, hipping soil spoils in private property or swamps, inadequate restoration of sites. Social Issues Disruption of other existing public services e.g. hospitals, schools, water and electricity supply, historical sites, impacts on cultural sites, access to people’s homes, unwanted pregnancies, spread of diseases (HIV/AIDS, STI issues), child labour, family breakages, Rape / sexual and Gender-Based Violence, accidents Land-related issues Non-payment and underpayment compensation money, over- valuation and undervaluation of same or similar property, loss of livelihoods, omission of the affected property, road reserve queries, return of title, delayed payment, disputes of land ownership, injurious affections e.g. cracks in buildings, house left either hanging or below the road, culvert locations, boundary queries between PAPs, registration of ghost PAPs, forgery of documents (e.g. Land titles, death certificate), obtaining money by false pretense, impersonation

GRM Principles The proposed GRM is informed by a set of principles explained in UNRA Harmonized Grievance Redress Mechanism, 2018 that include that the GRM is binding and legitimate; GRM is affordable and accessible; GRM is transparent and free from interference; and GRM promotes equal opportunity for all parties.

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UNRA also promotes the concept of Grievances Management Committees. This is a community based arrangement that seeks to resolve grievances at the lowest level possible using existing or established structures. GMCs are composed of a minimum of 6 persons with; 3 PAP representatives with a gender balance, LC1 chairpersons (ex-officio) and 2 other community members elected by community members from among the elderly or opinion leaders, and or community based civil society leadership: a. The GMC should comprise of: An observer who is a CBO / CSO representative if available– b. Chairperson LC1 (but not to be elected as chairman of the GMC)– c. 3 Project Affected Persons (at least 1 woman must be elected)– d. An opinion leader (e.g. elder, religious or clan leader) if available. e. From the PAPs members, an executive is elected composed of chairperson, secretary and mobiliser. GMCs will be set up with the help of sub-county CDOs and LC1 leaders through community meetings with PAPs and general community members along the alignment of project road. In addition, UNRA shall orient the GMCs in the process of conflict management procedures in order to enable them to effectively collect, screen, manage and communicate about such grievances to UNRA for verification and consideration (for more details, refer to UNRA- GRM, 2018).

Grievances Management a) A grievance can be submitted by any stakeholder either in writing or verbally through UNRA established channels (UNRA contact centres along the alignment, at the UNRA headquarters, UNRA offices in Kyambogo, UNRA station at Mbale, project contractor/consultants office, and or Community based GMCs. b) Grievances may, in addition, be submitted through any of the following channels:  Email: [email protected];  Via (telephone)Toll-free line: (0800-100-812) or Customer Care Hotline (041- 4-318111) c) To promote access to this GRM, grievances can be submitted in the local language. At entry, such grievances submitted in the local language will be translated into English and an equivalent explanation given to the complainant or their presentative. d) To promote quick response and resolution of grievances, minimum considerations for reception of grievances will apply (names of complainant, address, nature of complaint, time and parties involved, any evidence and witness). These minimum considerations will continuously be explained to the community members during stakeholder consultations at the planning and implementation phase of this project. e) All grievances received will be registered using the GRM forms and logged onto an established GRM database. The complainant should receive an acknowledgment of receipt of the grievance in writing within a reasonable timeframe not exceeding 48 hours. Record forms and logo books already in use by UNRA will be adapted for this project. f) Paper copies of the grievance form and the community reporting template will be made available to GMCs. g) Screening and categorizing Grievances: Grievances received will be screened and categorized to establish the nature, type and eligibility of the complaint as illustrated in the table below.

In addition, the GM shall be adapted to be responsive to SEA/SH reporting in the following ways;  The GM focal persons (as relevant) will need to be trained on SEA/SH/GBV and on survivor centered approaches including those of confidentiality and safety of complainants/survivors;  Clear GM procedures and mechanisms for reporting allegations of GBV/SEA need to be in place, Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 164

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 Also, a Response and Accountability mechanism should be clearly defined to hold project related perpetrators accountable.

