A Peek Into the Evolutionary Origin of Skinks of the Indian Subcontinent

A peek into the evolutionary origin of skinks of the Indian subcontinent

Aniruddha Datta-Roy CES, IISc. SCINCIDAE

Acontinae Indian SE Asian Eurasian African endemics Dasia Ablepharus Trachylepis Barkudia Eutropis Asymblepharus Chalcides (?) Kaestlea (Mabuya) Eurylepis Ristella Lygosoma Ophiomorus Sepsophis Sphenomorphus Tropidophorus Systematics and Biogeography of Eutropis (Squamata: Scincidae) from the Indian subcontinent

Datta-Roy et. al.2012 Genus Mabuya

• Subfamily Lygosominae • Circumtropical distribution • Until recently one of the most speciose genera • Divided into – Eutropis, Chioninia, Mabuya, Trachylepis Trachylepis

Mabuya

Chioninia

Eutropis

Mausfeld et. al., 2000, 2002 S. No Genus and species Global Distribution

1 Mabuya macularia Indian subregion, SE Asia 2 Mabuya carinata Endemic, Indian subregion

3 Mabuya dissimilis Indian subregion, SE Asia

4 Mabuya allapallensis Endemic, Peninsular India 5 Mabuya beddomii Endemic, Peninsular India 6 Mabuya bibronii Endemic, Peninsular India 7 Mabuya clivicola Endemic, Peninsular India 8 Mabuya floweri Endemic, Peninsular India 9 Mabuya gansi Endemic, Peninsular India 10 Mabuya innotata Endemic, Peninsular India 11 Mabuya madaraszi Endemic, Peninsular India

12 Mabuya nagarjuni Endemic, Peninsular India 13 Mabuya tamanna Endemic, Peninsular India 14 Mabuya trivittata Endemic, Peninsular India

Smith, 1935, Das, 1998 2003, Reptile Database.org, S. No Genus and species Global Distribution

1 Eutropis macularia Indian subregion, SE Asia 2 Eutropis carinata Endemic, Indian subregion

3 Trachylepis dissimilis Indian subregion, SE Asia

12 Mabuya nagarjuni Endemic, Peninsular India 13 Mabuya tamanna Endemic, Peninsular India 14 Mabuya trivittata Endemic, Peninsular India

Smith, 1935, Das, 1998 2003, Reptile Database.org, Scaly lower eyelid

Transparent window S. No Genus and species Global Distribution

1 Eutropis macularia Indian subregion, SE Asia 2 Eutropis carinata Endemic, Indian subregion

3 Trachylepis dissimilis Indian subregion, SE Asia

12 Mabuya nagarjuni Endemic, Peninsular India 13 Mabuya tamanna Endemic, Peninsular India 14 Mabuya trivittata Endemic, Peninsular India

Smith, 1935, Das, 1998 2003, Reptile Database.org, Triassic Jurassic 200 Mya 130 Mya

Cretaceous 80 Mya Present day Ripley and Beehler, 1986; Karanth, 2003 Objectives

• Test monophyly of Eutropis after inclusion of Indian congenerics.

• Biogeography of the Indian Eutropis species. Materials and Methods

•Taxon sampling: 9 species – Indian subregion

•Mitochondrial genes – 12S rDNA (417bp) and 16S rDNA(517bp)

•Nuclear gene – C-mos (340bp)

• Phylogenetic analysis: Max. Parsimony, Max. Likelihood, Bayesian inference

•Biogeographic analysis: S-DIVA S. No Genus and species Global Distribution

1 Eutropis macularia Indian subregion, SE Asia 2 Eutropis carinata Endemic, Indian subregion

3 Eutropis madaraszi Endemic, Peninsular India

4 Mabuya floweri Endemic, Peninsular India 5 Eutropis tamanna Endemic, Peninsular India 6 Trachylepis dissimilis Indian subregion, SE Asia 7 Mabuya allapallensis Endemic, Peninsular India 8 Mabuya beddomii Endemic, Peninsular India 9 Mabuya bibronii Endemic, Peninsular India 10 Mabuya clivicola Endemic, Peninsular India 11 Mabuya gansi Endemic, Peninsular India

12 Mabuya trivittata Endemic, Peninsular India 13 Mabuya innotatus Endemic, Peninsular India 14 Mabuya nagarjuni Endemic, Peninsular India

Smith, 1935, Das, 1998 2003, Reptile Database.org, Materials and Methods

•Taxon sampling: 9 species – Indian subregion

•Mitochondrial genes – 12S rDNA (417bp) and 16S rDNA(517bp)

•Nuclear gene – C-mos (340bp)

• Phylogenetic analysis: Max. Parsimony, Max. Likelihood, Bayesian inference

•Biogeographic analysis: S-DIVA C-mos ML tree Node values: mp bs/ml bs/BI pp Peninsular Indian clade

Southeast Asian species

Dasia clade

Afro-Malagasy and Seychelles clade

South American 12S+16S+C-mos clade Bayesian tree Node values: PP/MLbs/MPbs Cape Verde clade 12S+16S+C-mos Bayesian tree Node values: PP/MLbs/MPbs A= SE Asia (Indochinese+Sundaic) B= PI Indochinese subregion Indian Eutropis ancestor

Indian subregion

Sundaic subregion A= SE Asia (Indochinese+Sundaic) B= PI Indochinese subregion Indian Eutropis ancestor

Back dispersal of two lineages

Indian subregion

Sundaic subregion

Klaus et al., 2010 Summary

•Eutropis monophyletic even after addition of the peninsular

Indian species.

•The peninsular Indian radiation of Eutropis species was derived from SE Asia.

•Peninsular India was not just a sink but also a source for some SE

Asian lineages. Indian SE Asian Eurasian African endemics Dasia Ablepharus Trachylepis Barkudia Eutropis Asymblepharus Chalcides (?) Kaestlea (Mabuya) Eurylepis Ristella Lygosoma* Ophiomorus Sepsophis Sphenomorphus Tropidophorus Does the Indian subcontinent harbour an endemic radiation of Lygosoma as well?

Datta-Roy et. al., 2014 •Speciose group – 24 out of 39 species from Indomalayan region.

•High endemicity in the Indian subregion – 7 out of 8 species.

Materials and Methods:

• 18 members of the ‘Lygosoma group’ – 7 species from India.

• 12S (417) and 16S (517) mtDNA.

• Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian inference. ML tree (12S+ 16S) MP/ML/BI Summary

Eutropis Lygosoma • Endemic Indian radiation. • Endemic Indian radiation. • All Indian endemic species part of • Not all endemic species part of the radiation. radiation. • Indian Eutropis species derived • Difficult to say because of sampling from SE Asia. issues. • Back dispersal of some lineages to • Difficult to say because of sampling SE Asia. issues.