GEOLOGY and MINERAL RESOURCES of the BERWICK QUADRANGLE, LUZERNE and COLUMBIA Counties, PENNSYLVANIA

Atlas 174c

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE BERWICK QUADRANGLE, LUZERNE AND COLUMBIA COUNtiES, PENNSYLVANIA

by Jon D. Inners Pennsylvania Geological Survey

PENNSYLVANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOURTH SERIES HARRISBURG

1978 ..

AtlasAtlas174c 174c

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE BERWICK QUADRANGLE, LUZERNE AND COLUMBIA COUNTIES, PENNSYLVANIA

byby Jono n D. D. Inners Pennsylvania Geological Survey

PENNSYLVANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOURTH SERIES HARRISBURG

PREFACE

This report with its accompanying maps describes the nature and dis tribution of rock formations and surficial deposits in the vicinity of Ber wick, northeastern Pennsylvania. The Berwick area has a particularly in teresting geologic setting because it lies on the crest of one of the major rock fold structures in the Pennsylvania Appalachians and because it is situated at the edge of the great "terminal moraine," which was deposited by glacial ice and meltwater streams at the end of the Ice Age. Both of these geologic factors have a profound effect on land use, mineral resources, and environ mental conditionsconditions.. Special attention is paid to the influence of geology on groundwater occurrence and quality, cut-slope stability, excavation diffi culty, foundation stability, and waste disposal. The vast sand and gravel re sources of the area are described, and their geologic significance is ex plainedplained.. The report is designed to have educational as well as practical applications; it is hoped that it will prove not only useful to the professional geologist, engineer, and planner, but also informative to the student and in terested layman.

ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICA nON MAY BE PURCHASED FROM STATE BOOK STORE, P. O.O. BOX 1365 HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17125

iii CONTENTS

Page Preface...... iii Abstract...... 1 IntroductionIntroduction...... 2 2 Physical setting...... 3. 3 Acknowledgements...... 5 5 Bedrock structure...... 5 5 Folds...... 5. . 5 Faults...... 7 . 7 CleaCleavage vage...... 10 Joints...... 11 Fracture traces ...... 15 Origin and age of surficial deposits ...... :.- ...... 16 Mineral resources...... 22 Sand and gravel ...... " 23 Crushed stone...... 27 Clay shale...... 28 Uranium ...... 28 Particulate coal and coaly shale ...... " 28 References ...... 31 Glossary...... 33

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES IN TEXT

Figure 1. Equal-area lower-hemisphere projection of poles to bed ding, poles to cleavage, bedding-cleavage intersections, and axes of minor folds ...... 6 6 2. Equal-area lower-hemisphere projection of poles to wedge faults, slickenlines on wedge faults, and slickenlines on bedding .... , ...... 8 3. Equal-area lower-hemisphere projection of poles to joints in the Marcellus, Mahantango, and Harrell Formations. . 12 4. Equal-area lower-hemisphere projection of poles to joints in the Trimmers Rock, Catskill, and Pocono Formations on the north flank of the Berwick anticlinorium...... 13 5. Equal-area lower-hemisphere projection of poles to joints in the Trimmers Rock, Catskill, Spechty Kopf, Pocono, and Mauch Chunk Formations on the south flank of the Berwick anticlinorium...... 14 Page PLATES 'igure 6. Diagram showing orientation of fracture traces and line- (in envelope) aments...... 15 Plate 1.I. Bedrock geologic map of the Berwick quadrangle, Luzerne and 7. Diagram showing approximate absolute time at which Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania. various surficial processes that left a depositional record 2. Surficial geologic map of the Berwick quadrangle, Luzerne and were active in the Berwick quadrangle ...... 16 Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania. 8. Cumulative curves of grain-size distribution for Wood-

fordian sand and grgr~iVel~lVelsamples...... 24 9. Histograms showing the lithologic composition of Wood- TABLES fordian sand and gravel samples...... 25 10. Cumulative curves of grain-size distribution for Holocene Page coaly sand and gravel and sand samplessamples...... 30 Table 1. Summary of test results for clay shale samples ...... 29 2. Percent of particulate coal in coaly sand and gravel and FIGURES ON PLATE 1 sand samples ...... 31 1iguresligures 1-5. Photographs showing- 1. Large-scale planar cross beds in greenish-gray medium-grained sandstone, Sherman Creek Member of the Catskill For mationmation.. 2. Rubble slide in moderatelymOderately dipping sandstone, Sherman Creek Member of the Catskill Formation. 3. Calcareous fossil shell (brachiopod) lenses in the middle part of the Trimmers Rock Formation. 4. Siltstone beds, some distinctly graded, in the lower part of the Trimmers Rock FormationFormation.. 5. Coarse cleavage in argillaceous, micritic limestone, Tully Member of the Mahantango Formation.

FIGURES ON PLATE 2 '"igures 1-7. Photographs showing- 1. Convoluted sharpstone colluvium derived from greenish-gray sandstone and silty clay shale of the Irish Valley Member (Catskill Formation). 2. Typical bedding and sorting variations in Woodfordian outwash. 3. Cobbly outwash of the 575-foot (175-m) terrace. 4. Cut in a Woodfordian outwash terrace. 55.. Inclined bedding in a Woodfordian kame terrace. 6. Torrential bedding in Woodfordian frontal-kame deposits. 7. Large quartz-conglomerate erratic (Pocono or Pottsville For mation) in Woodfordian ground moraine.

vi vviiii GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE BERWICK OUADRANGLE. LUZERNE AND COLUMBIA COUNTIES.COUNTIES, PENNSYLVANIA by Jon D. lnnersInners

ABSTRACT

The Berwick 771f2-minute1/2-minute quadrangle is situated astride the North Branch, Susquehanna River, in the Appalachian Mountain section of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province. Although the topography is mainly controlled by the resistance to erosion of folded sedimentary rocks, depositional landforms related t9tp glacial and glaciofluvial proc esses are well developed in the eastern and central parts of the mapped area. Bedrock formations that underlie the quadrangle range from the Silurian Wills Creek Formation to the Mississippian Mauch Chunk Forma tion. The rocks are predominantly marine limestones, shales, and siltsilt stones in the lower part of the stratigraphie column (Wills Creek to Trimmers Rock interval) and nonmarine shales, sandstones, and con glomerates in the upper part (Catskill to Mauch Chunk interval). The dominant bedrock structure in the quadrangle is the Berwick anticlinorium, which plunges gently northeastward and is flanked on the north and south by the Lackawanna and CatawissaCatawissa-McCauley-McCauley Mountain synclinoria, respectivelyrespectively... . Fold limbs are composed of long, planar seg ments separated by sharp hinges. Faults constitute a subordinate part of the structure, although two large south-dipping reverse faults are in ferred to displace Silurian and Devonian rocks beneath the terrace gravels at Berwick. Cleavage, which is well developed in argillaceous rocks and also affects limestones, siltstones, and fine-grained sandstones, generally dips steeply to the south and fans across the Berwick anti clinoriumclinorium.. Joints are developed in all lithologies and are generally ap proximately perpendicular to bedding. Fracture-trace orientations appear to reflect joint trends. Unconsolidated deposits of Pleistocene and Holocene age comprise numerous surficial units-titls,units-tills, iceice-contact-contact stratified drift, kame-terrace and frontal-kame gravels, outwash, and alluvium-which form a blanket over more than half the mapped area. Deposits of three episodes of con tinental glaciation can be differentiated on the bases of morphological preservation, depth of weathering, and clast lithologylithology.. These glacial events are probably correlative with the Illinoian (oldest), Altonian, and BERWICK QUADRANGLE INTRODUCTION 3 oodfordian (youngest) glaciations, which have been recognized in ad (1970 population, 14,000)14,000).. Other boroughs and villages of significant size cent areas of northeastern and north-central Pennsylvania. The Wood are Nescopeck, Wapwallopen, Foundryville, and Beach Haven. Interstate rdian (Late Wisconsinan) "terminal" moraine forms a conspicuous belt 80 (the Keystone Shortway) passes through rural countryside in the hummocky, bouldery terrain across the central and northern portions southern part of the quadrangle, and U. S. Route 11, which follows the the quadrangle. Rigorous Woodfordian periglacial frost action north bank of the Susquehanna River, is the main traffic artery serving the 'oduced large quantities of colluvium and talus, which were transported more urbanized central portion. )wnslope by gravity-induced mass movement. A widespread mantle of The Berwick area has a diversified economic base. Industries that manu ,Iian silt and fine sand was deposited over the late Woodfordian perigla- facture food products, cigars, textiles, fabricated metal products, and other 31landscape.landscape . durable and nondurable goods are located in Berwick and its immediate vi The major mineral resource in the Berwick area is sand and gravel. cinity. Rural areas, which constitute about 90 percent of the quadrangle, 'emendous quantities of this commodity are available from the glacioflu support a moderately large, but steadily declining, population of grain and al deposits that border the Susquehanna River. Some potential for the dairy farmers. A 2,100-megawatt BWR (boiling water reactor) nuclear ,mmercial exploitation of clay shale, crushed stone, and particulate power plant, the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station of the Pennsylvania 'iver and creek" coal also exists. Power and Light Company, is currently being constructed about 2 miles Although environmental constraintsconstraints related to geologic conditions in (3.2 km) northeast of Beach Haven, Luzerne County. It is anticipated that e Berwick area are locally significant, they generally areare not serious. this plant will begin generating electricity in the early 1980's. 'oundwater supplies adequate for domestic use usually can be obtained Previous geologic mapping in the Berwick area has been largely of a re )m bedrock at depths of 100 to 200 feet (30 to 60 m).m), In the area connaissance nature, although several investigators have made significant ,rderingIrdering the Susquehanna, glaciofluvial gravels serve as a vast storage contributions to the understanding of the rock formations and unconsoli servoir that supplies large quantities of water to the underlying bedrock dated surficial deposits. I. C. White (1883) mapped the bedrock geology in rmations. Slope stability in bedrock units is a function of lithology and the Berwick area as part of an excellent reconnaissance survey of the geo titude of planar discontinuities. Except for dominantly shaly units, most logy of Wyoming, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Columbia, Montour, and North !drock formations have moderate to high stability in cut slopes greater umberland Counties. H. C. Lewis (1884) traced the Early Wisconsinan ice an 25 degrees, providing that planar discontinuities, such as bedding front through the area, but mistakenly mapped a large tract of Late Wis joints,jOints, are not seriously undercut; unconsolidated surficial sediments consinan till north of Berwick as part of the "terminal" moraine. Later e mostly unstable in cuts steeper than 25 degrees. Excavation charac Frank Leverett (1934) delineated several areas of older drift beyond the Late ristics are mainly related to lithology, but degree of bedding, jointing, Wisconsinan glacial border and corrected the mapping of Lewis north of ,d,d cleavage development also plays a significant role; i.e., uncon Berwick. L. C. Peltier (1949) discussed the terraces that border the North lidated surficial deposits and thin-bedded, cleaved shales can norm Branch in the Berwick area as part of a general study of Pleistocene terraces y be excavated to considerable depth with light to heavy machinery, and periglacial phenomena along the entire length of the Susquehanna Riv lereas thick-bedded quartzitic sandstone and conglomerate generally er. Recent remapping of the deposits associated with the Late Wisconsinan II require blasting. Most bedrock units in the area have suitable founda "terminal" moraine complex by O. H. Crowl (personal communication) ·n·n strength for heavy structures; unconsolidated surficial sediments can has been incorporated with slight modification into the present report. ually support light structures, but should be investigated for support of !:avy structures. Suitability of the various bedrock formations and uncon PHYSICAL SETTING lidated surficial deposits as sites for septic systems and sanitary land s is highly variable and can be properly evaluated only by detailed on The Berwick quadrangle lies entirely within the Appalachian Mountain 'e investigations. section of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province, an area whose dis tinctive linear topography is the result of differential erosion of folded sedi mentary rocks. Thick shale and limestone units are readily eroded and tend INTRODUCTION to form valleys, whereas dominantly sandstone and conglomerate units, which are more resistant, form rolling uplands and mountain ridges. In the The Berwick quadrangle encompasses an area of approximately 55.9 Berwick area, erosion of a major, nearly symmetrical, anticlinal (convex uare miles (144.7 km2) in Luzerne and Columbia Counties, northeastern upward) fold in the rock strata has produced similar topography on oppo :nnsylvania. The principal center of population is the Borough of Berwick site sides of the Susquehanna River. Steep escarpments with relief of 200 to 4 . BERWICK QUADRANGLE BEDROCK STRUCTURE 5