Table 38: Screening and categorization criteria

Category Description Implication Category Complaints that are not related to a UNRA Out of scope and require 0: project, project workers or any UNRA immediate feedback/referral activity and closure Category Queries, comments, and suggestions Require immediate feedback 1: and closure Category Complaints and concerns, which are not It is within mandate of UNRA in 2: criminal in nature or do not require the respect to project activities and involvement of police require processing Category Complaints and concerns that involve Require immediate 3: allegations that require investigation or escalation intervention by the police or other law enforcement authorities.

Once the complaint is screened for eligibility, then a decision will be taken to either drop it or proceed with assessments and investigation, and the complainant will be duly informed. Complaints that are categorized as (0) or (1) are quite straight forward will be resolved on first contact and closed out. The complainant will be given feedback and sign a closure out form. After screening and ascertaining need for further investigation by UNRA, the grievance will be attended to by the GMC or assigned to relevant department at UNRA as quickly as possible.

Grievance Processing The following process, as adapted from the existing UNRA-GRM Harmonised Guidelines, 2018; has been made available for PAPs, community and other stakeholders to have their grievances processed once they have been categorized as eligible. i) Investigation and Feedback (Tier One): If a grievance is categorized as (2) and requires further investigation it will be handled by the GMC or by mandate assigned to relevant officers or department. The process flow is lustrated in table 9-4.

Table 39: Grievances Process Flow

Step Action Responsibility

1. Reception and registration by GMC or GMC sec or appointed UNRA representative or UNRA contractor /consultant CLO/sociologists office/centre/contractor/consultant 2. Acknowledgement of receipt to GMC sec or appointed UNRA representative or complainant contractor /consultant CLO/sociologists

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3. Sorting/categorization GMC sec or appointed UNRA representative or contractor /consultant CLO/sociologists

4. Grievance review and investigation (if GMC, relevant UNRA department or category 2) and solution discussion contractor/consultant representative

5. Feedback to complainant GMC sec or appointed UNRA representative or contractor /consultant CLO/sociologists

6. Notification of responsible parties and GMC sec or appointed UNRA representative or implementation of resolution contractor /consultant CLO/sociologists

7. Closure GMC sec or appointed UNRA representative or contractor /consultant CLO/sociologists

ii) In case the complainant is satisfied with the proposed solution, there solution will be effected and grievance closed out. Complainant will sign a grievance closure form witnessed by the UNRA or appointed representative. iii) The second tier is where the complainant is not satisfied with the resolution at the first tier. A mediator will be identified to mediate between the complainant and UNRA or contractor/consultant. Possible mediators include religious leaders, family/clan leaders, elders and CSO leaders or managers. iv) At the second tier, a near process described in table above will apply. v) In case the complainant is satisfied with the mediator proposed solution, the resolution will be effected and grievance closed out. Complainant will sign a grievance closure form witnessed by the mediator or appointed representative. vi) In case complainant is not satisfied with the mediation resolution, this GRM provides for recourse to the formal and traditional judicial system. vii) For SEA/SH/GBV cases, the GM shall adapt a survivor centered approach facilitating safe and confidential access to services by complainants/survivors.

Women Access and Participation in the Grievance ManagementProcess Gender differences should be taken into consideration when handling grievances. In addition, established forms of gender segregation and defined roles and responsibilities may affect both men and women’s access to and use of a grievance mechanism. Women may also be inhibited or hindered from complaining about specific incidents (e.g., husbands abandoning affected family and eloping with different women after receiving compensation proceeds and gender-based violence emanating from contested sharing of compensation proceeds). In some communities, women may have lower literacy rates than men and be less familiar with formal processes.

Therefore, Grievance Management Committees to be established will include female staff who are aware of and are sensitive to the role of women in local communities and the issues they face. The project will train personnel in the handling of gender-sensitive issues; preferably the safeguards team for UNRA should have training in gender-based violence. Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 166

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Reporting The UNRA sociologists, CLO and or contractor/consultant appointed representative in charge of grievances will make monthly grievances management reports with gender and area disaggregated data; highlighting information regarding the status, management, coordination and implementation of the GRM.

Key indicators relevant for the weekly and monthly GRM reporting will be: i) Number of grievances received / month or week ii) Number of outstanding grievances currently within each tier of the GRM iii) Number of outstanding grievances and reasons for non-resolution iv) Number of resolved and closed out grievances v) Number of closed out grievances on stipulated time period allowed vi) Number of closed out grievances outside the stipulated time allowed vii) Number of escalated grievances and reasons for escalation.

