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Open Hatef Azeta Dissertation.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications ALTERNATIVE SPACES OF ENGAGEMENT: CONSTRUCTING MEANING THROUGH TRADITIONAL AND SOCIAL MEDIA AMONG ROMA IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC A Dissertation in Mass Communications by Azeta Hatef © 2019 Azeta Hatef Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2019 The dissertation of Azeta Hatef was reviewed and approved* by the following: Matthew P. McAllister Professor of Communications Chair of Graduate Programs Chair of Committee Dissertation Adviser Michelle Rodino-Colocino Associate Professor of Communications Matthew Jordan Associate Professor of Communications Yael Warshel Assistant Professor of Communications; Research Associate, Rock Ethics Institute *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii Abstract This dissertation examines the use of televisual media forms and social media outlets by Roma activists in the Czech Republic as these activists search for ways to ameliorate discrimination, exclusion and the challenges of identity and community building among the Roma within Czech society. Roma marginalization manifests in a myriad of ways including explicitly through practices such as discriminatory housing and educational segregation. There are also the implicit methods of exclusion including the silencing of voices and experiences. Media are one of the sites that have excluded Roma and continue to present Roma in limited and stereotypical ways with harmful implications. This dissertation explores the specific efforts and outcomes of those engaged in challenging and changing this situation, which is critical for ascertaining a broader understanding of the dynamics and formulating new strategies for change. In particular, this study sets out to understand the ways in which activists attempt to engage communities using media—televisual, online and social media—as sites for identity negotiation and community development, that may in turn contribute to a sense of belonging to help combat unjust systems. My findings are based on ethnographic analysis, including 25 in-depth interviews with people working with and within Romani communities, observations of public demonstrations, as well as analysis of online sites of engagement. I conducted this research over a two-year period, with a majority of my fieldwork taking place from September 2017 to July 2018 in the Czech Republic. Findings highlight the challenges and potential benefits of activists’ use of televisual and social media – including online television programs, Facebook accounts, and archival websites – to address the social and cultural inequalities of Czech-based Roma. Keywords: Roma, Czech Republic, identity, belonging, social media, activism, television, ethnography iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………vi Chapter One. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………... 1 Chapter Two. REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………… 13 Identity ………………………………………………………………….. 13 Nationalism, otherness, identity and (un)belongingness ………………...16 Media representation ……………………………………………………. 23 Counter-narrative …………………………………………………………27 Roma and mobilization …………………………………………………. 30 Social media engagement among marginalized groups ………………… 36 Drawbacks of social media for marginalized groups …………………….44 Summary ………………………………………………………………… 47 Chapter Three. METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………48 Influential ethnographic methodologists …………………………………49 Preparations for field work ……………………………………………… 52 Fieldwork ………………………………………………………………... 52 Arriving in Brno ………………………………………………………… 54 Interviews ……………………………………………………………….. 55 Observations ……………………………………………………………...57 Specific methods of data collection ……………………………………... 58 Data analysis techniques ………………………………………………… 59 “When, where, how am I (so and so)?” …………………………………. 59 Summary ………………………………………………………………… 63 Chapter Four. “CREATING A NEW ROMA IDENTITY”: TV PRODUCTION AS AN ALTERNATIVE SITE FOR IDENTIFICATION AND IDENTITY NEGOTIATION ………………………………………………………………… 64 Media representations of Roma …………………………………………. 65 Roma identity ……………………………………………………………. 67 Representation and empowerment ………………………………………. 72 Czech-Roma media environment ………………………………………... 74 Media production ………………………………………………………... 75 Media for Roma by Roma ……………………………………………….. 78 Creating the space for Roma voice and media …………………………... 80 Creating a new Roma identity” through streaming TV ………………….. 84 Types of programs ………………………………………………………...85 Language ……………………………………………………………….... 86 The television audience as Romanipen ………………………………….. 90 Pilot program and episode ……………………………………………….. 96 Challenges of Roma media: Reification of marginal position …………... 