DOCSLIB.ORG

Chordates 3 Another View of Gnathostomes Another View Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chordates 3 Another View of Gnathostomes Another View Of 2/28/13 Chordates Chordates 3 Echinodermata • Amniotes ANCESTRAL Cephalochordata Chordates DEUTEROSTOME – Finish Diapsids: Reptiles & Birds Urochordata Notochord – Synapsid clade gave rise to Craniates mammals Common Myxini ancestor of chordates Petromyzontida Vertebrates • Mammals Head – Monotremes Chondrichthyes Gnathostomes Vertebral column – Marsupials Actinopterygii Osteichthyans – Eutherians Jaws, mineralized skeleton Actinistia Lobe-fins • Major groups of Eutherian Lungs or lung derivatives Dipnoi mammals Lobed fins • Human evolution Amphibia Tetrapods Amniotes Limbs with digits Reptilia Amniotic egg Mammalia Why does this phylogenetic tree look Milk like a progressive march toward March 1, 2013 Mammals? Another view of gnathostomes Another view of gnathostomes Tetrapods 30,000 species 21,000 species 30,000 species 21,000 species Bony endoskeleton Figure 34.25 Diversity of Fish Parareptiles Turtles Sturgeon Archosaurs Reptiles Crocodilians Gar Pterosaurs Dinosaurs Ornithischian Saurischians dinosaurs Diapsids Eels Saurischian dinosaurs other than birds Herring Birds Catfish, Carp (30%) ANCESTRAL Plesiosaurs AMNIOTE Trout Ichthyosaurs Lepidosaurs Tuataras Cod Synapsids Squamates Bass, chichlids (40%) Mammals 1 2/28/13 The Origin of Birds Birds are the only surviving Dinosaurs Toothed beak Wing claw Early feathers might have evolved for insulation, camouflage, or courtship display Airfoil wing with contour Long tail with feathers many vertebrae Derived Characters of Birds Finger 1 (b) Bone structure Palm (a) Wing Finger 2 Forearm Finger 3 Wrist Shaft Shaft Barb Vane Barbule Hook (c) Feather structure Figure 34.UN09 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and Cephalochordata produce milk (5,300 species ) Urochordata Myxini • Some derived characteristics of Mammals Petromyzontida – Mammary glands, which produce milk Chondrichthyes – Hair Actinopterygii – A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy Actinistia – A larger brain than other vertebrates of Dipnoi equivalent size Amphibia – Differentiated teeth Reptilia Mammalia Mammals 2 2/28/13 (5 species) Monotremes Mammals Monotremata Monotremes (324 species) Marsupials ANCESTRAL Marsupialia MAMMAL Proboscidea Sirenia (5,010 species) Eutherians Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea 3 major clades Xenarthra Rodentia Lagomorpha Primates Dermoptera Scandentia Carnivora Cetartiodactyla Which mammalian Perissodactyla Chiroptera orders are closest to Eulipotyphia humans? Pholidota Marsupials Eutherian (a) A young brushtail possum (b) Long-nosed bandicoot Figure 34.41b Marsupial Eutherian mammals mammals Orders and Examples Main Characteristics Orders and Examples Main Characteristics • In Australia, convergent Plantigale Deer mouse Monotremata Lay eggs; no nipples; Marsupialia Completes embryonic Platypuses, young suck milk from Kangaroos, development in pouch echidnas fur of mother opossums, on mother’s body evolution has resulted in a koalas Echidna Koala diversity of marsupials that Mole Proboscidea Long, muscular trunk; Tubulidentata Teeth consisting of Marsupial mole Elephants thick, loose skin; upper Aardvarks many thin tubes incisors elongated cemented together; resemble the eutherians in as tusks eats ants and termites African elephant Aardvark other parts of the world Sugar glider Flying Sirenia Aquatic; finlike fore- Hyracoidea Short legs; stumpy squirrel Manatees, limbs and no hind Hyraxes tail; herbivorous; dugongs limbs; herbivorous complex, multi- Manatee Rock hyrax chambered stomach Xenarthra Reduced teeth or no Rodentia Chisel-like, continuously Sloths, teeth; herbivorous Squirrels, growing incisors worn anteaters, (sloths) or carnivorous beavers, rats, down by gnawing; Wombat armadillos (anteaters, armadillos) porcupines, herbivorous Woodchuck Tamandua mice Red squirrel Lagomorpha Chisel-like incisors; Primates Opposable thumbs; Rabbits, hares, hind legs longer than