9.11 Monitoring against the ESMMP

The implementation of an appropriate monitoring strategy as part of the ESMMP is important to ensure that existing management measures are effective, and to identify the need for improved or additional measures. The objectives of the Project monitoring programme are to:

i) Detect and analyse environmental and social trends or changes to develop an appropriate response, where required. ii) Ensure relevant environmental legislation and licensing commitments of the Project are complied with. iii) Evaluate the performance of environmental and social management measures to ensure impacts remain at an acceptable level and there is ongoing improvement of Project’s operations; and iv) Provide early warning of potential impacts, determine the extent of anticipated impacts and identify any unforeseen impacts associated with Project activities. The environmental and social monitoring Programme for the construction and operation phases includes the following main categories of monitoring:

a) Construction and Operations monitoring: Routine construction monitoring including visual inspections and ‘toolbox’ meetings with Project personnel to ensure management measures are employed adequately during construction works and during operations. b) Discharge (emission) monitoring: The monitoring of potential contaminants discharged or emitted from the Project to the environment, measured at or near the point of discharge (e.g. discharges from sewage treatment plant at the accommodation camp). c) Ambient monitoring: The monitoring of background conditions and the receiving environments that may be affected by Project activities. Ambient monitoring will be undertaken in upstream and downstream surface waters, along with ambient dust and noise monitoring at all growth centres. While operational and discharge monitoring will determine if environmentally significant releases have occurred, effects on sensitive receptors within the receiving environment can only be determined by ambient monitoring.

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d) Social monitoring: The monitoring of socio-economic indicators and feedback from Project affected communities, to identify and quantify the direct and indirect impacts of the Project on the surrounding community. A further category, investigation monitoring, will also be carried out when necessary, to determine the occurrence, nature and extent of impacts following an environmental incident (oil leakage, etc.) from the Project, or to verify/refute third-party claims of environmental / social impact.

During the construction decommissioning phase, closure monitoring will be undertaken to assess progress in achieving closure completion criteria for temporary work sites such as decommissioned borrow pits or accommodation camps. All relevant employees involved in monitoring activities (particularly for field monitoring) will be given appropriate training, where required, by a competent person in the use of:

a) Monitoring techniques, including use, calibration and maintenance of field monitoring equipment, sample collection, labelling and transport. b) Review and interpretation of field and laboratory monitoring results; and c) Record keeping and reporting procedures, including using standard forms and databases. Relevant environmental and social monitoring programme for each Project component are detailed in this ESMMP. These monitoring programs should be revised as appropriate when Project activities or conditions change significantly.

9.12 Auditing and Review

Regular audits of the Project ESMMP and associated management systems will be required. The audits will assess:

i) Adequacy of the ESMMP and associated plans with respect to the scale and nature of anticipated impacts and current development stage of the Project; ii) Workforce awareness, competence and compliance with the ESMMP and associated plans and procedures; iii) Performance of managers and operators in implementing, maintaining and enforcing the ESMMP and associated plans; and iv) Suitability of allocated resources, equipment and budget for implementation of the ESMMP. Corrective actions will require documentation including reporting of progress towards their completion.

Internal audits of ESMMP implementation should be conducted by the construction contractor on a quarterly basis during construction, and at least annually during operations. After the construction period, UNRA shall continue these internal audits annually in line UNRA’s current audit schedule for their ESMS.

Independent external audits will need to be conducted during the construction phase and on an annual basis (over the construction period). The first external audit should be conducted at the commencement of construction to ensure all required environmental management and monitoring plans and procedures are established. The frequency of subsequent operational audits will be based on the recommendations from the initial audits ensuring they are in line with the environmental audit regulatory regime in Uganda. Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 168

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In addition, site inspections of all Project facilities will be required on a routine basis using a visual inspection form to record observations onsite. The frequency of inspection will be informed by risk but will typically be on a monthly basis. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) will be developed to enable environmental performance to be assessed objectively and quantitatively across the operation.

