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Lettuce Cropping with Less Pesticides. a Review Virginie Barrière, François Lecompte, Philippe C

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Lettuce Cropping with Less Pesticides. a Review Virginie Barrière, François Lecompte, Philippe C Lettuce cropping with less pesticides. A review Virginie Barrière, François Lecompte, Philippe C. Nicot, Brigitte Maisonneuve, Marc Tchamitchian, Françoise Lescourret To cite this version: Virginie Barrière, François Lecompte, Philippe C. Nicot, Brigitte Maisonneuve, Marc Tchamitchian, et al.. Lettuce cropping with less pesticides. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2014, 34 (1), pp.175-198. 10.1007/s13593-013-0158-5. hal-01234783 HAL Id: hal-01234783 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01234783 Submitted on 27 Nov 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2014) 34:175–198 DOI 10.1007/s13593-013-0158-5 REVIEW ARTICLE Lettuce cropping with less pesticides. A review Virginie Barrière & François Lecompte & Philippe C. Nicot & Brigitte Maisonneuve & Marc Tchamitchian & Françoise Lescourret Accepted: 23 May 2013 /Published online: 21 June 2013 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France 2013 Abstract Agricultural intensification has increased crop pro- account ecological interactions and suitability of different ductivity but decreased agroecosystem services. Agricultural management techniques of low impact. intensification is occurring notably for horticultural crops such as lettuce. In conventional agriculture, lettuce protection is Keywords Lactuca sativa . Pest and disease management . achieved mostly by preventive applications of pesticides with Agroecosystem services . Pesticides . Alternative techniques about eight treatments for a 60–90-day-long cycle in the Mediterranean region. However, new sustainable control strat- Contents egies are needed due to pesticide impact on environment and 1. Introduction ..................................2 human health, emerging pesticide resistance, and stricter pol- 2. Overview of the lettuce pests and pathogens .........4 icies on levels of pesticide residues in food. Here, we review 2.1. Lettuce pathogens .........................4 knowledge and methods allowing to grow lettuce with less 2.1.1. Fungal diseases ............................................... 4 pesticides. Advances shown are based on pest ecology and 2.1.2. Bacterial diseases............................................. 5 pathogen control by the agroecosystem. The major points are 2.2. Lettuce pests ........................................................... 5 as follows: (1) pest and pathogen community composition 3. Techniques for the management of lettuce pests and dis- depends partly on climatic conditions. The identification of eases ............................................................................... 5 pests and pathogens that can threaten the crop is the first step 3.1. Limiting the invasion of pests and pathogens ......... 5 to design innovative lettuce cropping systems less dependent 3.1.1. Installing physical barriers ............................... 5 on pesticides. (2) The numerous alternative techniques cur- 3.1.1.1. Tillage and crop residue management ....... 5 rently available should be combined to control lettuce pests 3.1.1.2. Insect-proof nets ....................................... 6 and pathogens. The effects of alternative techniques on non- 3.1.1.3. Colored mulch material ............................. 6 target organisms including non-target pests are poorly known 3.1.1.4. Ultraviolet protection cover ...................... 7 so far. (3) Designing sustainable systems requires taking into 3.1.2. Eliminating persistent forms of pests and patho- gens before lettuce planting............................ 7 3.1.2.1. Rotation ............................................. 7 V. Barrière (*) : F. Lecompte : F. Lescourret INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, 3.1.2.2. Solarization ........................................ 7 Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 3.1.2.3. Biofumigation .................................... 8 F-84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France 3.1.2.4. Chemical fumigation ........................... 8 e-mail: [email protected] 3.2. Limitation of pest and pathogen development on P. C. Nicot plants ..................................................................... 8 INRA, UR407 Pathologie végétale, 3.2.1. Limitation mediated by the plant .................... 9 F-84143 Montfavet Cedex, France 3.2.1.1. Genetic resistance ..................................... 9 3.2.1.2. Resistance inducers .................................. 