300 feet (60 to 90 m), which face each other at a distance of 2.5 miles (4 km) Shortway through the mountain barrier. About 0.6 mile (1 km) west of the across the central part of the quadrangle, are developed on moderately gap, southward migration of a large meander bend of Nescopeck Creek has resistant Upl'er Devonian sandstones and siltstones, which dip to the north resulted in the erosion of a steep-sided amphitheater into the north slope of on the north side of the Susquehanna and to the south on the south side. the mountain. Lee and Nescopeck Mountains, each of which has a local relief of 500 to 700 feet (150 to 215 m), are the beveled edges of highly resistant Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian conglomeratic sandstones; these ridges ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS bear a similar relationship to the structure of the rock strata as those described above. The writer is indebted to many individuals for advice and assistance in the Although the dominant topographic features of the Berwick quadrangle preparation of this report. Field and office discussions with other members are related to the resistance to erosion and structural attitude of the bedrock of the Survey staff helped to resolve some difficult stratigraphic and struc formations, depositional landforms formed by glaciai. and glaciofluvial tural problems. J. LaRue Smith and David A. Hopkins, at the time under processes are well developed in the eastern and central portions. The most graduate student interns from Bloomsburg State College, assisted with field conspicuous features are the Woodfordian (Late Wisconsinan) "terminal" mapping in 1976. Detailed geological engineering reports on several earth moraine complex, which trends in a northwest-southeast direction across dam, highway, and bridge construction projects in the Berwick area were the central part of the quadrangle, and the Woodfordian glaciofluvial ter provided by Bruce Benton and Louis Kirkaldie, U. S. Department of Agri races, which border the Susquehanna River. culture, Soil Conservation Service, and Paul Solomon, Anthony DeAngelo, The Woodfordian "terminal" moraine complex is characterized by rela and Carl Gottshall, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Richard tively subdued depositional topography on the uplands. Kames and kettles H. Howe, PennDOT Bureau of Materials Testing and Research, evaluated several rock samples for suitability as construction aggregate. Richard provide most of the relief, but locally mounds of till may rise 10 feet (3 m) or more above the surrounding terrain. In several areas the Woodfordian Wood, Pennsylvania Power and Light Company, granted the author per drift border is occupied by thin ground moraine rather than end moraine' mission to examine rock cuts and excavations at the site of the Susquehanna (Crowl, 1972, 1975). In the river valley itself the morainal complex is Steam Electric Station. Special thanks are due to George H. Crowl of Ohio Wesleyan University, marked by a prominent frontal kame on the south side of the river. who is largely responsible for mapping the Late Wisconsinan (Woodford Woodfordian glaciofluvial terraces are prominently displayed along the entire length of the Susquehanna River within the quadrangle. These ian) morainal deposits. terraces slope down river about 2 to 6 feet per mile (0.4 to 1.1 m/km), the upper terraces having the steeper gradients (Peltier, 1949). Good examples BEDROCKSTRUCTURE of terraces can be seen at elevations of 530 and 575 feet (162 and 175 m) at Berwick, 530 and 590 feet (162 and 180 m) at Nescopeck, and 640 feet (195 The sedimentary rocks of the Berwick quadrangle were originally de m) at Beach Haven and Hicks Ferry. posited as approximately horizontal layers. About 250 million years ago, On the uplands west and southwest of the Woodfordian "terminal" the rock strata were folded and faulted during the Alleghanian orogeny. All moraine, older, pre-Woodfordian glacial deposits are generally thin and of the structures described below presumably are related to this deforma- rarely exhibit depositional topography. The major exception is along the tion. south side of Lee Mountain in the northwest part of the quadrangle, where gently rolling morainal topography can still be detected on thick, early Wis FOLDS consinan (Altonian) drift. The report area is situated within the drainage basin of the North Branch, The major structure in the Berwick quadrangle is the Berwick (Montour Susquehanna River, which follows a generally southwestward course Ridge) anticlinorium, a moderately complex, first-order fold'" (Nickelsen, through the northeast and central portions of the quadrangle. Nescopeck 1963) which trends in a northeast-southwest direction across the mapped Creek, the largest local tributary, enters the Susquehanna at Nescopeck area. The axis of the fold passes through the center of the quadrangle and Borough after flowing through upland terrain south of the river in a scenic, plunges N76E at 2 to 4 degrees (Figure 1). In the eastern part of the area, the deeply incised, meandering valley. The creek breaches Nescopeck Mountain in a narrow, picturesque water gap that is utilized to route the Keystone *Refer to glossary for explanation of technical terms that are not defined in text. BERWICK QUADRANGLE BEDROCK STRUCTURE 7

nain axis is offset slightly to the north by en echelon folding in the Mahan side (Figure 1). The limbs of the anticlinorium are composed of planar seg :ango Formation. Apparent structural relief and wavelength of the anti ments separated by k.ink~ink planes, similar to comparable structures described

;linorium:lino~ium. are 12,000 feet (3,700 m) and 8.2 miles (13 km), respectively. The by Faill (1969, 1973). :old isIS slightlyshghtly asymmetrical and cylindrical within the confines of the The axes of the two other first-order fold structures shown on the bed

~erwickquadrangle. Dips average about 35 degrees on the south limb and rock geologic map are conjectural. The axis of the Lackawanna synclin to degrees on the north limb; dips greater than 75 degrees that affect more orium almost certainly passes through the northwest corner of the Berwick .han 30 feet (10 m) of stratigraphic section were recorded only on the north quadrangle, but its exact location cannot be determined due to lack of out crop in the glaciated valleyvaHey of Little ShickshinnyShickshinny Creek. In the extreme southeast corner of the quadrangle, a synclinal axis that can be mapped in the Mauch Chunk Formation along Nescopeck Creek may represent the main axis of the Catawissa-McCauley Mountain synclinorium. Alter natively, this axis may define only one of several en echelon second-order synclines that form the synclinorium in this area. OJ 0 Exposed second- and third-order folds are developed only in the &Po a Marcellus-Mahantango interval and the Mauch Chunk Formation. These D folds have wavelengths of 100 to 3,000 feet (30 to 900 m) and very low struc tural relief, mostly on the order of 50 feet (15 m) or less. Fourth-order folds with wavelengths of 5 to 50 feet (1.5 to 15 m) are fairly common as drag folds in the Trimmers Rock, Catskill, and Mauch Chunk Formations. These folds plunge gently, both to the northeast and south west. The average plunge is N74E at 3 degrees (Figure 1). Although folds in the mapped area were formed mainly by a flexural-slip mechanism, a strong component of flexural-flow folding was also involved (see Oonath and Parker, 1964). Characteristic features of flexural-slip folds that are evident in the Berwick quadrangle are: (1) common occurrence of slickenlines on bedding surfaces; (2) maintenance of roughly the same bed ~ '1' ding thickness across the hinges of most fourth-order folds; and (3) fre quent occurrence of wedge faults. The prominent cleavage developed in ar gillaceous rocks and the thickening of beds in the hinges of some fourth-or ../' .:" der folds are characteristics of flexural-flow folding. '.~.\': , a '. FAULTS Except for the rather enigmatic Light Street and Berwick faults, which

are covered by terrace gravels in Berwick Borough, faults (Le., fracture~in the rock along which clearly observable movement has taken place) are minor structural features in the quadrangle. Most are small wedge faults .. Pole toto bedding [] PolePol. to cleavagecleavage,north,north flank that transect only one or several beds and have 3 feet (1 m) or less displace • Bedding-cleavage intersectionint.rsection of Berwick an1lcllnorlumantiClinorium x Axis of minor fold , Axis of minor fold o Pole to cleavagecleavage.south,sQuth flank ment. Both the Light Street and Berwick faults are probably south-dipping ..., Average fold axis *"Average fold axis of Berwick anticlinorium reverse faults, but their exact geometries are unknown. Wedge faults lie at small angles (10 to 30 degrees) to bedding; displace ment results in lateral shortening and duplication of beds (Cloos, 1961). igureigure 1. Equal-area lower-hemisphere projection of 150 poles to bed Those observed in the Berwick quadrangle commonly occur either in the ding, 87 poles to cleavage, 34 bedding-cleavage intersec core or on the limbs of drag folds. Small wedge faults not associated with tions, and 24 axes of minor folds. drag folds represent a simple transfer of displacement from one bedding BERWICK QUADRANGLE BEDROCK STRUCTURE 9 rface to another. Slickenlines on wedge faults are congruent with those bedding occur in the fault zone at the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station l! bedding surfaces (Figure 2), indicating that the formation of the wedge (R. B. Wells, personal communication). On some of these faults, slicken ults is kinematically related to bedding-slip movements (Faill and Wells, lines that plunge at very low angles in directions nearly parallel to the fault 74). Several large but poorly defined faults of this type apparently occur planes suggest a strong strike-slip component of movement. the wide fault zone in the Mahantango Formation at the Susquehanna The Light Street fault (named for the village of Light Street, located !am Electric Station near Beach Haven, Salem Township,Township. Luzerne about 1 mile (1.6 km) northeast of Bloomsburg, Columbia County) is a )untymnty (41 °05 '32/1N176°08'32 "N176 °08 '48/1W).'48"W). about r mile (1.6 km) northeast of Bloomsburg, Columbia County) is a poorly understood zone of structural and stratigraphic disharmony which Other moderately to steeply dipping faults are of local significance. has been traced in the Wills Creek-Mahantango interval along the north side ults with dips in excess of 75 degrees but of unknown relationship to of the Berwick anticlinorium for about 20 miles (32 km) west of Berwick. Faulting has apparently caused marked local thinning (or elimination) of the Tonoloway, Keyser, Old Port, and/or Onondaga Formations at various places along the line of outcrop; e.g., along the old railroad on the south west side of Briar Creek, 0.6 mile (1.0 km) east of Dennis Mills, Columbia .. County (41 °03003 ' 45/1N17645 "N176 0 18 '27"W, Mifflinville quadrangle). (Stratigraphic II I!I thinning of the Old Port-Onondaga interval may also account for some of '" .. to .., "" the apparent loss in section on the north side of the Berwick anticlinorium.) .II II the apparent loss in section on the north side of the Berwick anticlinorium.) IIm Beds north and south of the fault are often contorted into third- and fourth order folds and transected by small north-dipping faults which are usually accompanied by brecciation. Such structural features are well exposed in ., the Mahantango Formation along Pa. Route 93, 0.2 mile (0(0.3.3 km) north of I .. Dennis Mills (41 °03'50"NI76°18'54"W,°03 '50 NI76°18'54"W, Mifflinville quadrangle) and in .,° the Keyser Formation on the grounds of the Berwick Golf Club, 0.3 mile (0.5 km) southeast of Martzville, Columbia County (41 °03 '57"N/-'57 "N/_ 76°15'42"W,76°1S'42"W, Mifflinville quadrangle). The geometry of the Light Street fault is ambiguous. It may be?e (1)(1).a a o south-dipping reverse fault which locally cuts out part of the stratigraphicstratIgraphiC section between the Wills Creek and Marcellus; (2) a north-dipping detach ment related to a major decollement affecting the same stratigraphic in terval in the Parvin Good No. I1 well, drilled on the crest of the Berwick .0 o~··.o .0 oo~·.o ° anticlinorium, 7 miles (11.3 km) northeast of the mapped area I ° "'-ac. ;...~... ..0 • 0 0 (41°07'51"NI75°59'29"W,(41°07'51 NI75°59'29"W, Wilkes-Barre West quadrangle) (Wood and -._. .: • • 0 0 iI~ o·0·· •II Bergin, 1970); or (3) a combination of (1) and (2). In the P. Good well aboutab~ut ·m·11 • ~.!J~.toe o CJ 0 o •• 0 1,400 feet (425 m) of faulted Marcellus black shale (thickened by the imIm .." .-.- • 0 0 • 1o brication of several thrust sheets) rests on relatively undisturbed Tonoloway 8. • Ol. 8• or Upper Wills Creek dolomite and dolomitic limestone.limestone. The Keyser, Old • Ol. ° ° Port,Port and Onondaga are absent (unpublished well log, Pa. Geol. Survey). BecauseBeca~se of the surficial cover over the faulted area, no conclusive evidence bearing on the nature of thethe fault can be cited fromfrom the Berwick quadrangle. " Pole to wed;, fault • Pole to wedge fault ...* Pole toto great circle defined Therefore,Therefore the cross section accompanying thethe bedrock geologic map (Plate ° Slickenline on wedge faultfault by all data points • Slickenline on bed din; • Slickenline on bedding 1) shows the~he simplest Appalachian style faultfault mechanism for eliminating section on thethe north flank of thethe anticlinorium, i.e.,i.e., a south-dipping reversereverse fault. the Light Street fault is part of the decollement in the P. Good well, ure 2. Equal-area lower-hemispherelower-hemisphere projectionprOjection of 37 poles toto wedge fault. IfIf the Light Street fault is part of the decollement in the P. Good well, the structure on the north flank and at the nose of the Berwick an faults,faults, 42 slickenlines on wedge faults,faults, and 65 slickenlines on the structure on the north flank and at the nose of the Berwick an bedding.bedding. ticlinoriumticlinorium within thethe quadrangle may be much more complex thanthan inin terpretedterpreted on thethe cross section. BERWICK QUADRANGLE BEDROCK STRUCTURE 11