9.13 Proposed Complementary Initiatives

Complementary initiatives have been developed through a meaningful stakeholder consultation and engagement. The proposed initiatives have been developed in consultation with the affected communities, district stakeholders, NGOs/CSOs and the African Development Bank, during the May 2020 virtual pre- appraisal mission. It was noted that markets play a vital factor in the livelihoods of the people of the project area. In addition, the region was noted to have significant challenges associated with accessing clean water. Much visible interventions such s shallow wells and a gravity water scheme, they have failed due to limited maintenance capacity. As a result, many of these interventions have not served their intended objectives. The following initiatives are therefore proposed to complement the project and will further be evaluated:

a) Improvement of common markets b) Construction of produce storage facilities c) Rehabilitation of the Nakizira Gravity Flow Scheme

9.13.1 Improvement of common markets The districts of Sironko and Mbale tender five roadside markets with a few makeshift structures at Mutufu market and a few permanent shops at Buwalasi growth centres. Other markets are found in Bugusege, Buyobu, and Salarira. The markets are operated on sub-county land and they mainly deal in fresh produce. While engagements with the local authorities indicated that the all markets have their designated area, the assessment noted that they often operate from along and within the project road, thus increasing the risk of road accidents on market days. More so, the designated market areas are not developed and this is probably the reason traders opt to operate from near growth centers and on the project road (Figure 43).

If the designated market areas remain undeveloped, it is possible that vendors and traders will keep operating from the project road. Following land acquisition and commencement of works for road development, it is possible that there will be loss of revenue and livelihood since the current market operational area will be construction site. It is therefore recommended that common markets along the project road be improved to enable their usage and facilitate their intended objectives. UNRA in consultation with the traders and local authorities will construct low-cost market stalls around the five (5No.) major market centers and also fit them public sanitary facilities to improve the operation conditions of the traders and vendors. Further detailed engagement will be done with sub-county leaders on the allocation of land for construction of new market sites.

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Figure 40: One the common markets operating on the existing carriageway

9.13.2 Construction of produce storage facilities Beyond the market stalls, the project can also priorities construction of two produce storage along the project area where the farmers can bring their produce in bulk and sell in an organized manner in their respective market stalls. Two (2No.) storage facilities have been proposed, one at each section; that is Namagumba-Budadiri section and Budadri-Nalugugu section. Such facilities can be fitted with cooling systems, since most of the produces are perishables, especially fruits and vegetables (Figure 44). This initiative would require acquisition of land on which a storage facility would be constructed.

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Figure 41: Common produces in along the project stretch

9.13.3 Rehabilitation of the Nakizira Gravity Flow Scheme The gravity flow scheme is located in Namanyonyi sub county in which the Nakizira gravity flow water flow scheme is located often suffers water shortages. The water source uphill needs to be boosted to enable supply downstream. Adequate water access points can also be provided for the affected communities in the project area along the road.

Consultations with communities and local authorities indicated that water access is one of the major challenges despite the existing water flow scheme. This initiative to rehabilitate the Nakizira Gravity Flow Scheme was considered priority.

9.13.4 Proposed Budget for financing complementary initiatives

Sn ITEM Quantity Unit of Amount (USD) Measure 1 Construction of basic market stall 5 Markets 145,000 2 Purchase of land for construction of 2 Acres 60,000 storage facilities 2 Construction of produce storage 2 Storage facility 120,000 facilities 3 Rehabilitation of gravity flow Water source 145,000 scheme

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4 Construction Supervision of Lump sum 45,000 construction of markets, storage facilities and water source Total 515,000

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10.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The Namagumba-Budadiri-Nalugugu road is existing in a gravel state and is associated with challenges of narrow width of the carriageway, poor drainage, erosion of the road surface and regular flooding which washes away bridges. To the extent possible, the alignment of the proposed development will be restricted to right of way with minimum deviations aimed at improving sight distance, reduce impacts on road developments and installations amongst others.

The proposed road development is anticipated to enhance socioeconomic opportunities for the communities in the rich agricultural hinterland of the Elgon region, which is identified to have potential for commercialization of agriculture. Furthermore, upgrading of this road will come a long way in improving the livelihoods of the population through improved connectivity to markets and social services since it will solve the current challenges of delayed travel times, high vehicle maintenance costs and road safety thus facilitating poverty reduction in the region. Therefore, the project will accelerate Government’s social transformation and modernization programmes. More so, due to its proximity to Mount Elgon National park, Sipi Falls and other tourist attractions in the area, the proposed project is a strategic investment towards advancing the tourism potential of the region. In addition, the assessment noted trans-border trade especially in food stuffs at the markets in Mutufu and Salalira; such trade will be enhanced with the development of the proposed project.

