S1

Supporting Information

The phylogenetic structure of -pollinator networks increases with habitat size and isolation

Marcelo A. Aizen, Gabriela Gleiser, Malena Sabatino, Luis J. Gilarranz, Jordi Bascompte, and Miguel Verdú

Content

Supporting Materials and Methods

Tables S1-S14

Figures S1-S5

S2

Supporting Materials and Methods

Landscape’s human transformation

The fertile Austral Pampas’ region, where the study sierras are located, was effectively colonized by criollos of Spanish descent between 1820 and 1830, and the land divided among the first “estancieros”, whose main activity was cattle-raising. The transformation from pasture to cropland on the plains surrounding the sierras occurred at the end of the 19th century associated with the onset of the big European immigration to (Barsky &

Gelman 2001). As it happened across the Pampas, a relatively diverse agriculture dominated by wheat was replaced, starting in the late seventies, by one monopolized by soybean (Aizen et al. 2009). Today the sierras emerge as true islands of diversity amidst a relatively uniform agriculture matrix (Fig. 1).

Threshold distance

Functional connectivity depends on the dispersal capacity of individuals. Thus, it is difficult to determine a priori the threshold distance below which two given habitat patches are expected to be "connected" based solely on theoretical expectations, particularly for community attributes. An empirical approach frequently used in landscape ecological studies is to identify the threshold distance that maximizes the variance explained by the correlation between a given connectivity metric and a population/community attribute (e.g.

Steffan-Dewenter et al. 2002). We followed this approach by estimating the relation between phylogenetic signals in interactions and estimates of patch betweenness centrality for each of the 12 focal sierras (Table S1), considering threshold distances between 10 and

20 km (Table S2). This range of distances was chosen because distances <10 km resulted in some sierras to be completely "disconnected" from the rest (i.e. their betweenness S3 centrality was undetermined) and distances > 20 km resulted in more than half of the sierras with betweenness centrality values = 0 (i.e. most sierras were connected directly to all sierras).

Plant and phylogenies

Phylogenetic distance estimation for

Phylogenetic relations among all were inferred using the Phylomatic v3 online tool, http://phylodiversity.net/phylomatic/ (Webb & Donoghue 2005), choosing the R20120829 source tree, which is based on the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (Bremer et al. 2009). As the resulting tree showed some polytomies, we further resolved the phylogenetic relations for some groups using published phylogenies; for we extracted the inferred relations from Funk et al. (2009) and for Iridaceae from Reeves et al.

(2001). Specifically, we replaced the polytomies contained in the source tree with resolved sub-trees, which were assembled manually using the topological information contained in the published phylogenies mentioned above. The resulting tree was then calibrated by running the bladj (branch-length-adjusting) algorithm in the Phylocom 4.2 software (Webb et al. 2008), using the estimated node dates from Wikström et al. (2001). This algorithm constrains the ages of the provided nodes and subsequently assigns ages to the remaining nodes evenly in order to produce an ultrametric tree. From this tree, we then obtained a matrix of pairwise phylogenetic distances among all plants by running the phydist command in Phylocom 4.2.

Phylogenetic distance estimation for pollinators

We constructed a phylogeny for the pollinators observed in all sierras by assembling the information contained in different published sources. The phylogenetic relations among the S4 main groups of were extracted from Wiegmann et al. (2009). We then added resolved topologies for each group of the tips of this stem phylogeny from different sources: Brady et al. (2009) for Aculeata, Cardinal et al. (2010) for , Field et al.

(2011) for , Danforth et al. (2008) for Halictidae, Heikkilä et al. (2012) for

Lepidoptera, Bertone & Wiegmann (2009) for Diptera, Kutty et al. (2010) for Calyptratae, and McKenna & Farrell (2009) for Coleoptera. From these sources, we extracted the ages of diversification for the main nodes of the phylogeny when available. We used this information to estimate branch lengths for the resulting phylogeny, by applying, as for the plant's phylogeny, the bladj algorithm, but this time using the ages of diversification extracted from the publications mentioned above (e.g. we constructed a customized version of the "ages" example file provided with the Phylocom software, which included known node ages for some pollinator groups). Phylogenetic distances among all pollinators were estimated using the phydist command in Phylocom 4.2.

Accounting for topological and chronological uncertainty

Both the plants and pollinators phylogenies contained some soft polytomies due to lack of phylogenetic information in the bibliography, or also, in the case of the pollinators, due to incomplete taxonomic identification (see Materials and Methods, Study system and dataset). To account for the effect of the incomplete resolution of the trees, we applied a procedure that simultaneously resolves polytomies and adjusts branch lengths using an evolutionary constant rate birth-death model as an alternative to the bladj algorithm, which does not assume any evolutionary model. This approach consists on first running the

PolytomyResolver R script (Kuhn et al. 2011), which produces an input file for the BEAST software (Drummond & Rambaut 2007) that contains topological (known resolved S5 topology) and chronological (known node ages of diversification) constraints. Then, the

BEAST software resolves the unresolved portions of the tree randomly, and also dates the rest of the nodes under defined birth-death model priors. We ran, for both plants and flower visitors, the PolytomyResolver R script using the known tree topologies and node ages described above as topological and chronological constraints, and we kept the default settings as described in Kuhn et al. (2011). Then, the resulting input file was read in

BEAST v.1.5.4, which performed Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analyses for 107 iterations, sampled trees every 103 iterations, and produced an output of 104 alternative trees. Using TreeAnnotator v.1.5.4 (Drummond & Rambaut 2007), we discarded a 25% burnin and we obtained a maximum clade fully-resolved credibility tree. Finally, we compared the resemblance of the matrices of pairwise phylogenetic distances obtained using the bladj vs. the constant rate birth-death model and maximum-credibility tree approach by means of a Mantel correlation test.

Spatial autocorrelation

Spatial autocorrelation of the residuals of the relations between variables describing phylogenetic structuring of pollination webs as a function of sierra area and connectivity

(i.e. betwenness centrality) may increase the probability of Type I error in regression analysis. We checked spatial structure in the residuals of the multiple regressions portrayed in Tables S3 and S4 by means of Moran’s I correlograms (Fortin et al. 2002).

Correlograms were made with the software SAM 4.0 (Rangel et al. 2010) by constructing six distance classes as to keep sample sizes per class large enough for meaningful statistical power. We found statistically non-significant Moran’s I values at all regression x distance S6 class combinations (4 x 6) but one (Tables S11 and S12), which might be expected to occur by chance alone given a fixed Type 1 error of 0.05 for each separate test.

Supporting references

Aizen, M.A., Garibaldi, L.A. & Dondo, M. (2009). Expansión de la soja y diversidad de la agricultura argentina. Ecología Austral, 19, 45-54.

Barsky, O. & Gelman, J. (2001). Historia del Agro Argentino. Desde la Conquista Hasta Fines del Siglo XX. Grijalbo-Mondadori, Buenos Aires.

Bertone, M.A. & Wiegmann, B.M. (2009). True (Diptera). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 270-277.