The Berwick fault is a south-dipping reverse fault which repeats the Old axis). In contrast, on the south limb it averages about 80 degrees and ranges Irt,rt and Keyser Formations on the south flank of the anticlinorium. Al from 60 to 90 degrees. Cleavage also fans across third-order folds in the Jugh the fault is completely concealed by terrace gravels, stratigraphic Mauch Chunk Formation south south of Nescopeck Mountain. Frequently, Jetition is suggested by the fact that a water well drilled by the Berwick coarse cleavage dips 60 to 75 degrees to the northwest on the south-dipping 1mber and Supply Company at 329 West Second Street in Berwick limbs of these folds. l °03°03110INI76°14'21"W) '1OI N/76°14'21"W) bottomed in "flinty limestone" (Old Port?) Both fine and coarse cleavage can adversely affect cut-slope stability. owman, 1937, p. 100) 1,500 feet (460 m) west of Old Port ledges exposed Frost riving and chemical weathering along fine cleavage partings cause the bed of the Susquehanna River just downstream from the Berwick rapid deterioration of artificial cuts in the Marcellus, Mahantango, and :scopeck bridge (41 °03 ,I 12 "N/76"N176 °13 '57"W). Since other water wells and Harrell shales. An instructive example of the influence of coarse-cleavage ucural borings drilled between these two points encountered fine-grained orientation on cut-slope stability can be observed along Interstate 80, about lestone of Keyser-Tonoloway aspect, a fault with the upthrown side to 1.0 mile (1.6 km) east-southeast of Tank, Black Creek Township, Luzerne ! south probably exists a short distance south of the lumber company County (41 °00 '17 "N/76 °08008 '45"W). A steep cut on the westbound lane of :H.ll. The Berwick fault extends east-northeastward into an exposed third the highway nearly coincides with the axial trace of a third-order fold in jer anticline in the Marcellus-Mahantango interval. Mauch Chunk red claystone. At the east end, where cleavage dips steeply to the north into the rock exposure and bedding dips gently to the south into CLEAVAGE the open cut, much fragmented rock has spalled off onto the catchment area along the roadway. To the west, however, as cleavage fans around the Cleavage (i.e., closely spaced, parallel partings or planar discontinuities axis of the fold and dips very steeply (88 degrees) to the southeast, consider 1tIt result from structural deformation) is a prominent feature affecting ably less material has broken loose because the cut slope is inclined in the linlytinly argillaceous rocks in the Berwick quadrangle. Two types can be same direction and at a slightly lower angle than the cleavage dip. :ognized: (1) a fine, apparently pervasive cleavage developed in clay lie,ile, silty clay shale, and claystone (particularly in the Marcellus, Mahan- JOINTS 19O,190, and Harrell Formations); and (2) a coarse, nonpervasive cleavage mmonly present in argillaceous limestone in the Tully Member and Old Joints (Le., fractures in the rock along which little or no movement has -rt Formation and in silty claystone, siltstone, and very fine to fine taken place) are developed in all lithologies, but are particularly well ex lined sandstone of the Trimmers Rock, Catskill, and Mauch Chunk For pressed in sandstones and siltstones. Strikes of the joints tend to be either ltions. roughly parallel to bedding strike (strike joints), approximately normal to Fine cleavage is usually expressed by smooth parting separations that are bedding strike (dip joints), or markedly oblique to bedding strike (oblique lerally less than Y4V4 inch (0.6 cm) apart and impart a fissile or "shaly" ap joints). Most strike- and dip-joint planes are oriented approximately per Hanceuance to the rock. Distinct separations may range up to 2 inches (5 cm) pendicular to bedding planes. This is particularly well shown in the strike Ht,ift, but the rock between these separations generally shows pervasive joints, which dip south on the north limb of the Berwick anticlinorium (Fig avage development. Bedding-cleavage intersections are relatively straight ure 4) and north on the south limb (Figure 5). Dip joints are approximately j plunge gently to the northeast and southwest. The average plunge is vertical on both limbs, whereas oblique joints are often inclined at moderate

~utGut N75E at 4 degrees (Figure 1). In the Mahantango Formation, fossils angles to bedding. : commonly distorted, with maximum strain parallel to the cleavage. In the Marcellus, Mahantango, and Harrell Formations, joints are often :'::oarse::oarse cleavage separations range from YzY2 inch (1 cm) to about 3 inches curved and discontinuous. A set of dip joints that strikes about N45W and 5 cm) and may superficially resemble bedding (Figure 5 on Plate 1). The dips 70SW to 80NESONE (Figure 3) is fairly well developed at most outcrops, avage surfaces are usually uneven and form the boundaries of elongate, however. These joints are generally 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 m) apart, with an cleaved lenses of rock.rock, Intersections between bedding and coarse cleavage average spacing ofof. about 1.5 feet (0.5 m). In rare instances, open joints are 'm'm wavy lineations having an average plunge similar to that formed by cemented by veins of calcite. :! intersection of fine cleavage and bedding. In formations above the Harrell, the joints, which are generally planar Jenerally both fine and coarse cleavage dip south and fan across the Ber and continuous, can be grouped into several well-defined sets (Figures 4 and :k anticlinorium (Figure 1).1), On the north limb the cleavage dip averages 5). They are usually spaced from 6 inches to 3 feet (15 em to 1 m) apart, but Jut 60 degrees and ranges from 45 to 80 degrees (steepening toward the range from 1 inch to more than 6 feet (2.5 cm to more than 2 m) apart. The 12 BERWICK QUADRANGLE BEDROCK STRUCTURE 13

.-:-. .~o-:-.o .. . ~~f- ·0_ ..° oA.?~~ _0 ______".

,I 'd] ~.+

C':G. .

Figure 3. Equal-area lower-hemisphere projection of 192 poles to Figure 4. Equal-area lower-hemisphere projection of 278 poles to joints in the Marcellus, Mahantango, and Harrell Formations. joints in the Trimmers Rock, Catskill, and Pocono Formations Prominent set: B-N I5I5-25W,-25W, 75NE-80SW (dip joints).joints). Con on the north flank of the Berwick anticlinorium (north-dipping tours at I,I, 2, 4, 8, and 12 percent per I-percent a rea. beds). Prominent sets: A-N70-85E, 40-60SE (strike joints); B-NI5-30W, 80SW-80NE (dip jOints); C-N40-50E, 70- 80SE (oblique joints). Contours at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 percent .videstN'idest spacing is inin thick-bedded, coarse-grained to conglomeratic sandsand- per I-percent area. stone5tone of thethe Spechty Kopf and Pocono Formations. Locally, the joint sur faces are covered by small projecting quartz crystals; at anyone outcrop stresses may thenthen overcome frictionfrictional·aJ drag along inclinedinclined surfaces, thethe rere ::hese mineralized jointsjoints are restricted toto one set, which may be either a sult being slippage of blocks off the cut slope. MassiveMassive' failures of thisthis type ;;trike,trike, dip, or oblique set. are most likely to occur where moderate to steeply dipping bedding planes The orientation of joint and bedding planes is a critical factor in deter are undercut, as in the channel change of Nescopeck Creek, just north of nining slope stability in rock cuts. Intersection of thesethese planar partings Interstate 80,80 NesNescopeck.copeck Township, Luzerne County (41 °01°01' '10"N!- 10"N/- ''orms discrete blocks which may be unstable, particularly ifif thethe individualindividual 76°10'57"W)76°10 '57"W)' (Figure(Figu~e 2 on Plate 1). However, small-scale failures thatthat inin )lanes)lanes or theirtheir lineslines of intersectionintersection are undercut during excavation. Gravity volve only one or a few jointjoint blocks can occur ifif any separation or intersec-intersec- 14 BERWICK QUADRANGLE BEDROCK STRUCTURE 15 FRACTURE TRACES Linear features attributable to fractures and visible on aerial photographs and topographic maps are termed fracture traces, or lineaments if more than 1 mile (1.6 km) long (Lattman, 1958).1958), Generally these definitions in clude only transverse linears (Le., joint traces, etc.), not those parallel to the structural grain (Le., bedding traces). Four types of linear features are com monly plotted as fracture traces or lineaments: (1) abnormally long, straight stream segments; (2) aligned topographic swales or stream segments; (3) soil-tonal alignments in plowed fields; and (4) alignments of evergreen trees ,1,1 in mostly deciduous forests. These features apparently reflect zones of sub surface fracture concentration which have enhanced weathering and { I groundwat~r~ov~ment.qlov~ment. Trends of fracture traces in the Berwick quadrangle are shown in Figure 6. Strong trends at azimuths NIONI0 to 15W and N20 to 25W are subparallel to the main dip-joint set that is well developed on both limbs and in the axial portion of the anticlinorium.anticlinorium. The trends at N40 to 45E and N60 to 65E can be related to oblique and strike joints, respectively, oriented in these direc tions. Other trends cannot be readily identified with well-developed joint sets. Lack of a strong linear trend at N75 to 85E, parallel to the strike-joint set that is complementary to the main dip-joint set, is a defect of the method; any fracture traces trending in this direction were assumed by the B writer to be bedding traces and were not plotted. In areas underlain by bedrock formations in which water occurs mainly in secondary fractures rather than in primary pore spaces, a knowledge of the

x Pole to jolntlnjoint In north- dippingdippinQ bid, Mauch Chunk Formation o Pole to10 jointjolnlln In 5ubhorlzonlalsubhorlzonlal bed, Mauch Chunk Formation • Pole to10 Joint In south-dippingsouth-dlppinQ bed

:igure 5. Equal-area lower-hemispherelower-hemisphere projection of 449 poles to jOints in the Trimmers Rock, CatSkill,Catskill, Spechty Kopf, Pocono, and Mauch Chunk Formations on the south flank of the Ber wick anticlinorium.anticlinorium . Prominent sets: A-N55-75E, 60-90NW (strike jOints);joints); B-N20 -35W, 80NE-80SW (dip joints). Con tours at 1,2,4, and 8 percent per I-percent area. tion "daylights" into an open cut. It should be kept in mind that physical and chemical weathering play an extremely important part in conditioning a slope51ope toto fail. A rock slope that appears stable and permanent immediately Figure 6. Diagram showing orientation of 213 fracture traces and line after it is excavated may deteriorate in a few years to the point that extensive aments in the Berwick quadrangle (five-degree(five-degree orientation remedial work is necessary. classes). SURFICIAL DEPOSITS 17 16 BERWICK QUADRANGLE location of fracture traces can be a valuable tool for developing groundwa deeply weathered till occur, all of which are probably remnants of an Il ter supplies. Recent studies have shown that water wells located on fracture linoianItnoian drift cover. 1 Compact, reddish-brown, unweathered to slightly traces, or at the intersection of two or more traces, tend to have higher ;eatheredweathered till of probable Early Wisconsinan (Altonian) age occupies a nar yields than wells located in inter-trace areas (LaUman and Parizek, 1964; row band south of Lee Mountain. Glacial drift of the "terminal" moraine Hollowell and Koester, 1975). Before a well is drilled on a mapped fracture complex in the northern and east-central parts of the quadrangle is laterally trace, however, an on-site investigation should be conducted in order to de continuous with known Late Wisconsinan (Woodfordian) drift in Monroe, termine the reliability of that particular trace and to evaluate other factors Carbon, and eastern Luzerne Counties, Pennsylvania (Crowl, 1972; Sevon that may have a bearing on well yield. and others, 1975). Periglacial and outwash deposits related to Woodfordian glaciation are widespread to the west of the moraine. O RIGIN ANAN D AGE OF SURFICIAL DEPOSITS The Illinoian ice sheet advanced into the Berwick area about 500,000 years B.P. (before present) and deposited a blanket of glacial till (Qit) over The unconsolidated surficial deposits of the Berwick area record mainly much of the quadrangle. The abundance of black to light-gray chert, or Pleistocene and Holocene glacial, glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine, eolian, "flint" (probably derived from the Onondaga Limestone in the Mohawk periglacial, swamp-related, and fluvial processes that have been active over Valley region of New York), suggests that ice flow was from the northeast. the past 500,000 years (Figure 7). All but the last of these processes are relat The maximum extent of the Illinoian glaciation in the North Branch and ed to periodic glaciation of the area by continental ice sheets. trunk valleys of the Susquehanna has not yet been clearly delineated. W. D. Sevon (personal communication) has tentatively recognized the boundary Evidence of at least three episodes of glaciation is preserved in the Ber a pre-Woodfordian (here considered Illinoian) ice lobe immediately wick quadrangle. On the uplands and in some stream valleys in the west of a pre-Woodfordian (here considered Illinoian) ice lobe immediately south of the mapped area at the east end of McCauley Mountain (Nurem central and southern part of the area, many thin, discontinuous pods of berg quadrangle). The ice margin probably trended toward the northeast on the south side of Nescopeck Mountain and crossed the ridge somewhere G G within the confines of the Berwick quadrangle (see also Williams, 1895, and .. Leverett, 1934). In the Susquehanna Valley, Hoskins and Sevon (1976) have GF G1F? recognized Illinoian(?) till as far south as West Mahantango Creek, Snyder - County, about 46 miles (74 km) southwest of Berwick. During the wasting of the Illinoian ice, a belt of aligned kame terraces (Qikt) composed of stratified sand and gravel was built up along the north side of the Susquehanna Valley between Salem Creek and East Berwick. The highest preserved portions of these terraces occur on top of bedrock ridges at an elevation of approximately 700 feet (215 m) and appear to slope gently westward. Stagnant ice probably filled the Susquehanna Valley south of the terraces at the time of their deposition. The presence of Illinoian till 525 500 475 100 75 50 25 12 0 at elevations lower than 700 feet (215 m) in the valley of Salem Creek and 3 10 YEARS B.P. along an unnamed stream 2,500 feet (762 m) to the west indicates that stag Pleistocene HoloceneH I cene nant ice also lay to the north. Illinoian 3~~~ _____ ..!- __ WisconsinanW;:,;.:is~c;.:on:.:.:.:.:.ln:.:.:a:.lin;,.,...... -+ I __ _ During the ensuing Sangamonian Interglacial, the Illinoian deposits were : Alton-l ;Wood-:W0o~- I Ian • Ifordi-fordl subjected to deep chemical weathering in a climate that was probably con Figure 7. Approximate absolute time at which various surficial pro siderably milder and wetter than that existing today. The deep soil profile, cesses that left a depositional record were active in the Ber reddish color, abundant decomposed clasts, and well-developed weathering wick quadr:angle. G=glacial; GF=glaciofluvial; GFL=glacio prisms that are diagnostic of the Illinoian drift are largely the result of Sang fluvial and glaciolacustrine; E =eolian; PG =periglacial; amonian alteration. 5R=swamp related; and F=fluvial. (Time scale adapted , The relative age of the thin pre-Woodfordian upland drift is conjectural. Leverett (1934) con from Cooke, 1973; Dreimanis and Goldthwait, 1973; and sidered it entirely Illinoian, and Crowl (personal communication) largely concurs. w. D. Sevon Sevon and others, 1975.) (personal communication), however, believes that most of this till is Altonian.

