JCBPS; Section B; May 2016 – July 2016, Vol. 6, No. 3; 821-827 E- ISSN: 2249 –1929 Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Available online at www.jcbsc.org Section B: Biological Sciences CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research Article Study of Stomatal Complexes and Appendages of Some Members of Family Bignoniaceae 1 2, 2 2 Noor Alam Khan Wazir , Abdul Razzaq, Abdur Rashid Usman Ali , Fazal Hadi and Ajmal Iqbal3 1Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. 2Centre of Plant Biodiversity, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. 3Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan Received: 29 August 2016; Revised: 16 May 2016; Accepted: 26 May 2016 Abstract: Bignoniaceae is highly evolved family among the dicotyledons. The reasons for the advancement of the family are solely based on the macro-morphological characteristics. But so far some reliable anatomical characteristics of epidermal emergences and stomatal types of adaxial and abaxial epidermis in 7 species of Bignoniaceae showed that most of the species are hypostatic i.e having stomata on the lower epidermis while Tecomella undullata is amphistomatic in the investigated plants. Trichomes found in the investigated species are unicellular, peltate, non-glandular, stellate and tuft of hairs. The characters showed that the family has both primitive and advanced characters. INTRODUCTION Floral characters are generally considered to be the most reliable index of taxonomic affinities and classification of the plant kingdom. But anatomical studies have amply shown that foliar characters too are strictly comparable, over a wide taxonomic range,to those of the floral organs and quite reliable. It is 821 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2016 – July 2016; Vol.6, No.3; 821-827 Study of… Noor Alam Khan et al. due toothier persistency for a longer time and is helpful in making primary taxonomic decisions in the identification of incomplete plants, e.g., sterile specimens, archeological remains and fragmentary fossils.Of all the non-reproductive organs, leaf characters are most widely in use today. This is equally importantin both the taxonomic and the investigation on the phyllogenetic relationships1. It has been since long known that, in vascular plants different mature stomatal types often arise by quite different modes of development. Florine2, 3recognized two main modes in gymnosperms, named mesogenous and perigenous based upon the fact, whether or not the guard cells and subsidiary cells originate from the same mother cells. Pant4also reported a third one, meso-pergenous, in which some adjacent cells were derived from guard cell initials while other not. He divided these main categories into 10 groups and recently Fryns Cleassen and Van Cotthem5 increased the number to 26. To solve the problems of plant taxonomy, the criteria of stomatal characters in ascertaining the phyllogenetic position of certain families were used. For this purpose, few species belonging to family Bignoniaceae have been selected. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials of the following 7 species were collected from plants growing as ornamental in the Peshawar University campus, Pakistan Forest Institute and Botanical Gardens ; Bignonia tweediana Lindle, Tecoma stans (Linn) Juss. Ex H, B & HK. F., Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, Tecomella undulata (Roxb)Seem.Tecomaria capensis (Thunb) Spach. Young and mature leaves were fixed in water for about two hours to regain the turgidity. For the study of development stages of stomata and also for the study of trichomes, temporary mounts of the epidermal peels with Delafield,s heamotoxylin mounted in glycerine jelly were examined. Observations: The leaves of 7 species of family Bignoniaceae were investigated, which are hypostatic i.e. having stomata on lower epidermis except Tecomella undullata which is amphistomatic i.e. having stomata on both the surfaces and the stomatal type is anomocytic. Anomocytic stomata are found in Tecoma stans, Jacaranda mimocifolia, Campsis radicans and Tecomella undullata while anomocytic and anisocytic stomata are found in association with each other in Tecomaria capensis, Bignonia tweediana and Heterophragma adenophyllum. The cells of the epidermis are sinous, polygonal, isodiametric, or elongated in various directions, and irregularly arranged. The epidermal cells have mostly arched or straight, and thick, anticlinal walls.The stomatal types are found in combinations with different ratios and two types of stomata have been observed in the investigated species.Which are anomycytic and anisocytic. Mature epidermis: Trichomes have also been found in all investigated species except Tecomella undullat on the upper and lower epidermis. These trichomes are glandular, which are broad at the