Brady, S.G., Larkin, L. & Danforth, B.N. (2009). Bees, ants, and stinging wasps (Aculeata). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges, S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 264-269.

Bremer, B., Bremer, K., Chase, M., Fay, M., Reveal, J., Soltis, D. et al. (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc.,161, 105-121.

Cardinal, S., Strakab, J. & Danforth, B.N. (2010). Comprehensive phylogeny of apid bees reveals the evolutionary origins and antiquity of cleptoparasitism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 16207-16211.

Danforth, B.N., Eardley, C., Packer, L., Walker, K., Pauly, A. & Randrianambinintsoa, F.J. (2008). Phylogeny of Halictidae with an emphasis on endemic African Halictinae. Apidologie, 39, 86-101.

Drummond, A.J. & Rambaut, A. (2007). BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol., 7, 214.

Field, J., Ohl, M. & Kennedy, M. (2011). A molecular phylogeny for digger wasps in the tribe Ammophilini (, , Sphecidae). Syst. Entomol., 36, 732-740.

Fortin, M.J., Dale, M.R. & ver Hoef, J. (2002). Spatial analysis in ecology. In: Encyclopedia of Environmetrics. Volume 4 (eds El-Shaarawi, A.H. & Piegorsch, W.W.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 2051-2058.

Funk, V.A., Susanna, A., Stuessy, T.F. & Bayer, R.J. (2009). Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae. International Association for Plant ,Vienna.

Heikkilä, M., Kaila, L., Mutanen, M., Peña, C. & Wahlberg, N. (2012). Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined . Proc. R. Soc. B, 279, 1093- 1099. S7

Kuhn, T.S., Mooers, A.Ø. & Thomas, G.H. (2011). A simple polytomy resolver for dated phylogenies. Methods Ecol. Evol., 2, 427-436.

Kutty, S.N., Pape, T., Wiegmann, B.M. & Meier, R. (2010). Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine’s . Syst. Entomol.,35, 614-635.

McKenna, D.D. & Farrell, B.D. (2009). Beetles (Coleoptera). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges, S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 278-289.

Rangel, T.F., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. & Bini, L.M. (2010). SAM: a comprehensive application for spatial analysis in macroecology. Ecography,33, 46-50.

Reeves, G., Chase, M.W., Goldblatt, P., Rudall, P., Fay, M.F., Cox, A.V. et al. (2001). Molecular systematics of Iridaceae: evidence from four plastid DNA regions. Am. J. Bot., 88, 2074-2087.

Steffan-Dewenter, I., Münzenberg, U., Bürger, C., Thies, C. & Tscharntke, T. (2002). Scale-dependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds. Ecology, 83, 1421- 1432.

Webb, C.O. & Donoghue, M.J. (2005). Phylomatic: tree assembly for applied phylogenetics. Mol. Ecol. Notes, 5, 181-183.

Webb, C.O., Ackerly, D.D. & Kembel, S.W. (2008). Phylocom: software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and trait evolution. Bioinformatics, 24, 2098-2100.

Wiegmann, B.M., Kim, J. & Trautwein, M.D. (2009). Holometabolous insects (Holometabola). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges, S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 260-263.

Wikström, N., Savolainen, V. & Chase, M.W. (2001). Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree. Proc. R. Soc., 268, 2211-2220. S8

Table S1 Geographical coordinates and characteristics of the 12 sierras and pollination webs analyzed. Sierras are ordered from the largest to the smallest.

Sierra Number of Number of Number of Total plant Total animal plant species animal interaction phylogeny phylogeny Latitude Longitude Area(ha) species links branch branch length (myr) length (myr)

Vigilancia -37.880881 -58.012314 2147 34 74 243 2054.92 8484.69 Volcan -37.855217 -58.059364 2079 34 68 228 1877.64 8221.08 Difuntos -37.885350 -57.841953 1692 25 68 191 1711.67 7345.95 Cinco Cerros -37.737917 -58.240992 541 33 63 171 1716.07 7704.09 La Brava -37.881586 -57.986611 396 24 58 171 1224.49 6854.76 La Barrosa -37.873775 -58.263144 243 36 58 175 1935.29 6273.19 La Chata -37.877511 -58.384603 229 33 61 191 1987.18 6839.99 Amarante -37.845356 -58.365892 190 39 67 188 1971.34 7611.86 El Morro -37.739264 -58.424703 49 17 67 138 1062.18 8210.04 Difuntito -37.760303 -58.250575 13 38 79 241 2478.56 7772.28 Piedra Alta -37.733280 -58.311856 13 22 66 168 1601.02 7634.14 La Paja -37.751733 -58.289511 12 28 48 132 1725.68 5884.63

S9

Table S2 Coefficients of determination (R2) for linear regressions testing the effects of

different estimates of betweenness centrality based on increasing threshold distances

(10-20 km) on the correspondences (z-transformed estimates) between the (a) plant

phylogeny and species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, (b) animal

phylogeny and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage, and (c) plant-

animal phylogenies.

Threshold (a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny (c) Cophylogeny distance (km) 2 2 2 R P R P R P

10 0.197 0.15 0.022 0.64 0.117 0.27

11 0.342 0.046 0.189 0.16 0.317 0.056

12 0.368 0.036 0.129 0.25 0.332 0.049

13 0.206 0.14 0.078 0.38 0.143 0.23

14 0.022 0.64 0.004 0.85 0.005 0.83

15 0.011 0.75 0.034 0.57 0.000 0.97

16 0.034 0.56 0.002 0.88 0.067 0.42

17 0.135 0.24 0.012 0.74 0.198 0.15

18 0.068 0.41 0.006 0.82 0.165 0.19

19 0.043 0.52 0.001 0.92 0.002 0.89

20 0.033 0.57 0.000 0.99 0.000 0.98 S10

Table S3 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the phylogenetic-ecological

correspondence (i.e. z-transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant

phylogeny and species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b)

animal phylogeny and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage (Fig. 3).

P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.

(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept 1.266 1.212 1.05 0.32 1.724 1.206 1.43 0.19

Area 0.531 0.507 1.05 0.32 1.165 0.505 2.31 0.046

Connectivity -10.610 4.133 -2.56 0.030 -7.498 4.110 -1.82 0.10

R2 =0.437 R2 =0.453

S11

Table S4 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e.

z-transformed ParaFit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies of the

pollination web of each sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after

excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an unexpected high number of species and

interactions (Fig. 4). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.

(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept -0.089 0.813 -0.11 0.92 -1.235 0.559 -2.21 0.058

Area 0.738 0.341 2.16 0.058 1.122 0.223 5.02 0.001

Connectivity -8.140 2.774 -2.94 0.017 -7.518 1.663 -4.52 0.002

R2 =0.561 R2 =0.837

S12

Table S5 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area, connectivity (i.e. betweennes centrality), and (log10-transformed) total number of

species (i.e. plants and ) on the phylogenetic-ecological correspondence (i.e. z-

transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant phylogeny and species

composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b) animal phylogeny and

species composition of the interacting plant assemblage. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.

