Philippine Scouts Heritage Society

Preserving the history, heritage, and legacy of the Philippine Scouts for present and future generations

Fall 2008 “That Brave Filipino General:” A Life of Vicente P. Lim By Christopher L. Kolakowski visit was the headquarters of Brigadier West Point, and before the Second General Vicente P. Lim, commanding World War served as Deputy Chief This article was previously published in the Philippine Army’s 41st Division. of Staff for the Philippine Army. His “Military Collector & Historians”, 60, Romulo had called Lim “the embodi- division played a key role in the Bataan no 3 (Fall 2008) and is republished here ment of the Philippine Army on Bataan,” battles, and he later was a major figure with permission of the author. Editor and was shocked by his friend’s hag- in Filipino resistance to the Japanese. gard and ill appearance. Lim described Throughout his life Vicente Lim was On 4 April 1942 Colonel Carlos the poor and starving condition of his driven by a strong sense of duty, and Romulo, public relations officer for the troops, and concluded by saying “we sought to do honor to his nation and the U.S. Forces in the Philippines, visited have done our best.” This comment Philippine Army. the garrison defending the Bataan Pen- shook Romulo, who would later write, Vicente Podico Lim was born 24 insula. Japanese forces had started their “Up until that moment I had not lost February1888 near Batangas in southern last major offensive the day before, and hope [in eventual victory].”1 Luzon. He was the third of four children Romulo hoped to bolster morale among General Lim continues to rank as one to a mixed Chinese-Filipino couple who the 76,000 Filipino and American troops of the Philippines’ greatest soldiers. He were socially connected with Dr. Jose on Bataan. One of his last stops on that was the first Filipino to graduate from See Vicente P. Lim Page 5 What’s Inside? Fall 2008 Issue A Message from Our President Editor’s Comments...... 2 th Newsletter and Libary...... 2 on the 24 Reunion A Letter of Thanks...... 3 The reunion was a great success due ing our presentations and panels. The First Vice-President’s Letter...... 3 to the efforts of many people. First presentations and panels were reunion PSHS 24th Reunion...... 4 and foremost, Cion and her team, on highlights. Photos from the 24th Reunion...... 6 behalf of the Golden Gate Bay Area Colonel Nicoll Galbraith, Jr., MD, Silver Anniversary PSHS Reunion...8 Chapter, did a magnificent job. Cion, kicked off the reunion with a presenta- Website News...... 8 President of the Chapter, had problems tion entitled “Reminiscences”. He told Newsletter Donations...... 8 to contend with at the last minute with marvelous stories regarding his youth in Philippine Scout Re-Enactors...... 9 the hotel, a leaking ceiling and more. It the Philippines and the harrowing tale Chapter News...... 10 all went really well, thanks to Cion and of his father’s travels in northern Luzon Member Activities...... 10 her group. after the fall of Corregidor. General In Memoriam...... 11 There are so many people to thank Wainwright asked Galbraith to find the The General’s Corner...... 12 and acknowledge. I want to thank Gen- remaining units and have them lay down eral Hilman, General Peters and Kinue their arms so that the Japanese would GC: America’s Sepoys...... 12 Tokudome for their contributions dur- not slaughter their Filipino and Ameri- GC: The Story of the Invasion of Japan...12 GC: A Prisoner of War...... 13 See 24th Reunion Page 5 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Fall 2008 Editor’s Comments A Letter of Thanks In 2001 I was privileged to take over invaluable assistance with the graphics with fresh ideas to take over. President Mike Houlahan has been a strong Mike and I met in Manila in the the Philippine Scouts Heritage Society and formatting, first from David Rosen Patterson will be leading a search com- supporter of the Philippine Scouts early 1990s when Mike was the U.S. newsletter’s editorial chair from Col. and then from my daughter, Christa. mittee with the goal of selecting an Heritage Society for many years be- Embassy’s Cultural Affairs Officer Nicoll F. Galbraith, Jr. Largely be- Christa also designed the website in appropriate candidate or candidates by yond his taking on editing the news- and I was the Associate Director of cause of this, over the last eight years 2002 and the message board in 2004, our next reunion in May 2009. Certainly letter. He has authored many articles the U.S. Agency for International I have come to know many of you in maintaining both ever since. Since he will welcome suggestions from the for several publications that have dealt Development. We’ve been friends person through our annual reunions or then these have been the “go to” sites rest of you to assist the committee in with various aspects of the Philippines. ever since. Mike has served as the at a distance through letters and email. for anyone wanting information on the this search. I am pleased to say that, He is married to Dr. Edwina Carreon, Society’s Secretary and he has been The newsletter has almost doubled in Philippine Scouts. I have also been assuming the new editor so desires, a Philippine academic at Ohio State a valued voice in the affairs of the size and a popular website and message aided immensely by the many former Christa is willing to continue as both University. So the Philippines is a large Society. While it’s sad that Mike is board spun off from it. In the fall of Scouts, Scout family members, military webmaster and newsletter design and part of Mike’s life. stepping down having done such a 2005, The General’s Corner was added, historians and others who have gladly layout editor. Mike is very gracious in noting the wonderful job, it couldn’t last forever. dedicated to the memory of our Found- shared their experiences and research It has been a wonderful ride and I am contributions to the Society’s newsletter On the other hand, I will continue to ing President, Brigadier General Royal by allowing me to publish their writings grateful for the support I’ve had from of others including his daughter, Christa, look to Mike for advice and counsel, Reynolds, Jr. This ongoing section in these pages. Their stories have enter- you, the readers. It has been a great who has designed and maintained a mar- so he’s not going away. specializes in historical and often first tained and often deeply touched us. honor to be allowed into your homes velous website that has received numer- My heartfelt thanks go to Mike who John A. Patterson, President person accounts of Scout heroism dur- But even good things must eventually through the newsletter pages and I thank ous accolades. Because of their efforts, has meant so much to the Society. I Photo: David Rosen ing WWII, not only in the early months end and it is with some sadness and after you for allowing me that privilege. God the newsletter and the website have be- will be communicating with Mike, the me in Rhode Island (401-885-7776) or before the surrender, but also afterward considerable soul searching that I have bless and God speed! come major outreach vehicles for telling Board and others concerning the best email me at [email protected]. in the prison camps, on the Hell Ships decided that the spring 2009 issue will the story of the Philippine Scouts. We way to go about securing an editor of Sen. John Alexander Patterson and in the guerrilla resistance. be the last I will edit. I feel that I’ve Mike Houlahan, Editor are fortunate that Christa has agreed to the newsletter. In the meantime, if President Publishing the newsletter has never taken the newsletter about as far as I stay on for the time being. there are any suggestions, please call Philippine Scouts Heritage Society been a one person operation. I received can and it now is time for someone else

Advertising Rates Newsletter and Library First Vice-President’s Letter Our newsletter advertising rates The 24th National Annual Reunion The re-enactors did a splendid job are as follows: Non-member newsletter subscription: 2-years: $10.00 domestic & $14 overseas; 3-years: $14 domestic & $18 overseas. Email subscriptions are $4 & $6 for 2 & at Burlingame / San Francisco last May again this year and I’m glad that they 3 years. Members receive the newsletter at no charge. 23 and 24th was a stunning success. The will host the 25th reunion in Los Full page: $105 Embassy suites caters to their guests with a Angles in 2009. The group really well Half page: $60 perfect breakfast, snacks and evening hors represents the Philippine Scouts with Donations are tax deductible as the PSHS now has 501(c)(3) status. News- Quarter page: $35 d’oeuvre. The guests don their tennis shoes, their polished boots, pressed uniforms letter donation and subscription checks should be made out to the “PSHS” (with Business card: $18 walk and run the track by the beach. and U.S. Army bearing. “newsletter donation” or “subscription” listed on the memo line) and mailed to: The business agenda featured the Au- The Tacoma Chapter volunteered to J. M. Houlahan Our current circulation is slightly dit committee chaired by Cindy Warren do a pilot program for scholarships and Editor, PSHS Newsletter over 540 copies per issue. For ad- with Aniceto Bagley as member. Goody other activities to spread the goodness 6774 Lakeside Circle West vertising placement or additional Calugas the National Treasurer pre- and trustworthiness of the Philippine Worthington, OH 43085 information, please contact news- sented the financial report of the Society Scouts. letter editor Mike Houlahan through and glad that she accepted another term Our guest speaker General Oscar our website or at: Library donations should be made out to “PSHS” (with “Library listed on the as National treasurer. Hilman a member of the Tacoma Jose “Joe” Calugas, Jr., 1st Vice President memo line) and mailed to: The panels and featured speakers chapter talked about the history of J. M. Houlahan PSHS-GGBAC were outstanding in their presentations. the Philippine Scouts and their role members of GBBAC who hosted the Editor, PSHS Newsletter P.O. Box 179 They included Col. Nicoll Galbraith, Jr. during the WWII in the Philippines. 24th reunion . 6774 Lakeside Circle West Daly City, CA 94016-0179 MD, Dr. Anthony Maravillas Ph.D, Mr. He was accompanied by his beautiful Worthington, OH 43085 Malcom Decker, and Mr. Donald Plata. wife Patty. Finally the panel of Mr. Paul Ruiz and The future of the society is in Jose Calugas, Jr. Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Newsletter Mr. David Rosen offered a challenge good hands with active participation National First Vice President J. Michael Houlahan, Editor & Publisher to all the members about executing the of our young members. Thank you President of Tacoma Chapter 6774 Lakeside Circle W., Worthington, OH 43085 mission of the Society. Chapter President Cion, officers and Fall 2008, Issue 17, Published twice annually Two Year Subscription: domestic $10 and overseas $14

