DOCSLIB.ORG

Sanctorum Communio Was That Form of Sociality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sanctorum Communio Was That Form of Sociality Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Spatially Structured Ecclesiology Reconfiguring the Confession of Christ’s Presence Donald M. Fergus A Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy for the University of Otago, Dunedin September 2011 I would make the same wager that Bonhoeffer, for whom things were so discontinuous and chopped up and whose theological life extended through the unbelievably quick changes in Germany between 1906 and 1945, ‘from idealism to the democracy of the masses,’ as Karl Kupisch has put it, had only one concern: to hold onto the world around him, since God is found in the concrete. André Dumas, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Theologian of Reality, 16 We have come to know that building up the church of Jesus Christ is the only task which has significance. In it we can find ultimate meaning. We are not looking for that thing which may happen next week, next month, or next year. We believe ourselves to be engaged this very moment in that which is the hope of the world. Our commitment is to the Lord of that redemptive community which has the task of pushing back the boundaries until it holds the world. There will be no peace or healing in our day unless little islands of koinonia can spring up everywhere – islands where Christ is, and because he is we can learn to live in a new way. Elizabeth O’Connor, Call to Commitment. The Story of the Church of the Saviour, Washington DC, 40 ii Abstract Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Spatially Structured Ecclesiology. Reconfiguring the Confession of Christ’s Presence From the beginning of his career Dietrich Bonhoeffer was invested in describing and then crafting a form of religious community that provided a way of being human, and a form of corporate sociality that was grounded in and grew out of the presence of the person of Jesus Christ. The sanctorum communio was that form of sociality. Bonhoeffer’s ecclesiology was the outcome of his relentless searching for a form of the church that could meet the challenges of National Socialism’s Third Reich and contribute meaningfully to the life of the German nation. A reading of Bonhoeffer reveals the widespread use of spatial metaphors or descriptors in the development of his ecclesiology. Bonhoeffer was always interested in the empirical church and a careful reading shows how his spatially structured ecclesiology underlies and supports the church’s Christological core and its communal nature, giving a concrete form to the ministry of the church in the culture in which it is embedded. Bonhoeffer’s ecclesiology serves to shape the way in which the church structures its confession of Christ’s presence in the world, while at the same time keeping a steady eye on the church as a creation and gift of God. The quest for a vibrant articulation of Christ’s presence becomes a persistent hermeneutic throughout Bonhoeffer’s writing. His robust doctrine of the church based on the images of place and space leads eventually to the form of the suffering servant, Jesus Christ. Collectively, the images build a compelling case for a form of sociality that brings the motifs of self-giving love and of dying and rising in Christ together to shape discipleship in Christ and the theological reflection on that discipleship. Bonhoeffer's use of spatial imagery places the church’s central acts of announcing and bearing witness to the word of God, and its celebration of the sacramental enactments of that word of promise and hope within a particular space in which the church is highly visible. Bonhoeffer called this ‘the living space [Lebensraum] of the visible church-community’. It is from within this living-space that the church is committed to pushing back the boundaries of life until the world is held by Jesus Christ, the Lord of Life. iii Contents Abstract iii Introduction 2 A firm place on which to stand Chapter One 11 An ecclesiology ‘with which he began his theological career so passionately’ Bonhoeffer’s spatial images - the descriptors of a developing ecclesiology 26 Sanctorum Communio 33 Act and Being 56 Chapter Two 70 Who is at the Centre? Creation and Fall 73 The Christology lectures 88 Chapter Three 112 ‘Deprived of space beneath their feet’ Discipleship 117 Life Together 146 iv Chapter Four 164 The church – our life in this world Ethics 169 Letters and Papers from Prison 190 Chapter Five 216 What could it mean to say that ‘The church is Christ existing as church-community?’ Chapter Six 254 Living ‘upright in the unsteady space between lost certainties and unknown futures’ Bonhoeffer’s church – Structuring the Confession of Christ’s Presence 256 Bibliography 267 v Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Spatially Structured Ecclesiology Reconfiguring the Confession of Christ’s Presence 2 Introduction A firm place on which to stand n Saturday September 04 2010, at 4.35am, just before dawn, the earth moved O beneath our feet. The 7.1 magnitude earthquake seriously damaged Christchurch city and the province of Canterbury. Wonderfully, no one died. Reluctantly, we learned to live with the numerous after-shocks that follow such a large earthquake; almost 5000 of them over the next 5 months. Almost six months later on Tuesday February 22 2011, at 12.51pm during the busy lunch- hour, the earth moved again. A previously unknown shallow fault, close to the city, lay pointed at it like a loaded gun. The 6.3 magnitude quake did enormous damage; large inner-city buildings crumbled and collapsed; nearly 200 people died. In my inner-city office where I was working, I was thrown from my chair and when