DOCSLIB.ORG

Economic and Political Factors That Influenced Indonesian Pressin the Era of New Order Regime

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economic and Political Factors That Influenced Indonesian Pressin the Era of New Order Regime REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION ISSN: 2146-0353 ● © RIGEO ● 11(3), SUMMER, 2021 www.rigeo.org Research Article Economic and Political Factors That Influenced Indonesian Pressin the Era of New Order Regime Budi Santoso1 Aceng Abdullah2 Communication Science Faculty, Padjadjaran Communication Science Faculty, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia University, Indonesia Dian Wardiana Sjuchro3 Eni Maryani4 Communication Science Faculty, Padjadjaran Communication Science Faculty, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia University, Indonesia 1Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This article aims to provide a critical analysis of the economic and political dimensions of the Indonesian press during the New Order era. It is generally known that the press system implemented by the New Order regime was a free and responsible Pancasila-leaning press. The press is free to report events that occur but must comply with regulations and procedures determined by the government. In practice, the press during the New Order era was not free to carry out its journalistic roles and functions, especially to report the realities related to government policies. This research shows that the political economy dimensions of the Indonesian press during the New Order era were interrelated. As a company, the press had to get economic income in order to keep it published, on the other hand, the press was very dependent on the repressive political system implemented by the New Order so that it could not freely criticize the policies adopted by the government. Keywords Press, Economic and Political Interests, New Order To cite this article: Santoso B, Abdullah A, Sjuchro D, W, and Maryani E. (2021). Economic and Political Factors That Influenced Indonesian Pressin the Era of New Order Regime. Review of International Geographical Education (RIGEO), 11(3), 1227-1236. Doi: 10.48047/rigeo.11.3.113 Submitted: 10-01-2021 ● Revised: 01-02-2021 ● Accepted: 21-03-2021 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(3), SUMMER, 2021 Introduction In Indonesian Press Law Number 40/1999, it is clearly stated that the press is not only a social institution that carries out journalistic functions but also as an economic institution. This means that the press is part of the economic system which in many ways is closely related to the political system. When departing from a critical paradigm, the press is positioned as an instrument or means of control for the dominant elite or the ruler to hegemony and control public spaces subtly through the domination of news and other forms of content. If so, then the political economy position of the press institution can be studied using critical political economy theory. Press essentially function as a medium for community communication, as a bridge connecting all groups or social powers. It actually provides information that should be designed and aimed at discovering the truth of facts and events. But philosophically, the main purpose of the press is to support, criticize and advance government policy. As a communication medium, press does not only present information in the form of news, but also provides public spaces where ideas and interests meet. So it can be said that press stands on two interests, namely the interests of the government (rulers) and the public interest. In order to see the political economy interests of Indonesian press during the New Order era, it is appropriate to mention what factors have influenced the role and function of the press in general.Martini (2014) suggests three main factors that can influence the role of the press, namely, (1) The political system and government. It is clearly knows that the press (in all forms) that operates in a liberal democratic country has a greater opportunity to criticize government policies. They have the political courage to disclose government actions because they receive open support from the public. The Watergate case in America in the early 70'sshows this. On the other hand, the press in authoritarian countries, such as in Indonesia during the New Order era, will receive strong warnings and even revoke its licenses. The case of Tempo magazine’s revocation of issuance permits after reporting the case of ex Germany warship in 1994 showed it. (2) The commitment of the parties involved. This commitment is not only a commitment from the members of the press but also a commitment from the authorities (government). If the commitment made by each party is positive, then the press will develop well. Conversely, if the commitment is not well developed, in the sense that each party thinks of its own interests, then the press will only be an institution with a small, meaningless role. (3) The investor's vision. The owner's vision is an important factor in determining the direction rather than the role and function of the