9 B. Maisonneuve INRA, UR1052 Génétique et Amélioration 3.2.1.3. Fertilization ............................................ 10 des Fruits et Légumes, 3.2.2. Limitation mediated by the abiotic environ- F-84143 Montfavet Cedex, France ment .............................................................. 11 3.2.3. Removal of pests and pathogens ................... 11 M. Tchamitchian INRA, UR767 Ecodéveloppement, 3.2.3.1. Biological control ................................... 11 F-84914 Avignon Cedex, France 3.2.3.1.1. Conservation biological control...... 11 176 V. Barrière et al. 3.2.3.1.2. Preventive introduction of natural functional diversity within food webs (Altieri 1999; enemies ......................................... 13 Moonen and Barberi 2008), thus decreasing the sustainabil- 3.2.3.1.3. Curative biological control ............. 13 ity (Lewis et al. 1997). Agricultural intensification outcomes 3.2.3.2. Pesticide applications ............................. 14 are particularly noticeable in horticultural crops such as 4. Toward innovative pest and disease management strate- lettuce in the Mediterranean region. Spain, Italy, and gies that address environmental issues as well as econom- France are the three largest European producers, producing ic and social expectations ............................................ 14 respectively 35 %, 21 %, and 13 % of the lettuce tonnage in 4.1. One example of typical lettuce cropping systems: the Europe in 2010 (Eurostat 2012). In this region, the use of production in the Mediterranean region .................14 genetic breeding and external inputs has allowed lettuce 4.2. No “silver bullet” but a combination of tech- cultivation in open fields or inside greenhouses almost all niques .................................................................. 15 year long (Fig. 1). Different types of lettuce are grown for the 4.3. Considering the ecological interaction within the fresh or processed markets. The main types are crisphead, agroecosystem ..................................................... 15 butterhead, looseleaf (e.g., batavia, oak leaf lettuce), and 4.4. Prioritization of control methods ........................... 15 romaine (Lebeda et al. 2007; Mou 2008). In France, the 4.4.1. Based on compatibility and complementarity types the most produced are batavia (37 %) and oak leaf among techniques.......................................... 15 (31 %), while in Spain it is crisphead (Maisonneuve and 4.4.2. Based on their impact on agroecosystem Blancard 2011). In intensively managed cropping systems, services .......................................................... 16 lettuce is grown on specialized farms as a monoculture or 4.5. Performance assessments ..................................... 17 sometimes within crop rotations which typically include 5. Conclusion ................................................................... 17 Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae. Nutrient recycling and soil References ........................................................................ 17 aeration are replaced by fertilizer inputs and by plowing, respectively. Pest and disease control is achieved with pesti- cides, often in a systematic and preventative way. Similarly 1 Introduction to other horticultural crops, the visual quality of fresh market lettuce is generally expected to be high, and this is often a Since the 1960s, agricultural intensification characterized justification for heavy pesticide use. In these conventional both by the simplification and the artificiality of cultivated agroecosystems, sole reliance on chemical control for pest areas has led to a sharp increase in productivity (Stoate et al. management has had numerous adverse consequences, such 2009; Matson et al. 1997). In return, intensification has also as the emergence of pesticide resistance among pest and brought many negative externalities (Stoate et al. 2001) pathogen populations (Brown et al. 2004; Davet and including plant diversity losses at different scales, ranging Martin 1993; Kift et al. 2004), the loss of biodiversity in from field-wide to region-wide effects (Mediene et al. 2011). agroecosystems and adjacent ecosystems (Stoate et al. 2001, It is now recognized that biodiversity, more precisely func- 2009), the pollution of water and air, and adverse impacts on tional diversity, plays a key role in the provision of ecolog- human health. ical services by agroecosystems, although this role is still Currently, many governments, including those of the poorly understood (Mace et al. 2012). Agricultural intensi- member states of the European Union, are implementing fication has
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