Sample size n=12.

(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept -6.980 16.696 -0.42 0.76 4.769 16.813 0.28 0.78

Area 0.458 0.550 0.83 0.17 1.192 0.555 2.15 0.064

Connectivity -10.811 4.337 -2.49 0.035 -7.424 4.373 -1.70 0.13

No. species 4.267 8.617 0.50 0.63 -1.576 8.686 -0.18 0.86

R2 =0.454 R2 =0.455 S13

Table S6 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) total number of

species (i.e. plants and animals) on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e. z-transformed

Parafit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies of the pollination web of each

sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after excluding Difuntito, a small

sierra with an unexpected number of species and interactions. P-values < 0.05 are

boldfaced.

(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept -22.567 8.116 -2.78 0.023 -5.311 10.600 -0.50 0.63

Area 0.538 0.267 2.01 0.079 1.036 0.324 3.19 0.015

Connectivity -8.688 2.108 -4.12 0.003 -7.770 1.821 -4.23 0.004

No. species 11.634 4.189 2.77 0.024 2.184 5.671 0.38 0.71

R2 =0.776 R2 =0.840 S14

Table S7 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) number of

interaction links on the phylogenetic-ecological correspondence (i.e. z-transformed

partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant phylogeny and species composition of

the interacting animal assemblage, and (b) animal phylogeny and species composition

of the interacting plant assemblage. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.

(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept -8.061 12.703 -0.64 0.54 6.434 12.956 0.50 0.63

Area 0.332 0.587| 0.57 0.59 1.266 0.598 2.12 0.06

Connectivity -10.741 4.246 -2.53 0.035 -7.433 4.330 -1.72 0.12

No. links 4.326 5.863 0.74 0.48 -2.184 5.980 -0.37 0.72

R2 =0.473 R2 =0.462

S15

Table S8 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) number of

interaction links on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e. z-transformed Parafit index)

between the plant and animal phylogenies of the pollination web of each sierra (a)

including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an

unexpected number of species and interactions. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.

(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept -17.103 6.410 -2.67 0.028 -1.913 8.786 -0.22 0.83

Area 0.374 0.296 1.26 0.24 1.095 0.413 2.65 0.032

Connectivity -8.377 2.142 -3.91 0.004 -7.545 1.812 -4.16 0.004

No. links 7.891 2.959 2.67 0.025 0.330 4.260 0.08 0.94

R2 =0.767 R2 =0.837

S16

Table S9 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) total phylogeny

branch length (i.e. for plants or animals) on the phylogenetic-ecological correspondence

(i.e. z-transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant phylogeny and

species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b) animal phylogeny

and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage. P-values < 0.05 are

boldfaced. Sample size n=12.

(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept -9.480 15.123 -0.63 0.55 6.661 42.039 0.16 0.87

Area 0.531 0.521 1.02 0.34 1.194 0.590 2.02 0.078

Connectivity -11.742 4.538 -2.59 0.032 -7.767 4.919 -1.58 0.15

Phylogeny 3.343 4.689 0.71 0.50 -1.289 10.967 -0.12 0.90

R2 =0.470 R2 =0.454

S17

Table S10 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) total phylogeny

branch length (i.e. summing the plant and animal phylogenies) on the cophylogenetic

congruence (i.e. z-transformed Parafit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies

of the pollination web of each sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after

excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an unexpected number of species and

interactions. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.

(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept -48.726 24.389 -2.00 0.081 -14.794 20.940 -0.70 0.50

Area 0.527 0.313 1.68 0.12 1.020 0.280 3.64 0.008

Connectivity -6.832 2.492 -2.74 0.025 -7.220 1.788 -4.03 0.005

Phylogeny 12.374 6.203 1.99 0.081 3.471 5.375 0.65 0.54

R2 =0.707 R2 =0.846

S18

Table S11 Spatial autocorrelation (Moran´s I) for six distance categories of the

residuals of multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the phylogenetic-ecological

correspondence (i.e .z-transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant

phylogeny and species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b)

animal phylogeny and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage (Fig. 3

and Table S3). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.

(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny

Distance (km) n Moran´s I SE P n Moran´s I SE P

5.92 22 0.047 0.200 0.49 22 -0.296 0.201 0.31

12.85 20 -0.125 0.101 0.73 20 -0.061 0.119 0.80

17.31 20 -0.294 0.254 0.42 20 -0.166 0.250 0.76

23.36 20 0.415 0.168 0.003 20 -0.257 0.174 0.34

30.83 20 -0.418 0.254 0.20 20 0.250 0.250 0.17

44.42 20 -0.067 0.089 0.79 20 -0.043 0.044 0.27

S19

Table S12 Spatial autocorrelation (Moran´s I) for six distance categories of the

residuals of multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e.

z-transformed ParaFit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies of the

pollination web of each sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after

excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an unexpected number of species and

interactions (Fig. 4 and Table S4). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.

(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito

Distance (km) n Moran´s I SE P n Moran´s I SE P

5.92 22 -0.262 0.202 0.40 18 -0.396 0.235 0.21

12.85 20 0.130 0.171 0.20 16 -0.042 0.219 0.79

17.31 20 -0.215 0.234 0.60 16 -0.107 0.245 0.98

23.36 20 -0.062 0.194 0.88 16 0.032 0.232 0.57

30.83 20 -0.229 0.234 0.55 16 -0.412 0.245 0.20

44.42 20 -0.014 0.144 0.59 18 0.191 0.191 0.59

S20

Table S13 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the plant (a) and animal (b)

phylogenetic signal in the adjusted number of interaction links (i.e. z-transformed K

statistic) (Fig. S4). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.

(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept 4.977 1.389 3.58 0.006 0.410 0.0768 5.33 <0.001

Area -1.297 0.581 -2.23 0.053 -0.005 0.03216 -0.14 0.89

Connectivity 4.013 4.738 0.85 0.42 -0.126 0.262 -0.48 0.64

R2=0.366 R2=0.030

S21

Table S14 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the plant (a) and animal (b) deficit

in phylogenetic diversity (i.e. z-transformed difference in Faith’s phylogenetic diversity

index) (Fig. S5). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.

(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept -0.909 0.944 -0.96 0.36 -3.214 0.970 -3.31 0.009

Area -0.458 0.395 -1.16 0.28 0.430 0.406 1.06 0.32

Connectivity -2.707 3.219 -0.84 0.42 -2.808 3.307 -0.85 0.42

R2 =0.214 R2 =0.150

S22

Figure S1 Plant metaphylogeny. Phylogenetic relations among the 96 plant species sampled across the 12 sierras surveyed.

Figure S2 Animal metaphylogeny. Phylogenetic relations among 171 morphospecies sampled across the 12 sierras surveyed.

Figure S3 Phylogenetic architecture of the plant-pollinator network of each sierra.

Phylogenetic relations for the plants (left) and animals (right) of the pollination network sampled at each sierra and the interaction links between them. For each phylogeny, branch lengths are proportional to time. Sierras are ordered from the largest to the smallest.

