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Northern Pike Abundance and Natal Fidelity in Lake Erie Marshes

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Northern Pike Abundance and Natal Fidelity in Lake Erie Marshes NORTHERN PIKE ABUNDANCE AND NATAL FIDELITY IN LAKE ERIE MARSHES Nathan Stott A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2018 Committee: Jeffrey Miner John Farver Robert Huber Geoffrey Steinhart Dan Weigman ii ABSTRACT Jeffrey Miner, Advisor Over 90 percent of the historical wetlands in the Ohio portion of Lake Erie drainage have been lost, and of those that remain many are dike wetlands that have no surface water connection to Lake Erie. Recent restoration efforts have been made to reconnect these wetlands with the focus of allowing fish species to access these productive wetland habitats. In order to quantify, and model the timing of fish movement into one of these reconnected wetlands, a DIDSON sonar was used during spring of 2017. While all fish entering and leaving the wetland were ensonified, analysis was focused on the highly sought after native Northern Pike and invasive Common Carp to investigate if there are temporal differences in spring spawning migrations between the two species. To investigate how fish communities respond when given time after reconnection occurs, an additional study was conducted by sampling fish communities using seine hauls in a variety of coastal Lake Erie wetlands. Wetlands selection was based on encompassing a gradient of time since they were connected to Lake Erie. Wetlands that were only periodically connected to Lake Erie or were very recently reconnected were found to have low fish diversity. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding for this project was provided by the Aquatic Ecology and Fisheries Laboratory at Bowling Green State University, The Ohio Department of Natural Resources Coastal Management Assistance Grant Program, the Garden Club of America coastal wetlands scholarship, and the Society of Wetlands Scientists and North Central Chapter of the Society of Wetland Scientists student research grants. Technical support as well as access to the wetlands were provided by Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, East Harbor State Park through the Ohio Department of Natural Resources as well as The Nature Conservancy. I want to thank my family for all their support including; my father Dobber, my mother Sharon, and sister Nicole. I want to thank my dog Ruger, for reminding me to take breaks, my committee members for all their help and expertise, my lab mates; Chris Kemp, Jaimie Johnson, Rich Budnik, Nathan Johnston, as well as numerous technicians undergraduates and fellow graduate students that helped me in the field and lab. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. COMPARING SPAWNING MIGRATIONS OF NORTHERN PIKE AND COMMON CARP IN A RECONNECTED COASTAL LAKE ERIE WETLAND USING A DIDSON SONAR ………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 1 Methods………………………………………………………………………........... 3 Study site………….……………………………………………………...…. 3 Equipment…...…………………………………………………………...…. 4 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………...…… 4 Results……………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Discussion………………………………………………………………………….... 7 Literature cited………………………………………………………………………. 10 CHAPTER II. A COMPARISON OF FISH DIVERSITY IN LAKE ERIE COASTAL WETLANDS ON A GRADIENT OF TIME SINCE RECONNECTION…………………. 24 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 24 Methods…………………………………………………………………………….. 25 Study site selection…………………………………………………………. 25 Fish collection……………………………………………………………… 26 Data analysis……………………………………………………………….. 27 Results…………………………………………………………………………......... 28 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………… 29 Literature cited………………………………………………………………………. 31 v APPENDIX A. IACUC Protocol number………………………………………………….. 41 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 The control structure (red triangle) where the dual frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) was deployed to quantify movement of Common Carp and Northern Pike into Middle Harbor at Catawba Island, Ohio during spring spawning period, 2017. Middle Harbor is directly connected to West Harbor which connects to Lake Erie. The Middle Harbor control structure is located at 41˚33’39.78”N 82˚48’57.49”W ...................................…………… 14 2 Dual frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) deployment position in the control structure at Middle Harbor on Catawba Island, Ohio. The white and black box is the position of an open water stop gate that acts as the only opening connecting the two water bodies. The solid black box is another potential water stop gate that was not open during the study period to ensure all fish movement was through the field of view of the DIDSON. Dashed lines are locations of where Common Carp exclusion grates could be deployed. Common Carp exclusion grates were not in place during the duration of this study.