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Appendix A Appendix A-1 Water Quality Monitoring Appendix A-2 Hydrologic & Water Quality Modeling Appendix A-3 Codes and Regulations Review Appendix A-4 Maintenance and Operations Appendix A-5 Programmatic Solutions Appendix A-6 Capital Improvements Appendix A-7 Governance and Funding Appendix A-1 Water Quality Monitoring Lake Samish Comprehensive Stormwater Plan – Water Quality Monitoring their district office on Nulle Road. An overview of the studies performed is included in Table 1. Figure 1 maps the sampling locations for the studies reviewed by this memorandum. A complete summary of the monitoring scopes for each study and timeline information regarding these monitoring efforts is included in Tables 7 and Figure 4, respectively (included at the back of the memorandum). The scope of this technical memorandum is as follows: • Provide a historical overview of the weather, water quality, and toxics monitoring completed for the Lake Samish Basin, and summarize the study parameters for these monitoring projects, • Summarize the results and trending information obtained by these monitoring studies, and • Provide future monitoring recommendations for both tributaries and Lake Samish, and explain how this additional monitoring data can be used to track water quality trends in the basin and aid in future hydrologic and water quality modeling efforts. Summary of Weather Monitoring Starting in 1978, Alan Davis, a lake resident residing at 324 West Lake Samish Drive, started recording weather and lake level data from the end of his lake dock. In addition to lake level, Mr. Davis recorded air temperature, rainfall and other general observations regarding the weather and lake conditions, (i.e. ice formation, fog, wind conditions, cloud cover, etc.). Overall, Mr. Davis recorded his observations from April 1978 though December 2002, and this data has been scanned from hand-written records provided by Mr. Bruce Harris, a longtime neighbor of Mr. Davis. The temperature and rainfall records are useful for establishing historical lakeside conditions and for model verification purposes. Lake level data was recorded relative to the end of the lake dock and could be converted to an established datum to provide insight into the daily lake fluctuations corresponding to season and rainfall. In addition to the resident weather records, Samish Water District has been recording weather data at their office building at 2195 Nulle Road since 2001. Weather parameters collected during this monitoring include air temperature, precipitation, wind speed and wind direction. Prior to 2005, measurements were collected using manual instruments, however since 2005, the District has employed an automatic weather station. The weather information collected by the District was utilized in a hydrologic modeling effort performed as a part of this comprehensive stormwater planning effort. Summary of Water Quality Monitoring A number of water quality studies (dating back to the 1970s) have been performed within the basin, however the scope of this memorandum has been limited to those studies, performed and published since 1989, which were available to review. Water quality monitoring in the basin has targeted both the waters of Lake Samish as well as its tributaries. This review first looks at water quality monitoring effort focused on Lake Samish, and then moves on to examine water quality monitoring of the lake’s tributaries. 2 Lake Samish Comprehensive Stormwater Plan – Water Quality Monitoring Table 1 Summary of Monitoring Studies in Lake Samish Basin Monitoring Funding Monitoring Study Study Background, Goals, Monitoring Agency Source Focus Period Locations Tributari Lake es WEATHER MONITORING Study WE-A Alan Davis 1978 - Record basic weather information and relative Private Yes No lake level data from his dock located at 324 W. 324 W. Lk 2002 Lk. Samish Drive. Samish Dr. Study WE-B Samish Water 2001 Record basic weather information at Samish SWD Yes No Dist. -present Water District offices located at 2195 Nulle Rd. 2195 Nulle Rd. WATER QUALITY MONITORING Study WQ-A Federal Clean Lakes 1989 - Lake water sampling and analysis for basic WQ WA Dept. of Yes No Program - 2000 parameters. Ecology Grant Study WQ-B 10/1995 Lake & tributary water sampling and analysis for Western Wash. SWD Yes Yes – 6/1996 basic WQ parameters. Univ. Study WQ-C Lake & tributary water sampling & analysis for 1997 – basic WQ parameters and total metals, Samish Water SWD Yes Yes 2000 petroleum hydrocarbons, synthetic organics, Dist. herbicides, & pesticides. Study WQ-D 2005 – Lake & tributary water sampling and analysis for Western Wash. SWD Yes Yes present basic WQ parameters. Univ. Study WQ-E Centennial 2006 - Water sampling and analysis for basic WQ Whatcom Clean Water No Yes 2007 parameters in Finney and