102 The importance of ethnic minority media for the Roma ………………... 108 Building community ……………………………………………………...112 iv Summary …………………………………………………....................... 113 Chapter Five. “THE FACEBOOK IS A STATE OF ROMA”: NEGOTIATING IDENTITIES, BUILDING COMMUNITIES, AND PLACE-MAKING ONLINE ……….................................................……………………………….... 116 Community building through Facebook groups …………………………. 121 Inclusion, affect, and organizing ………………………………………… 124 Traditional media meet social media: Roma representation online ……... 130 A tale of two cities and their public demonstrations: Social media, participation, and generational tensions ………………………………… 139 Mapping injustice ……………………………………………………...... 154 Memory ………………………………………………………………..... 160 Memory project …………………………………………………………. 165 Homepages and home: locating places of belonging online ……………. 165 Productive nostalgia …………………………………………………….. 167 Transcending borders & geographical distances ………………………... 167 Imperfect places of engagement ………………………………………… 169 Social media as additional/alternative homes …………………………… 173 Summary ………………………………………………………………… 176 Chapter Six. CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………. 178 Media in the Czech Republic: Key findings …………………………….. 179 Identity & belonging: Key findings ……………………………. ………. 182 Implications ……………………………………………………………… 186 Limitations ………………………………………………………………. 187 Further research ………………………………………………………….. 187 Final thoughts ……………………………………………………………. 189 References ……………………………………………………………….. 191 Appendix: Semi-structured interview questions …………………………………. 206 v Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Matthew P. McAllister, whose support has guided me through the dissertation project and doctoral program. He has shown me what it means to be a brilliant and kind mentor. Thank you for affording me the intellectual freedom to explore the questions that mean so much to me. I would also like to thank Dr. C. Michael Elavsky for his friendship and endless encouragement. To my committee members, Dr. Yael Warshel, Dr. Michelle Rodino-Colocino, and Dr. Matthew Jordan, I would like to thank them for providing thoughtful feedback and continued support over the years. I would like to thank the individuals who so graciously shared their time with me in the Czech Republic. They have inspired me beyond words. Thank you for fighting to make this a better world. I would not be here today without my family—Mom, Dad, Husnia, Carlos, Amelia, Kawa, Saboor, and Tina—thank you for always encouraging me to follow my heart and for supporting this intellectual journey. A special thank you to my partner, Michael, for his unwavering support and respect. Lastly, I would like to thank the J. William Fulbright Scholarship and Don Davis Program in Ethical Leadership Research Grant for supporting this research. The findings and conclusions of this research do not reflect the views of these funding agencies. And, finally, thank you to the staff and faculty at Masaryk University in the Czech Republic for all of their support. vi Chapter One I sit across the table from a young Romani man on a cold winter evening in Brno, as we discuss his work as an activist, the organization of a recent public demonstration, and his hopes for the future. He says to me, I believe Roma has bigger chances. We can be doctors; we can be lawyers. We can be anything… this is what we have to change. This is the challenge. How we can create our identity? This is the most important… we should create our identity new. Roma identity is a complex topic and while this study does not attempt to produce a new conceptualization of Romani identity, it sets out to understand some ways that activists are using media to confront the current challenges facing Romani communities in an especially problematic country for them, the Czech Republic, where understanding and locating sites for the construction of Roma identity is instrumental to challenging the structures that continue to marginalize Roma. Identities are important to understanding one’s affiliations and alliances. In other words, identities contribute to feelings of belongingness and in a society that largely excludes Roma, understanding oneself and one’s community is crucial in the fight for justice. There is an estimated 250,000 Roma in the Czech Republic, which translates to roughly 2% of the 10.5 million Czech population (European Union, n.d.). Drawing from Gurr (1993), it is important to note that estimates of the number of people who identify as Roma may be larger, as it remains difficult to “define and observe” the minority group (p. 5). In the case of the Roma in the Czech Republic, who may live in segregated communities or temporary housing census measurements are ineffective. The UNDP/WB/EC 2011 Regional
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