Worcester College - Oxford Landscape Character Analysis Visual Impact Assessment Historic Garden Character Analysis An integrated report in support of a Planning Application for New Lecture Theatre New College Kitchen Alterations to Existing Buildings Report by Anne Keenan MA BEd(Hons) DipLA MSGD Landscape Architect & Garden Designer T. 01264 324192 E. [email protected] I. www.annekeenan.co.uk May 2012 Worcester College - Oxford CONTENTS Introduction Existing Situation Location Planning Context Physical Influences: Topography Geology & Soils Trees Ecology Landscape Classification & Features Human Influences: Historic Development Historic Assets Historic Landscape - Garden Character Areas Visual Survey of the Proposed Development Sites Kitchen Quad Pump Quad Landscape Summary The Proposal Kitchen Quad: The Proposed Buildings The Landscape Design Pump Quad: The Proposed Buildings The Landscape Design Impact of the Proposal Introduction Landscape Impacts Visual Impacts Heritage Assets & Impact Zone of Visual Impact Views to the Development Site/s Heritage Assets within Important Views Summary of Positive & Negative Impacts Mitigation/Enhancement Primary & Secondary Conclusion Worcester College - Oxford Introduction This document has been produced in support of a planning application for a new Lecture Theatre & College Kitchen, and existing building alterations, at Worcester College Oxford. The aims of the study are to: describe, classify and evaluate the landscape, specifically the townscape and the historic garden in the context of the proposal to identify the visual impact of the proposals to analyse any mitigation and enhancement measures to evaluate the overall landscape and visual impact of the proposed buildings. The assessment seeks to present a fully integrated view of the landscape incorporating all the features and attributes that contribute to the special and distinctive character of the site. These include the physical, visual and historic features that have shaped the present day landscape. An initial desk study provided the opportunity to review the physical environment of site (geology, landform, drainage, and ecological setting) and the historic evolution of the landscape. A field survey allowed the hypothetical character areas to be tested on the ground. It was also important for identifying aesthetic and perceptual qualities and to gather information on strength of character, quality, sensitivity and possible opportunities for enhancement for use in the evaluation. A visual survey also allowed views to be identified and assessed both within the site and to the site. Worcester College - Oxford Existing Situation Location The Site, Worcester College, is located on the west side of the City of Oxford, in the county of Oxfordshire, within central England. It lies 500m north-west of Carfax, the crossroads which is considered to be the centre of the city. The grid reference for the site is: SP509065 The site is bounded by Walton Street & Worcester Street to the East, by Hythe Bridge Street to the South, by the Oxford Canal to the west, and by Nelson Street and Gloucester Place to the north. Planning Context National, Regional and Local Planning Policies are relevant to the site. National Planning Policy Statement 5 (PPS5) Planning for the Historic Environment (2010) applies to the site. The policy outlines the importance of ‘heritage assets’. Heritage Assets are defined as ‘an envi- ronmental component that holds meaning for society over and above its functionality’. Heritage Assets include: buildings, parks and gardens, areas, sites and landscapes. The historic environment is thus consid- ered as a whole, rather than elements in isolation. The South East Plan (2006) Regional Planning Guidance 9 (RPG9) Management of the Built & Historic Environment The policy BE7 in section D8 aims to conserve and where appropriate to enhance the historic environment. It recognises the importance of the historic environment to sense of place, and local and regional distinctiveness. Oxford City Council Local Plan 2001-2016 The Local plan recognises Oxford’s unique architectural heritage, but also highlights the challenge of accommodating new development within a historic setting. Relevant Local Policies that apply to the landscape resource include in Section 5: Historic Environment: HE3 Listed Buildings & their Settings, HE5 Conservation Areas & HE6 Important Parks & Gardens. The site lies within the Oxford City Central Conservation Area, is bounded by and integrated with Heritage Assets. The site’s sensitivity in terms of landscape, heritage, and visual context have been recognised and accounted for within the proposals. Physical Influences: Topography & Landform Oxford is located between the floodplains of the Rivers