Page 2 Page 3 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Fall 2008

th PSHS 24 Reunion 24th Reunion From Page 1 can captives. Colonel Galbraith was from the media. At one point, there Historian. We honored them for their The following appears on the website of US-Japan Dialogue on POWs, Inc. at http://www.us-japandialogueonpows.org. ably supported by his daughter, Susan, were three TV stations in attendance outstanding contributions to the Philip- Ms. Kinue Tokudome is the organization’s Executive Director and a PSHS member. who put together a first rate electronic interviewing Scouts and their families. pine Scouts Heritage Society. presentation. Our thanks to Chris Schaefer for his General Oscar Bautista Hilman gave Dr. Anthony Maravillas discussed outstanding work as the Society’s Public an inspirational keynote speech that his survey findings as part of his pre- Relations Officer. Part of our outreach honored the Scouts, their history and sentation “Perspectives of the Children remarked upon were the outstanding their legacy. We were fortunate that of Scouts.” The survey yielded highly efforts related to our website managed General Hilman spoke to us. General useful information regarding how the by Mike and Christa Houlahan. Mike’s Antonio Taguba will try to be our key- children felt about their fathers who editing of the Newsletter was the subject note speaker next year. endured so much but spoke so little of favorable comment several times dur- Thanks to Olive Rosen for sharing about their experiences. Dr. Maravil- ing the reunion. her photos of prior reunions and for her las plans on doing a paper regarding his New this year was the attendance kind remarks about what the Philippine findings and their implication for the of the Philippine Scout reenactors who Scouts and the Society meant to her hus- Society’s future. were present for entire two days. They band, the late Colonel Melvin Rosen. Donald Plata is working on a docu- participated in several ceremonies. When we honored the Scouts Sat- mentary concerning the Scouts. He Their uniforms are superb and their urday afternoon during the wreath cer- showed a trailer of “Forgotten Soldiers” activities form another wonderful out- emony, I believe we all felt a sense of which was very well done and is a har- reach mechanism for the Society. The loss that so many of the Scouts are not binger of things to come. Complement- reenactors have reactivated the Lt. Al- with us. I hope there was also a sense ing this presentation was a video done by exander R. Nininger, Jr. Chapter in Los of peace that had been assured for us by the reenactors of the Nininger Chapter Angeles. We welcomed them into the their sacrifices. which showed their activities and was Society. They are a very positive asset The future of the Society and our abil- interwoven with actual film footage of to the Society as we continue to tell the ity to continue to honor the Philippine Veterans of the Philippine Scouts and members of PSHS the Scouts. story of the Philippine Scouts. Scouts, so ably dealt with by Paul Ruiz Malcolm Decker made a very inter- The business side of the two day and David Rosen, as noted above, are 5/26/08 Filipinos serving as enlisted soldiers in esting presentation concerning his new get together saw the election of Goody dependent on the next generations car- On May 23 – 24, 24TH annual re- United States Army units commanded book, From Bataan to Safety which told Calugas as Treasurer and yours truly as rying forward the history and legacy of union of the Philippine Scouts Heritage by American officers. the story of two brothers who cared for President, each for three year terms. The these extraordinary US Army soldiers. Society was held in Burlingame, CA. Brigadier General Oscar B. Hilman many survivors of the Death March who finances of the Society are solid. This I was very pleased that so many Scout Philippine Scouts were General (US Army, Ret.), one of the only three escaped and made their way into the was confirmed by the Audit Committee descendants not only attended the Re- MacArthur’s soldiers—the guys who Filipino Americans who have attained mountains of western Luzon. Chaired very ably by Cindy Warren with union, but played major roles throughout fought America’s first battle of World the rank of general, was the Keynote The final event was a panel conducted Aniceto Bagley as a member. I want the intense two days that we met. War II. The Philippine Division. Prob- Speaker. His grandfather, father and by Paul Ruiz and David Rosen that was to thank other officers who were active Speaking of the next generation, I am ably the best trained and possibly the two uncles walked the Bataan Death suitably titled “Executing the Mission during the year especially Joe Calugas, pleased that the newly reactivated Nin- best prepared U.S. Army division at the March. The grandfather and one uncle of the Philippine Scouts Heritage Soci- First Vice President of the Society and inger Chapter has agreed to host the May outset of the war….They were mostly were killed on the March. ety.” Their presentation elicited spirited President of the Captain Jose Calugas, 2009 Reunion in the Los Angeles area. I Brigadier General Oscar B. Hilman (US Army, Ret.) conversations and recommendations for Jr. Chapter, Nora Warren, the Society’s look forward to seeing you all there. future action. Paul and David and the Secretary, our Assistant Historian Bob As General Royal Reynolds, our first entire audience resolved not to have the Capistrano whose displays of uniforms Society President used to say “Mabuhay recommendations shelved. After the and medals are always a big hit. ang Philippine Scouts!” session, individuals and the Calugas Our reunion concluded with a dinner Chapter came forward and commit- attended by 200 individuals all there to ted to follow-up on such activities as honor the Scouts. Society Achievement Sen. John Alexander Patterson scholarships, data base development Awards were given to Menandro Parazo, President and more. the Society’s 2nd Vice President and Philippine Scouts Heritage Society. One thing that was very noticeable President of the John J. Pershing Chapter this year was the coverage we received in El Paso and John Olson, the Society’s

Page 4 Page 5 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Fall 2008 Photos from the PSHS 24th Annual Reunion by David Rosen

Page 6 Page 7 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Fall 2008 Silver Anniversary PSHS Reunion in Long Beach Philippine Scout Re-Enactors Take 1st Place Our 2009 reunion and business meet- Alternatively, the Los Angeles In- across the street and the Marriott two By Chris Schaefer ing, hosted by the Lt. Alexander R. Nin- ternational Airport is a twenty minute miles away. inger Chapter, will be held on Friday and drive north from the hotel and John Additional information on this 25th Members of the Alexander Nin- Saturday, May 8-9, 2009. This silver an- Wayne Airport in Orange County is anniversary event will be provided by inger Chapter of the Philippine Scouts niversary celebration of the founding of forty minutes south. Rooms at the email in a few weeks. Final details will Heritage Society took first place in the the Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Holiday Inn have been reserved at $99 be included in our spring newsletter. “Marching Through History” competi- will take place in the Holiday Inn at the per night. Other accommodations are tion last week in Chino, California. The Long Beach, California airport. available at the Marriott Guest House men appear at commemorative events across the country, honoring the bravery and sacrifice of the last-ditch stand made by the U.S. Army’s Philippine Scouts Website News on Bataan and Corregidor during World A redesign of our Philippine Scouts and the message board (note the link in and requests. The “Resources” page has War II. Heritage Society website has made it the margin of our homepage) to share linkages to thirty-two other websites, In 1942 the Philippine Scout soldiers more reader friendly, comprehensive your own thoughts or questions and to three bibliographies and numerous ar- were primarily Filipinos, the officers and easily navigated. It has received supply answers to queries submitted ticles. We also link to U.S. government primarily Americans, and the Scouts over 38,300 visits, since being estab- by others. sources of information on former Scouts were the backbone of General Douglas lished in July, 2002. We also will consider appropriate and on benefits available to them. MacArthur’s United States Army Forces Our message board now contains over and original short articles or vignettes Thank you for your support! in the Far East (USAFFE). They fought 400 topics and almost 1,400 comment for posting on our website or including our first ground battles of World War postings. In August, a growing problem in our newsletter. Christa Houlahan II, and held out against the Japanese with spamming necessitated switching The website is useful for research Webmaster on Bataan Peninsula and nearby Cor- to a more secure message board. This purposes. Our site is the first entry regidor Island in the Philippines for five was accomplished without losing any of that appears when someone researches months while the rest of the Pacific and our past postings. the Philippine Scouts using either the The PSHS website is available at Southeast Asia succumbed to the Japa- You are invited to visit the PSHS Google or Yahoo search engines. Our http://www.philippine-scouts.org nese onslaught. But the Japanese Navy tions and achieved several “firsts” at “Marching Through History” is an website (www.philippine-scouts.org) “Exchanges” page lists research projects surrounded and blockaded Bataan and the “Marching Through History” event annual educational and commemora- Corregidor, and ultimately all 10,000 in Chino. tive exposition, the largest such event American and Filipino Scouts became “It was our first anniversary,” says in the United States. More than 700 Prisoners of War. More than half of Mr. Garcia, “it was the first time we re-enactors participated this year, Newsletter them died as prisoners of the Japanese. entered a competition, and we took attracting 9,000 visitors, making the In October 2007, Mr. Philip Garcia first place among re-enactors of 20th Nininger chapter’s success even more Donations of Los Angeles, and five friends: Frank Century events!” The men provide significant. Event Director Jeff Sharp Lopez, Victor Verano, Gilbert Mislang, their own uniforms and equipment and said, “We are proud to have the Bataan During this year $418 has been received Rudy Cabigas and Ray Ortega revived they set up an authentic Bataan camp- re-enactors, and especially pleased in donations to the newsletter. the Alexander Nininger Chapter of the site which won “Best Encampment” in that they were able to have Mr. Vil- Philippine Scouts Heritage Society, the competition. lasor, a veteran of the Bataan Death Donors include Sen. John Patterson, named after a Scout officer who received Accompanying the Nininger Chapter March, on hand to meet the public and Mrs. Betty Little, Ms. Gloria Planté one of the first three Congressional personnel were Theodor Villasor, a answer questions.” (for the General’s Corner), and Israel Medals of Honor awarded to U.S. Army Philippine Scout survivor of the Bataan Congratulations to the Nininger re- Cariaga. soldiers during World War II, all to Death March and the Japanese prison enactors for commemorating Filipino- Patches (2”) are $10 each and hats $22, which includes postage. Philippine Scouts. The Nininger Chap- camps, and Donald Plata of Washington American history and the Philippine Thank you all for your support! ter had become inactive as its elderly D.C., Mark Lawrence, Ramil Oteyza, Scouts. Order through: members, all veterans of Bataan and and Louis Cogut. An operational World Capt. Jose Calugas, Sr. Chapter Editor Corregidor, passed away, until it was War II era scout vehicle, 37mm field revived last year by Mr. Garcia. Since artillery piece and water-cooled .30 cal. 2907 Narrows Place then, the chapter has memorialized the machine gun were all provided for the Tacoma, WA 98407 Philippine Scouts at a number of func- event by Luther Ritter. Check or money order should be made out to “PSHS Tacoma Chapter”.