Lemurs, monkeys, forward-facing eyes; picas forelegs and adapted chimpanzees, well-developed cerebral for running and jumping; gorillas, cortex; omnivorous Golden lion Wolverine herbivorous humans Tasmanian devil Jackrabbit tamarin Carnivora Sharp, pointed canine Perissodactyla Hooves with an odd Dogs, wolves, teeth and molars for Horses, zebras, number of toes on bears, cats, shearing; carnivorous tapirs, each foot; herbivorous weasels, otters, rhinoceroses seals, walruses Coyote Indian rhinoceros Hooves with an even Chiroptera Adapted for flight; Patagonian cavy Cetartiodactyla broad skinfold that Kangaroo Artiodactyls number of toes on each Bats extends from elongated Sheep, pigs, foot; herbivorous fingers to body and legs; carnivorous or cattle, deer, Frog-eating bat giraffes Bighorn sheep herbivorous Cetaceans Aquatic; streamlined body; Eulipotyphla Eat mainly insects Whales, paddle-like fore-limbs and “Core and other small dolphins, no hind limbs; thick layer insectivores”: invertebrates porpoises Pacific white- of insulating blubber; some moles, Star-nosed sided porpoise carnivorous some shrews mole 3 2/28/13 Figure 34.43 Lemurs, lorises, • Misconception: Early hominins were and bush babies ANCESTRAL Tarsiers chimpanzees PRIMATE Anthropoids New World monkeys – Correction: Hominins and chimpanzees shared Old World monkeys a common ancestor Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas • Misconception: Human evolution is like a ladder Chimpanzees leading directly to Homo sapiens and bonobos Humans – Correction: Hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species, though only 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Time (millions of years ago) humans survive today Figure 34.45 (a) Gibbon (b) Orangutan Diversification of Primates (c) Gorilla (d) Chimpanzees (e) Bonobos Figure 34.46 Figure 34.50 EXPERIMENT Paranthropus Homo Homo Homo robustus ergaster neanderthalensis sapiens 0 ? Hypothesis: Neanderthals gave rise to European humans. Paranthropus 0.5 boisei Expected Chimpanzees 1.0 phylogeny: 1.5 Australopithecus Neanderthals africanus 2.0 Kenyanthropus Living Europeans 2.5 platyops Australopithecus Australo- garhi Homo erectus 3.0 pithecus Other living humans anamensis 3.5 Homo Homo rudolfensis 4.0 Millions of years ago habilis RESULTS 4.5 Australopithecus afarensis Chimpanzees 5.0 Ardipithecus ramidus 5.5 Neanderthal 1 6.0 Orrorin tugensis Neanderthal 2 6.5 Sahelanthropus tchadensis 7.0 European and other living humans 4 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Genetic Analysis of the Gibraltar Neanderthals
    A genetic analysis of the Gibraltar Neanderthals Lukas Bokelmanna,1, Mateja Hajdinjaka, Stéphane Peyrégnea, Selina Braceb, Elena Essela, Cesare de Filippoa, Isabelle Glockea, Steffi Grotea, Fabrizio Mafessonia, Sarah Nagela, Janet Kelsoa, Kay Prüfera, Benjamin Vernota, Ian Barnesb, Svante Pääboa,1,2, Matthias Meyera,2, and Chris Stringerb,1,2 aDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; and bCentre for Human Evolution Research, Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Contributed by Svante Pääbo, June 14, 2019 (sent for review March 22, 2019; reviewed by Roberto Macchiarelli and Eva-Maria Geigl) The Forbes’ Quarry and Devil’s Tower partial crania from Gibraltar geographic range from western Europe to western Asia (for an are among the first Neanderthal remains ever found. Here, we overview of all specimens, see SI Appendix, Table S1). Thus, show that small amounts of ancient DNA are preserved in the there is currently no evidence for the existence of substantial petrous bones of the 2 individuals despite unfavorable climatic genetic substructure in the Neanderthal population after ∼90 ka conditions. However, the endogenous Neanderthal DNA is present ago (4), the time at which the “Altai-like” Neanderthals in the among an overwhelming excess of recent human DNA. Using im- Altai had presumably been replaced by more “Vindija 33.19- proved DNA library construction methods that enrich for DNA like” Neanderthals (17). fragments carrying deaminated cytosine residues, we were able The Neanderthal fossils of Gibraltar are among the most to sequence 70 and 0.4 megabase pairs (Mbp) nuclear DNA of the prominent finds in the history of paleoanthropology.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Generated By