Figure S4 Phylogenetic signal in the number of interaction links for each species (i.e. species degree) as a function of sierra area and connectivity. Connectivity is measured as betweenness centrality, an inverse measure of patch isolation. The phylogenetic signal in the number of interaction links adjusted by the number of observations was estimated as a z-transformed K statistic. The gray zone is the region delimited by the

2.5 and 97.5 percentiles from the random distributions of z-scores. The open circle in each panel represents phylogenetic signal in species degree estimated for a web sampled at Difuntito, a well-preserved small sierra with an unexpectedly high number of species and interactions (Table S1). Complete statistics are provided in Table S13.

Figure S5 Deficit in phylogenetic diversity as a function of sierra area and connectivity. Connectivity is measured as betweenness centrality, an inverse measure of patch isolation. Deficit in phylogenetic diversity was estimated based on a z- transformed index that compares the observed tree length with the mean of 1000 S23 randomly-generated trees. The gray zone is the region delimited by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles from the random distributions of z-scores. The open circle in each panel represents the phylogenetic diversity deficit estimated for a web sampled at Difuntito, a well-preserved small sierra with an unexpectedly high number of species and interactions (Table S1). Complete statistics are provided in Table S14. Figure S1 S24

Commelina erecta Canna glauca Rhodophiala bifida

Nothoscordum bonariense Habranthus gracilifolius

Habranthus andersoni Sisyrinchium iridifolium Cypella herbertii

Alophia lahue

Gelasine azurea Arjona tuberosa Wigginsia tephracantha

Opuntia elata Gymnocalycium reductum

Gomphrena perennis Silene gallica

Cerastium mollissimum Blumenbachia insignis

Oxypetalum solanoides Echium plantagineum

Verbena intermedia Glandularia dissecta Gerardia genistifolia

Convolvulus hermanniae Petunia axillaris Solanum chacoense Valeriana polystachya

Foeniculum vulgare Eryngium regnellii

Eryngium nudicaule Eryngium horridum

Eryngium floribundum

Conium maculatum Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium Achyrocline satureoides Gamochaeta stachydifolia Gamochaeta argentina Chrysanthemum leucanthemum

Baccharis tandilensis Baccharis coridifolia Baccharis articulata Sommerfeltia spinulosa

Solidago chilensis Grindelia buphthalmoides

Conyza bonariensis Hysterionica pinifolia

10 species 5 species 5 species 2 species 2 species 26 species

20 MYA Figure S1 (cont.) S25

10 species 1 species 6 species 1 species 8 species 7 species 13 species Bidens pilosa Spilanthes stolonifera Stevia satureiifolia Eupatorium tenacetifolium Eupatorium subhastatum Eupatorium squarrulosum Eupatorium macrocephalum Eupatorium lanigerum Eupatorium bupleurifolium Gaillardia megapotamica selloi Senecio pulcher Senecio madagascariensis Senecio grisebachii Senecio bravensis Vernonia echioides Sonchus oleraceus Picris echioides Hypochaeris rosengurtii Hypochaeris pampasica Cynara cardunculus Carduus acanthoides Trixis stricta Cleanthes brasiliensis Oxalis cordobensis Oxalis articulata Turnera pinnatifida caerulea Hypericum connatus Mimosa tandilensis Spartium junceum Cytisus monspessulanus Melilotus officinalis Lathyrus pubescens Lathyrus nervosus Lathyrus crassipes Adesmia incana Colletia paradoxa Discaria longispina Rubus ulmifolius Apodanthera sagitifolia Geranium dissectum Oenothera indecora Cuphea fruticosa Dodonaea viscosa Rapistrum rugosum Helianthemum brasiliense Pavonia cymbalaria Sida flavescens Abutilon terminale 20 MYA Figure S2 S26

Coreidae

Scelionidae

Leucospis sp.

Chalcidoidea 2

Chalcidoidea 1

Ichneumonoidea 3

Ichneumonoidea 2

Ichneumonoidea 1

Alophophion sp.

Urosigalphus sp.

Microgastrinae

Agathidinae

Braconidae 2

Braconidae 1

Neochrysis sp.

Tachypompilus sp.

Pompilidae

Pepsis sp.

Entypus sp.2

Entypus ferruginipennis

Linepithema humile

Camponotus sp.

Formicidae

Campsomeris sp.

Campsomeris bistrimacula

Polybia scutellaris

Polistes spsp.

Mischocyttarus drewseni

Brachygastra lechiguana

Zethus sp.

Zeta canaliculata

Stenodynerus sp.2

Stenodynerus sp.1

Sceliphron asiaticum

Chlorion sp.

Prionyx sp.

Isodontia sp.

Sphex sp.

Podagritus sp.

Isepeolus viperinus

Apis mellifera

Bombus bellicosus

Bombus atratus Xylocopa ciliata

Xylocopa augusti

Ceratina rupestris

Ceratina montana

Chalepogenus goeldianus

Melissoptila tandilensis

Gaesischia sp.

7 species

18 species

96 species

50 MYA Figure S2 (cont.) S27

1 species 4 species 9 species 1 species 18 species 5 species 1 species 11 species Megachilidae Pseudocentron sp. Coelioxys sp. Megachile sp.4 Megachile sp.3 Megachile sp.2 Megachile sp.1 Panurgillus sp. Augochlora semiramis Augochlorella ephyra Halictillus sp. Paroxystoglossa sp. Augochloropsis sp.3 Augochloropsis sp.2 Augochloropsis erato Dialictus sp. Ruizantheda divaricata Pseudagapostemon singularis Pseudagapostemon pampeanus Pseudagapostemon brasiliensis Chilicola sp. Leioproctus indigoticus Colletes sp.3 Colletes sp.2 Colletes cyaneus Staphilinidae 2 Staphilinidae sp1 1 Dactylozodes sp. Heteroderes rufangulus Conoderus sp. Cantharidae 2 Cantharidae 1 Discodon sp.2 Discodon sp.1 Chauliognathus sp.2 Chauliognathus scriptus Photinus fuscus Curculionidae 4 Curculionidae 3 Curculionidae 2 Curculionidae 1 Paromoecerus barbicornis Odontocera flavicauda Megacyllene spixi Megacyllene insignita Chrysomelidae 5 Chrysomelidae 4 Chrysomelidae 3 Chrysomelidae 2 Chrysomelidae 1 Chrysodina sp. Lema sp. Nitidulidae Mordellidae 2 Mordellidae 1 Epicauta sp. Harmonia axyrides Melyridae Astylus quadrilineatus Cleridae Chrysopa 60 species 50 MYA Figure S2 (cont.) S28