Despite the above, upgrading works will trigger negative effects such as land take, loss of vegetation, loss of livelihoods, disruption of public utilities such as electricity and water supply, dust nuisance, noise, occupational and community health and safety challenges among others. The Namagumba-Budadiri- Nalugugu road that is proposed for upgrading is in existence and therefore behavioural and ecological impacts or stress on the fauna has been happening. Impacts on fauna species and population will therefore be low however, the impact on land take and social ills are expected to be significant due the high population density and linear settlement pattern along the proposed alignment.

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References

WCS (2016). National red list for Uganda for the following taxa: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians,butterflies, dragonflies and vascular plants, www.nationalredlist.org/files/2016/03/National-Redlist-for-Uganda.pdf United Nations, UN (1992) UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE [Online] FCCC/INFORMAL/84 GE.05-62220 (E) 200705, and Available from www.unfccc.int Sutherland j. William, (2006). Ecological Census Techniques: A handbook. 2nd Edition Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, University of East Anglia. Stevenson, J. and Fanshawe, J. (2002). Field guide to the birds of East Africa Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. T & A D Poyser LTD, UK. Shamsudduha, M., Taylor, R.G., Jones, D., Longuevergne, L., Owor, M. and Tindimugaya, C., 2017. Recent changes in terrestrial water storage in the Upper Nile Basin: an evaluation of commonly used gridded GRACE products. National Environment Management Authority, (2008) State of Environment Report for Uganda, NEMA, Uganda Montgomery, D.R and J.M Buffington. Channel Classification, Prediction of Channel Response and Assessment of Channel Condition. Report TFW-SH10-93-002. University of Washington, Seattle, 1993.Rosgen, D. D Classification of Natural Rivers. Catena, Vol, 22, No.3, 1994, pp. 169-199 Lucie M B, Keith D A, Miller R M, Murray J M & Rodriguez J P (2016) Guidelines for Application of IUCN Redlist of Ecosystems: Categories and Criteria, IUCN Gland Switzerland LB, Leopold & FE, Clarke & BB, Hanshaw & JR, Balsley.1971. A Procedure for Evaluating Environmental Impact. Langdale-Brown, I., Osmaston, H.A. & Wilson, J.G. (1964). The vegetation of Uganda and its bearing on land uses. Uganda Government Printer, Entebbe, Uganda. Kindt, Roeland & Breugel, Paulo & Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow & Gachathi, Francis & Omondi, William & Jamnadass, Ramni & Graudal, Lars. (2014). Potential Natural Vegetation of Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia). Volume 8. Atlas and Tree Species Composition for Kenya. Katende A B, Ann Birnie and Bo Tengnas (2000). Useful Trees and Shrubs for Uganda: Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Land Management Unit, RELMA/Sida, ICRAF House, Gigiri P. O. Box 63403, Nairobi, Kenya IUCN. 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: December 2019). International Finance Corporation, IFC (2012) IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability, [Online] World Bank available from www.googlescholar.com. Cumulative impact assessment and management IFC, 2013. Environment, social and governance department. Carswell,M., Pomeroy, D., Reynolds, J. and Tushabe, H. (2005). The Bird Atlas of Uganda. British Ornithologist’s Club and British Ornithologists’ Union. Bennun, L.A. & Howell, K. 2002. Birds. Pp. 121–161 in Davis, G. (ed) African forest biodiversity; a field survey manual for vertebrates. Oxford: Earth Watch Europe.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Water quality certificates of analysis

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Appendix 2: Plant Species in the Project Area

List of plant species diversity observed in the project area.