    The Evolution of Language: Towards Gestural Hypotheses DIS/CONTINUITIES TORUŃ STUDIES IN LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND CULTURE Edited by Mirosława Buchholtz Advisory Board Leszek Berezowski (Wrocław University) Annick Duperray (University of Provence) Dorota Guttfeld (Nicolaus Copernicus University) Grzegorz Koneczniak (Nicolaus Copernicus University) Piotr Skrzypczak (Nicolaus Copernicus University) Jordan Zlatev (Lund University) Vol. 20 DIS/CONTINUITIES Przemysław ywiczy ski / Sławomir Wacewicz TORUŃ STUDIES IN LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND CULTURE Ż ń Edited by Mirosława Buchholtz Advisory Board Leszek Berezowski (Wrocław University) Annick Duperray (University of Provence) Dorota Guttfeld (Nicolaus Copernicus University) Grzegorz Koneczniak (Nicolaus Copernicus University) The Evolution of Language: Piotr Skrzypczak (Nicolaus Copernicus University) Jordan Zlatev (Lund University) Towards Gestural Hypotheses Vol. 20 Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. The translation, publication and editing of this book was financed by a grant from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland within the programme Uniwersalia 2.1 (ID: 347247, Reg. no. 21H 16 0049 84) as a part of the National Programme for the Development of the Humanities. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Ministry cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Translators: Marek Placi ski, Monika Boruta Supervision and proofreading: John Kearns Cover illustration: © ńMateusz Pawlik Printed by CPI books GmbH, Leck ISSN 2193-4207 ISBN 978-3-631-79022-9 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-631-79393-0 (E-PDF) E-ISBN 978-3-631-79394-7 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-631-79395-4 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/b15805 Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 unported license.
    [Show full text]
  • Plio-Pleistocene Diets Homo Sapiens H
    Origins and Evolution of The Western Diet: Health Implications for the 21st Century © Loren Cordain, Ph.D. Professor Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO USA The Hominin Fossil Record: Plio-Pleistocene Diets Homo sapiens H. floresiensis 0 H. erectus Paranthropus H. neanderthalensis boisei 1 H. heidelbergensis Australopithecus H. ergaster P. robustus Pleistocene H. antecessor habilis 2 Au. garhi Au. sediba Au. 3 rudolfensis P. aethiopicus Pliocene Kenyanthropus Au. platyops Au. africanus bahrelghazali 4 Ardipithecus ramidus Au. afarensis Au. anamensis 5 Millions of Years of Millions Orrorin . As many as 22 hominin species tugenensis 6 may have existed since the evolutionary split between 7 hominins and pongids (5-7 MYA) Sahelanthropus tchadensis . No universal diet existed, but 8 rather varied by ecologic niche, season, geographic locale, availability of edible foods Wood B. Palaeoanthropology: hominid revelations for Chad. Nature 2002:418:133-35 Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Diet: The Known – An Omnivorous Diet Minimally Processed, Wild Plants and Animals !Kung Woman displays fruits of her gathering: tamma melons, grewia berries, tortoise, roots Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Diet: An Omnivorous Diet – The Evidence The Diet of Our Closest Living Relatives Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus Wild Chimps Eating Bushbuck . Primarily frugivorous . Diet varies by habitat & season . ~3-5 % animal foods (small vertebrates & insects) . During the dry season meat intake may reach ~ 65 g/day in adults 1. Schoeninger MJ, Moore J, Sept JM. Am J Primatol 1999;49:297-314 2. Teleki G. The omnivorous diet. In: Omnivorous Primates,Columbia Univ Press, NY, 1981 3. Stanford CB. The hunting ecology of wild chimpanzees: implications for the evolutionary ecology of Pliocene hominids.
