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International Cooperation in Space Technology: an Abstraction with Fuzzy Logic Analysis

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International Cooperation in Space Technology: an Abstraction with Fuzzy Logic Analysis ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume IV-5, 2018 ISPRS TC V Mid-term Symposium “Geospatial Technology – Pixel to People”, 20–23 November 2018, Dehradun, India INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SPACE TECHNOLOGY: AN ABSTRACTION WITH FUZZY LOGIC ANALYSIS Amit Mukherjee1,* 1 National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), School of Conflict and Security Studies, Bengaluru, India - [email protected] Commission V, WG V/2 Keywords - Policy, Space Technology, International Space Co-operations, ISRO, Fuzzy Logic, Missions, India, Israel Abstract – India’s cooperation with International Space faring nations has a long legacy of cooperation. As India moves towards realizing its space aspirations, its co-operation for outreach and capacity building with international partners will increase. This cooperation is reflected in all spheres of national development, security and space exploration of both the primary as well as partnering nation. Policy considerations and directives acts as a key to define the future course of action for such cooperation. The paper attempts to present parameters for evaluating policy options of India’s international space cooperation with an example of India-Israel space cooperation. The paper uses fuzzy logic modeling for scoring parametric valuation for pursuing cooperation. This valuation can assist in making feasibility analysis for a collaborative mission or project with a partnering nation. These parameters include the erstwhile and ongoing collaborations and cooperation, economics of the collaborative project, security considerations, technical considerations & space ambitions. The output delivers aggregated value for ‘checks and balance’ derivatives for informed decision making. 1. INTRODUCTION • Transfer of Technology in energizing sectors/ application, which otherwise would have taken several years to develop. Space technology and space based data/services have become relevant for studying spatial and temporal pattern of resources • Use of common space-infrastructures and sharing of space in the context of burdening demand of growing populations. To based data for resource management and societal benefits. enhance co-existence and better management of resources, • National security agreement towards space security among the countries are collaborating for space technology, space nations. infrastructure sharing, space data distribution and utilization for • Enhanced research in science, technology, engineering with societal benefits. ‘Space’ forms a trans-national dimension for more number of students / professionals and its impact on international cooperation and goodwill generation. International education and economy. collaborations in space technologies are focused on scientific • Better understanding of planetary exploration science and and technological factors along with political, economic and technology for information and evaluation of universe cultural aspects, which eventually lead to strategic long standing (impacts on Astro-Physics) partnership or relation. Though literature exists about the cooperation and policies describing how successful they have The prominent space faring nations are USA, Russia, Europe, been, very few indicate any logical quantification in this regard. France, Japan, China, Canada, UK and India. Up until a decade This paper identifies inter-relationship of prominent Indian back India was the only developing nation developing space space collaborations with International communities along with technology. More nations have joined this group in the last their respective components and their relevance (section-2). An decade. In early years of the 21st century, policy emphasis lead attempt is made to indicate a logical qualitative analysis (in towards conception of thematic satellites for geophysical section-3) onwards assessing suitability of International space products as well thematic data sharing in collaborative mode cooperation with an example. between nations. Space data sharing policy, product generation and sharing, quality measurement methods etc evolved with increasing international sharing of data and technology. In this 2. SPACE TECHNOLOGY CO-OPERATION FOR INDIA regard leading role is played by NASA, ESA, CNES, JAXA, ISRO and other international space forums. On the other hand, Space program of a country is amicably interlinked with three technological viability for smaller and cheaper alternatives with factors – i) Science & engineering, ii) Commerce and iii) micro / nano / pico satellites made space technology more Security. Establishment of a long term space science/ affordable in recent times. Several MOUs have been signed engineering and exp1loration efforts are primarily discouraged between different nations for development of satellites; launch by high cost of space technology programs and nurturing of services and data products sharing. The world is moving competent human resources that needs to be built over a towards a new era of multi-level and multi-dimensional space substantial period of time. International co-operation in space based management. technology is rewarding for a set of nations to achieve common space science objectives in the following areas- • Stronger space research program leading to the development of specialized technological capability. * Corresponding Author This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The double-blind peer-review was conducted on the basis of the full paper. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-5-13-2018 | © Authors 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 13 ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume IV-5, 2018 ISPRS TC V Mid-term Symposium “Geospatial Technology – Pixel to People”, 20–23 November 2018, Dehradun, India 2.1 Collaboration in Space and Ground Segment Engine KVD-1 GSLV upper stage Russia Cryogenic India has adopted a strong passion towards development of engine space technology and missions. It has international cooperation components in many of its missions from the launch of Rohini Electric ion South Asian Satellite Japan and Aryabhatta in the early days to the recent Chandrayan-I and propulsion for SAARC Mangalyan mission (https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/list-of- engine (EIP) countries pslv-launches). The major component of space cooperation between ISRO and international community are in the fields of - Table-1. Collaboration for components for Launch vehicles and Launch Services. • Launch vehicle and launch service. • Payloads and sensors - scientific and civilian mission. Green color indicate that India is providing service and blue • Space communications and infrastructure. color indicate that India receives service / technology from international community, yellow color indicates joint • Tracking and data reception facilities. development. Pink color indicates short term and lavender color indicates medium to long term cooperation. ISRO has formal agreements / MOUs with many nations and organizations, namely include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Brunei, Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Egypt, European Element Components Mission Country Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, European Organization for the exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Sensors SAPHIR and Megha France EUMETASAT, European Space Agency, France, Germany, SCARAB Tropiques Spain, Sweden, Syria, Thailand, Netherlands, Ukraine, UK, USA and Venezuela. This proves the growing worthiness and MADRAS France & benefits of International space cooperation (unoosa.org 2018) as India a practice and policy. Major international space collaborations ALTIKA, ARGOS, on SARAL France & between India along with respective components are compiled board radiometer India from open source information (table 1). L band (NASA), S NISAR USA & Element Components Mission Country band (INDIA) India Lift Launch Aryabhatta & Rohini Russia, X Ray astronomy Coronas Russia vehicle USA mission Photon Heavy Lift vehicle Ariane for 18 France ROSA Oceansat-2 Italy launch and launch Geostationary vehicle service satellite ARGOS Oceansat-3 France GSLV, GSAT for India Meteorological sensor, South India GLONASS Transponder, data Asian reception satellite Light Lift vehicle SPOT 6, 7 India launch and launch vehicle service (PSLV) TECSAR India Science Spectrometer, SIR-2, Chandraya ESA(UK, Payload SARA, Radome, an-1 Germany, Small satellites Europe MiniSAR, Moon X-ray. Sweden, (Astriam) mineralogy mapper Bulgaria,) USA Megha Tropiques France Deep Space Network Mangalyan USA Saral Altika France Cubesat Taiwan Ultraviolet imaging Astrosat Canada telescope NISAR India YouthSat Russia Nanosatellite Norway X-ray astronomy Coronas India constellation Instrument Photon AISSAT 1 & 2 Space X ray X ray Japan GSAT 9 and South Asian Satellite India observation instrument launch service Table 2. Collaborations for development / contributions of Payload / Sensors Engine Liquid engine PSLV France technology in Most common International cooperation happens in the form of PSLV Second MOU in telemetry and tracking where restricted ground access stage in other countries becomes accessible for tracking (Table-3). This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The double-blind peer-review was conducted on the basis of the full paper. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-5-13-2018 | © Authors 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 14 ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume IV-5, 2018 ISPRS TC V Mid-term Symposium “Geospatial Technology –
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