Page 8 Page 9 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Fall 2008 Chapter News Capt. Jose Calugas, Sr. Chapter: Ar- especially enjoyed the gathering’s cama- promo about the “Nininger” LA Chapter Bob Capistrano’s collection of Phil- Rainer Loeser’s documentary Death produced an interesting and worthwhile turo Garcia and his group were invited to raderie and the panel discussions, which also was shown. ippine Scout insignias and Philippine March of Bataan has been accepted DVD entitled Ships from Hell, as part participate in the Armed Forces Day at Ft. were well-planned and educational. Reunion photos taken by chapter Army patches and memorabilia, much into the 23rd Annual Fort Lauderdale of the inauguration of the Hell Ships Lewis, Washington last May. The group General Oscar Hilman, a member of members are available at: http://pinoy- of it originally owned by his father, Int’l Film Festival. It will be screen on Monument in Subic Bay. It includes wore Philippine Scout uniforms circa the Tacoma Chapter, was the reunion history.proboards22.com/index.cgi?bo was on display at the PSHS conference Monday, November 10th as part of their four POW interviews and the names of 1901 and set up a tent displaying Philip- Guest Speaker. He was accompanied ard=veterans&action=display&threa in May. tribute to veterans. all the Hell Ships. pine Scout memorabilia. Their camp had a by his wife Patty. d=591&page=1 large sign saying “Ft. William McKinley, The Tacoma Chapter volunteered as On June 7 in Carson, California, the Malcolm Decker’s new book From Michael Norman and Elizabeth In July, Col. Ed Ramsey was pre- home of the Philippine Scouts”. a pilot for a PSHS scholarship program Chapter took part in a Philippine Inde- Bataan to Safety: The Rescue of 104 Norman (We Band of Angels) report sented with the Legacy Award by the Many people visited the camp and asked suggested during the Reunion. A Scholar- pendence Day celebration, their first par- American Soldiers in the Philippines is that they have finished their ten-year Hon. Willy Gaa, Philippine Ambas- questions about the Philippine Scouts. ship committee has been formed and the ticipation in the biggest Filipino event in now available through McFarland Pub- book on Bataan, the Death March, prison sador to the United States, during The distance record was set by Chapter competition will require an essay about the the LA county or Southern California. lishing or book sellers such as Amazon and work camps, Hell Ships, slave labor ceremonies commemorating the 67th member Hatier Carmoreau and his wife Philippine Scouts and a good grade point They set up a USAFFE PS camp and and Barnes & Nobel. It details the hero- and liberation. The book, Tears In The anniversary of the founding of USAFFE who came from Skamokawa, Washington average. The Chapter is planning a Schol- “probably had all the Filipino newspa- ics of the American sugar cane farmers Darkness, is at the publisher’s -- Farrar, (U.S. Armed Forces Far East), General about 150 miles from Tacoma. arship fundraising in October, 2009. per photographers for the county of LA Bill and Martin Fassoth who sheltered Straus & Giroux -- and is scheduled for Douglas McArthur’s command at the Goody and Joe Calugas were invited As of June 21, the Tacoma Chapter has taking photos of us with vets and the more than 100 American servicemen publication in May 2009 for Memorial outbreak of WWII. by Clover High School in Lakewood, 71 members, four annual and 67 lifetime. organizers.” Photos of this event are who escaped the Japanese during WWII Day. The Normans report that the Scouts Washington, to speak about the Philip- The seven-member family of the late available on our PSHS message board in the Philippines. A review will be pub- are mentioned several times in the book. pine Scouts and Joe’s father, Medal of Philippine Scout SFC Maximo Barbon and on line at: http://pinoyhistory.pro- lished in the next newsletter and a web- More information will follow closer to Honor recipient Sgt. (later Capt.) Jose is active in the Chapter and Jane Barbon boards22.com/index.cgi?board=upco site developed by Malcolm’s son may be the publication date. Meanwhile, the Calugas, Sr. They discovered that most Domeika is Chapter Vice- President. The mingevents&action=display&thread= found at www.malcolmdecker.net. Normans want to thank all the members of the students didn’t even know where newest life member is Jay H. Brower, 609&page=1 of the PSHS who so generously helped the Philippines is, let alone anything Retired Sgt. Major, U.S. Army Reserve. Rod Hall and three classmates have with their research and inquiries. about the Scouts. This is another illus- Editor: I believe this makes the written Manila Memories based on their tration of why it is so important for our Tacoma Chapter our largest in terms Golden Gate-Bay Area Chapter: experiences as children living in Manila Col. John E. Olson received consid- members to speak about the Scouts and of active members. No activities reported. during WWII. Although Rod was not erable coverage on the Military Chan- how valuable reenactors are in educating interned—his mother was Filipino—his nel’s Tour of Duty Series “Bataan and others about Philippine Scout history. Lt. Alexander R. Nininger Chapter: LTC Loyd E. Mills Chapter: father, Alaistair C. Hall, was a British Corregidor: ‘Going Back’”. The Calugas’s were particularly pleased This Los Angeles-area chapter includes No activities reported. Civilian POW in Santo Tomas Intern- when Janda Volkmer, Director of the a Filipino-American re-enactor group. ment Camp. The book will be reviewed Peter Parsons, son of the legendary Lakewood Historical Museum, asked the Its thirteen annual and four life mem- Monterey County Chapter: in our next issue. WWII operative Chick Parsons, has Chapter for help as she prepares a sec- bers, have an online forum at http:// No activities reported. tion of the museum on Filipino History, pinoyhistory.proboards22.com/index. including a Philippine Scouts display. cgi?board=nininger. Gen. John J. Pershing Chapter About 25 members from the Tacoma Chapter members conducted the flag (El Paso): In Memoriam Chapter attended the 24th Annual Na- ceremonies at our PSHS reunion. A No activities reported. tional Reunion in Burlingame. They 13-minute slide/video show presentation Col. Julian V. Sollohub, 91, died in the creation of Cape Canaveral Dis- was a lifetime member of the Philippine Saturday, May 19, 2007. Originally trict which was the base for America’s Scouts Heritage Society. Col. Sollohub from New York, he graduated from Space Program. His 30 years of military is survived by Catherine, his wife of Member Activities The United States Military Academy at service included Battalion Command 69 years, two sons, two daughters, two An important objective of this newsletter is the encouragement of our members to raise public awareness of the proud West Point in 1937 as a second lieuten- in the Pacific, development of military brothers, nine grandchildren and four patriotic legacy of the Philippine Scouts. Examples of member’s efforts to accomplish this over the last six months follow: ant of the Army Engineers. His career construction capabilities during the great-grandchildren. included a 1938-40 tour as Company Cold War, and working with NASA. Edna Bautista Binkowski has pub- in the resistance movement against the of the Year” by the Washington Credit Commander of the 14th Engineers Bn. Upon retirement from military, Julian In Memoriam donation: lished Code Name High Pockets: True Japanese in wartime Manila. The book Union Foundation at that organization’s (PS) in the Philippines and duty in the moved to Tallahassee and worked for the Story of Claire Phillips, an American will be reviewed in more detail in the recent statewide conference. Goody Pacific during World War II. After the State of Florida as a research engineer. Betty Little, $100 in memory of Col. Mata Hari and the WWII Resistance next newsletter. has been a volunteer at American Lake war, Col. Sollohub was involved in Throughout both careers, Julian received Mel Rosen. Donations to the PSHS in Movement in the Philippines. The Credit Union for twenty-three years. reconstruction efforts in Japan, France many awards including the Silver Star memory of Mel now total $1,550. book is an interesting read and offers Goody Calugas, wife of Tacoma Among other responsibilities, she and across Europe. He also played a role award by the Army for heroism. He considerable new information on this Chapter President Joe Calugas, has served as Chair and Vice-Chair during young American who became a legend been selected as “Outstanding Volunteer her tenure.