6 6

19 19

in in to to

or or

in in to to

or or

the the the the be

the the oc

the the

the the de de

till, till,

till. till.

till, till,

till. till.

end end

(see (see

still

have have

com

Since Since

com

Since Since

ice ice

in in

broad broad

Salem Salem

broad broad

Salem Salem

away. away.

of of Beach Beach of of kame

away. away. Beach Beach kame

of of

a a of of Active Active

a a

Active Active during during

depos

during during

depos

several several

signifi

several several

signifi

charac

and and

original original was was

a a

a a Berwick Berwick

Berwick Berwick

valley valley

early early

a a

of of

of of irregular. irregular.

irregular. irregular. is is

is is

ice ice

even even

even even within within

within within

the the

glacial glacial glacial glacial

boulders boulders

ice ice

boulders boulders

ice ice

glacial glacial

meltwater, meltwater,

side side glacial glacial mainly mainly

meltwater, meltwater,

side side mainly mainly

and and

period period

and and

downwast downwast

period period

to to

kame kame

the the

ice, ice,

materials materials materials materials active active

active active

quadrangle, quadrangle,

quadrangle, quadrangle, material material

material material

the the

the the front front

front front

along along

or or

buried buried

or or

and and buried buried

and and

of of

front. front.

of of

wasted wasted

of of

wasted wasted

of of

by by by by

was was

consist consist

that that consist consist

that that

in in wasting. wasting.

in in

in in may may

may may

and and

(Qwic) (Qwic)

reached reached and and

(Qwic) (Qwic)

reached reached

the the

of of

the the before before before before

the the

brief brief

active active

The The cut cut

this this

ice ice

south south

small small

erratic erratic

a a belt belt

in in

a a

and and

and and margin, margin,

margin, margin,

behind behind

across across zone zone

of of of of

top top

the the

blocks blocks blocks blocks

beneath beneath

drift drift drift drift

the the

slowly slowly

a a

restricted restricted in in

for for

and and

occurs occurs and and

occurs occurs

ice ice

of of

on on

still-stand still-stand

drift drift

actual actual

ice ice ice ice actual actual

deposits deposits

on on on on

deposited deposited deposits deposits

deposited deposited

accumulated accumulated

beneath beneath accumulated accumulated beneath beneath

glaciation glaciation

frontal-kame frontal-kame

terminus terminus till till

and and and and

the the

stagnated stagnated

contain contain

stagnated stagnated

contain contain

north-northeast north-northeast massive massive

topography topography

north-northeast north-northeast massive massive

of of

now now

of of

now now

deglaciation deglaciation

deglaciation deglaciation the the

the the

conspicuous conspicuous 2). 2).

the the

advance advance edge edge

advance advance edge edge phase phase

phase phase

valley valley valley valley

distance distance

often often

a a backwasting backwasting

predominantly predominantly predominantly predominantly

Nescopeck. Nescopeck. Nescopeck. Nescopeck.

extended extended

The The

of of of of

or or The The

or or

kames kames

is is

of of of of

of of

stratified stratified stratified stratified

gravel gravel

drift, drift,

flowing flowing

km) km) the the

km) km) the the of of

of of

the the the the

deposition deposition deposition deposition

(Qwfk) (Qwfk) (Qwfk) (Qwfk)

tunnels tunnels

most most

glacial glacial

most most

glacial glacial

Plate Plate

(Qwgm) (Qwgm)

stratified stratified

some some

some some inactive inactive inactive inactive

along along

kettle" kettle"

along along

topography topography kettle"

accumulation accumulation

back back back back

melting melting

overlying overlying

and and

during during during during

on on

that that

that that east east

retreat retreat retreat retreat

east east

which which which which

are are are are

(3.2 (3.2

between between

between between the the

stages stages the the

stages stages

DEPOSITS DEPOSITS DEPOSITS DEPOSITS

Haven. Haven.

moraine moraine

commonly commonly

feature feature feature feature

7 7

down down

forward, forward,

isolated isolated forward, forward,

isolated isolated

direct direct direct direct

kame kame

probably probably

and and

ice ice ice ice

Woodfordian Woodfordian

composed composed Woodfordian Woodfordian

composed composed

streams streams

The The The The

and and and and

. .

debris debris

debris debris sand sand km) km)

sand sand km) km)

deglaciation deglaciation deglaciation deglaciation

by by

stratified stratified

melted melted

coarsest coarsest

moraine moraine became became

ice-contact ice-contact ice-contact ice-contact

early early

by by within within

within within by by

miles miles miles miles

are are crevasses, crevasses,

the the the the

kame, kame,

phases phases phases phases

where where

up up up up Beach Beach

Beach Beach

river, river,

debris debris Although Although

the the

2 2

ground ground

(3.2 (3.2

(Figure (Figure

in in

the the

the the "knob "knob "knob "knob

of of

frontal frontal frontal frontal

deposits deposits

forming forming

of of

and and suggesting suggesting of of

and and suggesting suggesting

part part either either either either

part part

accumulated accumulated

two two two two wide wide

wide wide in in

discharge discharge discharge discharge in in

SURFICIAL SURFICIAL SURFICIAL SURFICIAL

'39"W). '39"W). '39"W) '39"W)

the the pile pile pile pile

the the

margin. margin.

mass, mass, mass, mass,

equilibrium equilibrium

margin margin

ledge, ledge,

in in

stratified stratified

stratified stratified depositional depositional depositional depositional

Ground Ground Ground Ground

to to

of of

ice, ice,

miles miles miles miles

ice, ice,

frontal frontal

moraine moraine debris-laden debris-laden debris-laden debris-laden

moraine moraine

large large large large

still-stand, still-stand, still-stand, still-stand,

ice ice

about about

formed formed had had about about

formed formed

had had

by by by by

convey convey

ice ice ice ice convey convey

ice-contact ice-contact ice-contact ice-contact

the the

north north

latter latter latter latter

early early early early

miles miles miles miles

streams streams streams streams

of of of of

outwash. outwash. outwash. outwash.

diameter diameter

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

to to to to the the the the

the the

mar~in, mar~in, the the

the the

products products margin, margin,

products products

at at side side

the the the the

constitute constitute position position

constitute constitute

morainal morainal

position position

of of of of

the the

in in

436, 436,

glaciation glaciation

is is is is quadrangle, quadrangle,

quadrangle, quadrangle,

of of

"NI76°09 "NI76°09 "N/76°09 "N/76°09

of of

meltwater meltwater

hills hills meltwater meltwater

hills hills

that that

hummocky, hummocky, hummocky, hummocky,

bedrock bedrock bedrock bedrock

ice ice

debris debris

and and and and

of of

ground ground ground ground

deposited deposited

marked marked

of of

marked marked

drift drift of of

drift drift

a a mor~ine. mor~ine. moraine. moraine.

45 45 a a

45 45

(Qwem) (Qwem)

a~vance, a~vance,

advance, advance,

tens tens

continued continued continued continued

of of

River, River, River, River,

south south

of of

WIth WIth of of

with with

the the along along

top top

which which

moraine, moraine, moraine, moraine,

more more

ablation ablation ablation ablation

conspicuous conspicuous conspicuous conspicuous

stagnating stagnating stagnating stagnating

and and and and

considerable considerable

the the the the

meltwater meltwater Route Route

meltwater meltwater

~nd ~nd

phases phases

end end

phases phases °05' °05' °05' °05'

types types

been been

the the the the

or or

or or continued continued on on

continued continued on on

Berwick Berwick

stIll-stand stIll-stand still-stand still-stand from from from from blocked blocked

blocked blocked at at

even even even even

at at

the the

bedrock bedrock

Originally, Originally,

stages stages

bedrock bedrock

Originally, Originally, stages stages

by by

end end

this this

end end

gravels, gravels, gravels, gravels, this this

of of of of

probable probable probable probable

(41 (41

(41 (41 d.uring d.uring during during

depositional depositional

with with with with

on on

most most most most on on

m) m)

ice ice

masses masses ice ice

masses masses

position position

or or or or

the the

moraine moraine moraine moraine the the

the the

amount amount

is is is is have have

have have

Both Both Both Both

ground ground ground ground

(2 (2

deposit, deposit,

however, however, however, however,

late late

late late low low

low low

produced produced

associated associated assOCIated assOCIated

Both Both

In In

The The The The

The The

In In

The The It It It It

terrace terrace

plucked plucked

feet feet t~ristic t~ristic

till till

terrace terrace

through through and and and and

plucked plucked

End End

feet feet

till till active active

Large Large teristic teristic

stand stand

hmd hmd

hind hind through through

accumulated accumulated

End End ing. ing.

ing. ing.

moraine moraine moraine moraine

mixed mixed mixed mixed

the the the the

quadrangle. quadrangle.

partially partially

Haven Haven Haven Haven

active active

Large Large

stand stand

below). below).

accumulated accumulated

ice, ice, ice, ice, cant cant

cant cant

Its Its Within Within

its its this this

may may

quadrangle. quadrangle.

wedge wedge

partially partially the the

the the Township Township Route Township Township

~urred ~urred

glacier. glacier.

below). below).

margin. margin. margin. margin.

miles miles miles miles

curred curred posited posited

posited posited Within Within glaciation glaciation glaciation glaciation this this may may

glacier. glacier.

Susquehanna Susquehanna

pressions pressions pressions pressions

plexes. plexes. plexes. plexes.

Susquehanna Susquehanna

of of

to to to to

to to

of of of of the the

the the

to to

the the

500 500 500 500

Sy the the

fact fact fact fact

the the the the

but but but but

The The The The

km) km)

I I

1 1

were were were were

scale scale scale scale

may may

miles miles

por

miles miles por

the the to the the to

sheet. sheet. sheet. sheet.

to to

down down

which which which which

m/km) m/km)

20,000 20,000

on on on on

or or

the the the the

or or

50,000 50,000 50.000 50.000

Council Council Council Council

ob1ique oblique

west west west west

narrow narrow narrow narrow

ledge ledge ledge ledge

Because Because

least least

(1.9 (1.9

deposits deposits deposits deposits

2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7

(1.2 (1.2 (1.2 (1.2

ice ice ice ice

mountain mountain mountain mountain

to to to to

area area area area

a a sandstone, sandstone, sandstone, sandstone,

movement movement movement movement a a

A A A A

m) m) m) m)

configura configura

on on on on

possible possible

at at at at

but but undoubted

undoubted

possible possible

but but

S70W. S70W. S70W. S70W.

'26"W, '26"W, '26"W, '26"W,

(115 (115 (115 (115

glaciations. glaciations. glaciations. glaciations.

smaller smaller smaller smaller

attests attests attests attests

feet, feet,

(Qat) (Qat)

the the the the

is is

ice ice ice ice

on on

mountain, mountain, mountain, mountain,

Illinoian, Illinoian, Illinoian, Illinoian,

on on

Susquehanna Susquehanna Susquehanna Susquehanna

southwesterly southwesterly southwesterly southwesterly

pushed pushed

further further further further

a a a a

pushed pushed

about about about about

5 5 5 5

mile mile mile mile

southern southern

glaciation glaciation

miles miles

and and and and

moved moved moved moved

and and and and

°01 °01

terrace terrace terrace terrace

(198 (198 (198 (198

same same same same

was was

gravel gravel

was was

gravel gravel it it

it it

cliff cliff cliff cliff

till till till till

was was was was of of of of

within within

till till till till

of of of of

on on

15,000 15,000

mile mile mile mile

15,000 15,000

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

to to to to

on on on on

1975). 1975).

the the

1975). 1975).

the the

trend trend trend trend

older older older older

the the

and and

3 3 3 3 and and

ice ice

of of

ice ice

of of

the the

area area

known, known, known, known,

area area

same same same same

the the the the

more more more more

0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

1.15 1.15

feet feet feet feet

and and and and

wide, wide, wide, wide,

Illinoian. Illinoian. Illinoian. Illinoian.

as as as as

per per

quadrangle. quadrangle. quadrangle. quadrangle.

a a a a

which which

"N176°01 "N176°01

"N/76 "N/76

the the the the

areas areas areas areas

in in in in

the the

ragged ragged ragged ragged not not

not not

Wyoming-Lackawanna Wyoming-Lackawanna

to to to to

border border border border

the the the the

striations striations 650 650 650 650

(about (about striations striations

(about (about

siltstone siltstone siltstone siltstone Illinoian Illinoian

Illinoian Illinoian

sheet sheet

km) km) km) km)

sheet sheet

'01 '01 '01 '01

feet feet feet feet

others, others,

others, others, deposits, deposits, deposits, deposits,

erosion erosion erosion erosion

is is is is

for for for for

ice, ice, ice, ice, of of

Mountain, Mountain,

of of

Mountain, Mountain,

thickness, thickness, thickness, thickness,

Sand Sand Sand Sand

ledge ledge ledge ledge

choked choked choked choked

central central central central

'39"W), '39"W), '39"W), '39"W),

a a

about about deflection deflection deflection deflection

about about

Mountain Mountain Mountain Mountain

of of of of

the the that that

of of of of

The The The The

clasts clasts clasts clasts

Berwick Berwick Berwick Berwick

its its

knobs knobs

2.4 2.4

knobs knobs

2.4 2.4

°07 °07 °07 °07

fine fine

than than

Woodfordian Woodfordian

600 600

(generally (generally

(generally (generally and and

and and

Berwick Berwick Berwick Berwick

side side side side

area area area area

northeastern northeastern northeastern northeastern

Wapwallopen Wapwallopen

that that that that

The The The The

weathered weathered Lee Lee Lee Lee

weathered weathered to to to to

of of of of

marginal marginal marginal marginal

(41 (41

the the the the

glacial glacial glacial glacial

the the the the

(215-m) (215-m) (215-m) (215-m)

Glacial Glacial Glacial Glacial

the the the the

deflected deflected deflected deflected

of of of of

of of of of possible possible possible possible

glaciation glaciation glaciation glaciation

ice-free. ice-free. ice-free. ice-free.

siltstone siltstone siltstone siltstone

blocks blocks blocks blocks

m). m).