…………………… 15 3 Daily abundance of Northern Pike and Common Carp observed during the study period of February 10 and April 21 (daylength 10:27-13:37 hours) at Middle Harbor, Catawba Island Ohio, 2017. Ice was still present on February 10. April 21 was the end date for the study because water control gates were closed, prohibiting fish movement between the two systems. Note date is being substituted in the graphic for the factor daylength for ease of readability. …………………………………………………………………………………… 21 4 The number of Northern Pike and Common Carp observed in one-hour segments compared to the observed average water temperature for that hour at Middle Harbor, Catawba Island Ohio, 2017. Average temperature was calculated using the average of two temperatures vii taken during the hour with an Onset HOBO Water Temp Pro v2 temperature logger. Temperatures were recorded to the nearest tenth of a degree. ............................................ 22 5 The number of Northern Pike (left) and Common Carp (right) moving into Middle Harbor Catawba Island Ohio, 2017 as a function of time. Note that time is in military time. A value of 1 denotes the hour interval between 01:00 and 01:59. Time was not a significant predictor in Northern Pike immigration. It was a significant predictor in Common Carp immigrations……………………………………………………………………………… 23 6 Three wetlands on Catawba Island, western Lake Erie. A control structure connects Middle Harbor to West Harbor (41˚33’39.78” N 82˚48’57.49” W) and ultimately to Lake Erie. Imagery was provided by ArcMap imagery base layer. ..................................................... 35 7 Three wetlands in Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. The Pool 2B control structure that connects Pool 2B to Crane Creek and ultimately Lake Erie is located at 41˚37’21.86” N 83˚12’37.55” W (blue open circle). The Metzger Marsh control structure is located at the open diamond (blue shaded triangle). Imagery was provided by ArcMap imagery base layer… 36 8 The distribution of Shannon diversity indices for fish communities as a function of time since reconnection. The wetlands that have been continuously connected to Lake Erie were aggregated into the Historical category. Plots with different letters indicate systems with significantly different (p<0.05) community indices.……………………………………... 39 9 A hierarchal cluster analysis of the fish community from wetlands on the south west shore of Lake Erie in 2017. Shorter distances on the Y axis from the split separating two wetlands means the more similar the fish assemblage. Note: CC= Crane Creek, 2B= Pool2B, MH=Middle Harbor, EH=East Harbor, WH=West Harbor MM= Metzger Marsh………. 40 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 The five best selected generalized Poisson regression models for estimating Northern Pike immigration. Models are arranged in order of selection with the best selected model being the first. Model selection was based on AIC scores. For selection to occur, AIC score must be at least 2.0 smaller than a less complex model.…………………………………………… 16 2 The five best selected generalized Poisson regression models for estimating Common Carp immigration. Models are arranged in order of selection with the best selected model being the first. Model selection was based on AIC scores. For selection to occur, AIC score must be at least 2.0 smaller than a less complex model. .................................................................. 17 3 Coefficients, 95% confidence intervals and statistics of significance for the best fit generalized Poisson regression model for Northern Pike immigration. All factors included in the model were significant. Order of factors is in alphabetical order not order of importance...……………………………………………………………………………… 18 4 Coefficients, confidence intervals and statistics of significance for the best fit generalized Poisson regression model for Common Carp immigration. All factors included in the model were significant. Order of factors is in alphabetical order not order of importance. .......... 19 5 Confidence intervals (+/- 95%) for the factors in the generalized Poisson regression models used in comparing immigrations by Northern Pike and Common Carp. The best fit model was used in Northern Pike and the second-best model was used for Common Carp as they contained the same variables to allow comparison between the two species. Only Temperature, Daylength and the Intercept are significantly different. Because 28 Northern Pike iv and 808 Common Carp were used in the analyses, the effect size was very different causing the significance in the intercept coefficient. ............................................................................. 20 6 Abundance of species collected from each Lake Erie wetland with nearshore seining in spring and summer. Percentage of total catch
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