Page 10 Page 11 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Fall 2008 A Prisoner of War THE GENERAL’S CORNER By Zosimo V. Guiang exhausted, and very weak. On the third ger. I did not have my sleeves anymore The General’s Corner is dedicated to the memory of Brigadier General day of the march, my section chief was because I gnawed and ate them during Royal Reynolds, Jr. During the early days of World War II, General Reynolds Zosimo V. Guiang is a Life Member of bayoneted and shot to death. This was the march. We slept on the ground with commanded the First Battalion of the 57th Infantry Regiment (PS). He led his the Philippine Scouts Heritage Society. the most gruesome experience I had ever no blankets. We were raided by huge unit in the defense of Bataan and then spent the remainder of the war as a guer- Editor witnessed. I trembled with intense fear flies and red ants during the day, and rilla. As the first President of the Philippine Scouts Heritage Society, he was one and was enraged at being unable to fight mosquitoes and rats at night. I suffered of the Society’s founders and a longtime staunch supporter. “Prisoner of War” in front of a sol- back to defend my chief. from malarial fever, beriberi, dysentery, dier’s name is an ugly set of words, and A few days later we arrived at the and malnutrition. Most everybody lay The Generals Corner publishes historical accounts of World War II in the a bitter agony of defeat to swallow. It San Fernando train stations where we on the ground, many dying. Philippines. This issue contains four such articles. The featured article is a long defames the character of a warrior who were loaded in boxcars en route to Day and night I prayed asking the piece by Christopher L. Kolakowski telling the story of Brigadier General Vi- came from the battlefield. Capas, Tarlac to Camp O’Donnell (the Lord to spare my life, and if I got out cente P. Lim, a West Point graduate and Filipino hero of WWII. Also included My name is Zosimo V. Guiang, a POW concentration camp). Three more of there I would do everything within is a short piece by PSHS member and former Philippine Scout Zosimo Guiang member of the 86th Field Artillery Bat- days we did not have anything to eat or my power and. capabilities to help stop recounting his experience as a POW. Finally there are the last installments of talion (PS), US Army which gallantly drink. With a solid rock I hit the trunk the unnecessary killings and barbarous serialized articles begun in earlier newsletter editions. The first is “America’s manned 155 mm guns in the defense of of a tree in the middle of our compound acts. After six months, my prayers Sepoys” by Chris Yeazel, which takes an in depth view of the Philippine Scouts Bataan, Philippines during WW II. I to loosen the bark and reached for the were answered when I became a free as a colonial-era military force. The second is “The Story of the Invasion of was taken prisoner when Bataan fell on leaves to check if they’re edible. It man again. Japan” by James Martin Davis recounting American plans and how costly the April 9, 1942. was tasty, so I got more for the other That’s the unbearable experience Brigadier General Royal Reynolds, Jr. invasion was expected to be if use of the atomic bomb hadn’t suddenly ended At the beginning of the Bataan Death fellows. of a prisoner of war. When I finally the conflict. March on April 10, 1942 I had nothing In the camp, food and especially water got home, I weighed only 62 pounds, but my clothes, as the Japanese soldiers were inadequate, and no medications an ugly looking sack of bones. All the confiscated all my valuables. It was very were available. I hunted for grasshop- people who saw me cried and shed The Story of the Invasion of hot those days, and we had nothing to eat pers, crickets, toads, and tadpoles, and their tears. America’s Sepoys (Part II) or drink. We were very hungry, thirsty, even snakes to eat just to satisfy my hun- By Chris Yeazel Japan (Part III) By James Martin Davis America’s Sepoys From Page 12 The following is the second and final installment Its soldiers were quickly recognized Scouts. In an article published in Infan- lief that “enlisted men, both white and of a study on the Philippine Scouts written by George The following is the final installment of an article for consistently out-performing their try Journal in September, 1907, Stacey Filipino, should be treated alike, grade Washington University graduate student Chris Yeazel. discussing American plans for invading Japan and is American contemporaries3. demanded, “and the Scout soldiers, what for grade7.” This opinion ran contrary to It discusses the use of the Scouts during America’s published with the permission of the author. The years following the creation of prospects do they have after hard honor- decades of second-class status that the colonial period in the Philippines up to World War the Philippine Division were beset with able service? Nothing!5” Scouts had been relegated to. II. Editor In the mountain beyond the beaches were elaborate resentment by the Scouts due to the in- Fifteen years later, a study of deser- Antipathy resulting from years of underground network of caves, bunkers, command equitable treatment they received from tion commissioned by the Adjutant receiving half the pay of American sol- Against the backdrop of rapidly diminishing troop posts and hospitals connected by miles of tunnels with their American officers. In the years General of the Philippines Harrison Hall diers for doing the same work reached a levels, The Philippine Division was created in 1922. dozens of separate entrances and exits. Some of these between 1901 and 1935, the pay of the noted that although the loyalty of the boiling point in 1924. On July 7 of that Headquartered at Fort William McKinley outside of complexes could hold up to 1,000 enemy troops. A Philippine Scouts averaged half that of Scouts was not in question in general, year, 380 Scouts under the command Manila, the Division was created in the interests of number of these caves were equipped with large steel American infantryman of comparable this could well change in the years to of General Douglas MacArthur at Fort “economy and efficiency” as a means of incorporating doors that slid open to allow artillery fire and then would rank and occupational specialty4. These come to agitation for independence William McKinley refused to drill and the various Philippine Scout units under one unified snap shut again. 1 tensions would boil to the surface in a among Filipinos. LTC E.R. Wilson, who report for their morning formation. The command . Its backbone was the 45th and 57th Phil- The paths leading up to these underground fortresses series of events that cast doubt upon the prepared the report, noted that “with the following day, members of the 12th ippine Scout Regiments. The units of the Philippine were honeycombed with defensive positions, and all feasibility of the entire enterprise of the increasing agitation for ‘Independen- medical regiment joined them, raising Division were deployed throughout the Philippines, but a few of the trails would be booby-trapped. Along Philippine Scouts. cia’…there exists a threat of disaffection the total number of mutineers to 602. most notably at Camps John Hay and Stotsenburg, Forts these manned defensive positions would be machine Warning signs of gathering discon- in the near future6.” Although 292 Scouts returned to their Mills and William McKinley, all located on Luzon; guns nests and aircraft and naval guns converted for tent among the Philippine Scouts were Some progress was made in securing units without punishment, 209 received and Petit Barracks, located on Mindanao. A further 23 anti-invasion fire. increasingly visible in the years prior to equitable treatment for members of the prison sentences ranging from five to smaller posts were scattered throughout the Philippine the mutiny. As early as 1907, Retired Scouts. A memorandum regarding the twenty years8. Although the incident 2 See Story of the Invasion Page 14 Archipelago . The Philippine Division held its first Scout Officer Crowell Stacey called for order in which soldiers were allowed would be the only Scout mutiny, it maneuvers at Camp Stotsenburg in February of 1923. A Prisoner of War by Zosimo V. Guiang page.....13 reenlistment pay, retirement benefits, to board boats following originating received widespread support from the See America’s Sepoys Page 13 pension for line of duty disability, and at Fort Mills in April 1921, Adjutant civilian population, and was a matter of an increased clothing allowance for the General E.W. Lockwood notes his be- See America’s Sepoys Page 14