    [Show full text]
  • Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis Nickname: Neanderthal Where Lived
    Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Nickname: Neanderthal Where Lived: Europe and southwestern to central Asia When Lived: About 200,000 ­ 28,000 years ago Neanderthals (the ‘th’ pronounced as ‘t’) are our closest extinct human relative. Some defining features of their skulls include the large middle part of the face, angled cheek bones, and a huge nose for humidifying and warming cold, dry air. Their bodies were shorter and stockier than ours, another adaptation to living in cold environments. But their brains were just as large as ours and often larger ­ proportional to their brawnier bodies. Neanderthals made and used a diverse set of sophisticated tools, controlled fire, lived in shelters, made and wore clothing, were skilled hunters of large animals and also ate plant foods, and occasionally made symbolic or ornamental objects. There is evidence that Neanderthals deliberately buried their dead and occasionally even marked their graves with offerings, such as flowers. No other primates, and no earlier human species, had ever practiced this sophisticated and symbolic behavior. DNA has been recovered from more than a dozen Neanderthal fossils, all from Europe; the Neanderthal Genome Project is one of the exciting new areas of human origins research. Year of Discovery: 1829 History of Discovery: Neanderthal 1 was the first specimen to be recognized as an early human fossil. When it was discovered in 1856 in Germany, scientists had never seen a specimen like it: the oval shaped skull with a low, receding forehead and distinct browridges, the thick, strong bones. In 1864, it became the first fossil hominin species to be named.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing Human Evolution: Achievements, Challenges, and Opportunities
    Reconstructing human evolution: Achievements, challenges, and opportunities Bernard Wood1 George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 This contribution reviews the evidence that has resolved the can then be used as the equivalent of a null hypothesis when branching structure of the higher primate part of the tree of life considering where to place newly discovered fossil great ape taxa. and the substantial body of fossil evidence for human evolution. It considers some of the problems faced by those who try to interpret The Human Fossil Record. The fossil record of the human clade the taxonomy and systematics of the human fossil record. How do consists of fossil evidence for modern humans plus that of all ex- you to tell an early human taxon from one in a closely related clade? tinct taxa that are hypothesized to be more closely related to How do you determine the number of taxa represented in the modern humans than to any other living taxon. Not so long ago human clade? How can homoplasy be recognized and factored into nearly all researchers were comfortable with according the human attempts to recover phylogeny? clade the status of a family, the Hominidae, with the nonhuman extant great apes (i.e., chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and history | hominin orangutans) placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. But given the abundant evidence for a closer relationship between Pan and his contribution begins by considering two achievements rele- Homo than between Pan and Gorilla (see above), many research- Tvant to reconstructing human evolution: resolving the branch- ers have concluded that the human clade should be distinguished ing structure of the higher primate part of the tree of life and the beneath the level of the family in the Linnaean hierarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Selection Against Archaic DNA in Human Regulatory Regions