Conservation Growth form Family Species Status &Ecotype IUCN WCS Solanaceae Solanum incanum L. Shrub/Ud NA NA Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Mimosa pigra L. Shrub/Fn NA NA Poaceae Pasplum distichum Grass LC NA\ Asteraceae Vernonia amygdalina Del. Shrub/Fn NA NA Solanaceae Solanum mauritianum Shrub/ NA NA Apocynaceae Cascabela thevetia Tree NA NA Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Albizia lebbeck Tree/Fn NA NA Malvaceae Waltheria indica Shrub NA NA Meliaceae Trichilia dregean Sond. Tree NA NA Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) Senna septabilis Tree/Fn NA NA Herbaceous Convolvulaceae Ipomoea hederifolia Climber NA NA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus Herb/m NA NA Poaceae Setaria pumila Grass NA NA Poaceae Arundo donax Grass NA NA Anacardiaceae Rhus vulgans Shrub/Fn NA NA Malvaceae Gossypium arboreum Shrub NA NA Lauraceae Persea americana Mill. Tree NA NA Markhamia lutea (Benth.) Bignoniaceae K.Schum Tree NA NA Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. Tree NA NA Asteraceae Bidens pilosa Herb/W NA NA Araceae Xanthosoma sagittifolium Herb/W NA NA Asteraceae Silybum marianum Herb NA NA Arecaceae Washingtonia robusta Tree NA NA Moraceae Ficus sycomorus Tree NA NA Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Albizia procera Tree NA NA Moraceae Artocarpos heterophyllus Tree NA NA Moraceae Ficus natalensis Tree NA NA Bignoniaceae Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Tree VU NA Myrtaceae Eucalyptus robusta Tree NA NA Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globulus Tree NA NA Myrtaceae Eucalyptus grandis Tree NA NA Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 179

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Appendix 3: Avifauna (Birds) Frequency IUCN status of SN Common name Species (2017) occurrence 1 African Blue- Fly catcher Elminia longicauda Least concern (Lc) 3 2 African Citril Crithagra hyposticta Least concern (Lc) 3 3 African Fire-finch Lagonosticta rubricata Least concern (Lc) 7 4 African Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer Least concern (Lc) 3 5 African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus Least concern (Lc) 4 6 African Grey hornbill Lophoceros nasutus Least concern (Lc) 3 7 African mourning dove Streptopelia decipiens Least concern (Lc) 9 8 African Paradise Fly catcher Terpsiphone virids Least concern (Lc) 3 9 African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp Least concern (Lc) 1 10 African Pygmy King Fisher Ispidina picta Least concern (Lc) 6 11 African thrush Turdus pelios Least concern (Lc) 1 12 Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba Least concern (Lc) 5 13 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Least concern (Lc) 5 14 Black- Crowned Wax bill Estrilda nonnula Least concern (Lc) 5 15 Black kite Milvus migrans Least concern (Lc) 5 16 Black-headed Gonolek Laniarius erthrogaster Least concern (Lc) 3 17 Blue headed Coucal Centropus monachus) Least concern (Lc) 3 Uraeginthus 18 Blue-capped cordon-bleu cyanocephalus Least concern (Lc) 2 19 Blue-napped mouse Bird Urocolius macrourus Least concern (Lc) 4 20 Bronze Mannikin Spermestes cucullata Least concern (Lc) 3 21 Bronze sun bird Nectarinia kilimensis Least concern (Lc) 5 22 Buff-throated Apalis Apalis rufogularis Least concern (Lc) 3 23 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Least concern (Lc) 8 24 Common Bubul Pycnonotus barbatus Least concern (Lc) 13 25 Common Buzzard Buteo buteo Least concern (Lc) 5 26 Crimson- rumped Wax bill Estrilda rhodopyga Least concern (Lc) 3 27 Croaking Cisticola Cisticola natalensis Least concern (Lc) 4 28 Dark-caped yellow Warbler Iduna natalensis Least concern (Lc) 3 29 Dusky-blue flycatcher Muscicapa comitata Least concern (Lc) 2 30 Eastern plantain-eater Crinifer zonurus Least concern (Lc) 3 Drepanorhynchus 31 Golden-winged sun bird reichenowi Least concern (Lc) 5 32 Green- headed sun bird Cyanomitra verticalis Least concern (Lc) 4 33 Grey -headed King Fisher Halcyon leucocephala Least concern (Lc) 3 34 Grey-backed Fiscal Lanius excubitoroides Least concern (Lc) 3 35 Grey-headed sparrow Passer diffusus Least concern (Lc) 8 36 Laughing dove spilopelia senegalensis Least concern (Lc) 5 Department of Environment and Social Safeguards Uganda National Roads Authority 182