Page 12 Page 13 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Fall 2008 over Hiroshima. On August 9, 1945, a in combat in the south of Japan, who long circuitous route to the National America’s Sepoys From Page 13 second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, or what could have prevented the Red Archives where they still remain. tremendous concern to the commanders units received 3 Medals of Honor, 21 The lessons provided by the Scouts and within days the war with Japan was Army from marching into the northern of the Philippine Division. Distinguished Service Crosses, 68 Silver could serve American planners well, as at a close. half of the Japanese home islands? If Post Script Under strict secrecy, the War De- Stars and 5 Bronze Stars10. At numerous a textbook example of how the United Had these bombs not been dropped “Downfall” had been an operational ne- partment ordered a series of contin- engagements across the Philippines, the States can build lasting relationships and had the invasion been launched as cessity the existence of a separate North With the capture of Okinawa during gency plans to prepare for massive Scouts demonstrated their fierce loyalty with indigenous allies. scheduled, it is hard not to speculate and South Japan might be a modern day the summer of 1945 the Americans in public unrest in the Philippine, largely to their officers and the nation whose as to the cost. Thousands of Japanese reality. Japan today could be divided the Pacific had finally obtained what the as a response to the Scout Mutiny. flag they served under. 1 James, Clayton. The Years of MacArthur, volume I. suicide sailors and airmen would have down its middle much like Korea and allies in Europe had enjoyed all along, The scenarios planned for a variety of Despite this service, the Scouts never Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1970. Pg. 301. died in fiery deaths in the defense of their Germany. The world was spared the a large island capable of being used contingencies, ranging from small civil returned to the level of primacy that they 2 Olson, John. The Philippine Scouts. Daly City: Philip- homeland. Thousands of American sail- cost of “Downfall,” however, because as a launching platform for invasion. disturbances, to large scale rebellion. enjoyed in America’s foreign policy pine Scouts Heritage Society, 1996. ors and airmen defending against these on September 2, 1945 Japan formally Following the cessation of hostilities In nearly all of the scenarios, however, prior to the war. Following the Japanese 3 James, Clayton. The Years of MacCarthur, volume attacks would also have been killed and surrendered to the United Nations and with Germany, millions of American Philippine Scout and other indigenous surrender in August of 1945, the 43rd, I. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1970. Pg. 301. many more wounded. World War II was finally over. soldiers, sailors, and airmen were being allies were unreliable in restoring rule 44th, and 45th Philippine Scout Infantry 4 Franklin, Charles. History of the Philippine Scouts, On the Japanese home islands, the Almost immediately, American Sol- redeployed to the Pacific for the antici- of law. This lack of trust could be traced Regiments were reformed11. Although 1899-1934. Washington, D.C.: Army War College, combat casualties would have been at a diers, sailors, airmen and marines in for pated invasion of Japan. The center of largely back to the mutiny at Fort Wil- they were briefly deployed to serve in 1935. Pg. 21. National Archives II, College Park, MD. minimum in the tens of thousands. Every the duration were now discharged. The this immense military buildup and the liam McKinley.9 support of the American occupation of “USAFFE Historical Accounts and Casualty Reports.” foot of Japanese soil would have been aircraft carriers, cruisers, transport ships primary staging area for the invasion Despite fallout from mutiny, and the Ryuku islands12, the end of Ameri- Record Group 407, Box 1443. paid for, twice over, by both Japanese and LST’s scheduled to carry our inva- was the island of Okinawa. misgivings about the Scouts held by ca’s rule in the Philippines also meant 5 Olson, John. The Philippine Scouts. Daly City: The and American lives. sion troops to Japan, now ferried home American military planers knew that American officers, the Scouts continued the inevitable end for the Scouts. In 1949 Philippine Scout Heritage Society, 1996. Pg. 11. One can only guess at how many ci- American troops in a gigantic troop-lift the invasion of Japan would be a difficult to serve the United States as the storm the Philippine Scouts were officially dis- 6 “Desertersiom.” National Archives. Record Group vilians would have committed suicide in called “Magic Carpet.” undertaking. Japan had never been suc- clouds that presaged the Second World banded. This concluded one of the most 395, Entry # 6115. Box No. 2. their homes or in futile mass attacks. The soldiers and marines who had cessfully invaded in its history. War gathered throughout the Pacific. resoundingly successful experiments in 7 National Archives. Record Group 395, Entry # In retrospect, the one million Ameri- been committed to invade Japan were Six and one-half centuries before, an The loyalty of the Scouts would be borne the history of the U.S. Army. 6115. can men who were to be casualties of the now returned home where they were invasion similar to the planned Ameri- out by their heroic service in defending Many lessons can be learned from 8 Linn, Brian. Guardians of Empire. Chapel Hill: The invasion, were instead lucky enough to welcomed back to American shores. can invasion had been attempted and the Philippines from the Japanese inva- the history of the Philippine Scouts. University of North Carolina Press, 1997. Pg. 148. survive the war, safe and unharmed. All over America celebrations were failed. That invasion had striking simi- sion in December of 1941. The most obvious is the huge advantage 9 Linn, Brian. Guardians of Empire. Chapel Hill: The Intelligence studies and realistic held and families everywhere gathered larities to the one being planned by the Through countless engagements in presented by friendly relations with the University of North Carolina Press, 1997. Pg. 158 military estimates made over forty in thanksgiving to honor these soldiers Americans that summer of 1945. the months between December 1941 inhabitants of a nation that a parent state 10 Olson, John. The Philippine Scouts. Daly City: The years ago, and not latter day specula- who had been miraculously spared from In the year 1281 A.D., two magnifi- and the final abandonment of the seeks to pacify. Similarly, the history of Philippine Scout Heritage Society, 1996. Pg. 479 tion, show quite clearly that the battle further combat and now were safely cent Chinese fleets set sail for the Empire Philippines in the Spring of 1942, the the Scouts also reveals the importance 11 Olson, John. The Philippine Scouts. Daly City: The for Japan might have well resulted in returning home. of Japan. Their purpose was to launch a Scouts distinguished themselves with of treating these allies with respect and Philippine Scout Heritage Society, 1996. Pg. 440. the biggest bloodbath in the history of In the fall of 1945, with the war now massive invasion on the Japanese home acts of bravery. To illustrate these acts dignity if they are to be retained as al- 12 Olson, John. The Philippine Scouts. Daly City: The modern warfare. over, few Americans would ever learn islands and to conquer Japan in the name of heroism, soldiers serving in Scout lies for any significant period of time. Philippine Scout Heritage Society, 1996. Pg. 452. At best, the invasion of Japan would of the elaborate top-secret plans that had of the Great Mongol Emperor Kublai have resulted in a long and bloody been prepared in detail for the invasion Kahn. Sailing from China was the main Story of the Invasion From Page 12 siege. At worst, it could have been a of Japan. Those few military leaders armada, consisting of 3,500 ships and In addition to the use of poison gas ing in the techniques of beach defense staggering. At the early stage of the battle of extermination between two who had known the details of “Opera- over 100,000 heavily armed troops. and bacteriological warfare (which the and guerilla warfare. These civilians invasion, 1,000 Japanese and American different civilizations. tion Downfall” were now preoccupied Sailing from ports in Korea was a second Japanese had experimented with), the were with ancient rifles, lunge mines, soldiers would be dying every hour. The Far worse would be what might have with demobilization and other postwar impressive fleet of 900 ships, containing most frightening of all was the prospect satchel charges, Molotov cocktails and long and difficult task of conquering happened to Japan as a nation and as matters, and were no longer concerned 41,000 Mongol warriors. of meeting an entire civilian population one-shot black powder mortars. Still Kyushu would have made the casual- a culture. When the invasion came, it with this invasion that never came. In the summer of that year, the inva- that had been mobilized to meet our others were armed with swords, long ties on both sides enormous and one would have been after several additional In the fall of 1945, in the aftermath sion force sailing from Korea arrived troops on the beaches. bows, axes and bamboo spears. can only guess at how monumental the months of the continued firebombings of the two thermonuclear explosions off the western shores of the southern Had “Olympic’ come about, the Japa- These special civilian unites were to casualty figures would have been had the on all of the remaining Japanese cit- that triggered the Japanese surrender, most Japanese island of Kyushu. The nese population inflamed by a national be tactically employed in nighttime at- Americans had to repeat their invasion a ies and population centers. The cost in and with the war a fading memory, few Mongols maneuvered their ships into slogan, “One Hundred Million will die tacks , hit and run maneuvers, delaying second time when they landed at heavily human life that resulted from the two people concerned themselves with the position and methodically launched for the Emperor and Nation,” was pre- actions and massive suicide charges at fortified and defended Tokyo Plain the atomic bombs would be small in com- invasion plans for Japan that had been their assault on the Japanese coast. pared to engage and fight the American the weaker American positions. following March. parison to the total number of Japanese rendered obsolete by the atomic age. Like human surf, wave after wave of invaders to the death. Even without the utilization of Japa- The invasion of Japan never became lives that would have been lost by this Following the surrender, the classified these oriental soldiers swept ashore at Twenty-eight million Japanese had nese civilians in direct combat, the Japa- a reality because on August 6, 1945, the continued aerial devastation. documents, maps, diagrams and appen- Hagata Bay, where they were met on become part of the “National Volunteer nese and American casualties during the entire nature of war was changed when If the invasion had come in the fall of dices for “Operation Downfall” were the beaches by thousands of Japanese Combat Force” and had undergone train- campaign for Kyushu would have been the first atomic bomb was exploded 1945, with the American Forces locked packed in boxes where they began their See Story of the Invasion Page 16 Page 14 Page 15 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Fall 2008