of of of of

(1.6 (1.6 (1.6 (1.6

about about about about

derived derived derived derived

south south south south

on on on on

margin. margin. margin. margin.

train train

elevation elevation elevation elevation

is is is is

(Sevon (Sevon

profile profile

deposited deposited deposited deposited

indicates indicates

a a a a

Nescopeck Nescopeck Nescopeck Nescopeck

across across across across

bedrock bedrock

movement, movement, movement, movement,

whereas whereas whereas whereas

Woodfordian Woodfordian Woodfordian Woodfordian

progressive progressive

Speedway, Speedway,

extensive extensive extensive extensive

east east east east

Berwick Berwick Berwick Berwick

of of of of

(23 (23 (23 (23

thinner thinner thinner thinner

its its its its

the the crest crest crest crest

the the

severely severely severely severely

an an an an

'36"N/76°09 '36"N/76°09 '36"N/76°09 '36"N/76°09

deglaciation. deglaciation. deglaciation. deglaciation. as as as as

valley. valley.

locally locally locally locally

County County

on on on on County County

surrounding surrounding surrounding surrounding

QUADRANGLE QUADRANGLE QUADRANGLE QUADRANGLE

soil soil soil soil

affected affected affected affected

the the the the

and and

low low low low

miles miles miles miles

than than

700-foot 700-foot 700-foot 700-foot

the the the the

action action action action

the the the the

at at at at

as as as as

effects effects effects effects

less less less less

locally locally locally locally

the the the the

On On On On

just just feet feet just just

feet feet

the the the the

°04 °04 °04 °04

angular angular angular angular

the the the the

of of of of

imprint imprint

imprint imprint border border

border border

near near near near

was was

in in in in

of of of of

modification modification

1.5 1.5

S42W, S42W, S42W, S42W,

deposits deposits deposits deposits

such such such such

the the the the

outwash outwash outwash outwash

of of of of

in in in in

apparently apparently apparently apparently

75 75 75 75

not not not not

striae striae striae striae

(41 (41 (41 (41

on on on on

suggests suggests suggests suggests

of of of of

advanced advanced advanced advanced

ridges ridges ridges ridges

Berwick Berwick

gradient gradient gradient gradient Berwick Berwick

which which which which

ice ice ice ice

to to to to

deeper deeper

of of of of

but but but but

much much much much

several several several several

major major

glacier glacier glacier glacier

major major

of of of of

Altonian Altonian Altonian Altonian

a a a a

Luzerne Luzerne Luzerne Luzerne

even even even even

point. point. point. point.

down down down down

(Woodfordian) (Woodfordian) (Woodfordian) (Woodfordian)

BERWICK BERWICK BERWICK BERWICK

are are are are

trend trend trend trend terraces terraces terraces terraces

plucking plucking plucking plucking

were were were were

and and and and

trend trend trend trend

the the the the

picture picture picture picture 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

grain grain grain grain

the the the the

Mountain Mountain Mountain Mountain

of of of of

striae striae striae striae

sheet sheet sheet sheet

ridges, ridges, ridges, ridges,

cap cap cap cap

ice ice ice ice

occur occur occur occur

sides sides sides sides

had had had had

profound profound profound profound of of of of

that that

and and and and

that that

Haven Haven Haven Haven

the the the the

erosional erosional

erosional erosional the the the the

at at

extensive extensive extensive extensive

ice, ice, ice, ice,

a a

Lee Lee Lee Lee

quadrangle) quadrangle) quadrangle) quadrangle)

ice ice ice ice

the the the the

at at at at

inclusion inclusion inclusion inclusion

the the the the

abundance abundance abundance abundance

by by

by by also also also also

mountain mountain mountain mountain

Wisconsinan Wisconsinan Wisconsinan Wisconsinan stages stages stages stages

apparent apparent apparent apparent Woodfordian Woodfordian

Woodfordian Woodfordian

narrow narrow narrow narrow

west west

west west clearer clearer clearer clearer

an an an an

deposits deposits

deposits deposits of of of of

thickness thickness thickness thickness

of of of of glaciation, glaciation, glaciation, glaciation,

apparently apparently apparently apparently

left left left left

of of of of

grooves grooves grooves grooves

little little little little

from from from from

similar similar similar similar

Dorrance, Dorrance, Dorrance, Dorrance,

a a a a

significantly significantly significantly significantly the the the the

the the

shale shale the the

shale shale

Beach Beach Beach Beach

hilltop hilltop hilltop hilltop

the the the the

of of of of

and and and and

the the

thick thick

the the the the

late late late late

boulders boulders

a a a a

quadrangle quadrangle quadrangle quadrangle

and and and and

Wisconsinan Wisconsinan

Late Late

Woodfordian Woodfordian

has has

by by thickness thickness

of of

by by thickness thickness was was

of of

was was

form form

by by

of of by by

of of

topographic topographic

trend trend

much much quadrangle), quadrangle),

by by

the the

apparently apparently

the the

of of

apparently apparently by by

south south

been been of of

south south

Altonian Altonian been been

Altonian Altonian

m) m)

south-southwest, south-southwest,

the the

a a

power power

a a

power power

the the

in in

the the

in in

the the

Glacial Glacial steepened steepened

of of

attains attains

the the

than than

Late Late

the the

Altonian Altonian

than than Late Late

Altonian Altonian

and and

in in and and

Creek Creek in in

Creek Creek

Altonian Altonian

that that

(Sybertsville (Sybertsville

has has

B.P.) B.P.)

the the

B.P.) B.P.)

of of

erratic erratic

of of

B.P., B.P., erratic erratic

km) km) B.P., B.P.,

km) km)

south, south,

(152 (152

exhibit exhibit (152 (152

of of

exhibit exhibit

of of

Woodfordian Woodfordian

computed computed

front front

m) m) valley valley

valley valley m) m)

shown shown

over over

remnants remnants

over over

remnants remnants

Although the the Although

Although Although

The The

ngue ngue

on on

alley alley

on on

alley alley

as as

hange hange as as

hat hat 4.3 4.3

s s

eVelop eVelop hat hat

y y

across across y 4.3 4.3

~ao) ~ao)

'eet 'eet

ce ce

Iere Iere

~aximum ~aximum s s ons ons

Llong Llong

evelop evelop

lepositional, lepositional, .5 .5

y y

across across y alem alem lard lard

e e 'he 'he irection irection

lasin lasin

ley ley

Ie Ie

~ao) ~ao)

outh. outh.

'eet 'eet

ce ce

Iere Iere

~aximum ~aximum ears ears

ons ons ilope). ilope).

• •

lortheast lortheast :rosive :rosive

LIong LIong

1St, 1St,

lortheast lortheast lepositional, lepositional,

::up ::up

lst, lst, ,cally ,cally

,ertsville ,ertsville .5 .5

:ars :ars

alem alem

lard lard

'he 'he

irection irection .callyattains .callyattains e e

lasin lasin

.1ahantango .1ahantango

: Ie Ie

ley ley

outh. outh.

lorthwest lorthwest

lertsville lertsville

" ,ngue ,ngue :bange :bange ears ears

ilope). ilope).

:rosive :rosive f1ahantango f1ahantango ::up ::up :ars :ars

' : lorthwest lorthwest : :0:0 BERWICK QUADRANGLE SURFICIAL DEPOSITS 21

Much of the meltwater that flowed off the end of the wasting glacier was volumes of outwash gravel that inundated the Susquehanna Valley during :hanneled down existing valleys, particularly those of the North Branch and the later stages of deglaciation. As the ice front retreated to the northwest,northwest

Nescopeck Creek. The valleys of Wapwallopen Creek, Little Wapwallopen successivelys~ccessively lower terraces were formed by erosion and deposition as theth; Creek, and Salem Creek, as well as those of several unnamed streams, also riverrIver was graded to new ratios of water volume to sediment load in its down ,erved as meltwater channels. The heads of the meltwater streams are com stream reaches. The northwest-facing terrace scarps that are prominent on monly marked by kame complexes along the margin of the Woodfordian the south side of the river at Nescopeck were probably eroded by down moraine; e.g., Salem Creek and two unnamed streams in Nescopeck Town stream migration of the broad arches in the river, which are still evident be ship. Not only did the larger meltwater streams deposit much debris in ter tween Wapwallopen and Lime Ridge (Mifflinville quadrangle). races (Qwoa, Qwo) along their length, but locally they were extremely effeceffec Remnants of high outwash terraces (Qwo) are also present along Nesco tive agents of erosion. In the valley of Salem Creek between 1100 feet (335 peck Creek. Good examples are preserved at an elevation of about 600 feet m) and 1,800 feet (550 m) downstream from the old Berwick Water Com (180 m) on both sides of the creek, 0.35 mile (0.56 km) north of Zenith, pany dam (41 °05 '49"N176°11'59/1W),'49"N/76°11'59/1W), several large potholes about 15 feet Luzerne County. The abundance of angular, locally derived sandstone and (4.6 m) in diameter and 10 to 15 feet (3.0 to 4.6 m) deep were scoured out of to siltstonesi1tst~ne clasts in the gravel pit at the mouth of an unnamed tributary on the north-dipping Trimmers Rock siltstone and sandstone in the initial phase of east SIdeside of the creek (Figure 4 on Plate 2) indicates considerable mixing of meltwater discharge. The potholes were later breachedbreached by downcutting of outwash transported down the Nescopeck with outwash contributed by a Salem Creek. meltwater stream that occupied the present tributary valley and headed on In the stagnation zone, the thinner ice on the highlands melted faster than the moraine 2.5 miles (4 km) to the east. the thicker valley ice. Toward the end of this period of rapid melting, a A fairly large proglacial lake may have existed at the west end of the long, narrow tongue of stagnant ice that occupied the Wyoming-Lackawan Shickshinny Valley during the early stages of deglaciation. In a gravel pit na Valley (ltter, 1938; Peltier, 1949; Hollowell, 1971) extended into the about 800 feet (245 m) west of Legislative Route 19123 at the extreme north northeastern corner of the mapped area. Meltwater streams flowing in the edge of the quadrangle in Briar Creek Township, Columbia County channel between the stagnant ice tongue and the valley sides built up thick (41 °07 '30"NI76°14'30"NI76°14' '18"W), 18 "W), 10 to 12 feet (3 to 3.7 m) of light-brownish-redlight-brown ish-red deposits of sand and gravel which, upon final melting of the ice, were left as to grayish-red, varved silt and clay underlie about 5 feet (1.5 m) of cross kame terraces (Qwkt) high above the valley floor. Pitted terraces at 640 feet bedded fine pebbly sand and gravel. Varved glaciolacustrine sediments de (195 m) on the west SideSIde of the Susquehanna, 3.8 miles (6.1 km) north posited in. the same lake as those in the pit may underlie poorly drained, northeast of Beach Haven, and at 660 feet (201 m) near the confluence of level terrainterram on the north side of Little Shickshinny Creek to the west. Wapwallopen Creek and the Susquehanna, 0.4 mile (0.6 km) southwest of In late glacial and early postglacial time, before a widespread vegetative Wapwallopen, are good examples. The 640-foot (195-m) kame terrace cover was .established over the landscape, windblown sand and silt (Qem) grades downstream into a complex outwash terrace (Qwkto) at approxi was depositeddeposIted over much of the area as a discrete layer overlying all other mately the same elevation at Beach Haven and Hicks Ferry. The eastern Pleistocene units. It is especially well developed on and in the vicinity of portion of this outwash terrace may have been deposited against the south kame and outwash terraces. The lower 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 1.0 m) of the eolian ern termination of the stagnant ice tongue, as evidenced by bedding inclined mantle usually contains up to 25 percent pebble- and cobble-sized clasts about 20 degrees to the northeast in an abandoned gravel pit on the west derived from the underlying glacial drift by frost heaving. In a sand pit at side of Salem Township Route 450, 2.1 miles (3.4 km) east-northeast of the foot of the rock escarpment about 0.25 mile (0.4 km) south of Nesco Beach Haven (41 °05 'OI/lN176'Ol/1N176°08'25"W). °08 '25 "W). peck (4P02'45/1N/76°12'52/1W),(41 °02'45/1N/76°12'52/1W), eolian sand and silt is interbedded with Irregular melting of the ice tongue and possibly partial damming of the shale-chip colluvium. Deposition of the eolian mantle was,was therefore,therefore Susquehanna Valley by morainal deposits resulted in meltwater locally be coeval with an episode of colluviation at the end of the Woodfordian.Woodfo;dian. ' ing ponded in ice-marginal lakes. Varved silt and clay deposited in such a During the advance and wasting of the various ice sheets, the area beyond lalake.ke is preserved beneath the remnant of a kame terrace at the intersection the ice margin was subject to intense periglacial frost action, resulting in the of u.U. S. Route 11 and Salem Township Route 346, 3.0 miles (4.8 km) north production of talus (Qt) and shale-chip, sharpstone, and boulder colluvium east of Beach Haven (41 °06' 19"N/76°08'19"N176°0S' 18IS"W) "W) (Peltier, 1949). (Qc, Qbc). These deposits~eposits were transported downslope by gravity-induced The 640-foot64O-foot (195-m) outwash terrace at Beach Haven and Hicks Ferry mass movement, a process that is particularly effective under tundra-like represents the highest of several terraces formed from the tremendous climatic conditions. Although periglacial deposits of pre-Woodfordian age

a a

is is

is is in in

23 23

in in

23 23

of of to to

to to

of of of of as as

of of of of

as as

of of

di be

the the

size size

(1.5 (1.5 (0.3 (0.3

that that

(1.5 (1.5 (0.3 (0.3

and and

that that and and

per

size, size,

their their

(No. (No.

is is

York York

order order

range range

order order range range

(15 (15

mate-

clasts. clasts.

of of

pebbly pebbly of of

pebbly pebbly

granit

sorted, sorted,

granit

sorted, sorted,

25 25 Wood

forma 25 25

Wood

forma

95 95

such such

those those

the the in in

yards, yards, the the in in

yards, yards, feet feet

feet feet

Most Most

fine fine

foot foot

gravel gravel

grain grain

gravel gravel

grain grain

to to

5 5 the the

feet feet

considera

New New

considera

New New

1 1 grain grain

fraction fraction

1 1 grain grain

fraction fraction

the the

distance distance

Beds Beds distance distance

Beds Beds

subangular subangular

are are

Nescopeck, Nescopeck,

well well

lithology lithology in in

the the terraces terraces

the the

terraces terraces

of of

up up

suitability suitability

75 75

75 75 suitability suitability

from from

and and from from

and and

coarse coarse

as as

by by

as as

by by

(2) (2)

deposits deposits

(2) (2)

deposits deposits

cubic cubic

of of

About About

of of

About About

2). 2).

development. development. 2). 2).

development. development.