press. Press company owners who tend to only care about economic interests rather than will also tend to limit coverage that has the potential to hinder gaining profits. Conversely, if the vision of the owners of capital is to educate the public to be aware of their rights and obligations, then the press company will be more critical of government policies or other issues related to the public interest. The Indonesian press after the New Order initially experienced great joy. This is understandable as a sense of wild joy that arises due to the limited space for so long, especially in relation to government policies. The restraint caused by the hegemony of the authorities wrapped in the legitimacy of licensing in the form of a Press Issuance Business Permit (SIUPP) is an indisputable reality. The SIUPP is a powerful weapon for the government to measure the obedience of the press to the government, including revoking the press business license if it intersects with the interests of the authorities. At that time, the press actually enjoyed a honeymoon at the beginning of the New Order government which needed support from various existing social forces. The New Order tried to build partnerships with these social forces based on the principle of mutual understanding. But in reality, the press must submit to the powers that apply authoritarianism. No less than 18 media have experienced the bitterness of being bulldozed, including Tempo, Sinar Harapan, and Harian Abadi (Ishak, 2014). During the reformation era, the press was very much felt. changes are not only at the level of structure, namely the establishment of a press business, but also in various types and forms of media, content and style of news, and methods of obtaining information. Literature Review Critical political economy theory is based on the thoughts of Marxists who value the mass media as a hegemonic tool and the legitimacy of the ruler in maintaining the dominant ideology over other social forces (Ibrahim & Akhmad, 2014). The public is unconsciously or slightly aware, carried away and agrees with the dominant discourse constructed by the media. McQuail (2010) defines 1228 Santoso B, Abdullah A, Sjuchro D, W, and Maryani E. (2021). Economic and Political Factors That … it as "a social criticism approach that focuses on the relationship between the economic structure and the dynamics of the media industry as well as the ideological content of the media". Political economy theory places a priority in understanding how economic power becomes the basis for political and ideological power (Ibrahim & Akhmad, 2014). McQuail then more broadly mapped the relevance of this critical political economy theory with several aspects, based on the research results of several media scientists such as (Holtz-Bacha & Norris, 2000; McChesney, 2000; McQuail and Siune (1998); Moran et al.,1990; Murdock & Golding, 1990; Suarez & Sussman, 1997; Van Cuilenburg & McQuail, 2003; Wasko, 2004). First, the growth of media concentration in the world with the concentration of ownership of the few and the merging of the hardware and software industries. Second, there is economic and information growth globally, due to the wider convergence between telecommunications and broadcasting. Third, there is a decline in the public sector of mass media and telecommunications control to the public directly (especially in Western Europe), in the form of deregulation, privatization, and liberalization. And fourth, there is information inequality in terms of the use of sophisticated communication facilities and the quality of their use. From this, it can be seen that the media are running on the logic of ownership and financial strength as the main foundations that support the media industry. If McQuail defines political economy broadly, Vincent Mosco in the first page of the second edition of The Political Economy of Communication, published in 2009, tends to narrow it down. He stated that in a specific sense political economy is the study of the social relations, particularly the power relations, that mutually constitute the production, distribution, and consumption of resources, including communication resources. This definition, continued Mosco, has practical values because it is related to how a communication business (media) operates. The main idea of the above limitation is that there are aspects of power relations behind the activities of production, distribution and consumption of communication resources. Mosco then sharpens the definition by stating that the core idea of political economy is control and survival in life. Control refers specifically to how a society organizes itself, manages its affairs and adapts, or fails to adapt, to the inevitable changes that all societies face. Survival means how people produce what they need to reproduce themselves and to keep their society going. According to this interpretation, control is a political process because it shapes the relationships within a community, and survival is mainly economic because it involves the process of production and reproduction. In Mosco's logic, control is a political process because it shapes the relationships that occur in a society, because policies and regulations are the result of a political process.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Citizen Journalism and Public Participation in the Era of New Media in Indonesia: from Street to Tweet