Thames (Isis) and Cherwell, and is overlooked by a line of broken hills and ridges that almost surround the city. The hills rise to a maximum height of 170m AOD. The central city is located on a river terrace that is approximately 60m AOD, while the rivers are approximately 58m AOD. Drainage The drainage pattern of the area is dictated by the Thames Basin. Water from the upland areas of the northern and central Cotswolds collects to form the River Thames, and its tributaries, which then flows through the City of Oxford. The River Cherwell is a major tributary of the Thames, and it joins the Thames within the City of Oxford. The wide open clay river valley does not have steep sides, the floodplains are extensive, and flooding can be a major problem within the city. Geology & Soils Oxford City Centre is located on River Terrace deposits, with a higher elevation than the alluvial sediment deposits along the Cherwell and Thames floodplains. Thus the landscape of the city is significantly influ- enced by drift deposits that over-lie solid geology. Bedded river gravels have been deposited in terraces along the rivers. The first river terrace is flat and uniform along the edges of the floodplains of the Thames and Cherwell. The second river terrace forms a long plateau or platform on which central Oxford and north Oxford sit. The river floodplains are dominated by alluvial clay deposits which provide for fertile flood plains. These floodplains provide the sites for the majority of Oxford’s Parks and Gardens. The site appears to lie on the cusp of the river terrace and the lower river floodplains with the Main Gate and its closely associated buildings being located approximately 2.5m above the Medieval core of the site and the surrounding gardens. Worcester College - Oxford Site Vegetation The site itself is a valued private green space with regular public access. Extensive vegetated areas of managed grass, ornamental planting, and veteran, mature, and younger specimen trees are contrasted with native woodland planting along some of the boundaries. Outside, but adjoining the site to the east and south, vegetation is extremely limited, and glimpses of the mature trees and mown lawns within the site are important. Ecological Setting Oxford is bounded to the north and south by flat clay agricultural vales. Outside the city the typical landscape includes open mixed farmland, with woodland, hedgerows, grassland, arable land, wetlands, ponds, streams and ditches. In contrast, the city is bounded to the west and east by limestone hills that are dominated by ancient woodland to the west, but includes pasture, common and heathland in addition to woodland to the east. The river corridors of the Thames and Cherwell subdivide the city of Oxford. These river corridors form important continuous belts of aquatic, wetland and terrestrial habitats. The canal also provides an important linear habitat mosaic including marginal vegetation and bank-side trees, and it provides a corridor for migration. The canal supports a range of common wetland birds, a popula- tion of coarse fish and the nationally protected water vole. Wasteland and the nearby rail corridor support pioneer communities that may be important for invertebrates. English Nature has classed the City of Oxford as a Prime Biodiversity Area due to the quality and variety of its semi-natural habitats. The semi-natural habitats are defined by the Oxfordshire Habitat Action Plans (HAP). The site provides a variety of semi-natural habitats within its managed landscape. Water including ditches, vegetation including trees, and old built structures, are present. Sensitive management increases the bio- diversity and ecological value of the site. Parks and gardens are historic and cultural landscapes that often support veteran trees; trees of considerable age where the process of decay has created niches for a variety of highly specialised and often scarce organisms, including invertebrates, bats, fungi and lower plants. Landscape Classification & Features A Character Assessment of Oxford in its Landscape Setting, dated March 2002, classified the Worcester College site as an urban area or townscape. Worcester College is classified as the ‘Historic Fringe’ Land- scape/Townscape Type and is within the Landscape/Townscape Character Area (LCA2A) - University Fringe. This classification was made at a 1:10,000 scale, and at a more intimate scale the majority of the actual site can be more accurately described in landscape terms as a garden or parkland. The underlying landscape type of the garden is ‘Pastoral Floodplain’ forming a large scale, flat landscape. To the east the garden, and its adjoining townscape, lie partly on the domed ‘Settled River Terrace’ land- scape type. This physical landscape