Although Although

aggregate aggregate

Although Although

aggregate aggregate

(3) (3)

portion portion

exploitation exploitation

to to

exploitation exploitation

to to

bedrock bedrock

sand sand

crushed crushed

the the

including including

about about

Wyoming-Lacka

50 50

sand sand

east east

boulders boulders

such such

boulders boulders

chert chert

be be

such such

chert chert for for

be be

construction construction for for

construction construction

some some

lithologies, lithologies,

some some

lithologies, lithologies,

northern northern

Plate Plate

are are

rounded; rounded;

important important

rounded; rounded;

important important

the the

A-C). A-C). the the

variation variation

A-C). A-C).

from from variation variation of of

from from of of

outwash outwash

million million

compose compose

up up compose

quadrangle quadrangle

for for

for for quadrangle quadrangle

for for

coarse coarse

moderately moderately

to to coarsest coarsest

moderately moderately

to to coarsest coarsest

in in

deposits; deposits;

9, 9,

deposits; deposits;

9, 9,

fragments, fragments,

on on and and

on on

and and

weathering weathering

often often

must must

kame kame must must

kame kame

particles; particles;

Transportation. Transportation.

pebbles, pebbles,

thickness. thickness.

affecting affecting

6 6

affecting affecting

to to

and and

to to to to

and and or or

or or

most most

encountered encountered

agricultural agricultural

agricultural agricultural great great

great great

value value the the

factors, factors,

(4) (4) factors, factors,

(4) (4)

the the

frontal-kame frontal-kame the the

frontal-kame frontal-kame

durable durable

of of durable durable

in in

of of

in in

are are

conspicuous conspicuous

cm) cm)

Although Although terraces terraces

Althougli Althougli terraces terraces

rock rock

rock rock locally locally

derived derived

locally locally

derived derived

dark-gray dark-gray

quartz. quartz.

the the

and and

gravels gravels

of of

gravels gravels

of of

and and

hundred hundred

area area and and

unavailable unavailable

area area

unavailable unavailable

m) m)

Berwick Berwick

(Figure (Figure

and and

frontal frontal

and and

Canada Canada Exotic Exotic

and and

Canada Canada

Exotic Exotic

types types

factor factor

(10 (10 even even types types

(10 (10 even even

factor factor

the the

but but

are are

gravel gravel

but but

gravel gravel

are are

3, 3,

and and

may may

e e are are

exhibit exhibit

are are

.e .e

exhibit exhibit

A-F. A-F.

A-F. A-F. vein vein

vein vein are are

are are

medium medium

(46 (46 medium medium

(46 (46

the the

in in

GRAVEL GRAVEL

in in

terraces, terraces, GRAVEL GRAVEL

terraces, terraces,

2, 2,

subrounded subrounded

for for

subrounded subrounded

for for

distributions distributions

constituent constituent

deposits deposits

8, 8,

8, 8, economic economic

economic economic

percent percent

rock rock

economic economic

extent extent

the the in

extent extent

in in

the the in

RESOURCES RESOURCES

several several

clasts clasts

the the the the

inches inches

small small

feet feet

small small

shale shale

mapped mapped feet feet

shale shale mapped mapped

. .

terrac

. .

terrac are are

are are

eastern eastern

of of

75 75 the the

Department Department

the the

Department Department currently currently

the the

currently currently

4 4

to to

kame kame

AND AND

a a

AND AND

industrial. industrial. a a

fractions; fractions;

bouldery bouldery

percent percent

deposits deposits

northeast. northeast.

is is

northeast. northeast.

is is

the the

of of

the the

of of

These These

significant significant

significant significant the the

150 150 areal areal the the

150 150 patterns, patterns, areal areal

patterns, patterns,

Figure Figure

clay clay Figure Figure

clay clay

majority majority

frontal-kame frontal-kame

(Figures (Figures

Mountains Mountains

(Figures (Figures

a a

strictly strictly

65 65

from from

than than

from from

than than

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

than than

kame. kame. in in

kame. kame.

in in

size size

size size the the

grain-size grain-size in in the the

grain-size grain-size in in

coarser coarser

and and

frequent frequent

use use resources resources

to to

MINERAL MINERAL to to

MINERAL MINERAL

encountered encountered

encountered encountered and and

and and

Whereas

kame, kame,

boulders boulders

to to

not not to to

and and

bed bed and and

bed bed

shape shape

SAND SAND

requirements requirements

within within

River. River. within within

River. River.

. .

great great

40 40

exceed exceed

and and exceed exceed

and and

are are

are are determine determine

determine determine

more more

deposits deposits

to to

larger larger

land land

constitute constitute

is is

amounting amounting

and and variety variety great

shown shown

passage passage

frontal frontal

passage passage

frontal frontal

and and

the the

gravel gravel

the the

gravel gravel

cobbly cobbly

various various

of of

various various

of of

commercial, commercial, Typical Typical

industrial, industrial, commercial,

Typical Typical

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

however, however,

the the

the the particles particles

particles particles

that that

either either

frontal frontal

frontal-kame frontal-kame

frontal frontal

frontal-kame frontal-kame

its its

bed bed

its its

bed bed

terrace terrace

the the

are are

the the

are are

Mountains Mountains AdIrondack

Adirondack Adirondack

the the the the

normally normally

of of

the the grading grading of of

the the grading grading

claystone claystone

locally locally

claystone claystone

thickness thickness locally locally

thickness thickness

and and

not not generally the the

generally generally the the

northeastern northeastern

Clasts Clasts

northeastern northeastern

Clasts Clasts

the the

on on

in in

sandstone

sandstone. sandstone.

current current

diameter diameter

is is

is is sand. sand.

clasts, clasts,

sand. sand.

clasts, clasts, and and

and and

the the

region, region,

fraction fraction

immedi~tely immedi~tely

(1) (1)

sorted, sorted,

immediately immediately

(1) (1)

sorted, sorted, by by

by by

of of

cobbles, cobbles,

and and

from from

and and

in in pebbles, pebbles,

in in

pebbles, pebbles, factors factors

factors factors

sand sand

into into

pebble-sized pebble-sized

into into

Susquehanna Susquehanna pebble-sized pebble-sized

Susquehanna Susquehanna

clasts clasts

generally generally

the the enormous, enormous,

gravels gravels

and and and and

reflects reflects

within within out out crop

mstances, mstances,

instances, instances,

occur occur

residential, residential, residential, residential,

from from

sand sand

is is are: are:

is is

are: are: size size

size size

glacier glacier

the the

glacier glacier

the the

of of

the the

t~e t~e

the the

coarse coarse

Basin Basin

terrace terrace best best

terrace terrace

best best

Although Although

thick thick Valley Valley

thick thick

Valley Valley

more more

more more and and

of of of of

and and

diameter. diameter.

diameter. diameter. poorly poorly

poorly poorly

percentage percentage percentage percentage

and and

that that

of of

sorting sorting of of

sorting sorting

to to to to

Woodfordian Woodfordian

clasts. clasts.

clasts clasts

Woodfordian Woodfordian pebbles, pebbles, largest largest

Woodfordian Woodfordian pebbles, pebbles,

"ar~est "ar~est

or or

10 10 in in

m) m)

many many

m) m)

many many

meet meet meet meet

apPT.oved apPT.oved

approved approved

The The

Geologic Geologic

The The

Geologic Geologic

The The Lithology Lithology

Lithology Lithology

Weathering Weathering

gneISS gneISS

gneiss gneiss

In In tIOns. tIOns. border border the the

large large

cause cause

In In

border border

tions. tions. the the

from from volume volume

23 23

the the

t~ansport t~ansport large large

cause cause

and and m) m)

from from

fine fine

m) m) volume volume

23 23 to to sands sands

the the the the

transport transport

and and

m) m)

the the

fine fine tions tions sou~ces sou~ces m) m)

to to sands sands the the

boulders boulders

sortmg sortmg

~ann~ ~ann~

the the tions tions

fordian fordian

hawk hawk

cent cent

southward southward boulders boulders 4) 4) 4) 4)

verse verse

sources sources

clasts. clasts.

sorting sorting cent cent

the the wanna wanna

composed composed

fordian fordian

cent cent hawk hawk

southward southward

IC IC

verse verse

well-cemented well-cemented clasts. clasts.

medium medium

cent cent

the the composed composed

well-cemented well-cemented

medium medium ic ic

of of of of

of of

re re

of of

the the the the the the

are are the the

are are de

de or

ice ice ice ice

and and

sig

si!

with with

col

with with

col

(Re

drift drift drift drift drift drift drift drift

a a

a a peri peri

at at

along along

those those

down down down down Creek Creek

River. River.

Creek Creek

River. River.

River, River,

frontal frontal

formed formed formed formed

part part

smaller smaller smaller smaller Nesco

Nesco

deposi deposi

Wood

masses masses masses masses

Wood

depres depres

gray gray gray gray

as as

intermit as as

intermit

and and

stages stages stages stages

deposits deposits deposits deposits

sand sand

Woodfor Woodfor

the the

on on

melted melted melted melted

mixed mixed

drift drift the the

older older older older

is is is is

Berwick. Berwick.

times times times times

and and

have have

and and

have have

is is

in in in in

contain contain

such such bordering bordering

periglacial periglacial

many many many many

of of of of talus talus talus talus

situated situated

Woodfordian Woodfordian Woodfordian Woodfordian

such such

where where

Altonian Altonian Altonian Altonian

intense intense

Holocene Holocene Holocene Holocene intense intense

the the the the

scar scar scar scar

from from from from

drained drained drained drained

development development development development

subeconomic subeconomic subeconomic subeconomic

waning waning waning waning northern northern

is is

is is northern northern area area

area area

colluvial colluvial colluvial colluvial

Nescopeck Nescopeck Nescopeck Nescopeck

from from

(Qf) (Qf) (Qf) (Qf)

in in in in

by by by by

the the

all all

the the

all all may may

may may of of of of

and and and and

glacial glacial

involve involve involve involve

glacial glacial

and and and and

relict relict sites sites sites sites

relict relict

in in in in

and and and and

Woodfordian Woodfordian

Woodfordian Woodfordian some some

some some

humus humus

Susquehanna Susquehanna

Susquehanna Susquehanna cliffs, cliffs,

cliffs, cliffs,

the the the the

the the

Susquehanna Susquehanna Susquehanna Susquehanna

to to

terrace~ terrace~ terrace:) terrace:)

alluvium alluvium

some some some some

of of shale. shale. shale. shale.

of of

the the in

in in

late late

poorly poorly poorly poorly

late late

River River River River

the the the the

the the

talus talus talus talus

the the

about about

meander meander

Woodfordian Woodfordian Woodfordian Woodfordian

large large large large

1975), 1975), in in

Berwick Berwick

1975), 1975), in in

Berwick Berwick

exploitation exploitation

reworked reworked the the the the

reworked reworked

probable probable

Creek, Creek, Creek, Creek,

the the the the

in in in in

swamps swamps swamps swamps

streams streams streams streams

during during

removal removal removal removal and and and and

materials materials

commercial commercial commercial commercial

and and of of

layer layer layer layer

coaly coaly coaly coaly

quadrangle quadrangle quadrangle quadrangle

from from

the the

from from

the the

alluvium alluvium

Illinoian Illinoian Illinoian Illinoian

occur occur

although although

for for for for

the the the the

mark mark mark mark

and and

represents represents represents represents

and and

along along along along

and and and and

in in in in

for for for for

onto onto onto onto

and and and and

these these

the the the the

these these

of of of of

and and and and

subsequent subsequent modifications modifications modifications modifications

subsequent subsequent

brought brought brought brought base base base base

streams streams streams streams

closed closed closed closed

master master master master

(Bucek, (Bucek,

that that that that

material material material material

of of

tracts tracts tracts tracts

of of

in in in in

of of

and and and and

or or or or

alluvial alluvial alluvial alluvial

which which

surface surface surface surface

Susquehanna Susquehanna

the the the the

(Qal) (Qal) (Qal) (Qal)

Susquehanna Susquehanna

in in

deposited deposited deposited deposited

permafrost permafrost

coal, coal, coal, coal,

(Qct) (Qct) (Qct) (Qct)

terraces terraces

both both both both

terraces terraces

RESOURCES RESOURCES

colluvium colluvium

available available

of of of of colluvium colluvium

convolutions convolutions convolutions convolutions

of of of of

fan fan

at at

at at fan fan Altonian Altonian

Altonian Altonian their their their their

few few

is is

few few

is is

the the

the the the the

QUADRANGLE QUADRANGLE QUADRANGLE QUADRANGLE

minor minor minor minor

holes holes holes holes

Cup Cup Cup Cup areas areas areas areas

of of of of

colluviated colluviated colluviated colluviated

Wapwallopen Wapwallopen Wapwallopen Wapwallopen

potential potential potential potential

debouch debouch debouch debouch

Much Much Much Much

resource resource

(Qs) (Qs) (Qs) (Qs)

of of

A A A A

by by

are are are are

uninterrupted uninterrupted uninterrupted uninterrupted

Speculative Speculative

during during during during

landscape landscape landscape landscape

phenomenon, phenomenon,

were were were were

of of of of swampy swampy swampy swampy

into into into into

the the

thick thick thick thick

comprises comprises

alluvium alluvium alluvium alluvium

across across

kettle kettle kettle kettle

alluvial alluvial

outwash outwash outwash outwash

forming forming forming forming

of of of of

material material material material

Creek, Creek, Creek, Creek, beneath beneath beneath beneath

nearby nearby nearby nearby

colluvium colluvium colluvium colluvium

floods. floods.