the extraordinary noise and violent shaking of the building stopped was able to escape along with my client from a building disintegrating around us, into a city street that had been ripped open and where parked cars were now swallowed into the ruptured earth. The city’s cathedral churches suffered serious damage. More than a third of the buildings in the CBD were levelled then or later by bulldozers or huge diggers because they were now unsafe. In the suburbs tens of thousands of homes were destroyed and damaged. The basic services taken for granted in a first world city - power, water and sewerage were non- existent for many weeks. The psychological impact of uncontrollable, unstable earth beneath one’s feet became apparent as thousands of people left the city in search of more stable, predictable places on which they might stand. For when the ground beneath one’s feet moves, as it has done here in Christchurch, one cannot stand upright, and anxiety, if not fear, lurks around the corner of every moment, lest the destroyer comes to us again. Is there anything one can do to manage, if not control, this fearsome energy? The answer is “Nothing. Absolutely nothing”. So, is there any safe place to be? The answer is “It doesn’t 3 seem so, yet there must be, somewhere”. Which, of course, begs the question “Where might that place be”? I had noticed this theme of the ground moving under one’s feet as I have read Bonhoeffer over these last three years or so. It is a theme he drew on, not repeatedly, but often enough to make a point. Bonhoeffer first used the “ground under one’s feet” imagery and began his theological reflection on the motif in Barcelona at the time he was Lutheran pastor to the expatriate German community. In a September 1928 sermon on Romans 12: 11 preaching on the apostle’s exhortation “Do not lag in zeal, be ardent in spirit, serve the Lord”, he concluded with a reference to the ancient Greek legend of the giant Antaeus, son of Poseidon and Gaia, “who was so strong that no one could conquer him. Many tried and were defeated until one opponent lifted the giant up off the ground during the battle. Suddenly, the battle was over because the giant’s strength abandoned him, since it flowed into him only when he was standing firmly on the ground … Only those standing with both feet on the ground … have the full strength of human existence …”1 Lose your footing and you lose your ability to stand tall and remain wholly a child of the earth. Here the reference is to Bonhoeffer’s belief that a connection with the earth grounds and strengthens a person; it is in connection with the earth that the “full strength of human existence” is established,2 a point he made again immediately prior to his return to Berlin in February 1929. This time in a lecture entitled “Basic Questions of a Christian Ethic”3, delivered, we are told, in a “riveting presentation…carried by the warmth of personal conviction”,4 he refers again to the story of Antaeus, this time with a slightly different spin: “those who would abandon the earth, who would flee the crisis of the present, will lose all the power still sustaining them ...".5 A good solid contact with the earth on which we stand sustains us in our humanity and encourages us to stand firm. 1 Victoria J. Barnett and Barbara Wojhoski, eds., Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, 16 vols. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996). Barcelona, Berlin, New York 1928-1931, 10:531. 2 Bonhoeffer will draw on this point in the prison letters as he develops his understandings of 'worldliness' and participation in the sufferings of God in this world. 3 Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Barcelona, Berlin, New York 1928-1931, Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 10 (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2008), 359-78. 4 Ibid., 360 f.1. 5 Ibid., 377. 4 Bonhoeffer next uses the image in the context of unexpected and unwelcome change.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HOLOCAUST DENIAL* Denial of the Truth of the Holocaust Comes in Three Modes. One Mode Is Seldom Recognized: Bracketing the SHOAH with Other Mass Murders in History
    HOLOCAUST DENIAL* Denial of the truth of the Holocaust comes in three modes. One mode is seldom recognized: bracketing the SHOAH with other mass murders in history. This mode of generalization flattens out the specificity and denies the uniqueness of the Holocaust. Unpleasant ethical, moral and theological issues are thereby stifled. The Holocaust is swallowed up in the mighty river of wickedness and mass murder that has characterized human history since the mind of man runneth not to the contrary. From the balcony - a perch often preferred by the privileged and/or educated - all violence down there seems remote. A second mode of denial is. encountered as an expression of Jewish preciousness. More or less bluntly, the position is taken that the Holocaust cannot be understood by a person who is not a Jew. This is a very dangerous posture, for by it the gentile - whether perpetrator or spectator - is home free. Why should he accept responsibility for an action whose significance, he is assured by the victims, is outside his universe of discourse? The third mode of denial, in nature and expression more often in the public view, is intellectually less interesting. Like the thought world of its purveyers, it is marked by banality. What interest does a thinking person have in debating whether or not the earth is flat? Nevertheless, the third mode of denial is alive and well. In large areas dominated by Christian, Jewish or Muslim fundamentalism, the facts are denied. In pristine condition, none of the three great monotheistic religions has need to deny the *by Franklin H.