    Media and Communication (ISSN: 2183–2439) 2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 79–90 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v7i3.2094 Article Citizen Journalism and Public Participation in the Era of New Media in Indonesia: From Street to Tweet Rajab Ritonga 1,* and Iswandi Syahputra 2 1 Faculty of Communication, Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama), 10270 Jakarta, Indonesia; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Study Program of Communication Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University of Yogyakarta, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia; E-Mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author Submitted: 16 March 2019 | Accepted: 12 June 2019 | Published: 6 August 2019 Abstract Citizen journalism was initially practiced via mass media. This is because citizens trusted mass media as an independent information channel, and social media like Twitter was unavailable. Following mass media’s affiliation to political parties and the rise of social media, citizens began using Twitter for delivering news or information. We dub this as citizen journal- ism from street to tweet. This study found that such process indicates the waning of mass media and the intensification of social media. Yet, the process neither strengthened citizen journalism nor increased public participation as it resulted in netizens experiencing severe polarization between groups critical and in support of the government instead. We consider this as a new emerging phenomenon caused by the advent of new media in the post-truth era. In this context, post-truth refers to social and political conditions wherein citizens no longer respect the truth due to political polarization, fake- news-producing journalist, hate-mongering citizen journalism, and unregulated social media activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Marketing Aspect in Anti-Violence Againts
    INJECT (Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication) p-ISSN: 2548-5857; e-ISSN: 2548-7124 Vol. 4, No. 1, Juni 2019: h. 93-114 website: http://inject.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/INJECT/index SOCIAL MARKETING ASPECT IN ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINTS WOMEN CAMPAIGN IN INDONESIA Yuanita Safitri Bina Nusantara University, Indonesia [email protected] Mia Angeline Bina Nusantara University, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract This article aims to answer how anti-violence against women campaigns and social marketing aspects are carried out by the four selected institutions or communities in 2016-2018 period. The four institutions chosen were UN Women, the Alliance of New Men, Indonesian OBR, and The National Commission on Violence Againts Women. The four institutions were chosen because they were considered as the most active institutions or communities in voicing the issue through online media. This research used descriptive qualitative approaches and case study methods. The result shows that the anti-violence against women campaign from four institutions is included in the social marketing concept and uses the marketing mix. Products sold are not like the commercial marketing, but the 16 Days Anti Violence Against Women event, and information to the target audiences. The price concept used is non-monetary incentives, and the distribution channels used are quite diverse, both online and offline. Keywords: Campaign, Communication, Violence and Women Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjawab bagaimana kampanye anti kekerasan terhadap perempuan dan aspek social marketing yang dilakukan oleh ke-empat lembaga atau komunitas terpilih dalam kurun waktu 2016-2018.Empat lembaga yang dipilih adalah UN Women, Aliansi Laki-Laki Baru, OBR Indonesia, dan Komnas Perempuan.
    [Show full text]
  • Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia
    Philip Kitley Political Science/Media Studies Kitley “T in Indonesia is that of a country invent- T elevision, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia ing itself by promoting a national cultural identity. Philip Kitley, who is not only a media scholar but has also worked as a diplomat in Indonesia, shows how important television has been to both the official and popular imagination since its beginnings in the early s. It’s a fascinating tale, with implications going well beyond re- gional specialists, since the use of popular media to promote nation, citizenship, and identity is common to many countries, new and old. “As Indonesia attracts increasing international attention in the post-Soeharto era, it is important to understand the cultural as well as political issues that have led to the current turbulent situation. Kitley’s book is a well-researched, wise, and elegantly written ac- count of the forces, dreams, and policies that link public and private life in and after ‘New Order’ Indonesia.” —John Hartley, Dean of Arts, Queensland University of Technology Philip Kitley is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Humanities and International Studies, University of Southern Queensland. Research in International Studies Southeast Asia Series No. elevision, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia ISBN 0-89680-212-4 T ,!7IA8J6-iacbce! Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia This series of publications on Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia is designed to present significant research, translation, and opinion to area specialists and to a wide community of persons interested in world affairs. The editor seeks manu- scripts of quality on any subject and can generally make a decision regarding publi- cation within three months of receipt of the original work.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace Journalism Vs Provocative Journalism: Reading the Political Identity Models of Mass Media in Indonesia
    Peace Journalism vs Provocative Journalism: Reading the Political Identity Models of Mass Media in Indonesia Ibrahim1, Sandy Pratama1 , Rendy1 ,Bustami Rahman2, Sujadmi2 and Dini Wulansari3 1Department of Political Science, Bangka Belitung University, Indonesia 2Department of Sociology, Bangka Belitung University, Indonesias 3Department of English Literature, Bangka Belitung University, Indonesia [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Journalism, peaceful, provocative, mass media, identity politics Abstract: Since the era of press freedom in Indonesia, mass media has emerged as a stunning civil society arena in its role to proclaim any news to the public. The highest risk, however, arises as the phenomenon of identity appears beyond the religious and daily life affairs, in spite, they are alternately utilized concerning ideological interests and in turn to politic. This paper argued that the mass media in Indonesia had been recently trapped in crossing interests; between peaceful and provocative journalism. Various identity-based press play a role, in contrast, media identity is constructed under the shadow of interest, and this is called the political identity of mass media. This paper analysed that there are several models of media identity politics, i.e., via news construction, re-framing news, characterizations, and online distribution. The authors offered three opportunities to overcome this: strengthening the Press Council, collective deconstruction, public education, and journalistic professionalism. The public, in general, expects to create media objectivity in the middle of political and identity interests if it is collectively aware of the role as well as the risk of their development without provocative journalism phenomenon control. 1 INTRODUCTION disunity. Mass media then emerges as a new agent that must be good in swinging its role in the midst of Mass media is primarily a means of accurately and immature situations, either its social culture or its evenly distributing information to the public.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesian Cultural Orientation
    Bahasa Cultural Orientation January 2015 DLIFLC 1759 Lewis Rd. Bldg 614, Ste. 251 Technology DLIFLC Presidio of Monterey • Monterey, CA 93944 Integtration FAMiliarization 1 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER 831.242.5119 (DSN-768) Division Bahasa Cultural Orientation: Contents Chapter 1: Profile 7 Introduction .................................................................................... 7 Geography ...................................................................................... 8 Area ............................................................................................... 8 Geographic Divisions ............................................................................. 8 Topographic Features ............................................................................. 9 Climate ............................................................................................ 9 Bodies of Water ............................................................................... 10 Oceans. ........................................................................................... 10 Rivers ............................................................................................. 11 Major Cities .................................................................................... 11 Jakarta (Jabodetabekjur) ........................................................................ 11 Surabaya ......................................................................................... 12 Bandung ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Protection to the Infotainment of Press Development in Indonesia