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/708230; this version posted July 19, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Selection against archaic DNA in human regulatory 2 regions Natalie Telis1, Robin Aguilar2, and Kelley Harris1;2 1Department of Genetics, Stanford University 2Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington 3 Correspondence: [email protected], [email protected] 4 July 18, 2019 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/708230; this version posted July 19, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 5 Abstract 6 Although traces of archaic hominin DNA persist in all human populations outside 7 Africa, these traces have been systematically depleted from the most functionally im- 8 portant regions of the human genome. This depletion suggests that many Neanderthal 9 and Denisovan alleles had harmful effects on the fitness of hybrid individuals, but the 10 nature of these harmful effects is poorly understood. Here, we show that Neanderthal 11 and Denisovan alleles likely dysregulated gene expression in specific human tissues, 12 causing systematic depletion of archaic introgression from enhancer regions annotated 13 by the ENCODE RoadMap project. Highly pleiotropic enhancers that show activ- 14 ity in many tissues are more depleted of introgression than tissue-specific enhancers, 15 and Neanderthal depletion is highly correlated with Denisovan depletion across sets 16 of enhancers active in particular tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reevaluation of the Phylogenetic Tree for the Genus Homo: a Reclassification Based on Contemporary Evidence Amrutha Srinivasan
    TC 660H/TC 359T Plan II Honors Program The University of Texas at Austin Supervisor __________________________________________ Second Reader ABSTRACT Author: Title: Supervising Professors: Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis supervisor, Dr. Howard Ochman, and my second reader, Dr. Justin Havird, for all their support and feedback during the course of writing this thesis. Additionally I would like to thank the Plan 2 Honors program for providing this valuable learning opportunity. 1 Table of Contents Part One: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 Background and Current Situation.................................................................................. 3 Examples of fossil reclassification in the genus Homo ................................................. 7 The case for reevaluation of the phylogenetic tree for the genus Homo...................... 9 The Thesis Question........................................................................................................11 Overview of the methods ................................................................................................11 Part 2: Dating Methods........................................................................................................13 Relative Dating.................................................................................................................13 Absolute Dating ...............................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • The Hominin Footprints at Le Rozel (Normandy, France)
    Supplementary Information: Direct evidence of the composition of a Neandertal social group: the hominin footprints at Le Rozel (Normandy, France) Jérémy Duveau1,*, Gilles Berillon1, Christine Verna1, Gilles Laisné2, and Dominique Cliquet2,3,4 1UMR 7194 HNHP, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, 75013 Paris, France. 2Projet Collectif de Recherche « Les premiers Hommes en Normandie », Ministère de la Culture, France 3Service Régional de l’Archéologie, Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Normandie, Ministère de la Culture, 14052 Caen Cedex 4, France. 4 UMR 6566 CReAAH, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France *Email: [email protected] Adress: Musée de l’Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1901789116 The hominin footprints sites: Fig. S1. Geographical distribution of pre-Holocene sites with potential hominin footprints Legends: 1-Trachilos (Greece), 2-Laetoli (Tanzania), 3-Ileret (Kenya), 4-Koobi Fora (Kenya), 5-Happisburgh (Great-Britain), 6-Gombore II-2 (Ethiopia), 7-Terra Amata (France), 8-Roccamonfina (Italia), 9-Biache-Saint-Vaast (France), 10- Still Bay (South Africa), 11-Theopetra (Greece), 12-Nahoon (South Africa), 13-Langebaan (South Africa), 14-Vârtop (Romania), 15-Brenton-on-Sea (South Africa), 16-Valsequillo (Mexico), 17-Chauvet (France), 18-Ciur-Ibzuc (Romania), 19-Catalan Bay (Gibraltar), 20- Cussac (France), 21-Jeju Island (South Korea), 22-Pech-Merle (France), 23-Willandra Lakes (Australia), 24-Tibetan plateau (China), 25-Engare Sero (Tanzania), 26-Lascaux (France), 27-Ojo Guareña (Spain), 28-White Sands National Monument (USA), 29-Monte Verde (Chile), 30-Tuc d'Adoubert (France), 31- Calvert Island (Canada), 32-Niaux (France), 33-Tana della Basura (Italia), 34-Fontanet (France), 35- Pehuen-Co (Argentina), 36-Lake Bogoria (Kenya).