    [Show full text]
  • Anton Maegerle Die Iranische Rechtsextremisten-Connection
    www.doew.at Anton Maegerle Die iranische Rechtsextremisten-Connection Ersterschienen im Vierteljahresheft Tribüne. Zeitschrift zum Verständnis des Judentums (Frankfurt am Main). 2. Quartal 2006, Heft 178. Hier: ergänzte Fassung. Irans Staatspräsident Mahmud Ahmadinedschad hat seit seinem Amtsantritt im August 2005 in Verbalattacken wiederholt den Holocaust bezweifelt und Israel als „Krebsgeschwür“ bezeichnet. Ahmadinedschad und führende Re- präsentanten des Gottesstaates haben mehrfach angekündigt eine so genannte „Holocaust-Untersuchung“ abhalten zu wollen. „Es ist das erste Mal in der Geschichte der Holocaust-Weltpolitik, daß eine ganze Regierung den jüdischen Holocaust einer freien wissenschaftlichen Prüfung, unterzieht“ – jubilierte die in rechtsextremen Kreisen einflussreiche antisemitische HetzpostillePhoenix .1 Als „Holocaust-Experten“ sind die Namen von einschlägigen Holocaustleug- nern im Gespräch. Irans Außenminister Manuchehr Mottaki bezeichnete im Februar 2006 das Urteil gegen den britischen Holocaustleugner David Irving (Jg. 1938) als „westliches Paradox“. Der Westen fordere Meinungsfreiheit, praktiziere aber das Gegenteil. „Wir verstehen nicht, warum der Westen so verzweifelt darauf besteht, dieses Verbrechen begangen und genau sechs Mil- lionen getötet zu haben“, sagte Mottaki.2 Irving war zuvor vom Wiener Straf- landesgericht zu einer dreijährigen Haftstrafe wegen nationalsozialistischer Wiederbetätigung verurteilt worden. Weithin unbekannt ist die Tatsache, dass Rechtsextremisten seit dem Sieg der Islamischen Revolution 1979 enge Kontakte zum Iran pflegen. Gemeinsam sind den religiösen Fundamentalisten im Iran und den Rechtsextremisten unter- schiedlichster Couleur Feindbilder wie Antiliberalismus, Antiamerikanismus, Antisemitismus und Antizionismus. Islamisten und Rechtsextremisten pflegen ein ausgeprägtes Freund-Feind-Denken, propagieren die Ideologie der Un- gleichheit und lehnen die universalistische Geltung der Menschenrechte und Menschenwürde ab. 1 Phoenix 1/2006, S. 19. 2 Zit. nach Huber, Markus: Justizias Goldwaage, in: Tagesspiegel, 22.