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 08, AUGUST 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 Legal Protection To The Infotainment Of Press Development In Indonesia Anwar Fuadi, S.M. Noor, Badriyah Rifai, Farida Pattitingi Abstract: In the socio-political life, the press has become an integral part in democratic life. The press has become one of the means for citizens to bring their thoughts and opinions. Nowadays, there is a tendency to increase the quantity of press publications sharp, but not accompanied by a statement of the quality of journalism. The objective of this research is to understand the essence of the infotainment liability as a mass media, in order to construct a freedom of the press principle which has legitimacy within the legal system of the press in Indonesia. The type of research used in this paper is normative research or also known as doctrinal research by reviewing the legal protection to the infotainment as a mass media in Indonesia. The outcomes of the research indicate that the role of infotainment in the legal system of the press in Indonesia refers to the legal construction of institutional and infotainment organizers itself. Legal liability of Infotainment essentially, can be seen from the press obligations stipulated in the Law No. 40 of 1999 regarding the Press, Law No. 32 of 2002 regarding Broadcasting, as well as the Journalists' Code of Ethics which support freedom of the press and expression. Index Terms: Broadcasting, Infotainment, Legal Liability, Press Council ———————————————————— 1 INTRODUCTION together with the regulation on regional autonomy facilitated For almost 17 years, Indonesia has been undergoing a the growth and development of local media and television transition from authoritarianism to democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Mass Media in Political Change in Indonesia
    THE INFLUENCE OF MASS MEDIA IN POLITICAL CHANGE IN INDONESIA Mukrimin Abstraksi Artikel ini memetakan perkembangan media massa di Indonesia. Analisa difokuskan pada peran media massa dalam menentukan proses politik di Indonesia. Argumen yang dibangun dalam tulisan adalah media massa mengalami perubahan yang cukup signifikan, akan tetapi media buNanlah ”pemain utama‘ dalam perubahan politiN itu. Namun, media massa memberikan Nontribusi penting pada perkembangan politik di Indonesia. Key word: mass media, politics, political change, Indonesia. A. PENDAHULUAN The mass media, both printed and electronic, is sometimes described as pillar of democracy. In the post- Suharto regime, the mass media in Indonesia have undergone a profound, even radical change. From being largely repressed, censored, and psychologically battered, it became relatively unrestrained and free. This paper, however, does not investigate in ”inside‘ the media industry itself, rather it is attempted to evaluate the contribution of the mass media on political change in Indonesia. In this paper, the writer will focus on answering these questions: (a) what are the roles of the mass media on political behavior? (b) to what extent the media were/are contributing factor in Indonesian political change? The first part of the essay provides a general discussion of ,ndonesia‘s mass media landscape. The historical development of mass media is outlined in some details. In the second part, how the mass media influence the political change in Indonesia - is described. Finally, this essay will be ended in a conclusion and a projection of the general election 2009 in a very brief description in Indonesia. B. PEMBAHASAN B.1. INDONES,A‘S MASS 0EDIA Indonesia has been undergoing a remarkable change in terms of social, political, and cultural over the last three decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistica Antverpiensia
    LINGUISTICA ANTVERPIENSIA, 2021 Issue-3 www.hivt.be ISSN: 0304-2294 Reading the Signs: A Brief Portrait of West Sumatra Democracy in the News Headline Discourse Agustina1, Muhammad Adek2 1,2Department of Indonesian Language and Literary Studies, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Issue Details Abstract Issue Title: Issue 3 Received: 08 February, 2021 Portraits of the implementation of democracy in a government can be seen from vari- Accepted: 19 March, 2021 ous parameters, one of which is the event report recorded in the daily mass media cov- Published: 22 May, 2021 erage. This study aims to examine the democratic portraits of West Sumatra province Pages:- 1804 – 1813 that were presented through the local newspaper Singgalang during the publication period throughout 2016. This study is significant for further investigation because West Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Sumatra’s Democracy Index for that year was categorized as ―the lowest.‖ This study Linguistica Antverpiensia includes Critical Discourse Analysis, which focuses on examining the aspects of lan- guage that reflect the power relations between the government and the people. The analysis results imply that the Singgalang newspaper can present the face of West Su- matra democracy through titles that describe the actual situation and relationship be- tween the government and citizens. This finding is in line with the Central Bureau of Statistics findings, which indicate the poor implementation of democracy in the prov- ince of West Sumatra. Keywords Critical Discourse Analysis, Democracy Index, West Sumatra 1. Introduction The capacity of the mass media in shaping public perceptions in viewing various issues is undeniable [1].
