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Status of the Spacelab Program 1974 (11th) Vol.1 Technology Today for The Space Congress® Proceedings Tomorrow Apr 1st, 8:00 AM Status Of The Spacelab Program Robert L. Lohman Director, Engineering and Operations, Spacelab Program, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings Scholarly Commons Citation Lohman, Robert L., "Status Of The Spacelab Program" (1974). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 1. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1974-11th-v1/session-7/1 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STATUS OF THE SPACELAB PROGRAM Robert L. Lohman Director, Engineering and Operations Spacelab Program, NASA Headquarters Washington, DC ABSTRACT Based on current estimates of Space Shuttle the orbiter cabin. Men and women scientists and traffic in the 1980's about one third of the engineers with only limited astronaut-type train­ flights vill utilize Spacelab, a system which ing will be able to work in the Spacelab module will greatly increase the Shuttle's capability in comfort and, in some cases, use their ground for conducting science, applications and technol­ based research equipment with little or no ogy missions lasting seven to thirty days. modification for the space environment. The Spacelab is the largest international cooperative Spacelab module is connected through an access space program involving the United States to date tunnel to the orbiter cabin where the Spacelab with nine European countries working through their crew will sit during launch, reentry and landing space agency, ESRO, to design and develop the and will sleep, eat and take care of their person­ system to Joint U.S./European requirements. al needs throughout the mission. Up to four Europe will provide all necessary development Spacelab crew members, the so-called "payload funding. The U.S. will operate Spacelab and will specialists", will be able to fly with their procure additional Spacelabs as required. experiments in addition to the normal complement of three professional astronauts to operate the Shuttle and Spacelab systems. INTRODUCTION Referring again to Figure 1, an instrument mount­ Last September an important international agree­ ing platform is located aft of the pressurized ment was reached on a new cooperative program module and is called a Spacelab pallet. Tele­ called Spacelab. In Washington the director scopes, antennas and other instruments which need general of ESRO, the European Space Research direct exposure to space for their proper function­ Organization, signed a memorandum of understand­ ing or which require wider viewing angles than ing with the administrator of NASA in which ESRO possible through a window in the module are mount­ will organize and direct the efforts of nine ed on the pallet and can be operated remotely from European countries in the design and development the Spacelab module, the Shuttle orbiter cabin or of a reusable space laboratory called Spacelab. by command link from the ground. In this arrange­ This new system will fly in the Space Shuttle ment a substantial portion of the orbiter's 60 by pay load bay and will remain attached to and be 15 foot pay load bay is filled with Spacelab ele­ dependent on the orbiter throughout a mission. ments. The orbiter bay doors are open on orbit According to the most recent NASA estimates of not only for experiment viewing purposes, but also what the Shuttle will be used for in the 1980's, to expose the radiators used for dissipating ex­ more than one third of the flights will carry a cess heat from the orbiter and Spacelab. Spacelab configuration for science, applications and technology investigations, similar in many Figure 2 shows two other arrangements of Spacelab ways to those conducted on Sky lab, except for elements which many of the potential users have the shorter mission durations. The Shuttle indicated an interest in. In addition to the traffic estimates for the late 1980 's predict module and pallet combination shown here and in more than 30 Spacelab flights a year, each last­ the previous figure, artists concepts are shown ing between 7 and 30 days. The first part of for module-only and pallet-only configurations. this paper will describe the Spacelab concept as The complete Spacelab system will be segmented in it stands today and the second part of the paper such a way that all three of these configurations will be devoted to the main features of the and more can be assembled from the parts, includ­ program including the European role. ing a short module, a long module, a pallet In several different lengths and various combinations. SPACELAB CONCEPT The idea for Spacelab evolved tram. NASA's studies of long duration space stations in the 1968 to Figure 1 shows a typical Spacelab configuration 19T2 period and, of course, from the reusable mounted in a Shuttle orbiter pay load bay. Near Space Shuttle concept itself. It also has drawn the forward end of the bay is a large cylindri­ heavity from NASA f s experience in conducting air­ cal module which will be pressurized to one borne science programs (e.g., Ames Research Cen­ atmosphere with oxygen and nitrogen, just like ter's use of a Convair 990 for low cost, fast 7-7 reaction astronomy missions)* The concept research colleagues on the ground at any developed time. in the space station studies was for Pressurized volume for research equipment will be modular laboratory facilities which could be expandable from 5m3 to about 20m3 docked with not counting the a seui-pexvanent space station facil­ volume for crew access and subsystems. Power for ity for a period, then returned from orbit and re- experiments will be in the range of 3 to *K5 kw outfitted on the ground (i.e., the RAM concept). on the average. A large This instrument pointing gim- concept seemed to combine the best features bal system will provide accuracies approaching 1 of Sky lab with much more flexibility and growth. arc second. Data recording and transmission will When it became apparent that funding for a space be provided for digital data in the range of 30 station program might not be available for years, to 50 mbs as well as for analog data and color we began to study more modest laboratories which television. Spacelab will also have extensive would not separate from the Shuttle and would re­ capability for on-board checkout, system monitor­ turn to Earth at the end of each sortie mission. ing, fault isolation, experiment programing and The first contract on the sortie laboratory con­ data displays and processing. Many other kinds cept was with General Dynamics Convair in 1969. of support to users will be provided by Spacelab and are listed in Figure 5« The objectives of SpaceLab are essentially the same as they were fbr the early studies of sor­ Although not shown in Figure 5 the program has tie mission laboratories. Figure 3 lists the established a goal making 5000 to 6000 Kg 'most important drivers: (11,000 to 13,200 Ibs) available for experiment equipment on all 7-day « low cost missions carrying a for development, procurement and pressurized module and up to 9100 Kg (20,000 Ibs) operations with emphasis on system reuse and on available on pallet-only missions. avoiding major Longer dura­ new component development both in tion missions will have a reduced experiment pay- the Spacelab subsystems and in the experiment load capacity. hardware; One driving requirement . international for Spacelab has been the involvement, an objective of the need to minimize integration time required on the post-Apollo program in general and a primary ob­ ground for installing and jective of Spacelab checking out the Space- activities; lab in the Shuttle orbiter. Shuttle economy de­ pends strongly on a high utilization rate and « maximum responsiveness to the system and sup­ minimum turn-around port time. With less than a day requirements defined by potential users; in the Shuttle turn-around activities allocated for payload integration we have wanted to make * versatility and capabilities to operate in the Spacelab relatively orbit in a number autonomous as far as sub­ of different configuration system interdependency with the Shuttle is con­ modes, and with constant support from the ground cerned. This approach frvr has advantages for the experiment operations; and to be outfitted Spacelab maintenance and refurbishment operations on the ground in a variety of different ways in­ as well as for experiment cluding integration • Tfce&e activ­ experiment integration at the homesites ities are planned to be carried out away from the of various user organizations; orbiter and, in the case of experiment integra­ tion, at sites all over the country and, perhaps, . user involvement throughout to maximize the the world. However, Spacelab is not an indepen­ value of the data returned and the probability of dent spacecraft, but rather a system for expand­ success, and to minimize the time from the con­ ing the Shuttle capabilities and as such depends cept of an experiment to the delivery of results. on the Shuttle for mny functions. These are summarized in Figure 6. Figures k and 5 summarize some of the key system and program requirements which grew out of the The Spacelab system versatility objectives. for accommodating To meet the low cost objectives a many different kinds of experiments and users will system life of 10 years with up to 50 reuses has come about in large measure from modularity. "been adopted as a design goal making use of This characteristic will ground maintenance and also permit a variety refurbishment.
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