    [Show full text]
  • Rechtsextremismus Und Antifaschismus Herausgegeben Von Klaus Kinner Und Rolf Richter
    Rechtsextremismus und Antifaschismus herausgegeben von Klaus Kinner und Rolf Richter 1 Schriften 5 herausgegeben von der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung Sachsen e. V. und der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung, Gesellschaftsanalyse und Politische Bildung e. V. 2 Rechtsextremismus und Antifaschismus Historische und aktuelle Dimensionen herausgegeben von Klaus Kinner und Rolf Richter Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin 3 Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Rechtsextremismus und Antifaschismus : historische und aktuelle Dimensionen / hrsg. von Klaus Kinner und Rolf Richter. – Berlin : Dietz, 2000 (Schriften / Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung ; Bd. 5) ISBN 3-320-02015-3 © Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin GmbH 2000 Umschlag: Egbert Neubauer, MediaService Fotos: Gabriele Senft, Berlin Typografie: Brigitte Bachmann Satz: MediaService, Berlin Druck und Bindearbeit: BärenDruck, Berlin Printed in Germany 4 INHALT Editorial 7 WERNER BRAMKE Antifaschistische Tradition und aktueller Antifaschismus 8 ROLF RICHTER Über Theoretisches und Praktisches im heutigen Antifaschismus 14 KLAUS KINNER Kommunistischer Antifaschismus – ein schwieriges Erbe 45 ANDRÉ HAHN Zum Umgang mit Rechtsextremen in den Parlamenten 52 NORBERT MADLOCH Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland nach dem Ende des Hitlerfaschismus 57 Vorbemerkung 58 Rechtsextremistische Tendenzen und Entwicklungen in der DDR, speziell in Sachsen, bis Oktober 1990 63 Hauptetappen der Entwicklung des Rechtsextremismus in den alten Bundesländern bis zur deutschen Vereinigung 1990 106 Zur Entwicklung des Rechtsextremismus im geeinten Deutschland 1990 bis 1990 – besonders in den neuen Bundesländern 146 Ursachen und Perspektiven des Rechtsextremismus in der Bundesrepublik 206 ROLAND BACH Zur nationalen und sozialen Demagogie der extremen Rechten 215 5 Anhang 251 NORBERT MADLOCH Lexikalische Erläuterungen zu den im Rechtsextremismus-Teil verwandten Hauptbegriffen 252 Rechtsextremismus 253 Rechtsradikalismus = Grauzone 255 Rechtspopulismus 256 Faschismus/Nazismus – Neofaschismus/Neonazismus 257 Neue Rechte 261 Rassismus 264 Ausländer- bzw.
    [Show full text]
  • Dreaming of a National Socialist World: the World Union of National Socialists (Wuns) and the Recurring Vision of Transnational Neo-Nazism
    fascism 8 (2019) 275-306 brill.com/fasc Dreaming of a National Socialist World: The World Union of National Socialists (wuns) and the Recurring Vision of Transnational Neo-Nazism Paul Jackson Senior Lecturer in History, University of Northampton [email protected] Abstract This article will survey the transnational dynamics of the World Union of National Socialists (wuns), from its foundation in 1962 to the present day. It will examine a wide range of materials generated by the organisation, including its foundational docu- ment, the Cotswolds Declaration, as well as membership application details, wuns bulletins, related magazines such as Stormtrooper, and its intellectual journals, Nation- al Socialist World and The National Socialist. By analysing material from affiliated organisations, it will also consider how the network was able to foster contrasting rela- tionships with sympathetic groups in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Europe, al- lowing other leading neo-Nazis, such as Colin Jordan, to develop a wider role interna- tionally. The author argues that the neo-Nazi network reached its height in the mid to late 1960s, and also highlights how, in more recent times, the wuns has taken on a new role as an evocative ‘story’ in neo-Nazi history. This process of ‘accumulative extrem- ism’, inventing a new tradition within the neo-Nazi movement, is important to recog- nise, as it helps us understand the self-mythologizing nature of neo-Nazi and wider neo-fascist cultures. Therefore, despite failing in its ambitions of creating a Nazi- inspired new global order, the lasting significance of the wuns has been its ability to inspire newer transnational aspirations among neo-Nazis and neo-fascists.