1 species 74 species 36 species Tipulidae Culicidae Bibionidae Tabanidae 2 Stratiomyidae 1 Hedriodiscus pulcher Nemestrinidae Villa sp. Bombyliidae 2 Anthrax sp. Mydidae Syrphidae Syritta sp. Copestylum sp. Palpada sp. taeniops Eristalis tenax Pseudodoros sp. Allograpta sp. Toxomerus sp. Platycheirus sp. Tephritis sp. Tephritidae 2 Tephritidae 1 Chloropidae Drosophilidae Muscidae Anthomyiidae Sarcophagidae Tachinidae Trichopoda giacomelli Parachytas sp. Lucilia sericata Cochliomyia macellaria Synanthedon albicalcarata Pyraloidea Achyra similalis Agrotis sp. Eudesmia australis Geometridae lesbia Pyrgus sp. Thespieus catochra Panca subpunctuli eufala Corticea immocerina Teochila maenacte Tatochila vanvolxemi Tatochila autodice Strymon eurytulus Emesis russula Audre epulus signata Vanessa sp. Euptoieta claudia Agraulis vanillae Yphthimoides celmis Pampasatyrus gyrtone Libythea carinenta Danaus plexipus 50 MYA Figure S3 S29 Vigilancia (2147 ha)

Habranthus gracilifolius Chalcidoidea 2 Urosigalphus sp. Cypella herbertii Braconidae 1 Tachypompilus sp. Cerastium mollissimum Pepsis sp. Entypus sp.2 Linepithema humile Gerardia genistifolia Camponotus sp. Campsomeris bistrimacula Convolvulus hermanniae Polybia scutellaris Polistes sp. Valeriana polystachya Mischocyttarus drewseni Brachygastra lechiguana Eryngium regnellii Apis mellifera Bombus bellicosus Xylocopa ciliata Eryngium horridum Gaesischia sp. Megachilidae Eryngium floribundum Augochlora semiramis Augochlorella ephyra Conium maculatum Halictillus sp. Augochloropsis sp.3 Achyrocline satureoides Augochloropsis sp.2 Augochloropsis erato Gamochaeta argentina Dialictus sp. Ruizantheda divaricata Chilicola sp. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Colletes sp.3 Staphilinidae 2 Baccharis tandilensis Staphilinidae 1 Conoderus sp. Baccharis coridifolia Cantharidae 1 Discodon sp.2 Baccharis articulata Discodon sp.1 Chauliognathus sp.2 Solidago chilensis Chauliognathus scriptus Curculionidae 4 Curculionidae 1 Eupatorium subhastatum Odontocera flavicauda Megacyllene insignita Eupatorium bupleurifolium Chrysomelidae 5 Chrysomelidae 3 Senecio selloi Chrysodina sp. Nitidulidae Senecio pulcher Mordellidae 2 Mordellidae 1 Senecio madagascariensis Astylus quadrilineatus Tabanidae Nemestrinidae Senecio bravensis Villa sp. Syritta sp. Vernonia echioides Palpada sp. Allograpta sp. Hypochaeris rosengurtii Toxomerus sp. Platycheirus sp. Carduus acanthoides Drosophilidae Anthomyiidae Oxalis articulata Sarcophagidae Trichopoda giacomelli Parachytas sp. Passiflora caerulea Lucilia sericata Achyra similalis Lathyrus pubescens Eudesmia australis Colias lesbia Lathyrus nervosus Thespieus catochra Panca subpunctuli Adesmia incana Lerodea eufala Corticea immocerina Strymon eurytulus Colletia paradoxa Emesis russula Vanessa sp. Rubus ulmifolius Euptoieta claudia Agraulis vanillae Geranium dissectum Pampasatyrus gyrtone Figure S3 (cont.) S30

Volcán (2079 ha)

Nothoscordum bonariense Chalcidoidea 1 Ichneumonoidea 1 Habranthus gracilifolius Microgastrinae Agathidinae Sisyrinchium iridifolium Camponotus sp. Polybia scutellaris Oxypetalum solanoides Polistes sp. Mischocyttarus drewseni Verbena intermedia Brachygastra lechiguana Apis mellifera Glandularia dissecta Bombus bellicosus Xylocopa ciliata Gerardia genistifolia Xylocopa augusti Ceratina montana Convolvulus hermanniae Chalepogenus goeldianus Melissoptila tandilensis Foeniculum vulgare Gaesischia sp. Megachilidae Eryngium regnellii Megachile sp.2 Augochlora semiramis Eryngium horridum Augochlorella ephyra Augochloropsis sp.2 Eryngium floribundum Dialictus sp. Ruizantheda divaricata Achyrocline satureoides Chilicola sp. Colletes sp.3 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Staphilinidae 2 Staphilinidae 1 Baccharis tandilensis Dactylozodes sp. Cantharidae 2 Baccharis coridifolia Cantharidae 1 Discodon sp.2 Discodon sp.1sp1 Baccharis articulata Chauliognathus sp.2 Chauliognathus scriptus Spilanthes stolonifera Photinus fuscus Megacyllene spixi Stevia satureiifolia Chrysomelidae 1 Chrysodina sp. Eupatorium tenacetifolium Nitidulidae Mordellidae 1 Eupatorium subhastatum Melyridae Astylus quadrilineatus Eupatorium squarrulosum Cleridae Bibionidae Eupatorium bupleurifolium Tabanidae Nemestrinidae Gaillardia megapotamica Villa sp. Bombyliidae 2 Senecio selloi Copestylum sp. Palpada sp. Senecio madagascariensis Allograpta sp. Toxomerus sp. Vernonia echioides Chloropidae Drosophilidae Carduus acanthoides Anthomyiidae Sarcophagidae Cleanthes brasiliensis Lucilia sericata Cochliomyia macellaria Oxalis articulata Pyraloidea Eudesmia australis Turnera pinnatifida Thespieus catochra Lerodea eufala Mimosa tandilensis Corticea immocerina Strymon eurytulus Lathyrus pubescens Vanessa sp. Euptoieta claudia Colletia paradoxa Pampasatyrus gyrtone Figure S3 (cont.) S31

Difuntos (1692 ha)

Canna glauca Leucospis sp. Chalcidoidea 2 Pompilidae Rhodophiala bifida Entypus sp.2 Entypus ferruginipennis Camponotus sp. Gomphrena perennis Campsomeris sp. Polybia scutellaris Verbena intermedia Polistes sp. Mischocyttarus drewseni Brachygastra lechiguana Gerardia genistifolia Chlorion sp. Podagritus sp. Apis mellifera Foeniculum vulgare Bombus bellicosus Bombus atratus Xylocopa ciliata Eryngium regnellii Xylocopa augusti Ceratina rupestris Ceratina montana Achyrocline satureoides Melissoptila tandilensis Gaesischia sp. Baccharis tandilensis Megachilidae Augochlora semiramis Augochlorella ephyra Bidens pilosa Augochloropsis sp.2 Augochloropsis erato Ruizantheda divaricata Spilanthes stolonifera Chilicola sp. Leioproctus indigoticus Colletes sp.3 Eupatorium tenacetifolium Colletes cyaneus StaphilinidaeStaphilinidae sp11 Cantharidae 1 Eupatorium macrocephalum Discodon sp.2 Discodon sp.1 Eupatorium bupleurifolium Chauliognathus sp.2 Paromoecerus barbicornis Megacyllene insignita Senecio selloi Chrysodina sp. Nitidulidae Mordellidae 1 Senecio madagascariensis Melyridae Astylus quadrilineatus Bibionidae Vernonia echioides Hedriodiscus pulcher Villa sp. Bombyliidae 2 Cynara cardunculus Syrphidae Palpada sp. Passiflora caerulea Allograpta sp. Toxomerus sp. Platycheirus sp. Spartium junceum Drosophilidae Anthomyiidae Sarcophagidae Melilotus officinalis Tachinidae Parachytas sp. Lucilia sericata Lathyrus pubescens Cochliomyia macellaria Colias lesbia Thespieus catochra Lathyrus nervosus Lerodea eufala Corticea immocerina Colletia paradoxa Strymon eurytulus Vanessa sp. Agraulis vanillae Rapistrum rugosum Pampasatyrus gyrtone Figure S3 (cont.) S32