Story of the Invasion From Page 15 been lost and the Mongol casualties The Japanese people fervently be- allow ships in the harbor to get under 150,000 troops on the island, ceased Surprisingly, few people then, or even defenders who had never had their exceeded 100,000 men. lieved that the American invaders would way in order to escape the typhoon’s to exist. now, have made the connection that an homeland successful invaded. All over Japan religious services and be repelled. They all seemed to share a terrible violence. By late morning on the Almost the entire food supply on the American invasion fleet of thousands The Mongol invasion force was a huge celebrations were held. Every- mystical faith that their country could 9th, rain was coming down in torrents, island was blown away. Americans on of ships, planes and landing craft, and modern army, and its arsenal of weapons where tumultuous crowds gathered in never be invaded successfully and that the seas were rising and visibility was the island had nowhere to go, but into a half million men might well have was far superior to that of the Japanese. Thanksgiving to pay homage to the “di- they, again would be saved by the “di- zero. Winds, now over 80 miles per hour caves, trenches and ditches of the island been in that exact place at that exact Its soldiers were equipped with poisoned vine wind” that had saved their home- vine wind.” blowing from the east and northeast, in order to survive. All over the island time, poised to strike Japan, when this arrows, maces, iron swords, metal jav- land from foreign invasion. At no time The American invasion never came, caused small crafts in Bruckner Bay to were tents, boards and sections of gal- typhoon enveloped Okinawa and its elins and even gunpowder. The Japanese thereafter has Japan ever been success- however, because the bombing of Hiro- drag their anchors. vanized iron being hurled through the surrounding seas. were forced to defend themselves with fully invaded. The Japanese fervently shima and Nagasaki, as if by a miracle, By early afternoon, the wind had risen air at over 100 miles per hour. In the aftermath of this storm, with the bow and arrows, swords, spears made believed that it was this “divine wind” ended the war. to over 100 miles per hour, the rain com- The storm raged over the island for war now history, few people concerned from bamboo and shields made only that would forever protect them. Almost immediately American sol- ing in horizontally now was more salt hours, and then slowly headed out to themselves with the obsolete invasion of wood. During the summer of 1945 another diers, sailors and airmen, in for the than fresh, and even the larger vessels sea; then it doubled back, and two days plans for Japan. The battle was fierce, with many powerful armada was being assembled duration, were being discharged and began dragging anchor under the pound- later howled in from the ocean to hit However, had there been no bomb soldiers killed or wounded on both to assault the same western coastline on sent home. By the fall of 1945, there ing of 50 foot seas. the island again. On the following day, dropped or had it been simply delayed sides. It dragged on for days, but aided the island of Kyushu, where six and one remained approximately 200,000 sol- As the winds continued to increase when the typhoon had finally passed, for only a matter of months, history by fortifications along their beaches half centuries earlier the Mongols had diers, sailors and airmen still on Oki- and the storm unleased its fury, the en- dazed men crawled out of holes and might have well repeated itself. In the of which the Mongols had no advance been repelled. nawa, which would have been the major tire Bay became a scene of devastation. caves to count the losses. fall of 1945, in the aftermath of this knowledge; and, inspired by the sacred The American invasion plans for Ky- launching platform for the invasion of Ships dragging their anchors collided Countless aircraft had been destroyed, typhoon, had things been different, all cause of the defense of their homeland, ushu, scheduled for November 1, 1945 Japan, was now peaceful. with one another; hundreds of vessels all power was gone, communications over Japan religious services and huge these ancient Japanese warriors pushed called for a floating invasion force of 14 In October, Bruckner Bay, on the east were blown ashore. Vessels in groups and supplies were nonexistent. B-29’s celebrations would have been held. A the much stronger Mongol invaders off army and marine divisions to be trans- coasts of the island, was still jammed of two’s and three’s were washed ashore were requisitioned to rush in tons of sup- million Japanese voices would have the beaches and back into their ships ported by ship to hit the western, eastern, with vessels of all kinds, from Victory into masses of wreckage that began to plies from the Marianas. General Joseph been raised upward in thanksgiving. lying at anchor in the Bay. and southern shoreline of Kyushu. This ships to landing craft. On the island accumulate on the beaches. Stillwell, the 10th Army Commander, Everywhere tumultuous crowds would This Mongol fleet then set back out shipboard invasion force would consist itself, 150,000 soldiers lived under Numerous ships had to be abandoned, asked for immediate plans to evacuate have gathered in delirious gratitude to to sea, where it rendezvoused with the of 550,000 combat soldiers, tens of miles of canvas, in what were referred while their crews were precariously all hospital cases from the island. The pay homage to a “divine wind” which main body of its army, which was ar- thousands of sailors and hundreds of to as “Tent Cities.” All over the island, transferred between ships. harbor facilities were useless. might once again protected their coun- riving with the second fleet coming naval aviators. hundreds of tons of food, equipment and By midafternoon, the typhoon had After the typhoon roared out into the try from foreign invaders, a “divine from China. The assault fleet would consist of supplies stacked in immense piles lay reached its raging peak with winds, now Sea of Japan and started to die its slow wind” they had named, centuries be- During the summer of 1281, this thousands of ships of every shape, size out in the open. coming from the north and northeast, death, the bodies began to wash ashore. fore, the “Kamikaze.” combined force of foreign invaders and description, ranging from the mam- During the early part of October, to blowing up to 150 miles per hour. Ships The toll on ships was staggering. Almost maneuvered off shore in preparation for moth battleships and aircraft carriers to the southwest of Okinawa just northeast initially grounded by the storm were 270 ships were sunk, grounded or dam- Notes by Jim Meeks the main assault on the western shores the small amphibious craft, and they of the Marianas, the seas were growing now blown off the reefs and back across aged beyond repair. Fifty-three ships in 1. Most people don’t realize what could have of Kyushu. would be sailing from Okinawa, the restless and the winds began to blow. the bay to the south shore, dragging their too bad a state to be restored were de- happened if we had delayed dropping the bomb. All over Japan elaborate Shinto cere- Philippines and the Marianas. The ocean skies slowly turned black and anchors the entire way. More collisions commissioned, stripped and abandoned. That could have allowed the Russians to come in monies were performed at shrines, in the Crucial to the success of the inva- the large swells that were developing be- occurred between the wind-blown ships Out of 90 ships which needed major and things would be a lot different today. cities, and in the countryside. Hundreds sion were nearly 4,000 army, navy and gan to turn the Pacific Ocean white with and shattered hulks. repair, the Navy decided only 10 were 2. The typhoon could have changed everything. of thousands of Japanese urged on by marine aircraft that would be packed froth. In a matter of only a few days, a Gigantic waves swamped small ves- even worthy of complete salvage, and so 3. The dropping of the bomb did not end the air their Emperor, their warlords, and other into the small island of Okinawa to be gigantic typhoon had somehow out of sels and engulfed larger ones. Liberty the remaining 80 were scrapped. strikes against Japan. officials prayed to their Shinto gods for used for direct air support of our landing season, sprung to life and began sweep- ships lost their propellers, while men According to Samuel Eliot Morrison, 4. Had the bomb not been dropped many of those deliverance from these foreign invaders. forces at the time of this invasion. ing past Saipan and into the Philippine in transports, destroyers and Victory the famous Naval historian, “Typhoon living today would not be here as their ancestors A million Japanese voices called upward By July of 1945, the Japanese knew Sea. As the storm grew more violent, it ships were swept off the decks by 60 Louise” was the most furious and lethal would have been killed in the invasion. for divine intervention. the Americans were planning to invade raced northward and kicked up waves foot waves that reached the tops of the storm ever encountered by the United 5. It has been reported that the Japs had some Miraculously, as if in answer to their their homeland. Throughout the early 60 feet high. masts of their vessels. States Navy in its entire History. Hun- 7,000 kamikaze planes hidden in caves to be used prayers, from out of the south a savage summer, the Emperor and his govern- Navy Meteorologists eventually On shore, the typhoon was dev- dreds of Americans were killed, injured against the American troop ships. typhoon sprang up and headed toward ment officials exhorted the military and became aware of the storm, but they ex- astating the island. Twenty hours of and missing, ships were sunk and the Kyushu. Its powerful winds screamed civilian population to make preparations pected it to pass well between Formosa torrential rain washed out roads and island of Okinawa was in havoc. up the coast where they struck the for the invasion. and Okinawa, and to disappear into then ruined the islands stores of rations News accounts at the time disclose Mongol’s invasion fleet with full fury, Japanese radios throughout that sum- East China Sea. and supplies. Aircraft were picked that the press and the public back home wreaking havoc on the ships and on mer cried out to the people to “form a Unexplainably, on the evening of up and catapulted off the airfields; paid little attention to this storm that the men onboard. The Mongol fleet wall of human flesh” and when the in- October 8th, the storm changed direction huge Quonset huts went sailing into struck the Pacific with such force. The was devastated. After the typhoon had vasion began, to push the invaders back and abruptly veered to the east. When it the air, metal hangers were ripped to very existence of this storm is still a passed, over 4,000 invasion craft had into the sea, and back onto their ships. did do, there was insufficient warning to shreds, and the “Tent Cities,” housing little-known fact. Page 16 Page 17 A NON FICTION BOOK ABOUT ESPIONAGE AND Fall 2008

RESISTANCE DURING WWII IN THE PHILIPPINES Vicente P. Lim From Page 1 This desire to stand for his people and first Filipino promoted to Major in the Rizal, a prominent citizen and later na- his beliefs would characterize Lim for U.S. Army.6 Claire Phillips was High Pockets, 3 A code name she adapted for hav- tional hero of the Philippines. During the the rest of his life. In 1926 Major Lim set another prec- ing the habit of stashing notes War with Spain in 1898 and subsequent On 12 June 1914 Vicente Lim gradu- edent when he became the first Filipino and bills inside her brassiere. She Philippine Insurrection, young Vicente ated from West Point, ranking 77th of to attend the Infantry Advanced Course established an exclusive club in served as a courier for Filipino forces 107 in his class. He was immediately at Fort Benning, Georgia, and a year Manila called Tsubaki Club that became the hotbed of espionage in southwestern Luzon, aiding their ef- commissioned a Second Lieutenant later the Command and General Staff against the Japanese forces. forts against the Spaniards and later the of Infantry in the Philippine Scouts, a College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Americans. After the Insurrection ended branch of the U.S. Army made up of His military studies also took him in With the money she made out of the Japanese, she sent aid and supplies to the Bataan guerillas, in 1902, Lim went back to school and Filipino soldiers under Filipino and 1929 to the Army War College, where and to the POWs in Cabanatuan. later earned a teaching certificate. After American officers. Lim traveled home he produced a thesis called “The Philip- teaching for a year, Lim applied for ad- via Europe, where he visited several pine Islands – A Military Asset.” This The author, Edna Binkowski, mission to the U.S. Military Academy at European armies on the eve of the First paper cogently discussed various issues A native of Bataan Province, West Point. He passed all the exams and World War. Upon his return Lim was related to the islands and their defense. spent many years researching the history of World War II on physicals, and in 1910 became the first assigned to the faculty of the Philip- After analyzing the Philippines’ people Bataan. An advocate of the Filipino to enter the Academy.2 pine Constabulary School in Baguio in and geography, Lim baldly stated that Bataan history, she has been Lim’s career at West Point was a northern Luzon. That area was a popu- “Japan’s aim is the hegemony of the involved in the rehabilitation rocky one. This was his first time out lar summer vacation destination for Far East . . . to eliminate the Western of the war memorials. of the Philippines, and at age 22 he was prominent families, and while stationed nations’ control in Asia and to establish older than most of his fellow cadets. there Lim became acquainted with Pilar an Asiatic League of Nations in which “Claire Phillips was a legendary heroine whose story was under reported. Edna described the A biographer noted that “Lim became Hidalgo, a professor at the University Japan will be the leader.” Lim saw this story in full details. Stunning.” known as ‘Cannibal’ because of his of the Philippines and one of the lead- as a grim prospect, as under the Ameri- Robert W. Prince (Ret. Major, A U S) dark complexion, imperfect command ing female academics in the islands. cans “the Filipinos found the fulfill- 6th Ranger Batallion Liberating Forces of English, his origins as a colonial and The two were instantly attracted to one ment of all the reforms and changes for the general ignorance of his classmates another, and were married in Manila which they had fought Spain, with the about the Philippines.” Cadet Lim did on 12 August 1917. The Lims had six added advantage of a relationship with “Edna takes the readers into an exclusive well in his studies, especially in Span- children together: Luis (born 1918); a more vigorous and a more democratic night club in Manila for Japanese officers and affluent Japanese businessmen during WWII. ish, his native tongue, and excelled in Roberto, or “Bobby” (1920); Vicente Jr., people.” He argued for a strong U.S. You travel into the horrific prison camps. You shooting and fencing. His discipline, or “Vicenting” (1923); Patricio, or “Pat” and Filipino military presence in the go to the foothills and mountains of Bataan, however, left something to be desired: (1931); Eulalia, or “Laling” (1933); and islands to deter Japanese aggression, where the guerillas hid, waiting for their mo- as he wrote later to his son, “I was very Maria (1938).4 and predicted that in the event of a war ment to strike. You meet the spies in Manila high up [in the class rankings] my Senior When the United States entered the “the first blood will be shed in the Philip- who risked everything to smuggle food and year, but I dropped down by playing First World War on 6 April 1917, a pines.” A Philippine Army needed to be U.S Copyright(c) 2006 by Edna Binkowski Philippines medicine into those prison camps, and then too much bridge.” Lim’s record suf- Filipino National Guard was recruited recruited and maintained at a strength of descend to the smelly dungeons of Fort Santi- at least 100,000 men, according to his ISBN 978-971-93607-0-4 Published by Valour Publishing“ ago to hear their screams as they are tortured. fered from more serious problems than for service overseas. The cadre for this cards, however. Acutely conscious that force came from the Scouts, and Lim arguments. Realizing the Insurrection U.S copyright(c) 2007 for movie treatment You witness them being murdered, by decapi- tation. Then….Liberation!” he represented his entire people, Lim volunteered to go and fight. Promoted to was a recent memory, Lim contended retaliated against any perceived insults First Lieutenant, Lim helped recruit and that “the Filipinos will not revolt against Women were very much involved in the secret war against the Fred Baldassarre Battling Bastards of Bataan to his heritage and country. Manuel train this force, but the war ended before the United States as long as the latter Japanese during WWII in the Philippines. Dressed in wide va- Researcher/Archivist Quezon, a friend and future President of the National Guard left the country.5 handles critical situations with firmness riety of uniform (those of nuns, Red Cross workers, nurses, Girl the Philippine Commonwealth, wrote to After the war Lim received a promo- and justice.” The paper concluded by Scouts etc.) they were mostly women of high social distinction Lim about this tendency about the time tion to Captain, which at the time was calling for more training of Filipino of- in Manila. Nevertheless they were cloak and dagger partners of, of the latter’s graduation: the highest rank any Filipino officer ficers and men, plus compulsory military and great complement to the men’s war efforts. Fascinating.” “My advice to you, given in earnest, is . . could attain. Captain Lim bristled at service in the islands.7 Peter Parsons, Historian . don’t let yourself get in bad with anybody. this and other restrictions, and began This essay marked a major moment It is a mistaken idea to believe that if expres- campaigning for equal treatment and in Lim’s life and career, and was the “I have read many books about WWII in the Philippines but this is the first to capture my attention so completely. sions of insult about our people are made opportunities for Philippine Scouts culmination of all his military experi- Edna has made a majorcontribution to history with this book. The intensive research and information she had so and you don’t try to come out in defense officers. He organized like-minded ence and education up to that time. The skillfully assembled produced a remarkable, gripping, and well written story that I wish every young person could of them that you will be a traitor to your comrades and successfully campaigned paper showed Lim to be a thoughtful read.” people. Persons who would indulge in such for equal pensions and disability ben- soldier, one who understood the value Forrest B. Johnson expressions are unworthy of any attention efits for the Scouts, won the right for of taking all possible factors (political, Author; HOUR OF REDEMPTION and the most absolute indifference toward American enlisted men to salute Fili- economic, and military) into account. See Vicente P. Lim Page 20 Published by Warner Books them is the only proper attitude to take.” pino officers, and in 1923 became the For overseas mail order: email Edna Binkowski at [email protected] or at [email protected] Page 19 Write to: Valour Publishing; P.O. Box 6345 Limay, Bataan; Philippines 2103 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Fall 2008