which which

which which particulate particulate particulate particulate

areas areas

Council Council Council Council

areas areas

shale. shale.

presence presence

BERWICK BERWICK BERWICK BERWICK

percentage percentage percentage percentage

mineral mineral mineral mineral

minor minor

deposits deposits deposits deposits

empty empty empty empty

largest largest largest largest

natural natural natural natural

Along Along Along Along

gradients gradients

formed formed

are are are are

of of Mixing Mixing Mixing Mixing

significant significant significant significant

in in River River River River of of

a a a a in in

and and and and

still still still still

of of of of

this this

suggested suggested suggested suggested

this this

relatively relatively

MINERAL MINERAL area area area area

Mountain. Mountain. Mountain. Mountain. MINERAL MINERAL

Creek Creek Creek Creek

Formation Formation Formation Formation

peat peat

a a a a

concentrations concentrations concentrations concentrations

clay clay clay clay

is is is is

largest largest largest largest

Black Black Black Black

of of

gravelly gravelly

gravelly gravelly of of

2). 2). 2). 2).

large large large large

The The The The

an an an an

of of of of

upland upland upland upland

steep steep steep steep face face

face face

a a a a

Lee Lee Lee Lee

swamp swamp swamp swamp

report report report report

all all

which which which which

all all

with with with with

streams streams streams streams

uranium, uranium, uranium, uranium,

in in in in

and and and and

probable probable probable probable The The The The

and and and and

of of of of

economic economic

day. day. day. day. deposits. deposits. deposits. deposits.

of of of of

terraces, terraces,

Hol~cene Hol~cene Hol~cene Hol~cene

action. action. action. action.

of of of of Plate Plate probably probably probably probably

Plate Plate

quantities quantities

this this this this

Creek, Creek, Creek, Creek,

storm-related storm-related storm-related storm-related

many many continued continued

is is

recognized recognized

recognized recognized is is

(Qac), (Qac),

The The

Nescopeck Nescopeck

having having

side side

having having

side side

on on

undoubtedly undoubtedly

Nearly Nearly

or or

stone stone

or or

stone stone

bedrock-derived bedrock-derived

Susquehanna Susquehanna

thickness thickness

include include

sandy sandy for for

include include

sandy sandy for for

frost frost

vast vast

Fan-shaped Fan-shaped

1 1 vast vast

Fan-shaped Fan-shaped

1 1

has has

of of

major major

kame kame

major major kame kame

is is

northwest northwest

major major northwest northwest

tributary tributary major major

tributary tributary

materials materials

environment environment

materials materials

environment environment

present present

from from

(many (many

rills rills

rills rills times times outwash outwash

times times outwash outwash been been

been been

of of

Mountain. Mountain.

the the the the

Mountain. Mountain.

the the the the

quadrangle quadrangle

south south

the the

the the The The

The The

Deposition Deposition

igure igure

ons ons

lve lve

apped apped aciation. aciation.

acial acial

anicmud. anicmud.

lve lve

apped apped aciation. aciation.

adal adal

l ith ith

leets leets

n n lrdian lrdian

anicmud. anicmud.

ent ent lvium lvium

eck eck

locks) locks)

l ith ith

:nt) :nt) leets leets

n n

lrdian lrdian

ent ent

eck eck ) )

locks) locks)

easonal easonal

~escopeck ~escopeck

lvium lvium !nt) !nt) treams. treams. ion ion

) )

ne ne

easonal easonal

Jficant Jficant ae ae

~escopeck ~escopeck

treams. treams.

h.e h.e

. tificant tificant ile ile

lian lian )osits. )osits.

nouth nouth

ion ion

md md

",here ",here

. :olluvium :olluvium

lian lian )osits. )osits.

~usquehanna. ~usquehanna. IVhere IVhere nouth nouth

md md

:olluvium :olluvium .

~ravel, ~ravel,

)ther )ther

(arne, (arne, .

;usquehanna. ;usquehanna. iources iources

~ravel, ~ravel, ;rushed ;rushed

Jther Jther

;ources ;ources :rushed :rushed {arne, {arne, BERWICK QUADRANGLE MINERAL RESOURCES 25

uoov8~OOll snOlNOIsnOlHUI ONYQNY·-OIHdVOIIU311OIH.... O.. 't'.13" :I: Zl.,.noz~.. Yno NI3ANI31\ (f) TI c: l! -~ ~~ Q).-I~ :::J 01 o li1YKS11YN8 )'Y,OAW10 0 Q) -;; .~l! :g aNYaNW 3N018 AY'OAY10 '0"0 ..eN ";;;~- Z _.- ~ 0 .... ~ E ~ .!!! 0:: ~ Ci liNOUl1"lN01UliS :.::i==::::i-= oE 0.0.Q) 0:: ~I;>.5~~ CIIO'l o.o:)(/) fZ !frl't18~'i\f']'1~X~ CI ..c .!!:!...; s:::O~ o CD a. 0 0 . o O]Nlyl1v"O~~f,~Cl:a.. E_ ~~..J ~ mr.b Q;'iii cj C,) l'NOJ.laNY8 C3NI.II. -UUYOO_lIHY~~~l~~~SyoOrl~':I~ 0.118nOO ),U3A Ci) 0 .~ 1;);...:::

)N0.150NYIJNOnaNYO OI.LYYJ~11WIIIJ"01eNOO.. cneNOo ~:-; 0:: Q) 3: OilY UYiliIOI0181100UYl/JIII018NOO ~U ro3:~ o 0.0 s::: s::: ..-J.-:. ... "C ., s::: al C\I 3: s:::l.0 ro._'" ro" • ..eQ) ~-000 " "Co ~,oC\l

~ S'ilOOHSltOOll .n03NOI c: 0 0' 0'1 1.0 ' aNYONY :)IHOIHdIllON'fJ.31" .... O .. .,.131.. CIIC\1"('I') '" ro- Z.1yvnoIll/WnO N13,1\NI]~ III, ~".-J s:::~(/)Oz:D ro .-J~ .... 3.11%.1I1YOOUI2111YnD ...... ~ :00 0 ° 1.0, o~I·~~______~ ______L- __ ~ __ ~~--~--~----~--~---J ~Q) Q)I.O° oL-~~------~------~--~----~--~~~~--~~--~~ :E~ lI/1HOUlNO Z 100 10 4 2 2 o.!!O.~ .2~0 .125 .062 ~C,) >- GroinGre in slze,ln5ile, in millim-elers .E..e :2CII t::" C\l~ :lI::~ -C- Z0 oNn"'':,M~igONn ...~~smg ~ 0:: o g.5 £ t: ° ~ Zo:: :>C11 ~O'l::!('I') ~w .J:~ ]NOlU1IS3N018111$ :5 >Q) 0('1')"0 gure B. Cumulative curves of grain-size distribution for Woodfordian et ..... :::0 V)'--o sand and gravel samples from the Berwick quadrangle. A.A. a::: 0.0 -('I') C:.-J 1NOl.ONYSlN0180NYS 03NIYM8alNlwn CII C:Q) ~0Q)~ -lNI"-]NI" 0.101. lNI~]NI" AIIlAAlI]~ 15:0 Woodfordian frontal kame (Qwfk), Honey Hole Sand and fZ .2 a. a. ~ ~ - CI ..c.0 ~o >'~:r:.x o CII 0 c: _ .~ Gravel Company pit, south side of Susquehanna River along OlNIY~~~~~~;=OlNIY~~~~~~;~~ 8. .-I ~ ti -5 ~ Legislative Route 655, 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Nescopeck ~ EQ):gQ) a:i 1fI0.uO1fI01.la NYINWI OlINIYHealNlns Eo (41 °03'0 03'39"N/76 39"N/76°0 10'10'29"W); 29"W); B. Woodfordian outwast-l -unoo-Janoo 01 nnoonnDO AKlAAHJ~ Os::: oa. al U o (,)0 m ..... ~JilOllaN"'SlIN0.110M'f$' OfJ.YlIlft01eHO:J:tf.1YlIlft01GHQ:J U.- U ..... III (Qwo), at greenhouse on Salem Township Route 430, East aNY lLYW3110"1eNOOlLYW]"cn8NOO ·ilO ~ Ci) ~ 0 ro o 0 Berwick (41°03'51"N/76°12'44"W); C. Woodfordian out ...Of ,..,,., 2 2 o .2 .~ ~ Z 1;) W_ ,ueo.lec:l o~ ~ ..... roo wash (Qwo), Line Street near Salem Township Elementary £1: e,,0Q)0 :.: Q) "C 1;) £ ..e School, East Berwick (41 °03'52"N/76°13'27"W); D. Wood Q) ._"C ..-.. c: ro 0~u en nOOMSIOOH anOlNeIInOJNtI fordian kame terrace and outwash, undivided (Qwkto), west qnQNY OltWMOIIYUIiOIIWMO"WU" o£s:::-ciro~c;: nunozlMWnD HilAN13~ 1lO0Q)"CE..c:~ side of Salem Township Route 450, 2.1 miles (3.4 km) east ...J s:::"C~C: _ro .- Q) II ro.x ~ 1: ~ J.1lzJ..,,,no].11 ZJ.IIIY no northeast of Beach Haven (41°05'01"NI76°0B'25"W); E. Z ~lIIo::enC\lgQ) ~~ __~M..-..E Woodfordian kame terrace and outwash, undivided (Qwkto), lE .LUHO1."IH:» >>.. CII u. -co-EQ) at township building on west side of Salem Township Route ~ nYH.n"H8 AY10A"10 010> 1IIg)~:r:~.xW ONYON" ~N018AY10]NOl8AY1~.2.5:! Z:::E o E tio s::: >. ==.-f a. 450, 2 miles (3.2 km) east-northeasteast-northeast of Beach Haven

'.3011a.ooll wnonelWIIOII"" • >. - rials. Soft, weathered siltstone and sandstone, much of which may be de :I::I: aNYON' 3IH.llallYJ.JII0111.11011'.1.111 WQ)\O rials. Soft, weathered siltstone and sandstone, much of which may be de CI)en llllYnOUMYno 11131\.IJI\ -nJ(Y)._= ,.... rived from older glacial driftdrift,, usually constitutes less than 10 percent of the ~ J.J.Llunne uunne ~>Q) pebbles. However ~local concentrations of weathered clasts may render por ff :::J (Y) >. '5 ::J iUH~1UHO tions of some deposits unsuitable for specific uses that require a high-grade o > ~CO r-...~ J1YHSJ1,HS AY1:/"Y1:1 008' a: aggregate. Z aNYON' lNOU"",:liNOJ.S~":I ~_ o ~.9- ct and along the Susquehanna River and from the remnants of Woodfordian t; 030111)1:1011 InOJN81InOlMel ... Q) ;> aN,aN' 3IH4~OIIYillllOIH" IIOII'.1.111 alL-Q)" outwash terraces along Nescopeck Creek.Creek. Individually, these deposits are ~ Zlilyne%lll,nO NllA111]11 _nJ"'OO %1- OQ)()C\I mostly less than 25 feet (7.6 m) thick and contain less than 500,000 cubic alL.. UIZillynb t;C.:Jl!~ 3 u-Icr mfli~..... yards (380,000 m ) of material. Bed-to-bed grain-size and -sorting varia WO iIlJH:l1111110 ~C\la.o U ...... oU) tions are comparable to those of the outwash and terrace deposits (Figure 8, -0 31YHS3,.HI ",Y10A"O > ... en ,.... aNYaN' lNOiIAY'OiNOlRA"O ggo ° G-H), but angular clasts are much more common. The ice-contact strati z~ 2...... "',Q) z ~u.. fied-drift deposits (especially those on the uplands) and the terrace rem Cii= 3NO.1SiNO.LSJ.'11.n IS ~ E Q) Zit a:Q) ...... '" ° 03"1Y~=~~~~~~aiNIY~=~~~~.I'l~~ ~ ~ ~ .-EnJQ) '" ...... stone, siltstone, and silty clay shale derived from the underlying Irish Valiey Iii oo]!3:~ Member of the Catskill Formation and the nearby Trimmers Rock FormaForma ~ LL 'c; I "N I 3NOUONYS 0IiYII1II01UNO:l o tion.tion. The abundance of rather soft, platy siltstone, silty clay shale, and clay r-_r-_r-_ .-_.,...._~~a::.:.J.L aNY JiYll311010NOO oi....J (Y)-3: ~~ stone in some of these deposits may make them unsuitable for uses that re C\I 0 I: 0 quire a durable aggregate composed of equidimensional fragments. Weath ~ ... oo~ ... "' ..... Q) ...... ~ 0 ered clasts are relatively uncommon, howeverhowever. . t; a:::O~~c ..... _ IH:lOIiI~OOIl InOlNUIInOiNOI t! (lNl'Q"¥ ~IH"HO"'f'.L3"OIH"lfO .... .L.3,.. • -0 E Z ZinnoZlnnll MilANli~ CRUSHED STONE 01- ~E~.:JI! UlL.. 3J.IZJ.H3J.IZJ.yyno... no -O~'\O Wa:1- ~zlt) Siliceous siltstone, sandstone, and shale in the lower half of the Trimmers ,...:.. "OQ)C\I It (.)0 .lH3HO.lH3HO ci "0 ._ ...... 0 ...... Rock Formation were formerly quarried for crushed stone at "Crusher -0 11YH511\,HI ~Y10A" >>- Q)"'_(Y)Q) ONYON' JNO.LIAY':)3HOlCAW'& g ::J_Q)~ := Hill,"Hill," 1.9 miles (3 km) north of Wapwallopen, Conyngham Township, Lu Z~ '0(5 C"'Q)""'E c:(lL.. .c ~nJ-o zerne County (41 °06°06'09"N/76°07 '09 "N176 °07 '32"W).'32"W). Tests performedperformed on samples lNOJ.U1ISlNOlU111 .•:'!:!:: cUJoo LO O~ ...J...J o ..... (Y) a:: a: () . 0 ~ . from this quarry by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bu ...... 000 ...... 0 ~f- !~2t18~Y11IP1~I:~~ reau Materials Testing and Research, indicate that the material has good 0(1) !~2m~'Ml~l:l~~ of .J:II.Q en o lNOJ.IQN"8 • to very good durability and might serve satisfactorily as granular subgrade a ml":~t.~::OUIWH8-Nn,CDII ~(l. Q) and subbase for highway construction (R. H. Howe,Howe, personal communica ~ ... lHOilON"1lHOllON'II 01NIY1I8OJNIYWe :J tion). Siltstone and very fine to finefine-grained-grained sandstone from the upper part ci -3111'00-lIl~'OO 0.1OJ. UIIYOOnnoo ...AU/Inll tlO IIINI lNOiSONYC OliYIIJlli"UIIOO u: of the quarry would probably have high skid resistance if the material was .--..,....~r----r--,_~Il_N..L.3N0180~~\~m::g~::gg ...-...... _ .-_.- _ ..---J,II-.J... aNY liYIIJII010NOQ found otherwise suitable as an aggregate for bituminous pavements. MINERAL RESOURCES 28 BERWICK QUADRANGLE 29