Barnes Creeks. County PW Fund - Grant TOXICS MONITORING Study TA-A WADOE Lake sampling & analysis for total metals, PCBs, WA Dept. of Yes No 1989 PAH, T-DDT, synthetic organics, herbicides, & EI&LSP (1) Ecology pesticides in sediments & fish tissue Study TA-B Lake sampling & analysis for total metals, PCBs, WADOE 2001 & PBDEs, dioxins, furans, synthetic organics, WA Dept. of Yes No EI&LSP (1) 2007 herbicides, & pesticides, & Hg in sediments & Ecology fish tissue. Study TA-C WADOE Lake sampling & analysis for Hg in sediments WA Dept. of Yes No 2002 EI&LSP (1) and fish tissue. Ecology (1) WA Department of Ecology – Environmental Investigations & Laboratory Services Program 3 Lake Samish Comprehensive Stormwater Plan – Water Quality Monitoring 4 Lake Samish Comprehensive Stormwater Plan – Water Quality Monitoring Water Quality Monitoring on Lake Samish There have been five major water quality monitoring studies undertaken with the Lake Samish Basin since 1989 which have included lake and tributary monitoring components (listed below). • Study WQ-A – Ecology Lake Quality Assessment Program (1989-2000), • Study WQ-B - WWU Lake Samish Monitoring Study (1995-1996), • Study WQ-C - Samish Water District Monitoring Study (1997-2000), • Study WQ-D - WWU Lake Samish Monitoring Study (2005-present), and • Study WQ-E - Whatcom County Public Works (2006-2007) – (tributary monitoring only) Of those five studies, four have included monitoring in Lake Samish. The following sections provide a brief historical overview of the each of these studies including work scope, water quality parameters monitored and a general discussion of the study findings. Study WQ-A - Ecology Lake Qu ality Assessment Program (1989-2000) – In 1989, Ecology initiated a study which included water quality monitoring of 46 lakes in Washington with sampling performed by volunteers and Ecology staff. In addition to other parameters, samples were analyzed for Secchi depth, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total nitrogen and phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and fecal coliform. Water quality monitoring for the study occurred from 1989 through 2000 when the program lost funding. Monitoring results have been published by Ecology for each year of the study timeline except 1995, 1996 and 2000. The stated goals of the multi-year monitoring program were as follows: • Determine the trophic status of monitored lakes; • Assess water quality in lakes not evaluated in the last five years and determine the degree to which beneficial uses are supported; • Promote public awareness of lake processes and lake protection measures and foster a conservation ethic; • Determine trends once a sufficiently long period of record is established; and • Establish a data set for analysis and dissemination. All lakes go through a natural process of lake eutrophication which is essentially the process of nutrient enrichment of a lake. Nutrients are nothing more than elements like phosphorus and nitrogen that make plants and algae grow. Every lake fits into a particular “trophic state”, according to its degree of eutrophication, and all lakes change their trophic status over time. The process of eutrophication affects the quantity and type of algae and plants a lake supports, the water clarity and depth of a lake, the type of fish living and spawning in the lake and the overall water quality of the lake. The process of lake eutrophication is driven by both natural and cultural forces. Cultural eutrophication is caused by human-related activities in a watershed which increase the nutrient loading such as; residential/commercial use of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, timber harvesting, recreational activities, and increased impervious surfaces associated with transportation corridors and residential development. Stormwater runoff from these land use activities can significantly increase nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) and sediment loading within a watershed and accelerate the eutrophication process by causing substantial increases in the growth rates of algae and larger aquatic plants. One goal of this 5 Lake Samish Comprehensive Stormwater Plan – Water Quality Monitoring study was to document the trophic state of the lake and, with monitoring over time, attempt to determine any apparent trends in the eutrophication of the lake. There a four recognized trophic states (Simpson 1991, Moore & Thornton 1988); • Oligotrophic lakes are lakes in the early stage of eutrophication and are typically characterized by limited algal and plant productivity and low nutrient levels. These lakes typically have very clear water, are nutrient poor, and maintain high dissolved oxygen concentrations throughout the water column and throughout the summer. Oligtrophic
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