Vicente P. Lim From Page 19 June 1936 he retired from the U.S. Army the Army), appointed Major General called into U.S. service on 26 July Mount Natib. Lim’s division was part of firm against massed enemy attacks. The The Army War College commandant, as a Lieutenant Colonel and became Chief Basilio Valdes Chief of Staff of the 1941, and placed under MacArthur’s Major General George Parker’s II Corps, Japanese shifted their efforts westward Major General William Connor, thought of War Plans with the rank of Brigadier Philippine Army in 1 January 1939. Lim command in the new U.S. Army Forces assigned to the right side of the line at where they were repulsed after several so much of this essay that he forwarded General. This posting placed him squarely became Deputy Chief of Staff on the in the Far East (USAFFE). American the most likely axis of Japanese advance. weeks of intense fighting. Lim’s sector it to the War Plans Division, where it in the middle of the nascent army’s de- same date; he summed up the situation reinforcements, chiefly armor and air The 57th Infantry Regiment (Philippine grew quiet for the first time in nearly a was received with great interest.8 velopment, and Lim found that much to his son Luis by saying his job was “to units, began to appear in the islands. Scouts) stood on Lim’s right, while the month, and the exhausted enemy pulled Major Lim next returned home to the of his ideas from the 1929 paper were run the army while he [Valdes] attends Lim resigned from the General Staff and 51st Division (Philippine Army) was back to regroup.23 Philippines and spent six years as com- reflected in the Philippine Army. He did the social functions.”14 took command of the Philippine Army’s to the left. The first Japanese attacks His division’s performance in these mandant of the Reserve Officer Training see one serious mistake, that of using the Over the next three years, Lim set 41st Division, based in southwest Lu- came on 10 January as the 65th “Sum- battles earned Lim much praise. General Corps (ROTC) Academy on Luzon. He 6,000-strong Constabulary as a basis for about reforming the army according to zon near Batangas. The fall of 1941 mer” Brigade struck Lim’s positions. Parker on 18 February commended the was the most educated Filipino officer the army. This cadre imposed its strengths his ideas, despite resistance from Mac- was consumed by training the flood of The 41st held firm, continuing to repel general and his division for “outstand- in the Scouts, and it appeared he had and weaknesses on the army, and impacted Arthur and within the army itself. He new recruits into a fighting force. By 1 offensives on 13 and 14 January. Later ing performance of duty while on the exhausted all the career opportunities its traditions. Lim believed that the army had the backing of Quezon, which cut December 1941 Lim was able to write, attacks made lodgments in the 41st’s Abucay position.” Carlos Romulo wrote available to him. However, events in should have been based upon “no nucleus through much opposition. The reforms “My command [7000 men] is already or- line, but those were quickly wiped out to Lim in mid-February from Corregi- Washington soon created new prospects at all . . . [instead] enlist immediately a had some success, but political influenc- ganized according to the best principles by counterattacks. Despite repeated air dor that “you are THE one Filipino and catapulted Lim to high stature.9 small force and train them under a handful es and budget concerns prevented Lim of command [sic].” One week later the attacks and ground assaults, Lim’s divi- general who has caught the imagination In 1934 the U.S. Congress passed the of the best officers that we might pick from from achieving all he set out to do.15 41st’s trial would begin.18 sion stood firm in their first battle.21 of everyone. The General [MacArthur] Tydings-McDuffie Act, which created the Constabulary and the Scouts.” These An unintended consequence of Lim’s The Second World War started for the After failing to crack Parker’s line, speaks highly of you all the time . . . the Commonwealth of the Philippines objections were overridden.12 appointment was the beginning of a 41st Division with a radio report early the Japanese sent an infantry regiment you are showing your mettle, Vicente, and promised Philippine independence As the army coalesced over the next movement by Quezon to oust MacAr- on 8 December 1941: the Japanese had to flank the II Corps position at Abucay. and more power to you.” Perhaps the by 1946. The Act further created a two and a half years, serious problems thur as Military Advisor. Several times bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and se- The 51st and 41st fought a desperate ac- best compliment came from President Philippine army and air force, and made began to develop, especially among the Lim rushed to defend MacArthur, citing riously damaged the U.S. Pacific Fleet. tion for several days, but were pushed Quezon: “I have always said that fellow those forces subject to service at the call officer corps. Historian Louis Morton “that he is the only man who can solve . Lim’s division was assigned to hold back. On 22 January MacArthur ordered Lim is the only General we have in our of the U.S. President. Provisions were summed up the problem this way: . . all of our problems in military equip- beach defenses around Batangas, which a retreat to a new position halfway down army with cojones, and he is showing made for a U.S. Military Advisor to the Constabulary officers’ “interests lay in ment, armaments, and ammunition.” was considered a likely Japanese inva- the peninsula, running from Orion to it now.”24 Commonwealth, and that post went to law enforcement rather than military This intervention saved MacArthur sion site. Instead of testing the Batangas Bagac. By 26 January MacArthur’s For the next six weeks, a period of General Douglas MacArthur, outgoing training. Some of the best officers came from dismissal on at least one occasion, beaches, on 22 December the Japanese forces were in position and reorganizing relative calm settled over Bataan as both U.S. Army Chief of Staff. The Philippine from the Philippine Scouts; these men and prevented Quezon from making landed in northwest Luzon at Lingayen for their last stand on Bataan.22 sides regrouped and prepared for the National Assembly met in 1935, adopted rapidly became senior officers in the other attempts.16 Gulf, and two days later a force came The pursuing Japanese moved south next major battle. Lim kept active, and a constitution, and elected Lim’s friend Philippine Army. The great problem was Lim’s period as Deputy Chief of ashore on the Bicol Peninsula in far and immediately attacked this new line. visited his lines often. Training contin- and benefactor Manuel Quezon the first to train junior officers to command the Staff was also busy for him person- southeastern Luzon. Faced with a pin- Heavy blows fell on the 41st Division’s ued, using the lessons of previous battles President of the Commonwealth.10 training camps and reserve units once ally. In 1938 Bobby went to the cer movement aimed for Manila and sector. General Lim described the action to teach new leaders. Lim developed a Realizing the importance of a strong these were formed.” A lack of junior United States to attend the U.S. Naval the central part of Luzon, MacArthur in his last letter home: pragmatic command style that was best national defense, the National Assembly leadership and corruption among some Academy; Luis followed a year later ordered the USAFFE to retire to the “Life is surely cheap in war . . . When illustrated in his nightly staff conferenc- also created a force to defend the islands. of the senior leadership soon had the to study engineering at the Massachu- Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor Island we got to our present position . . . we es outside his headquarters tent. A staff The National Defense Act of 21 Decem- army floundering.13 setts Institute of Technology. In 1940 (on the western end of Manila Bay) to had 4 days of fighting and I drove the officer noted that these were informal ber 1935 reflected MacArthur’s thinking Lim kept agitating for change, but Vicenting sailed for San Francisco make a stand.19 Japs out with many dead. I told [two of affairs, with much discussion and ban- of a force structure “patterned after the to little avail. Matters came to a head and West Point, becoming the second On Christmas Eve the unblooded 41st my regimental commanders] that if they ter lubricated by generous amounts of citizen-soldier system of conscription in October 1938, when a large bloc Vicente Lim to attend the U.S. Military Division loaded on trucks and moved can’t drive the Japs out I would lead the cigars and cigarettes from the general’s effectively established in Switzerland,” of Scouts officers resigned from the Academy. General Lim maintained an to Bataan, becoming one of the first fight. They felt ashamed so they headed supply. Reports and debates would hap- as the general later wrote. The plan Philippine Army and returned to the enthusiastic correspondence with his formations to arrive. The men set about the soldiers with fixed bayonets and the pen freely, and Lim participated almost provided for 20,000 recruits trained U.S. Army at their previous ranks. boys, using the letters both as “a diary preparing fixed defenses for the rest of Japs ran away. The history of this small as an equal. In this way he earned the each year by a 10,000-strong regular An angry Quezon accused Lim of of my career,” but also as a way to keep the USAFFE. After a skilful withdrawal engagement may be the turning point of respect of his staff and made them a army, made up of former Philippine engineering this move, and ordered up with their activities and impart his from all points, on 7 January 1942 Mac- the attack of the Japs in our right sector collegial and cohesive team.25 Scouts and the paramilitary Philippine MacArthur to investigate. Lim went to philosophy of life and citizenship to Arthur’s forces stood ready on Bataan . . . Every time they tried to cross on my Despite his best efforts, nothing in Constabulary. Equipment would come see the President, and protested “man them. In the summer of 1941, feeling to repel any further Japanese advances. front I attacked them . . . With all this General Lim’s power could stop the from the United States. MacArthur to man.” He took the opportunity to air war in the Pacific was inevitable, Lim However, in the hasty withdrawal not talk I sincerely give all the credit to my slow decay that lack of supplies inflicted planned to have a 400,000-strong army his concerns about the army directly to sent the rest of his family to the United enough food made it to the peninsula in officers and enlisted men. They are the on the 41st and the rest of the Bataan gar- by 1946, ready to defend the islands on Quezon, and announced plans to resign States. He would never see any of time; the Bataan garrison immediately ones who did it all. Mine is only to in- rison. As the weeks wore on everyone’s its own.11 in a few months. The President asked them again.17 went on half rations.20 spire and to lead them. When the history physical condition worsened, regardless Lim took advantage of an opportunity the general to reconsider, and after By that summer, a palpable sense MacArthur’s line stretched across is written I will give them all the credit. of rank. A visitor to Lim’s headquarters to join the Philippine Army with a rank some maneuvering (and passage of a that war was coming had settled over the peninsula’s base from Abucay to Their satisfaction is mine to share.” described the general in early April as commensurate to his experience, and on 30 law separating the Constabulary from the islands. The Philippine Army was Mauban, with a break around rugged Again the 41st Division had stood See Vicente P. Lim Page 22 Page 20 Page 21 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society