Cinco Cerros (541 ha)

Rhodophiala bifida Ichneumonoidea 2 Alophophion sp. Habranthus gracilifolius Microgastrinae Braconidae 1 Habranthus andersoni Camponotus sp. Polybia scutellaris Gomphrena perennis Polistes sp. Brachygastra lechiguana Gerardia genistifolia Stenodynerus sp.2 Podagritus sp. Eryngium regnellii Apis mellifera Bombus bellicosus Eryngium horridum Xylocopa ciliata Xylocopa augusti Eryngium floribundum Coelioxys sp. Panurgillus sp. Achyrocline satureoides Augochlora semiramis Augochlorella ephyra Baccharis tandilensis Augochloropsis sp.3 Baccharis articulata Augochloropsis erato Ruizantheda divaricata Sommerfeltia spinulosa Chilicola sp. Staphilinidae 1 Hysterionica pinifolia Dactylozodes sp. Cantharidae 1 Stevia satureiifolia Discodon sp.2 Discodon sp.1 Eupatorium tenacetifolium Chauliognathus sp.2 Chauliognathus scriptus Eupatorium subhastatum Curculionidae 3 CurculionidaeCurculionidae sp2 2 Eupatorium squarrulosum Chrysomelidae 4 Chrysodina sp. Eupatorium macrocephalum Nitidulidae Mordellidae 2 Eupatorium bupleurifolium Mordellidae 1 Melyridae Gaillardia megapotamica Astylus quadrilineatus Culicidae Senecio madagascariensis Bibionidae Stratiomyidae 1 Senecio grisebachii Nemestrinidae Villa sp. Senecio bravensis Bombyliidae 2 Palpada sp. Vernonia echioides Allograpta sp. Toxomerus sp. Hypochaeris rosengurtii Platycheirus sp. Tephritidae 1 Hypochaeris pampasica Drosophilidae Oxalis cordobensis Anthomyiidae Sarcophagidae Oxalis articulata Lucilia sericata Cochliomyia macellaria Hypericum connatus Pyrgus sp. Lerodea eufala Lathyrus pubescens Corticea immocerina Strymon eurytulus Lathyrus nervosus Emesis russula Vanessa sp. Oenothera indecora Euptoieta claudia Pampasatyrus gyrtone Dodonaea viscosa Libythea carinenta Figure S3 (cont.) S33 La Brava (396 ha)

Rhodophiala bifida Chalcidoidea 2 Tachypompilus sp. Camponotus sp. Habranthus gracilifolius Polybia scutellaris Polistes sp. Oxypetalum solanoides Mischocyttarus drewseni Brachygastra lechiguana Zethus sp. Verbena intermedia Stenodynerus sp.1 Apis mellifera Gerardia genistifolia Bombus bellicosus Xylocopa ciliata Melissoptila tandilensis Foeniculum vulgare Gaesischia sp. Megachilidae Eryngium regnellii Pseudocentron sp. Coelioxys sp. Eryngium horridum Augochlora semiramis Augochlorella ephyra Augochloropsis sp.3 Achyrocline satureoides Augochloropsis erato Chilicola sp. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Colletes sp.3 Colletes sp.2 Staphilinidae 1 Baccharis tandilensis Dactylozodes sp. Heteroderes rufangulus Baccharis coridifolia Cantharidae 1 Discodon sp.2 Discodon sp.1 Baccharis articulata Chauliognathus scriptus Megacyllene spixi Solidago chilensis Megacyllene insignita Chrysodina sp. Nitidulidae Stevia satureiifolia Mordellidae 1 Epicauta sp. Eupatorium tenacetifolium Astylus quadrilineatus Nemestrinidae Villa sp. Eupatorium subhastatum Syrphidae Palpada sp. Eupatorium squarrulosum Allograpta sp. Toxomerus sp. Tephritis sp. Gaillardia megapotamica Drosophilidae Anthomyiidae Senecio selloi Sarcophagidae Lucilia sericata Cochliomyia macellaria Senecio madagascariensis Achyra similalis Thespieus catochra Vernonia echioides Lerodea eufala Corticea immocerina Strymon eurytulus Cleanthes brasiliensis Vanessa sp. Euptoieta claudia Lathyrus nervosus Agraulis vanillae Figure S3 (cont.) S34

La Barrosa (243 ha)

Rhodophiala bifida Chalcidoidea 1 Tachypompilus sp. Habranthus gracilifolius Entypus sp.2 Arjona tuberosa Camponotus sp. Polybia scutellaris Gomphrena perennis Polistes sp. Brachygastra lechiguana Echium plantagineum Zethus sp. Gerardia genistifolia Zeta canaliculata Apis mellifera Valeriana polystachya Bombus bellicosus Xylocopa augusti Eryngium regnellii Ceratina rupestris Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium Melissoptila tandilensis Gaesischia sp. Achyrocline satureoides Megachilidae Gamochaeta stachydifolia Coelioxys sp. Megachile sp.4 Baccharis tandilensis Augochlora semiramis Augochlorella ephyra Baccharis coridifolia Halictillus sp. Baccharis articulata Paroxystoglossa sp. Augochloropsis sp.2 Solidago chilensis Augochloropsis erato Chilicola sp. Conyza bonariensis Colletes sp.3 Hysterionica pinifolia Colletes sp.2 Staphilinidae 1 Spilanthes stolonifera Cantharidae 1 Eupatorium tenacetifolium Chauliognathus sp.2 Megacyllene spixi Eupatorium subhastatum Chrysodina sp. Nitidulidae Eupatorium squarrulosum Mordellidae 1 Gaillardia megapotamica Melyridae Astylus quadrilineatus Senecio madagascariensis Chrysopa sp. Bibionidae Senecio bravensis Villa sp. Vernonia echioides Palpada sp. Eristalinus taeniops Sonchus oleraceus Allograpta sp. Picris echioides Toxomerus sp. Platycheirus sp. Hypochaeris rosengurtii Drosophilidae Anthomyiidae Carduus acanthoides Sarcophagidae Cleanthes brasiliensis Tachinidae Trichopoda giacomelli Oxalis articulata Parachytas sp. Lucilia sericata Cytisus monspessulanus Cochliomyia macellaria Lathyrus pubescens Thespieus catochra Lerodea eufala Lathyrus nervosus Corticea immocerina Adesmia incana Vanessa sp. Euptoieta claudia Oenothera indecora Agraulis vanillae Figure S3 (cont.) S35