    [Show full text]
  • Rechtsextremismus in Stichworten
    Rechtsextremismus in Stichworten Ideologien - Organisationen - Aktivitäten Herausgeber: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg Behörde für Inneres Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz Johanniswall 4, 20095 Hamburg Telefon: 040/244443 Telefax: 040/338360 Internet-Homepage: http://www.hamburg.de/Behoerden/LfV/homepage.htm Auflage: 4000 Juni 2001 Druck: Lütcke & Wulff, Heidenkampsweg 76 B, 20097 Hamburg 2 Vorwort Die von rechtsextremistischen Bestrebungen ausgehenden Gefahren für die freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung und für das friedliche Zu- sammenleben der Menschen sind gerade in jüngster Zeit besonders deutlich und damit auch Gegenstand tief besorgter und intensiver öf- fentlicher Diskussion geworden. Die Zahl rechtsextremistisch motivierter Straftaten ist im vergangenen Jahr drastisch gestiegen, eine Vielzahl von Aufmärschen und anderen Aktivitäten vor allem von neonazisti- schen Gruppierungen haben Erschrecken, Empörung und Protest hervor- gerufen. Auch eine weltoffene und liberale Stadt wie Hamburg ist gegen rechtsextremistisches Treiben offensichtlich nicht gefeit, sie muss sich damit auseinandersetzen und ihm energisch entgegentreten. Zwar ist der Staat bei der Bekämpfung des Rechtsextremismus in einer besonderen Pflicht - er hat die ihm zur Verfügung stehenden Möglichkei- ten von Repression und Prävention auszuschöpfen -, sein Handeln kann jedoch nur dann nachhaltige Erfolge haben, wenn es von einer breiten gesellschaftlichen Unterstützung getragen wird. Rechtsextremisten ha- ben nur dort eine Chance, wo es an demokratischem Engagement fehlt. Organisations- und Versammlungsverbote, die Verfolgung von Strafta- ten und die Beschlagnahme hasserfüllter CDs, Gefährderansprachen und Aussteigerprogramme sind notwendige Maßnahmen, um die Aktions- räume von Neonazis einzugrenzen. Dass ihre menschenverachtenden Pa- rolen nicht wieder verfangen und zumal junge Menschen verführen, be- darf darüber hinaus umfassender gesellschaftlicher Anstrengungen. Hier- für gibt es auch in Hamburg viele gute Beispiele. Wer sich engagieren will, braucht Informationen.
    [Show full text]
  • Metapedia 22/12/09 10:47
    Revisionismus (Holocaust) - Metapedia 22/12/09 10:47 Revisionismus (Holocaust) Aus Metapedia Unter Revisionismus versteht man allgemein den Versuch, geschichtliche Aufzeichnungen zu korrigieren angesichts besserer historischer Beweise, einer ruhigeren politischen Atmosphäre und einer objektiveren Einstellung.[1] Als Holocaust-Revisionismus (oft verkürzt „Revisionismus“ genannt) bezeichnet man den Versuch, die Tatsachenbehauptung des sogenannten Holocaust, d.i. die systematische Vernichtung von ca. sechs Millionen Juden während des Zweiten Weltkrieges, grundsätzlich zu hinterfragen oder in wesentlichen Punkten zu korrigieren. Von den Gegnern wird hingegen das Kompositum Holocaustleugnung verwendet, um diese Positionen Englische Karikatur über den „Holocaust-Mythos” von vornherein unglaubwürdig erscheinen zu lassen. Der Begriff unterstellt, daß die Anzweifelnden wider besseres Wissen „leugnen“, also bewusst die Unwahrheit sagen. Obwohl „Leugnung“ nicht mit „Verharmlosung“ gleichgesetzt werden kann, wird der Begriff oft auch auf sogenannte „Verharmlosungen“ und „Relativierungen“ angewendet. Versuche, den Holocaust als Tatsachenbehauptung in Frage zu stellen, werden von den meisten etablierten Historikern abgelehnt, einer Auseinandersetzung mit Vertretern der Gegenposition wird zugleich aus dem Weg gegangen. Der deutsche Historiker Ernst Nolte vertrat hingegen die Ansicht, die Argumente als diskutable und wissenschaftlich redliche Ansichten zu erörtern.[2] In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wird die öffentliche Holocaustbezweiflung nach § 130
    [Show full text]
  • Pedlars of Hate: the Violent Impact of the European Far Right
    Pedlars of hate: the violent impact of the European far Right Liz Fekete Published by the Institute of Race Relations 2-6 Leeke Street London WC1X 9HS Tel: +44 (0) 20 7837 0041 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7278 0623 Web: www.irr.org.uk Email: [email protected] ©Institute of Race Relations 2012 ISBN 978-0-85001-071-9 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the support of the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust and the Open Society Foundations in the researching, production and dissemination of this report. Many of the articles cited in this document have been translated into English by over twenty volunteers who assist the IRR’s European Research Programme. We would especially like to thank Sibille Merz and Dagmar Schatz (who translate from German into English), Joanna Tegnerowicz (who translates from Polish into English) and Kate Harre, Frances Webber and Norberto Laguía Casaus (who translate from Spanish into English). A particular debt is due to Frank Kopperschläger and Andrei Stavila for their generosity in allowing us to use their photographs. In compiling this report the websites of the Internet Centre Against Racism in Europe (www.icare.to) and Romea (www.romea.cz) proved invaluable. Liz Fekete is Executive Director of the Institute of Race Relations and head of its European research programme. Cover photo by Frank Kopperschläger is of the ‘Silence Against Silence’ memorial rally in Berlin on 26 November 2011 to commemorate the victims of the National Socialist Underground. (In Germany, white roses symbolise the resistance movement to the Nazi