Vicente P. Lim From Page 21 tals, and supplies were located. Troops listed on the Tablets of the Missing at “haggard, and his eyes were sunken, and gathered around Mariveles for a last the Manila American Cemetery.28 his hair, once so black, had turned grey. stand, including Lim and the remnants General Lim died as he had lived: in He was smoking a cigar made of guava of his division. To save his men from service to his beloved Philippine nation. leaves rolled and tied together with a massacre, General King surrendered the An accomplished soldier and family piece of string. When we shook hands I 76,000 Americans and Filipinos in the man, Lim worked hard for opportunities noticed he was unnaturally warm [with Luzon Force on 9 April, in the largest for Filipinos and to develop a strong malarial fever].” Meanwhile MacArthur capitulation in U.S. history.27 Filipino army before the Second World departed for Australia on 11 March While some men took to the hills, War. A blunt personality, he was not 1942, turning over his command (re- Lim decided to face his fate as a cap- afraid to fight for his beliefs and create named U.S. Forces in the Philippines, or tive. He survived the Bataan Death waves when necessary. That his ideas USFIP) to Lieutenant General Jonathan March, and was imprisoned at Camp had merit was borne out by the excellent M. Wainwright. Major General Edward O’Donnell with the Luzon Force record his 41st Division, trained and or- P. King assumed command of the Bataan captives. In the late summer of 1942 ganized according to his views, won for garrison, renamed Luzon Force.26 all Filipino prisoners of war were re- itself on Bataan. Men he trained and led The final Japanese blow fell on leased as part of a general amnesty by would later reconstitute the Philippine Good Friday 3 April 1942, and it fell the Japanese. Lim returned home and Army after the war, and his ideas would squarely on Lim’s 41st Division. His became a leader in resistance efforts be used to build an army once again. Lim men gave ground, and reinforcements against the Japanese occupiers. Hear- became a national hero, and the Philip- tried to stabilize the situation. Despite ing of a possible capture attempt, he pine Army’s major training base was these efforts, the Japanese continued attempted to flee the islands in June named Camp Vicente Lim. But perhaps to slash their way southward. By the 1944 but was detained and taken to the best tribute to General Lim was paid evening of 6 April the Luzon Force’s Manila, where he was last seen alive by his good friend Carlos Romulo, who line was irreparably broken; Japanese the first week of December 1944. summed up his career: “When the world units raced down the east coast of Sometime in December 1944 or Janu- is topsy-turvy . . . the true worth of a man Bataan. Their objective was Mariveles, ary 1945, Vicente Lim was executed comes out. The diamond shines best in a harbor at Bataan’s southern tip where by the Japanese secret police. His the dark; ability and courage shine best the Luzon Force’s headquarters, hospi- body was never found, and today he is on the battlefield.”29 1 Carlos Romulo, Last Man Off Bataan (London: Con- 11 Morton, p. 9-11; the MacArthur quote comes from regiment, plus staff and transportation. A roster and sul Books 1966), p. 210-211. This book was originally Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: Faw- table of organization of the 41st may be found in Gen- published in 1943 under the title I Saw the Fall of the cett 1965), p. 114. eral Rigoberto Atienza, A Time For War: 105 Days in Philippines, and later was printed in Great Britain under 12 Lim Letters, p. 20-21, 79. The quote comes from a let- Bataan, (Manila: Hermanos 1985), p. 220-228. Atienza, the title given here. ter from Lim to Bobby dated 28 November 1939 in which then a captain, was the division’s chief engineer when 2 Vicente Lim, To Inspire and To Lead: The Letters the general cites a conversation the two had in 1934 about the war started, and Lim later appointed him to a line of General Vicente Lim, 1938-1942 introduction by the best way to develop an army from scratch. command in the 42d Infantry Regiment. Edilberto C. de Jesus, (Manila: Guaranty Press 1980), 13 Morton, p. 12-13. 19 Atienza, p. 11-26; see also Morton, p. 77-243. The p. 13-15 (hereafter cited as “Lim Letters”). Podico was 14 Lim Letters, p. 35-43 (letters of 20 and 31 October Philippines are on the other side of the International his mother’s maiden name. 1938). Date Line from Hawaii; when Pearl Harbor was bombed 3 Lim Letters, p. 15, 166. The Quezon letter, which is 15 Morton, p. 12-15; Lim Letters, p. 44-189, 215-216. on 7 December 1941 it was already the early morning undated but was received by Lim on 21 August 1914, On 16 April 1940 Lim wrote Valdes, “I have for some hours of 8 December in Manila. is reproduced on pages 30-31 and transcribed on page time been concerned about the way cases which come 20 Ibid. 211. The quotation in the text is transcribed from the before us for review have been disposed of in a way that 21 Morton, p. 245-264; Atienza, p. 42-45. The 65th Bri- original letter. may not be conducive to building up a sound military gade was commanded by General Nara Akira, who was 4 Lim Letters, p. 16. organization,” and cited certain of Valdes’ decisions a classmate of Lim’s at the U.S. Army War College. 5 Ibid, p. 16-17. based on a desire “not to displease certain people of 22 Morton, p 265-295. 6 Ibid, p. 17-18. influence.” Later that year (12 October 1940) Lim railed 23 Lim Letters, p. 205-206 (letter of 20 February 1942). 7 The paper is quoted in full in Lim Letters, p. 220-237; against officers “given more advantage over his brother See also Morton, p. 296-352. quotes come from pages 227, 229, 231, 232, and 233. officer because of his political or personal pull.” 24 All three quotes are in Lim Letters, p. 210-211; In a section devoted to Japanese strategy, Lim also pre- 16 Lim Letters, p. 99-193; the quote comes from page Romulo’s emphasis is in the original. dicted almost exactly the method by which the Japanese 115, from a letter dated 16 July 1940. 25 Atienza, p. 81, 126-130. would conquer Luzon in 1941-42: secure air bases in 17 Lim Letters, passim; the quote comes from a letter 26 Atienza, p. 121-122; Morton, p. 367-389. The quote northern Luzon, shatter U.S. naval and air units in the of 16 July 1940 on p. 115. Some of Lim’s philosophies is from Romulo, p. 211. Food stocks on Bataan were islands, land at Lingayen Gulf and other points along the include: “Necessity is the mother of invention, but expected to run out by 15 April 1942. southern and eastern coasts, capture Manila, then reduce danger is the father of preparation,” “Humor is the 27 Morton, p. 421-467. the fortress of Corregidor in Manila Bay. One of Lim’s counterweight for your misfortunes,” “Dignity is of 28 This information comes from the Lim Letters, p. 206, War College classmates was Richard Sutherland, who prime importance in successful living,” and “most 208-209. The American Battle Monuments Commis- later served as MacArthur’s chief of staff on Bataan. important of all is to leave a name that my posterity sion lists his date of death as 31 December 1944; see the 8 Lim Letters, p. 220-221. may be proud of.” World War II grave listing at www.abmc.gov. 9 Ibid, p. 18. 18 Morton, p. 14-50; Lim Letters, p. 201. The 41st Di- 29 Lim Letters, p. 210. 10 Ibid, p. 19-20; see also Louis Morton, The Fall of vision (not be confused with its American counterpart) the Philippines (Washington DC: Center for Military consisted of three infantry regiments (41st, 42d, 43d), History 1953), p. 4, 8-9. a medical battalion, engineer battalion, and an artillery Page 22 Philippine Scouts Heritage Society NON PROFIT ORG. J. Michael Houlahan U.S. POSTAGE Newsletter Editor 6774 Lakeside Circle West PAID Worthington, OH 43085 BULK PERMIT #170

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