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT the PHYLOGENY of HOMO ERECTUS Xiaoying Zhong
    ABSTRACT THE PHYLOGENY OF HOMO ERECTUS Xiaoying Zhong, M.A. Department of Anthropology Northern Illinois University, 2016 Daniel L. Gebo, Director Homo erectus inhabited Africa, Asia, and the Mideast during the Pleistocene epoch. Debates concerning the interpretation and classification of hominids grouped within H. erectus have long been a focus on whether these specimens belong within a single species or to several different species. This study examined the cladistic relationships of specimens grouped within H. erectus, which are representatives of populations that dispersed across different geographic regions, and other species within the genus Homo. It includes African H. erectus, Georgian H. erectus, Chinese H. erectus, Javan H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens. For this cladistic analysis, fifty-four craniodental characters were selected and a parsimony analyses using the branch- and-bound method and the bootstrap method were performed with PAUP 4.0a. The results strongly support a sister-taxa relationship of Chinese and Javan H. erectus, which I recommend classifying as one species of H. erectus. African H. erectus was found to be a sister taxon of all other groups, supporting its taxonomic classification as a distinct species, H. ergaster. In a similar manner, the specimens from Georgia clustered separately from the other H. erectus and therefore should be referred to as H. georgicus. In the end, this craniodental analysis supports three distinct species, Homo erectus, Homo ergaster and Homo georgicus, within the geographic cluster of specimens generally lumped together under “Homo erectus.” NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DE KALB, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2016 THE PHYLOGENY OF HOMO ERECTUS BY XIAOYING ZHONG ©2016 Xiaoying Zhong A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Thesis Director: Daniel L.
    [Show full text]
  • Francesco D'errico LIST of PUBLICATIONS
    Francesco d’Errico Francesco d’Errico LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 1. Monographs Monographs in preparation Backwell, L., d’Errico, F., Kalahari San material culture: Ancestral knowledge shared by elders at Museum Africa. Published Monographs 1) d’Errico, F. 2003. Néandertaliens et hommes anatomiquement modernes : des trajectoires parallèles vers la modernité culturelle. Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches. Bordeaux : Université Bordeaux 1, pp. 186. 2) Bosinki G., d’Errico, F., Schiller P. 2001. Die Gravierten Frauendarstellungen von Gönnersdorf. Der Magdalenien-Fundplatz Gönnersdorf, Band 8. Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH. Stuttgart 364 pp., 233 figs., 197 planches h.t. 3) d’Errico, F. 1995. L'art gravé azilien. De la technique à la signification. XXXIème Supplément à Gallia-Préhistoire. Paris : CNRS Editions, 329 pp. 2. Edited Monographs 1) Henshilwood, Ch. et d’Errico F. (Eds.) 2011. Homo symbolicus: the dawn of language, imagination and spirituality. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 2) d’Errico, F., Hombert J.-M. (Eds.) 2009. Becoming eloquent. Advances on the emergence of language, human cognition, and modern cultures. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 3) d’Errico, F. et L. Backwell (Eds). 2005. From tools to symbols. From Early Hominids to Modern Humans. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. 4) Zilhão J. & d’Errico, F. 2003 (Eds.) The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Portuguese Institute of Archaeology (IPA) monographs series Trabalhos de Arqueologia. 5) Giacobini G. & d’Errico, F. (Eds.), 1986: I cacciatori neandertaliani, Jaca Book: Milano. 3. Articles in peer reviewed journals (• journals wiht impact factor) • Backwell, L., Bradfield, J., Carlson, K.J., Jashashvili, T., Wadley, L., d’Errico, F. 2017 en révision.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Hominids FAQ In
