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UNDERSTANDING 2,4-D RESISTANCE in PRICKLY LETTUCE (Lactuca Serriola L.)

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UNDERSTANDING 2,4-D RESISTANCE in PRICKLY LETTUCE (Lactuca Serriola L.) UNDERSTANDING 2,4-D RESISTANCE IN PRICKLY LETTUCE (Lactuca serriola L.) AND EVALUATING CHEMICAL FALLOW SYSTEMS FOR THE INLAND PNW By DILPREET SINGH RIAR A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Crop and Soil Sciences December 2009 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of DILPREET SINGH RIAR find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. Joseph P. Yenish, Ph.D., Chair Daniel A. Ball, Ph.D. Kulvinder S. Gill, Ph.D. Ian C. Burke, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported by the USDA-CSREES funding. I express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Joseph Yenish for providing me the opportunity to pursue my doctoral studies in Crop Science at Washington State University. His intellectual simulation, valued guidance, constructive criticism and untiring efforts throughout my graduate study were instrumental in shaping my academic career. I am grateful to my committee members, Drs. Daniel Ball, Kulvinder Gill and Ian burke for their valuable suggestions and constant help during the course of investigation and preparation of dissertation. Special thanks are due to John Nelson, Rod Rood and Larry Bennett for their technical assistance in field studies. I am grateful to my office mate Dennis Pittman for his constant help in lab. I am indebted to Dr. Devin See for allowing me to use his lab facilities. I also thank Tracy Harris for her assistance in wheat quality lab. I am grateful to Dr. Pat Fuerst for his guidance during the course of investigations. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the staff of Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, especially, Hillary Templin, Dori Emerson and Deb Marsh for their invaluable help in academic matters. Special thanks to Ron Bolton for his help in computer related problems. I do not have adequate words to express feelings of deep appreciation for all of my friends in Pullman for their ever available help and warm friendship. I will always cherish the time spent in their nice company as a part of my memories. I am deeply indebted to my revered parents, brother and sister, whose moral support, immense patience and encouragement were the constant source of inspiration during entire period of study. iii UNDERSTANDING 2,4-D RESISTANCE IN PRICKLY LETTUCE (Lactuca serriola L.) AND EVALUATING CHEMICAL FALLOW SYSTEMS FOR THE INLAND PNW Abstract by Dilpreet Singh Riar, Ph.D. Washington State University December 2009 Chair: Joseph P. Yenish The objectives of this research were to: (1) compare reduced and no-tillage fallow systems with conventional fallow systems; (2) evaluate weed control efficacy of Light-Activated Sensor- Controlled (LASC) sprayer systems compared to conventional broadcast application in chemical fallow; and (3) determine mechanism and inheritance of 2,4-D resistance in prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.); and (4) develop EST-SSR’s to study genetic diversity among Lactuca accessions. Average soil moisture in 150cm and seed-zone profile during summer fallow was similar for reduced and conventional tillage treatments across locations. Soil moisture content in all tillage treatments was lower at Helix compared to Davenport and a deep-furrow type drill was needed to successfully seed wheat into the soil moisture and obtain an adequate seedling stand. The deep-furrow drill was required to seed wheat could not be used in no-tillage treatments due to greater crop residue and resulted in emergence and yield penalty. The winter wheat yield in undercutter treatments followed by rodweeder or broadcast application of herbicide was similar to conventional tillage treatments but had 7 to 38% greater surface crop residue compared to conventional tillage. The herbicide use by LASC sprayer technology was 45 to 72% less compared to conventional broadcast application system. However, detection of very small weeds by LASC sprayer reduced in dusty and high residue conditions prevalent in sweep iv undercutter and no-tillage systems, respectively. Under no-tillage system, glyphosate alone and in mixture with 2,4-D or pyrasulfotole plus bromoxynil controlled weeds (≥95%) similar to conventional broadcast application of glyphosate. Prickly lettuce is an important weed of Pacific Northwest (PNW) and has developed resistance to 2,4-D. Reduced uptake followed by reduced translocation to the crown in resistant prickly lettuce biotypes could be a mechanism or partial mechanism for 2,4-D resistance in prickly lettuce. Inheritance of 2,4-D resistance in prickly lettuce is governed by one major gene and few modifier-genes. A total of 15,970 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified from 57,126 expressed sequence tag (EST) assemblies belonging to five different species of genus Lactuca. Primer pairs were synthesized for 45 prickly lettuce EST-SSRs and were used to group Lactuca accessions based on genetic dissimilarity. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgment ...................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ x List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... xii Dissertation outline .................................................................................................................. xiv 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 9 Literature Cited .............................................................................................................. 10 2 Comparison of Fallow Tillage Methods in the Intermediate Rainfall Inland Pacific Northwest Environments .................................................................................................... 17 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 17 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 19 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................... 22 Experimental plot establishment and tillage treatments .................................... 22 Herbicide treatments .......................................................................................... 23 Soil sampling ..................................................................................................... 25 Winter wheat planting and emergence, and previous crop residue cover.......... 26 Weed control in winter wheat ............................................................................ 27 Winter wheat yield and quality parameters ....................................................... 27 Statistical analyses ............................................................................................. 28 vi Results and Discussion .................................................................................................. 28 Weed density and biomass ................................................................................. 28 Herbicide use ..................................................................................................... 30 Crop Residue ...................................................................................................... 31 Soil moisture ...................................................................................................... 32 Wheat emergence, yield and quality .................................................................. 33 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 36 Sources of Materials ...................................................................................................... 37 Literature Cited .............................................................................................................. 38 Tables and Figures ......................................................................................................... 43 3 Efficacy of Postemergence Herbicides with a Reduced Herbicide Applicator in Fallow ............................................................................................................................... 54 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 54 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 56 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................... 58 Results and Discussion
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