    [Show full text]
  • National Integration in Indonesia National Integration in Indonesia PATTERNS and POLICIES
    National Integration in Indonesia National Integration in Indonesia PATTERNS AND POLICIES Christine Drake Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 In- ternational (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require per- mission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824882136 (PDF) 9780824882129 (EPUB) This version created: 17 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. © 1989 University of Hawaii Press All rights reserved Contents Figures v Tables ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiv 1. Introduction 1 2. The Uneven Effect of Historical and Political Experiences 16 3. The Sociocultural Dimension 64 4. The Interaction Dimension 101 5. The Economic Dimension 136 6. Spatial Patterns 171 7. Government Response to the Need for National Integration 212 8. Retrospect and Prospect 247 Appendixes 264 Appendix 1. Provincial Data for the Sociocultural Dimension 266 Appendix 2. Provincial Data for the Interaction Dimension 268 Appendix 3. Provincial Data for the Economic Dimension 270 Notes 272 Glossary 313 Bibliography 325 About the Author 361 iv Figures The Provinces of Indonesia 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesian Journalists' Ethical Dilemmas
    Indonesian Journalists’ Ethical Dilemmas: Self Evaluation of Indonesian Journalism Codes of Ethics A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University By Anggi Fajar Ayu In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Television Management May 2015 © Copyright (2015) Anggi Fajar Ayu. All Rights Reserved. ii Acknowledgements I would like to extend my sincere eternal gratitude for my thesis advisor who has been very knowledgeable, patience and helpful, Lydia Timmins, PhD. I wouldn’t be able to finish this thesis if not for her continued encouragement. I want to acknowledge TVMN Program Director, Al Tedesco whom his classes were nothing but joy to listen to; his wealth of knowledge is something that I will always admire. The day I stepped into his office for an interview was the day I reassure myself that I am going into the right direction and it’s never too late to follow your dream. To Nine and Anastasia, thank you for being the beacon of light! Lastly, thank you for all of my respondents who have completed or tried to complete the online survey…You guys ROCK! iii Table of Contents List of Table .................................................................................................................. v List of Figures .............................................................................................................vii Abstract ..................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download (85Kb)
    The end of the world news: television and a problem of articulation in Bali. International Journal of Cultural Studies 2000, Vol 3, 1, 79-102. © Mark Hobart 2000 Mark Hobart, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square London WC1H 0XG. Tel: 0171-323-6329 Fax: 0171-323-6363 Email: [email protected] Mark Hobart is Senior Lecturer in Anthropology at the School of Oriental and African Studies, where he is also head of Media Studies. He has carried out seven years’ fieldwork in Bali and is particularly interested in the philosophical problems of anthropology and media studies. The end of the world news 2 Keywords: Bali. Television. Mass Media. Social Commentary. Local Intellectuals. Articulation. Cultural Studies. Abstract: Presciently, a year before the riots in Indonesia which brought the downfall of Soeharto, people in Bali had been arguing that a new political and social order could only emerge after apocalyptic violence, although they might well be the victims. Anthropologists and cultural studies specialists still mostly fail to appreciate the sophistication and skill in reflective thinking of ordinary people who remain at best passive subjects rather than critical, if necessarily episodic, intellectuals in their own right. A study of conversations among a group of Balinese villagers revealed a subtle sense of how mass media in general, and television in particular, were crucial to maintaining the existing political order. A central theme of the villagers’ analysis is how they had been silenced, to the point that no one would, or could, hear what they said.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This Chapter Presents the Explanation About the Topics Such As the Background of the Study, the Problem O
    CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the explanation about the topics such as the background of the study, the problem of the study, the objective of the study, the significance of the study, the scope and limitation, the significance of the research and the definition of key term. A. Background of Study Currently the public media is the primary means shaping public opinion. Nowadays media has a deep penetration in human societies, as current era is called the era of communication dominance, which now has the world‟s largest duty of informing. Mass media including all communication tools which are available for those majority who widely disseminate news, information, beliefs and opinions. One of modern technology product as a medium to communication that gets influence people because that shows significance progress is mass media. Mass media has the purpose to give informations, the privation identity, as a medium to communicate and entertain. With their development, mass media is the effective tool to propaganda of certain issue. The production of news is controlled at several levels by ideology. The owners of the media have their own ideologies (left or right, strongly catholic, or non- religious etc.). Ideologies are the fundamental beliefs of a group and its 1 2 members.1 It can conclude that Islam is ideology. Whichever ideology is in control, the result is that the news we receive is selected news, and expressed in such a way as to sway us towards their way of looking at events, and thus to share their ideology. Basically, the presence of the mass media is as a means to delivered appropriate and factual information to the public.
    [Show full text]