:;; (.lj/q()(.u/q[) JJ/wlf:l:l/wl! ~ CLAY SHALE r-: U! ''(p:lpulldx;)(p:lpuedx;) § ~ of the 111III 00 00 Clay shales and claystones constitute nearly the entire thickness of the :Jooon 0\a.. Clay shales and claystones qC! Mahantango and Harrell Formations and a large part of the Catskill and A1!SU:lP lflnsl(lna od Mahantango and Harrell Formations Q) strati Mauch Chunk Formations. Four sampleSsamples were collected from several strati 0, the c: graphic horizons in the Mahantango and Harrell and were tested by the U other properties (Table 1). All ~ U U. S. Bureau of Mines for their ceramic and other properties (Table 1). All lS011 .~ U. S. Bureau of o .~> ~ :) 15:11 I'~0;; use in structural clay products, 8UllUO(QlJu11llOIQ iii~ :; four samples showed good potential for use in structural clay products, 00 :E o jU Cl Cl such as building and facing brick. The two samples from the Mahantango .lI:,..... AleU!w!I;)ldAlllU!Wn:lld lZ Zz c. c. such as building u till Formation also exhibited marginal potential for expanded lightweight !~ aggregate. Q) ' ;:: era ; r- 1"'1 VI ..Q ..Q Q) ::c Hd 1:2 -.i ~ - URANIUM >'>...... c: s:: Ef q18u:lllS Ig o o , :s :s the Berwick ...o "tI) go g o >. a 0 Although the writer found no uranium mineralization within the Berwick Ala 0 c.Q.. p..Q.. p..Q.. cUu VI ~ " U ... quadrangle, ample territory for exploration is provided by the large area -Q) -,- o t: C quadrangle, U ....U U Q.~ ... N N underlain by the potentially uraniferous Catskill Formation (McCauley, S:I!l101dold ...... t:1:: t: :I :s underlain by the ~ S:I!U:ldOld I i Q o E .ca .coS .co ".J.J excavated about twenty o 0 lJU!l(.lOh\.8uPllOh\. ~ .r: .r: 1961). Two prospect adits, which were probably excavated about twenty ~til [/Jtil tI)til ~ c: c CI) '" years ago in search of uranium, are located on the south slope of Lee Moun Q) 'c .3:c~ o > .. c "" tain at the north edge of the quadrangle (41 °07°07'24"N176°10'54"W). '24"N176°10'54"W). The - '" -l1~l: tain at the north edge of the quadrangle ~>. ... 0.r: CI) a Ofo:llIl!l(U!lqS013ulfU!lqS I C!0 o is are cut into alluvial fining .,.; go!- ~ adits, one of which is at least 30 feet (9 m) deep, are cut into alluvial fining >- t: lIU!AlQ3U!AlQ VIon N'" N'" o U upward cycles at the base of the Duncannon Member. McCauley (1961) re _c. ~5~ upward cycles at the base uo9 Z : hori ...... Vl c ported uranium mineralization from a somewhat lower stratigraphic hori ,- o "<11 ported uranium mineralization o ~ % A1!J!lSBld,{lPpsuld ~'" a.. pit I "" .r: c c.. zon in the same outcrop belt of the Catskill Formation at a prospect pit -U jO 2:i ""~ ~ ~ zon in the same outcrop belt of !!iE JO JO)lllh\.mUM ~ :; ~ § about 1.1 miles (1.8 km) southwest of Orangeville, Columbia County -c Sl ::cu about 1.1 miles (1.8 km) southwest :) 0 ~.r: ... interest in :s rl e ~,!:: (41 °04' 12"N176 °26'OO"W, Bloomsburg quadrangle). Continued interest in ..I<: ... p.. (41 °04'12"N176°26'OO"W, Q: tl the uranium potential of the Berwick-Bloomsburg area is indicated by the .... - ~ a:l c.. the uranium VI '0 .!:!>-.!:!>'>. >->- >- 8'O~ radiometric survey in the lOIO:>lOIOJ ~~~~.! e,!! :! U .... c fact that private concerns conducted an airborne radiometric survey in the ~ rl ~ttOfI)~U .. ~u .. 'iO _:3 ',(SOloq1!'1',{SOI°1.j1!1 ] ~~ spring of 1977. o tl ~~ ~~ ?;-~~ ?;-~..I<: 1I'I.r:! o~o~~~~~~~ ~ ~ o t: e o 0: :; g ~ E 'a z~Z~Z~ o"",,~ PARTICULATE COAL AND COALY SHALE -= I:: I:' It: I:: 11: ~~ PARTICULATE COAL E § ~N-N\O\o 0\ ..... ~]E :;) U S;J1llUlpJ00:J ~~~~!."!." ~:- Particulate anthracite coal is abundant in Holocene alluvial deposits CI) "-' "'''-'",~~ ~ Particulate anthracite ?????? ?~ along both Nescopeck Creek and the Susquehanna River, and also occurs to ...... \0-\0-\0 - IC :::~8 along both Nescopeck Creek Q) ""I'-""I'-""r- ""I'- o e t.> coal a lesser extent in Woodfordian kame-terrace and outwash sands. The coal ::c ~C!! sorted, fine- to medium o rich beds are predominantly moderately well sorted, fine- to medium :!. iilJ ~:S~"'-- generally somewhat c '" 0 " grained, quartz-lithic sands, with the coal fraction generally somewhat 'a~~ grained, UOUO!lUWlOd!}IlWlO.!:I -----,.....1 coarser than the modal grain size (Figure 10; Table 2). Coal inin the Wood "ijt;uti~ coarser than the modal grain size (Figure I::~tc...r: ~ ~rn .. ~ . fordian sands is usually decomposed to soft, black powder, whereas Holo ~.,,;:J fordian sands is usually decomposed :Ilg:Il~~J .c ...... U 0 cene particulate coal is quite fresh. ."uti)." c.. U The wealth of particulate coal inin thethe Holocene alluvium of thethe Berwick .. § -l1' ;;; The wealth .... 1-1 ";.., ~ I I I "g 'i £ area is the result of thethe coal mining activity in thethe Northern and Eastern I area is the result of 'ou' OU:lldwl!S O)ldwBS 1 U U U U ~ ti 0 Middle Anthracite fields during the last century and a half (Sisler and .J..J. .J. .J. .J. Wyoming Valley, Lu ..zerneerne County, Pennsylvania, Pa. Geo!. Survey, 4th ser., Water Resource Rept. 28. Decollement. A detachment surface upon which large-scale sliding has Hollowell, J. R., and Koester, H. E. (1975), Ground-water resources of Lackawanna County, taken place as a result of crustal deformation; strata above and below Pennsylvania, Pa. Geo!. Survey, 4th serser.,., WaterWatef' Resource Rept. 41. the detachment exhibit independent styles of deformation. Hoskins, D. M., and Sevon, W. D. (1976), New Illinoian till(?) locality and river terraces in the Efflorescent. Pertaining to minerals that change to powder from loss of Millersburg area, Susquehanna River Valley, Pennsylvania [abs.], Geo!. Soc. America water of crystallizationcrystallization.. Abs. with Programs, v. 8, no. 2, p.p. 200200.. !tter,liter, H. A. (1938)(1938),, The geomorphology of the Wyoming-Lackawanna region, Pa. Geo!. Sur Eolian. Pertaining to the wind and to sediments that are transported and de vey, 4th ser., Gen. Geology ReptRept.. 9. posited by the wind. Lattman, L. H. (1958), Technique of mapping geologic fracture traces and lineaments on aeri First-order fold, second-, third-, fourth-order folds. A classification of alphotographs, Photogramm.Photogramrn. Eng., v. 24, p. 568-576. folds of different sizes by wavelength.wavelength_ First-order-6 to 12 miles (10 to Lattman, L. H., and Parizek, R. R. (1964), Relationship between fracture traces and the oc 20 km); second-order-0.6 to 6 miles (1 to 10 km); third-order-66 feet currence of ground water in carbonate rocks, Jour. Hydrology, v. 2, p. 73-91. Leverett, F. (1934), Glacial deposits outside the Wisconsin Terminal Moraine, Pa. Geo!. Sur to 0.6 mile (20 m to 1 km); fourth-order-8 inches to 66 feet (20 em to vey, 4th serser.,., GenGen.. Geology Rept. 7. 20m). Lewis, H. C. (1884)(1884),, Report on the terminal moraine in Pennsylvania and western New York, Glaciofluvial. Pertaining to meltwater streams flowing from glaciers or to Pa. Geol.Geo!. Survey, 2nd ser., Rept. Z. the deposits made by such streams. Lowman, S. W. (1937), Ground water in northeastern Pennsylvania, Pa. Geo!. Survey, 4th Glaciolacustrine. Pertaining to lakes that are marginal to glaciers and to the ser., Water Resource Rept. 4. McCauley, JJ. . F. (1961), Uranium in Pennsylvania, Pa. Geo!. Survey, 4th ser.,seL, Mineral Re sediments deposited in such lakes. source Rept. 43. Intertidal. Pertaining to the seashore area between mean high tide and mean Newport, T. G. (1977), Summary of ground-water resources of Luzerne County, Pennsyl low tide. vania, Pa.Pa. Geo!. Survey, 4th ser., Water Resource Rept. 40. Orogeny. A period· of mountain building; also the process by which the Nickelsen, R. P. (1963), Fold patterns and continuous deformation mechanisms of central structures (folds, faults, etc.) within mountain areas are formed. Pennsylvania folded Appalachians, in Tectonics and CambroCambro-Ordovician-Ordovician stratigraphy in Periglacial. Pertaining to the region or environment adjacent to a glacier. the central Appalachians of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh Geo!. SocSoc.. and Appalachian Geo!. Periglacial. Pertaining to the region or environment adjacent to a glacier. SocSoc.,., field conf. guidebook, Pittsburgh Pa., Pittsburgh Geo!. Soc., p. 13-29. Pickeringite. Hydrated magnesium aluminum sulfate,sulfate. MgAI2-MgAll Peltier, L. C. (1949), Pleistocene terraces of the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania, Pa. Geol. (SO.).·22H(SO.).·22H20;20; characterized by its astringent taste. SurveySurvey,, 4th ser., Gen. Geology Rept. 23. Prograding shoreline. A shoreline that is being built outward into the sea by Sevon, W. D. (1969), The Pocono Formation in northeastern Pennsylvania, Guidebook, 34th deposition and accumulation of sediment. Annual Field Conr.Conf. PaPa.. Geologists,Geologists. Pa. Geo!. Survey. Slickenside. A polished and smoothly striated surface that results from fric Sevon, W. D., Crowl, O.G. H., and Berg, T. M. (1975), The Late Wisconsinan drift border in Slickenside. A polished and smoothly striated surface that results from fric northeastern Pennsylvania, Guidebook, 40th Annual Field Conf. Pa. Geologists, Pa. tion along a fault plane. Individual striations on this surface are called Geo!. SurveySurvey.. slickenlines (Fleuty, 1975). Sisler, J. D., Fraser, T., and Ashmead, D. C. (1928), Anthracite culm and silt, Pa. Geo!. Sur Subtidal. Pertaining to shallow sea bottoms that lie between mean low tide .. vey, 4th ser., Mineral Resource Rept. 12. and a depth of about 300 feet (90 m). --

34 BERWICK QUADRANGLE Supratidal. Pertaining to the seashore area just above mean high tide. Turbidite. A sediment or rock deposited from a bottom-flowing current laden with suspended sediment; generally characterized by graded bed ding and a distinctive vertical sequence of primary structures. Proximal turbidites are deposited near the source area of the sediment, whereas distal turbidites are deposited far out in the sedimentary basin.