base and pointed at the tips. In the present the trichomes found in Tecoma stans, Tecomella undullata, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Bignonia tweediana, Campsis radicans, Heterophragma adenophyllum, are peltate non-glandular trichomes on both upper and lower epidermis. Also stellate and tuft of hairs are found in Heterophragma adenophyllum on both surfaces.Likewise, in the present study two types of stomata have been found in the investigated species of the family.Three 822 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2016 – July 2016; Vol.6, No.3; 821-827 Study of… Noor Alam Khan et al. types of cell complexes occur in the epidermis. The most common type of cells is the epidermis proper. The anticlinal walls of the cells may show undulations throughout their depth6, 7. Linsbaur6has attributed different causes of the function of the epidermis, which are below:- (a) One idea, also believed by Avery7relates the undulations to the developmental stresses of the leaf differentiation. (b) Another view held by Watson8 waviness is due to the hardening of the differentiated cuticle. The walls of the guard cells show uneven thickening and are responsible for controlling the opening and closing of stomata9. The number of stomata on the leaves ranges from 1000- 10,000 per square cm. in dicot.10. According to Florin2, 11, 12, three types of stomatal complexes are found in gymnosperms which are:- (a) Haplocheilic or perigenous (b) Syndetochielic or mesogenous and (c) Mesoperigenous Solereder13 stated that there are four principal classes of stomata, namely the Ranunculaceous, the Cruciferous, the Caryophyllaceous, and the Rubaceous. But Metcalfe and Chalk14 have used more descriptive names for the above types of stomata, which are Anomocytic, Anisocytic, Diacytic and Paracytic type of stomata. According to Pant15, Kidwai16, in angiosperms three developmental types exist namely perigenous, Mesogenous, and Mesoperigenous. From this study on Bignoniaceae it appears that anomocytic and anisocytic stomata are frequently present. Due to these criteria the family is advanced. The results of the present study are in accordance with Netolitsky 17 and Carlquist18, who reported the papilla, rather than trichomes. The present results are also in accordance with Takhtajan19 and Baranova20, who reported the stomata with two subsidiary cells, which are more primitive while those without subsidiary cells are advanced. Kotresha and Setharam21, 22 worked on foliar epidermis of GenusBauhinia and Cassiaof family Caeselpiniaceae. Kong23 reported various types of stomata such as paracytic, laterocytic, cyclocytic and and anomocytic in family Chloranthaceae. Gilani et al.,24 used the anatomical data to clarify the taxonomic status for identification of some selected species of Digitaria. Sonibare et al.,25 worked on the paracytic stomata of genus Ficus and used them as a taxonomic tool for identification of species. Adedeji et al.,26 reported the leaf morphology of 9 species belonging to 4 genera of family Solanaceae. Kadiri and Olowokokudejo27 compared the light and scanning electron microscopic studies of the epidermal features of the leaves of six West African species of Afzelia. Shaheen et al.28, reported the micro morphology of both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of seven species of Genus Abutilon. Solangi et al.,29tudied the leaves of Six Varieties of Coconut. Khan et al.,30worked on some important foliar characters of Genus Ficus (Malvaceae). Osman31 observed trichomes of genus Ballota through SEM study. Devi et al.32 studied the foliar epidermal features of 18 species of Euphorbia. According to them anisocytic and anomocytic stomata are common in herbaceous members, while the paracytic is 823 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2016 – July 2016; Vol.6, No.3; 821-827 Study of… Noor Alam Khan et al. predominant in succulent species. Singha et al33 worked on stomata and micro appendages of some species of Bambusa. Plate 1: Lower Epidermis: a. Anomocytic stomata & epidermal cells b. Pelatate glands & Anomocytic stomata c. Epidermal cells d. Peltate glandular glands & anisocytic stomata e. Anisocytic stomata & elongated epidermal cells F. Simple hair g. Anomocytic & Anisocytic Stomata Upper Epidermis: h. Epidermal cells i. Anomocytic & Anisocytic Stomata j. Stellate hair trichome 824 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2016 – July 2016; Vol.6, No.3; 821-827 Study of… Noor Alam Khan et al. Plate 2: Lower Epidermis: k. Epidermal cells & simple hairs l. Stellate trichome m. Anomocytic stomata n. Anomocytic & Anisocytic Stomata o. Peltate glandular trichomeLiterature cited 825 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2016 – July 2016; Vol.6, No.3; 821-827 Study of… Noor Alam Khan et al. REFERENCES 1. C. X. Stace, The Taxonomic importance