La Chata (229 ha)

Rhodophiala bifida Chalcidoidea 1 Braconidae 2 Habranthus gracilifolius Braconidae 1 Tachypompilus sp. Cypella herbertii Pepsis sp. Camponotus sp. Echium plantagineum Campsomeris bistrimacula Polybia scutellaris Verbena intermedia Polistes sp. Glandularia dissecta Mischocyttarus drewseni Brachygastra lechiguana Gerardia genistifolia Stenodynerus sp.1 Isodontia sp. Valeriana polystachya Apis mellifera Bombus bellicosus Eryngium regnellii Xylocopa ciliata Xylocopa augusti Eryngium horridum Melissoptila tandilensis Megachilidae Achyrocline satureoides Megachile sp.4 Augochlora semiramis Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Augochlorella ephyra Halictillus sp. Baccharis tandilensis Augochloropsis erato Baccharis coridifolia Chilicola sp. Colletes sp.3 Baccharis articulata Staphilinidae 1 Cantharidae 1 Grindelia buphthalmoides Discodon sp.1 Chauliognathus sp.2sp2 Spilanthes stolonifera Chauliognathus scriptus Megacyllene insignita Stevia satureiifolia Chrysomelidae 3 Chrysodina sp. Eupatorium tenacetifolium Nitidulidae Mordellidae 1 Eupatorium subhastatum Melyridae Astylus quadrilineatus Eupatorium squarrulosum Cleridae Gaillardia megapotamica Nemestrinidae Villa sp. Senecio madagascariensis Palpada sp. Eristalinus taeniops Senecio bravensis Allograpta sp. Toxomerus sp. Vernonia echioides Platycheirus sp. Tephritis sp. Trixis stricta Tephritidae 2 Drosophilidae Oxalis articulata Anthomyiidae Sarcophagidae Lathyrus pubescens Tachinidae Parachytas sp. Adesmia incana Lucilia sericata Colletia paradoxa Cochliomyia macellaria Thespieus catochra Oenothera indecora Lerodea eufala Corticea immocerina Helianthemum brasiliense Audre epulus signata Vanessa sp. Pavonia cymbalaria Euptoieta claudia Figure S3 (cont.) S36 Amarante (190 ha)

Rhodophiala bifida Tachypompilus sp. Entypus sp.2 Habranthus gracilifolius Entypus ferruginipennis Habranthus andersoni Camponotus sp. Campsomeris bistrimacula Sisyrinchium iridifolium Polybia scutellaris Polistes sp. Alophia lahue Mischocyttarus drewseni Stenodynerus sp.2 Gelasine azurea Apis mellifera Wigginsia tephracantha Bombus bellicosus Xylocopa ciliata Gymnocalycium reductum Ceratina montana Chalepogenus goeldianus Gomphrena perennis Gaesischia sp. Megachilidae Blumenbachia insignis Coelioxys sp. Echium plantagineum Megachile sp.3 Panurgillus sp. Verbena intermedia Augochlora semiramis Augochlorella ephyra Glandularia dissecta Augochloropsis sp.2 Dialictus sp. Eryngium regnellii Chilicola sp. Eryngium nudicaule Leioproctus indigoticus Colletes sp.3 Eryngium horridum Colletes cyaneus Staphilinidae 1 Achyrocline satureoides Dactylozodes sp. Cantharidae 1 Baccharis tandilensis Chauliognathus sp.2 Baccharis coridifolia Chauliognathus scriptus CurculionidaeCurculionidae sp4 4 Baccharis articulata Curculionidae 2 Chrysomelidae 2 Sommerfeltia spinulosa Chrysodina sp. Solidago chilensis Nitidulidae Mordellidae 1 Hysterionica pinifolia Melyridae Astylus quadrilineatus Stevia satureiifolia Cleridae Chrysopa sp. Eupatorium tenacetifolium Tipulidae Eupatorium subhastatum Bibionidae Nemestrinidae Eupatorium squarrulosum Villa sp. Bombyliidae 2 Gaillardia megapotamica Copestylum sp. Palpada sp. Senecio selloi Allograpta sp. Senecio madagascariensis Toxomerus sp. Platycheirus sp. Senecio grisebachii Drosophilidae Anthomyiidae Senecio bravensis Sarcophagidae Tachinidae Vernonia echioides Parachytas sp. Hypochaeris rosengurtii Lucilia sericata Cochliomyia macellaria Carduus acanthoides Thespieus catochra Lerodea eufala Trixis stricta Corticea immocerina Audre epulus signata Oxalis cordobensis Vanessa sp. Oxalis articulata Euptoieta claudia Agraulis vanillae Lathyrus pubescens Pampasatyrus gyrtone Figure S3 (cont.) S37

El Morro (49 ha)

Rhodophiala bifida Coreidae Scelionidae Chalcidoidea 1 Microgastrinae Habranthus gracilifolius Neochrysis sp. Pompilidae Camponotus sp. Formicidae Habranthus andersoni Campsomeris bistrimacula Polybia scutellaris Mischocyttarus drewseni Stenodynerus sp.1 Cerastium mollissimum asiaticum Chlorion sp. Prionyx sp. Isodontia sp. Sphex sp. Eryngium regnellii Apis mellifera Bombus bellicosus Xylocopa ciliata Augochlora semiramis Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium Augochlorella ephyra Halictillus sp. Dialictus sp. Chilicola sp. Achyrocline satureoides Colletes sp.3 Dactylozodes sp. Cantharidae 1 Discodon sp.2 Baccharis coridifolia Chauliognathus sp.2 Chauliognathus scriptus Chrysomelidae 2 Chrysodina spsp. Hysterionica pinifolia Nitidulidae Mordellidae 1 Astylus quadrilineatus Culicidae Eupatorium tenacetifolium Bibionidae Tabanidae Villa sp. Bombyliidae 2 Eupatorium lanigerum Syrphidae Syritta sp. Copestylum sp. Palpada sp. Senecio madagascariensis Eristalinus taeniops Eristalis tenax Allograpta sp. Toxomerus sp. Platycheirus sp. Senecio bravensis Drosophilidae Anthomyiidae Sarcophagidae Trichopoda giacomelli Sonchus oleraceus Parachytas sp. Lucilia sericata Cochliomyia macellaria Synanthedon albicalcarata Hypochaeris rosengurtii Eudesmia australis Pyrgus sp. Thespieus catochra Lerodea eufala Oxalis articulata Corticea immocerina Tatochila autodice Strymon eurytulus Vanessa sp. Lathyrus pubescens Euptoieta claudia Figure S3 (cont.) S38 Difuntito (13 ha)

