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2/28/13

Chordates Chordates 3 Echinodermata

• Amniotes ANCESTRAL Cephalochordata Chordates DEUTEROSTOME – Finish Diapsids: Reptiles & Birds Urochordata Notochord

– Synapsid clade gave rise to Craniates mammals Common Myxini ancestor of chordates Petromyzontida Vertebrates • Mammals Head – Monotremes Chondrichthyes Gnathostomes Vertebral column – Marsupials Actinopterygii Osteichthyans – Eutherians Jaws, mineralized skeleton Actinistia Lobe-fins • Major groups of Eutherian Lungs or lung derivatives Dipnoi mammals Lobed fins • Amphibia Tetrapods Amniotes Amniotes Limbs with digits Reptilia

Amniotic egg Mammalia Why does this phylogenetic tree look Milk like a progressive march toward March 1, 2013 Mammals?

Another view of gnathostomes Another view of gnathostomes

Tetrapods

30,000 species 21,000 species 30,000 species 21,000 species

Bony endoskeleton

Figure 34.25

Diversity of Fish Parareptiles

Turtles Sturgeon Archosaurs Reptiles Reptiles Crocodilians Gar Pterosaurs

Dinosaurs Ornithischian Saurischians Saurischians dinosaurs Diapsids Eels Saurischian dinosaurs other than birds Herring Birds Catfish, Carp (30%) ANCESTRAL Plesiosaurs AMNIOTE Trout Ichthyosaurs Lepidosaurs

Tuataras

Cod Synapsids Squamates

Bass, chichlids (40%) Mammals

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The Origin of Birds Birds are the only surviving Dinosaurs Toothed beak Wing claw Early feathers might have evolved for insulation, camouflage, or courtship display

Airfoil wing with contour Long tail with feathers many vertebrae

Derived Characters of Birds

Finger 1

(b) structure Palm (a) Wing Finger 2 Forearm Finger 3 Wrist Shaft Shaft Barb Vane Barbule Hook (c) Feather structure

Figure 34.UN09 Mammals are amniotes that have and Cephalochordata produce milk (5,300 species ) Urochordata Myxini • Some derived characteristics of Mammals Petromyzontida – Mammary glands, which produce milk Chondrichthyes – Hair Actinopterygii – A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy Actinistia – A larger brain than other vertebrates of Dipnoi equivalent size Amphibia – Differentiated teeth Reptilia Mammalia Mammals

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Mammals Monotremata Monotremes (324 species) species) (324 Marsupials

ANCESTRAL Marsupialia MAMMAL

Proboscidea Sirenia (5,010 species) species) (5,010 Eutherians Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea 3 major clades Xenarthra Rodentia Lagomorpha Primates Dermoptera Scandentia

Carnivora Cetartiodactyla Which mammalian Perissodactyla Chiroptera orders are closest to Eulipotyphia ? Pholidota

Marsupials Eutherian

(a) A young brushtail possum

(b) Long-nosed bandicoot

Figure 34.41b Marsupial Eutherian mammals mammals Orders and Examples Main Characteristics Orders and Examples Main Characteristics • In Australia, convergent Plantigale Deer mouse Monotremata Lay eggs; no nipples; Marsupialia Completes embryonic Platypuses, young suck milk from Kangaroos, development in pouch echidnas fur of mother opossums, on mother’s body evolution has resulted in a koalas Echidna Koala

diversity of marsupials that Mole Proboscidea Long, muscular trunk; Tubulidentata Teeth consisting of Marsupial mole Elephants thick, loose skin; upper Aardvarks many thin tubes incisors elongated cemented together; resemble the eutherians in as tusks eats ants and termites African elephant Aardvark other parts of the world Sugar glider Flying Sirenia Aquatic; finlike fore- Hyracoidea Short legs; stumpy squirrel Manatees, limbs and no hind Hyraxes tail; herbivorous; dugongs limbs; herbivorous complex, multi- Manatee Rock hyrax chambered stomach Xenarthra Reduced teeth or no Rodentia Chisel-like, continuously Sloths, teeth; herbivorous Squirrels, growing incisors worn anteaters, (sloths) or carnivorous beavers, rats, down by gnawing; Wombat armadillos (anteaters, armadillos) porcupines, herbivorous Woodchuck Tamandua mice Red squirrel Lagomorpha Chisel-like incisors; Primates Opposable thumbs; Rabbits, hares, hind legs longer than Lemurs, monkeys, forward-facing eyes; picas forelegs and adapted chimpanzees, -developed cerebral for running and jumping; gorillas, cortex; omnivorous Golden lion Wolverine herbivorous humans Tasmanian devil Jackrabbit tamarin Carnivora Sharp, pointed canine Perissodactyla Hooves with an odd Dogs, wolves, teeth and molars for Horses, zebras, number of toes on bears, cats, shearing; carnivorous tapirs, each foot; herbivorous weasels, otters, rhinoceroses seals, walruses Coyote Indian rhinoceros Hooves with an even Chiroptera Adapted for flight; Patagonian cavy Cetartiodactyla broad skinfold that Kangaroo Artiodactyls number of toes on each Bats extends from elongated Sheep, pigs, foot; herbivorous fingers to body and legs; carnivorous or cattle, deer, Frog-eating bat giraffes Bighorn sheep herbivorous Cetaceans Aquatic; streamlined body; Eulipotyphla Eat mainly insects Whales, paddle-like fore-limbs and “Core and other small dolphins, no hind limbs; thick layer insectivores”: invertebrates porpoises Pacific white- of insulating blubber; some moles, Star-nosed sided porpoise carnivorous some shrews mole

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Figure 34.43

Lemurs, lorises, • Misconception: Early hominins were and bush babies

ANCESTRAL Tarsiers chimpanzees PRIMATE Anthropoids New World monkeys – Correction: Hominins and chimpanzees shared

Old World monkeys a common ancestor

Gibbons

Orangutans

Gorillas • Misconception: is like a ladder

Chimpanzees leading directly to Homo sapiens and bonobos Humans – Correction: Hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species, though only 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Time (millions of years ago) humans survive today

Figure 34.45 (a) Gibbon (b) Orangutan Diversification of Primates (c) Gorilla

(d) Chimpanzees

(e) Bonobos

Figure 34.46 Figure 34.50 EXPERIMENT Homo Homo Homo robustus ergaster neanderthalensis sapiens 0 ? Hypothesis: gave rise to European humans. Paranthropus 0.5 boisei Expected Chimpanzees 1.0 phylogeny: 1.5 Neanderthals africanus 2.0 Living Europeans 2.5 platyops Australopithecus Australo- garhi 3.0 pithecus Other living humans anamensis 3.5 Homo 4.0 Millions of years of ago Millions habilis RESULTS 4.5 Australopithecus afarensis Chimpanzees 5.0 ramidus 5.5 1

6.0 tugensis Neanderthal 2 6.5 tchadensis 7.0 European and other living humans

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