    [Show full text]
  • Informe 2010
    INFORME SOBRE EL ANTISEMITISMO EN ESPAÑA DURANTE EL AÑO 2010 REPORT ON ANTI-SEMITISM IN SPAIN IN 2010 http://observatorioantisemitismo.fcje.org Informe sobre el Antisemitismo en España durante el año 2010 Report on Anti-Semitism in Spain in 2010 Madrid, Marzo 2011 Informe basado en la información publicada en el Observatorio de Antisemitismo http://observatorioantisemitismo.fcje.org y en los cuadernos de Análisis sobre Antisemitismo editados por el Movimiento contra la Intolerancia. Report based on information published by Observatory on Anti-Semitism in Spain, http://observatorioantisemitismo.fcje.org, and in the journals of Analysis about Anti-Semitism published by the Movimiento contra la Intolerancia (Movement against Intolerance). Report on Anti-Semitism in Spain in 2010 Informe sobre el Antisemitismo en España durante el año 2010 Table of contents: Índice de contenido: 1. Introduction 1. Introducción 2. Registered anti-Semitic acts 2. Actos antisemitas registrados 2.1 Attacks against people 2.1 Ataques contra las personas 2.2 Attacks against property 2.2 Ataques contra la propiedad 2.3 Media 2.3 Medios de comunicación 2.4 Internet 2.4 Internet 2.5 Neo-Nazism 2.5 Neonazismo 2.6 Trivialization of the Holocaust 2.6 Banalización de la Shoá 2.7 Diff usion of anti-Semitic literature 2.7 Difusión de literatura antisemita 2.8 Public institutions and organizations 2.8 Instituciones públicas y organizaciones 3. The fi ght against Anti-Semitism 3. Lucha contra el Antisemitismo 3.1 Legal advances 3.1 Avances jurídicos 3.2 Initiatives carried out in 2010 3.2 Iniciativas realizadas 3.3 Reports and studies 3.3 Informes y estudios 3.4 Report against hate 3.4 Memoria contra el odio Images and complete articles mentioned in this report, can be found at: Se pueden consultar las imágenes y textos citados en este informe en: http://observatorioantisemitismo.fcje.org http://observatorioantisemitismo.fcje.org 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holocaust in Historical Perspective Yehuda Bauer
    The Holocaust The Historicalin Perspective Bauer Yehuda The Holocaust in Historical The Holocaust Perspective Yehuda Bauer in Historical Between 1941 and 1945, the Nazi regime em­ barked on a deliberate policy of mass murder that resulted in the deaths of nearly six million Jews. What the Nazis attempted was nothing less than the total physical annihilation of the Perspective Jewish people. This unprecedented atrocity has come to be known as the Holocaust. In this series of four essays, a distinguished his­ torian brings the central issues of the holocaust to the attention of the general reader. The re­ sult is a well-informed, forceful, and eloquent work, a major contribution to Holocaust histo­ Yehuda Bauer riography. The first chapter traces the background of Nazi antisemitism, outlines the actual murder cam­ paign, and poses questions regarding the reac­ tion in the West, especially on the part of American Jewish leadership. The second chap­ ter, “Against Mystification,” analyzes the vari­ ous attempts to obscure what really happened. Bauer critically evaluates the work of historians or pseudohistorians who have tried to deny or explain away the Holocaust, as well as those who have attempted to turn it into a mystical experience. Chapter 3 discusses the problem of the “by­ stander.” Bauer examines the variety of re­ sponses to the Holocaust on the part of Gen­ tiles in Axis, occupied, Allied, and neutral lands. He attempts to establish some general (continued on back flap) The Holocaust The Historicalin Perspective Bauer Yehuda The Holocaust in Historical The Holocaust Perspective Yehuda Bauer in Historical Between 1941 and 1945, the Nazi regime em­ barked on a deliberate policy of mass murder that resulted in the deaths of nearly six million Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • Inside Terrorism