Commelina erecta Braconidae 1 Neochrysis sp. Rhodophiala bifida Camponotus sp. Campsomeris bistrimacula Habranthus andersoni Polybia scutellaris Polistes sp. Opuntia elata Mischocyttarus drewseni Brachygastra lechiguana Gomphrena perennis Zeta canaliculata Isepeolus viperinus Apis mellifera Silene gallica Bombus bellicosus Xylocopa ciliata Blumenbachia insignis Xylocopa augusti Ceratina montana Oxypetalum solanoides Gaesischia sp. Megachilidae Echium plantagineum Pseudocentron sp. Megachile sp.1 Petunia axillaris Panurgillus sp. Augochlora semiramis Solanum chacoense Augochlorella ephyra Augochloropsis sp.3 Eryngium regnellii Augochloropsis erato Dialictus sp. Eryngium horridum Pseudagapostemon singularis Pseudagapostemon pampeanus Achyrocline satureoides Pseudagapostemon brasiliensis Chilicola sp. Leioproctus indigoticus Baccharis coridifolia Colletes cyaneus Dactylozodes sp. Baccharis articulata Discodon sp.2 Discodon sp.1 Sommerfeltia spinulosa Chauliognathus sp.2 Chauliognathus scriptus Hysterionica pinifolia Chrysodina sp. Lema sp.sp Spilanthes stolonifera Nitidulidae Mordellidae 1 Stevia satureiifolia Harmonia axyrides Astylus quadrilineatus Eupatorium tenacetifolium Culicidae Nemestrinidae Eupatorium subhastatum Villa sp. Bombyliidae 2 Eupatorium macrocephalum Syrphidae Syritta sp. Palpada sp. Senecio madagascariensis Pseudodoros sp. Allograpta sp. Senecio grisebachii Toxomerus sp. Platycheirus sp. Senecio bravensis Tephritidae 1 Drosophilidae Hypochaeris rosengurtii Muscidae Anthomyiidae Carduus acanthoides Sarcophagidae Tachinidae Oxalis cordobensis Trichopoda giacomelli Parachytas sp. Oxalis articulata Lucilia sericata Cochliomyia macellaria Turnera pinnatifida Agrotis sp. Geometridae Passiflora caerulea Colias lesbia Pyrgus sp. Lathyrus pubescens Thespieus catochra Lerodea eufala Corticea immocerina Lathyrus crassipes Teochila maenacte Tatochila autodice Discaria longispina Strymon eurytulus Audre epulus signata Cuphea fruticosa Vanessa sp. Euptoieta claudia Pavonia cymbalaria Agraulis vanillae Yphthimoides celmis Abutilon terminale Pampasatyrus gyrtone Figure S3 (cont.) S39 Piedra Alta (13 ha)

Rhodophiala bifida Ichneumonoidea 3 Braconidae 1 Neochrysis sp. Habranthus gracilifolius Pompilidae Entypus ferruginipennis Camponotus sp. Gomphrena perennis Campsomeris sp. Campsomeris bistrimacula Polistes sp. Blumenbachia insignis Brachygastra lechiguana Chlorion sp. Prionyx sp. Echium plantagineum Isodontia sp. Apis mellifera Bombus bellicosus Xylocopa ciliata Eryngium regnellii Ceratina montana Megachilidae Panurgillus sp. Eryngium horridum Augochlora semiramis Augochlorella ephyra Halictillus sp. Achyrocline satureoides Augochloropsis erato Dialictus sp. Ruizantheda divaricata Solidago chilensis Leioproctus indigoticus Colletes cyaneus Dactylozodes sp. Conyza bonariensis Cantharidae 1 Discodon sp.2 Discodon sp.1 Stevia satureiifolia Chauliognathus scriptus Chrysodina sp. Nitidulidae Eupatorium tenacetifolium Epicauta sp. Astylus quadrilineatus Stratiomyidae 2 Eupatorium subhastatum Nemestrinidae Villa sp. Bombyliidae 2 Eupatorium squarrulosum Anthrax sp. Mydidae Palpada sp. Hypochaeris rosengurtii Allograpta sp. Toxomerus sp. Drosophilidae Cynara cardunculus Muscidae Anthomyiidae Sarcophagidae Tachinidae Carduus acanthoides Parachytas sp. Lucilia sericata Agrotis sp. Oxalis articulata Eudesmia australis Colias lesbia Pyrgus sp. Turnera pinnatifida Thespieus catochra Lerodea eufala Corticea immocerina Lathyrus pubescens Tatochila vanvolxemi Audre epulus signata Vanessa sp. Rapistrum rugosum Euptoieta claudia Yphthimoides celmis Pampasatyrus gyrtone Sida flavescens Danaus plexipus Figure S3 (cont.) S40

La Paja (12 ha)

Commelina erecta Chalcidoidea 1 Tachypompilus sp. Rhodophiala bifida Camponotus sp. Campsomeris bistrimacula Habranthus gracilifolius Polybia scutellaris Habranthus andersoni Polistes sp. Brachygastra lechiguana Sisyrinchium iridifolium Prionyx sp. Apis mellifera Alophia lahue Bombus bellicosus Xylocopa ciliata Echium plantagineum Gaesischia sp. Eryngium regnellii Coelioxys sp. Panurgillus sp. Achyrocline satureoides Augochlora semiramis Augochlorella ephyra Baccharis tandilensis Augochloropsis sp.2 Ruizantheda divaricata Baccharis articulata Chilicola sp. Hysterionica pinifolia Colletes sp.3 Dactylozodes sp. Spilanthes stolonifera Chauliognathus scriptus Chrysodina sp. Stevia satureiifolia Nitidulidae Mordellidae 1 Eupatorium tenacetifolium Harmonia axyrides Eupatorium subhastatum Astylus quadrilineatus Hedriodiscus pulcher Senecio selloi Bombyliidae 2 Copestylum sp. Senecio madagascariensis Palpada sp. Eristalis tenax Senecio bravensis Allograpta sp. Vernonia echioides Toxomerus sp. Platycheirus sp. Hypochaeris rosengurtii Drosophilidae Anthomyiidae Hypochaeris pampasica Sarcophagidae Oxalis articulata Lucilia sericata Cochliomyia macellaria Lathyrus pubescens Pyrgus sp. Lerodea eufala Apodanthera sagitifolia Corticea immocerina Tatochila autodice Rapistrum rugosum Strymon eurytulus

Pavonia cymbalaria Vanessa sp. Euptoieta claudia Abutilon terminale Pampasatyrus gyrtone Ph

z z Figur

0 4 6 0 4 6 e S4 10 0.00 Plant ph 1 P P = =0.053 Area (ha) 0.10 10 ylog 10 en 0.30 3 S40 y

0 4 6 0 4 6 Animal ph 10 0.00 1 P P =0.89 =0.64 Area (ha) 0.10 10 S41 ylog 10 0.30 en 3 y Ph

z z Figur

0 0 e S5 10 0.00 Plant ph 1 P P = = Area (ha) 0.10 10 ylog 10 en 0.30 3 y

0 0 Animal ph 10 0.00 1 P P = = Area (ha) 0.10 10 S42 ylog 10 0.30 en 3 y