    Fossil Hominids FAQ Fossil Hominids Copyright © 1996-1999 by Jim Foley [Last Update: July 10, 1999] Permission is given to copy and print these pages for non-profit personal or educational use. These web pages are intended to refute creationist claims that there is no evidence for human evolution. To do this, it is first necessary to summarize the current thinking about human evolution and the fossil evidence supporting it. If you are not interested in creationism, you can read only those pages. If you are only interested in creationism, you can skip to the pages on creationist arguments; they will contain links to the fossils under discussion when necessary. Table of Contents ● Hominid Species (also includes an introduction and a timeline) ● Hominid Fossils (a list of the most important hominid fossils) ● Recent Developments (what's new in paleoanthropology) ● Creationist Arguments ❍ The Australopithecines ❍ Homo habilis ❍ Homo erectus ❍ Java Man ❍ Peking Man ❍ Piltdown Man ❍ Nebraska Man ❍ Orce Man ❍ The Neandertals ❍ Anomalous Fossils ❍ Brain Sizes ❍ Bones of Contention ❍ Semicircular Canals ❍ Overview ● Further Reading ● References ● Illustrations ● Type specimens http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/fossil-hominids.html (1 of 3) [31/8/1999 1:48:39 PM] Fossil Hominids FAQ ● Biographies ● What's New? ● Feedback ● Other Links ● Fiction ● Humor ● Crackpots ● Misquotes ● About these pages This site will be updated on a regular basis. Contact the author ([email protected]) with corrections, criticisms, suggestions for further topics, or to be notified of future versions. The FAQ can be found in the talk.origins archives on the Internet at: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/fossil-hominids.html (Web version) ftp://ftp.ics.uci.edu/pub/origins/fossil-hominids (text version) Thanks to those who have reviewed or made comments on the FAQ, including Randy Skelton, Marc Anderson, Mike Fisk, Tom Scharle, Ralph Holloway, Jim Oliver, Todd Koetje, Debra McKay, Jenny Hutchison, Glen Kuban, Colin Groves, and Alex Duncan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neanderthal Dead: Exploring Mortuary Variability in Middle Palaeolithic Eurasia
    The Neanderthal dead: exploring mortuary variability in Middle Palaeolithic Eurasia Paul B Pettitt Department of Archaeology, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UU, and Keble College, Oxford [email protected] Key words Neanderthals, burial, Middle Palaeolithic, Eurasia Abstract Recent discussions about Neanderthal mortuary behaviour have tended to polarise around opinions that they did, or did not, bury their dead. Gargett, in particular, has forwarded a largely unconvincing critique of Neanderthal burial, but most scholars agree that at least some Neanderthals, at some times, treated the dead body. This article demonstrates that Neanderthal mortuary activity was a real phenomenon that requires exploration and interpretation and examines the nature and extent of variability in mortuary behaviour. In the later Middle Pleistocene Neanderthals may have been caching the dead in unmodified natural surroundings. After 70 ka BP some Neanderthal groups buried infants, or parts of them, in pits, infants and adults in shallow grave cuttings and indulged in primary corpse modification and subsequent burial. It may have been on occasion too that certain enclosed sites served as mortuary centres, and that their function as such was perpetuated in the memory of Neanderthal groups either through physical grave markers or social tradition. In all it would seem that at least in some Neanderthal groups the dead body was explored and treated in socially meaningful ways. 1 Introduction elaboration visible in the archaeological record. Gargett, however, (1989; 1999) has argued that we The question of whether or not Neanderthals buried have no one convincing example of burial. Whilst a their dead has received considerable attention over number of surveys over the last two decades are the last few decades and has played a central role generally favourable to the notion, reviews tend to in exploring the similarities and differences between make generalisations of the Neanderthals did bury Neanderthals and early anatomically modern their dead variety.
    [Show full text]