An Updated ESIS for the Proposed Construction of Namagumba-Budadiri, June 2021 Frequency IUCN status of SN Common name Species (2017) occurrence 37 Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis Least concern (Lc) 3 38 Malachite King Fisher Alcedo cristata Least concern (Lc) 5 Leptoptilos 39 Marabou stork crumeniferus Least concern (Lc) 15 40 Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara Least concern (Lc) 3 41 Pied crow Corvus albus Least concern (Lc) 19 42 Pin- tailed Whydah Vidua macroura Least concern (Lc) 4 43 Purple- banded Sun bird Cinnyris bifasciatus Least concern (Lc) 5 Lamprotornis 44 Purple Starling purpureus Least concern (Lc) 6 streptopelia 45 Red- eyed dove semitorquata Least concern (Lc) 5 46 Red-cheeked cordon Bleu Uraeginthus bengalus Least concern (Lc) 3 Amadina 47 Red-headed Finch erythrocephala Least concern (Lc) 1 48 Ring-naked dove streptopelia capicola Least concern (Lc) 5 49 Roufous Chatterer Argya rubiginosa Least concern (Lc) 6 Lamprotornis 50 Ruppel's Long tailed Starling purpuroptera Least concern (Lc) 7 Ephippiorhynchus 51 Saddle-Billed Stork senegalensis Least concern (Lc) 3 Schoutedenapus 52 Scarce swift myoptilus Least concern (Lc) 4 Chalcomitra 53 Scarlet-chested Sunbird senegalensis Least concern (Lc) 3 54 Shinning- blue King Fisher Alcedo quadribrachys Least concern (Lc) 4 55 Speckled mouse bird Colius striatus Least concern (Lc) 5 56 Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea Least concern (Lc) 4 57 Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis Least concern (Lc) 6 58 Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus Least concern (Lc) 3 59 Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus Least concern (Lc) 3 60 White Wag tail motacilla alba Least concern (Lc) 6 61 Winding Cisticola Cisticola marginatus Least concern (Lc) 6 62 Zitting cisticola Cisticola juncidis Least concern (Lc) 4

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Appendix 4: Screening Forms Potential Environmental and Social, Health and Safety Risks

Screening Form for Project Associated Facilities

This form will be used to screen potential environment, Social, Health, and Safety risk levels of the Project Associated Facilities. The purpose of screening is to determine the relevance of Operational Safeguards of the African Development Bank, identify risk levels, and the necessary plans to prepare to mitigate the associated risks. Subproject Name Subproject Location Subproject Proponent Estimated Investment Estimated start date

Questions Answer OSs relevance Due diligence / yes no Actions Will the project component involve civil works including new construction, expansion, upgrading or rehabilitation Will the scope of works for the project component involves the waste generation Will the project component for the project component involve the land acquisition and/or restrictions on land use? Will the scope of the project component associate with any external waste management facilities such as a sanitary landfill, or wastewater treatment plant for hazardous waste management Is there a sound regulatory framework, institutional capacity in place for Project management? Will the scope of works for access roads involve recruitment of workforce including direct, contracted, primary supply, and/or community workers? Will the scope of works for project components involve the use of security personnel during construction and/or operation?

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Are there any vulnerable groups present in the project component area and are likely to be affected by the proposed subproject negatively or positively? Will any of the project components be located within or near any known cultural heritage sites? Does the project area present considerable Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) risk? Is there any territorial dispute in the area of the Facilities and its ancillary aspects and related activities?

Will the project component and their ancillary aspects and related activities involve the use or potential pollution of, or be located in international waterways? Will the project component and their ancillary aspects and related activities involve posing any major community Health and Safety aspects

Conclusions 1. Proposed Environmental and Social Risk Ratings (Category 1, 2 or 3). 2. Proposed ESHS Instruments

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Appendix 5: Content of the Scoping Report

The analysis of the scoping for the environmental and social impacts of any of the proposed project components shall be arranged in the following chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Project description. Chapter 3: Policy, legal, and institutional framework. Chapter 4: Environmental & Socio-economic baseline. Chapter 5: Stakeholder engagement. Chapter 6: Potential impacts & mitigation recommendations. Chapter 7: Environmental Social Management and Monitoring Plan Chapter 8: Terms of Reference for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Chapter 9: Conclusion

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Appendix 6: Attendance sheets for stakeholder consultations

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