    Inside Terrorism Inside Terrorism REVISED AND EXPANDED EDITION Bruce Hoffman Columbia University Press New York Columbia University Press Publishers Since 893 New York, Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2006 Bruce Hoffman All rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hoffman, Bruce, 954– Inside terrorism / Bruce Hoffman—Rev. and expanded ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–23–2698–0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 0–23–2699–9 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 0–23–5046–2 (electronic) . Terrorism. I. Title. HV643.H626 2006 363.325—dc22 200503384 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper Printed in the United States of America Designed by Audrey Smith c 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 p 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 References to Internet Web Sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for Web sites that may have expired or changed since the book was prepared For my parents Contents Preface to the Revised and Expanded Edition ix Preface to the First Edition xv . Defining Terrorism 2. The End of Empire and the Origins of Contemporary Terrorism 43 3. The Internationalization of Terrorism 63 4. Religion and Terrorism 8 5. Suicide Terrorism 3 6. The Old Media, Terrorism, and Public Opinion 73 7. The New Media, Terrorism, and the Shaping of Global Opinion 97 8. The Modern Terrorist Mind-set: Tactics, Targets, Tradecraft, and Technologies 229 9. Terrorism Today and Tomorrow 257 Notes 297 Bibliography 369 Index 45 photographs appear as a group after page 80 Preface to the Revised and Expanded Edition his sequel to Inside Terrorism was written between March and July 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Decoding Code: the Larouche Connection to Ekkehard Franke-Gricksch and the Carto Network in Germany
    1 DECODING CODE: THE LAROUCHE CONNECTION TO EKKEHARD FRANKE-GRICKSCH AND THE CARTO NETWORK IN GERMANY Introduction: This series of FactNet posts examines the strange saga of Ekkehard Franke-Gricksch‟s publication CODE and its related organization – the Confederation of OrganicallyThinking Europeans -- and the entire network‟s links to the LaRouche Organization in Germany. The story of CODE is admittedly a complex one and the information posted here is possibly the most detailed exploration of CODE on the Internet, certainly in English. That fact noted, there are still many puzzles, a dilemma in part caused by the sheer difficulty of locating back issues of the publication. However, one thing is clear: CODE functioned for years partly as a kind of German sister publication to Willis Carto‟s Spotlight. As readers may know, Willis Carto headed both the Liberty Lobby and the Institute for Historical Review for many years. He currently runs the Barnes Review as well as American Free Press. (For those unfamiliar with Carto and LaRouche, see the chapter “Unity Now” in “New Study” available on LaRouche Planet as well as Dennis King, Lyndon LaRouche and the New American Fascism.) The ties between the LaRouche Organization in Germany and CODE echo the same alliance developed in the United States between the NCLC and the Liberty Lobby. For this reason alone, the LaRouche links to CODE are worth investigating in a special section even though the topic is not an easy one to research. Two FactNet researchers, Patentrezept and Hylozoic Hedgehog – both of whom know German – did most of the primary research on CODE with Patentrezept working in Germany and Hylozoic Hedgehog working in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • 1IIII1.2Q 111111.4 111111.6
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. "" ___ 7 __ "..J· -___ •• ___ ,_~"_ ~~_. __ _ National Criminal Justice Reference Service This microfiche was produced from documents received for inclusion in the NCJRS data base. Since NC.JRS cannot exercise control over the physical condition of the documents submitted, the individual frame quality will vary. The resolution chart on this frame may be used to evaluate the document quality. 1.0 1.1 1IIII1.2q 111111.4 111111.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANOAROS.1963·A Microfilming procedures used to create this fiche comply with the standards set forth in 41 CFR 101-11.504. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the author(s) and do not represent the official position or policies o~ the U. S. Department of Justice. iJ i National hlstitute of Justice I United States Department of Justice 1 Washington, D. C. 20531 J 9/29{83 ! " V The researeh r~orted he,s W88" spOnsored by the ~otorate'Cf OpeJ1atiOIlaJ. \l.~~,.' Requ:irementll. Deputy'" CMef ot)tatt/RSSearph, Devel'Opm'ent, and AC;W:uisi.. , {i j;i9U, Bq USAF, uW:ler Contiaet F49.000·82-o.0018." ~~ United 'States I a,ovemment is authotb:ed to reproduoe and distribute teprlntl:$ 'ler,goven1- ,~ ! mental p,tttpOtJes notwithstanding any oopyrlgb;t nota£ioJl hereon. I '" Il iJ ') I ! 1 A RAND NOTE \' () 0 I " a 1" I • I RIGHT-WING TERRORISM IN EUROPE I r (I U.S.
    [Show full text]