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Ethnicity Matters

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Ethnicity Matters Review of the Measurement of Ethnicity Ethnicity Matters: Mäori Perspectives Main Paper September 2001 Bridget Robson and Papaarangi Reid Te Röpü Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pömare Wellington Ethnicity Matters Review of the Measurement of Ethnicity in Official Statistics Mäori perspectives paper for consultation By Bridget Robson Papaarangi Reid Te Röpü Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pömare for Statistics New Zealand Mähuru, 2001 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily those of Statistics New Zealand. 1 Contents Introduction .........................................................................................................................................3 Purpose.......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Approach....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Outline........................................................................................................................................................... 3 Mäori as Tangata Whenua .................................................................................................................5 The power to name and the power to claim............................................................................................... 5 Individual and collective identities ............................................................................................................. 7 Crown influences on collective identities.................................................................................................... 8 Crown potential to support Mäori development....................................................................................... 8 Mäori in official statistics..................................................................................................................10 From race to ethnicity................................................................................................................................ 10 Data quality................................................................................................................................................. 12 Validity......................................................................................................................................................................12 Continuity through time ............................................................................................................................................13 Consistency across data sets......................................................................................................................................14 Data completeness.....................................................................................................................................................15 Monitoring Mäori outcomes...................................................................................................................... 16 Different explanations for statistics..................................................................................................18 Framed - representation in statistics ........................................................................................................ 18 Mäori culture as the explanation ...............................................................................................................................18 Strength of identity....................................................................................................................................................19 Socio-economic explanations....................................................................................................................................20 Racism.......................................................................................................................................................................21 Ethnicity and its denial .............................................................................................................................. 22 Summary............................................................................................................................................24 References..........................................................................................................................................25 Key terms............................................................................................................................................29 2 Introduction Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a range of Mäori views on the definition and measurement of ethnicity. The paper aims to stimulate discussion and debate about ethnicity, and hence Mäori participation, in the review of the measurement of ethnicity in official statistics being conducted by Statistics New Zealand. Approach Statistics New Zealand has commissioned a number of perspective papers to stimulate discussion and debate about ethnicity and its measurement in government statistics. This paper is one of those commissioned and it specifically foregrounds Mäori views on this topic to facilitate Mäori participation in the review. This paper was written following a critical review of the New Zealand and international literature on ethnicity, race and identity. Particular reference has been made to the views of Mäori authors and those of other indigenous authors. Rather than concentrating solely on the many individual views expressed in the literature, this perspective paper focuses primarily on the underlying theories and ideologies. These are placed against a background of the rights of indigenous people to self-determination. Outline The paper is presented in three parts. The first section, ‘Mäori as tangata whenua’, acknowledges Mäori rights as indigenous peoples including the right to determine individual and collective identities. This section indicates some of the strengths of this positioning as well as how it is threatened. The second section, ‘Mäori in official statistics’, describes how Mäori were and are defined in government statistics in New Zealand. It highlights the technical, statutory and political tensions that underpin the classification of ethnicity in New Zealand. Issues of data quality are raised and the importance of official statistics to monitor Mäori outcomes is highlighted through a brief discussion on which Mäori population is best suited for this role. The final section, ‘Different explanations for statistics’, aims to show that statistics and their analysis are not neutral. On the contrary, statistics are value-laden and used to endorse different agendas and points of view. An example is provided to illustrate the different meanings that can be attributed to statistics, depending on the analytical framework used and the impact this may in turn have on Mäori 3 representation and rights. Päkehä views of ethnicity need also to be seen in the context of New Zealand society. A glossary of key terms used in the paper is appended. It is important to read these definitions in conjunction with this paper as some definitions may be contestable. The Ethnic Statistics Review provides an opportunity for Mäori to articulate to the Crown, Mäori requirements in respect of the statistics it collects, processes and disseminates, within the framework of Treaty rights. In order to stimulate debate and encourage submissions to the review, questions are asked at the end of each section. These questions, however, are not intended to be restrictive or prescriptive. While the paper discusses various perspectives, it does not claim to be comprehensive and the authors expect new issues to arise during the consultation process. 4 Mäori as tangata whenua The power to name and the power to claim Mäori are tangata whenua. Not people in the land or over the land, but people of it. (Jackson, 1993:71) If we are to reclaim the truth of what is us, if we are to bequeath to our mokopuna a world in which they can stand tall as Mäori, then we have to reclaim the right to define for ourselves who we are, and what our rights are. We have to challenge definitions that are not our own, especially those which confine us to a subordinate place. (Jackson, 1999:75) Mäori as tangata whenua have international human rights pertaining to indigenous peoples. The United Nations (UN) Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 1993, recognises the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination, including the collective and individual right to ‘identify themselves as indigenous and to be recognized as such.’ (Quentin-Baxter, 1998:204; Trask, 1999). Other international conventions and covenants also protect the identity interests of indigenous peoples and the right to self-determination (G Smith, 1998; Iorns Magallanes, 1998). Tangata whenua rights do not depend on the numbers of Mäori in the population. Even if there were only one Mäori in the country, that one Mäori would still have all the rights of indigenous peoples (Jackson, 2001). Indigenous peoples are defined in terms of collective aboriginal occupation prior to colonial settlement. They are not to be confused with minorities or ethnic groups within states. Thus ‘indigenous rights’ are strictly distinguished from ‘minority rights’ (Trask, 1999:33). This difference between indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities
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