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Curiosity, Un Premier Point Deux Semaines Après L'arrivée Sur Mars 1/8 Curiosity, un premier point deux semaines après l'arrivée sur Mars 19/08/2012 Auteur(s) : Pierre Thomas Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon / ENS Lyon Publié par : Olivier Dequincey Résumé Quelques images du robot Curiosity et premiers objectifs de la mission Mars Science Laboratory. Le 6 août à 7h31 (heure française), le robot Curiosity s'est posé avec succès sur Mars. Cela fait maintenant deux semaines que cet évènement a eu lieu, et il est temps de faire un premier point. Source - © 2012 NASA/Bill Ingalls Figure 1. Explosion de joie de l'équipe de Mars Science Laboratory à l'annonce du succès de l'atterrissage de Curiosity. Mission réussie au Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Vous pouvez avoir une idée (1) du déroulement de l'atterrissage qui s'est déroulé comme prévu, (2) de la géologie du cratère Gale, site d'atterrissage telle qu'elle a pu être déterminée depuis l'orbite et (3) de l'équipement scientifique du rover en (re)consultant les diaporamas présentant la mission Mars Science Laboratory proposés avant l'arrivée sur Mars de Curiosity. Pour suivre vous-même l'activité du rover dans les années qui viennent, la NASA propose un site dédié à la mission Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) et à Curiosity. Qu'a fait le robot depuis son atterrissage ? Son principal travail depuis le 6 août a été de faire un check-up complet de tous ses équipements techniques et scientifiques. Aux dernières nouvelles, tout va bien. Les seuls "résultats scientifiques" actuels sont des images : (1) images prises depuis l'orbite par la sonde Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), aussi bien images de la descente qu'images du site d'atterrissage, et (2) images et film pris pendant la descente et au sol par les 17 caméras de Curiosity. https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/premieres-images-objectifs-Curiosity.xml - Version du 07/04/21 2/8 Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech Figure 2. Les 17 caméras de Curiosity. Sur le corps du rover, il y a MARDI qui a été utilisé pendant la descente, et 8 caméras Hazcam, reliées à l'ordinateur de bord pour l'aider en direct à éviter d'éventuels obstacles pendant sa progression. Sur le mat déployable, il y a 4 caméras de navigation (Navcam), 2 caméras panoramiques (Matcam), et 1 caméra "chimique" (Chemcam). Sur le bras manipulateur, il y a la caméra "microscope" (MAHLI). Toutes les images "brutes" (raw images) sont disponibles sur le site de MSL, partie "raw" . Les images sélectionnées, traitées et commentées par la NASA sont sur le site de MSL, partie "images". Les vidéos de la mission MSL peuvent être vues ou téléchargées sur la partie "video" de ce même site. La descente a été filmée par la caméra MARDI. Elle est disponible sur les archives vidéo (en date du 10 août 2012). La descente a aussi été photographiée par MRO, et on y voit très bien Curiosity pendu au bout de son parachute. Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona Figure 3. Curiosity en train de descendre suspendu à son parachute, photographié par MRO. Le point noir en bas de l'image correspond au bouclier thermique. Le site d'atterrissage a été parfaitement localisé dans l'ellipse prévue, un peu à l'Est du centre de cette ellipse, à 5 km au Nord de la base du Mont Sharp, la montagne centrale du cratère Gale. https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/premieres-images-objectifs-Curiosity.xml - Version du 07/04/21 3/8 Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/MSSS Figure 5. Vue oblique du cratère Gale, ellipse où était prévu l'atterrissage (en bleu) et point (vert) localisant exactement le site d'atterrissage de Curiosity. Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/MSSS La montagne centrale a été nommée, de manière Figure 4. image verticale du cratère Gale, ellipse où informelle, le Mont Sharp. Par rapport à la figure était prévu l'atterrissage et point (vert) localisant précédente, l'orientation est changée, et le Nord est en exactement le site d'atterrissage de Curiosity. bas à droite. Source : La montagne centrale a été nommée, de manière http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA16058 informelle, le Mont Sharp. Le Nord est en haut. Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona Figure 6. Vue détaillée (MRO) du site d'atterrissage de Curiosity. Vue couvrant environ 2600 m de gauche à droite, le Nord est en haut. On voit les points d'impact de l'étage de descente et de sa grue (sky crane) et du bouclier thermique (heat shield). On voit aussi la coquille arrière (back shell) encore attachée à son parachute, ainsi que le site exact où s'est posé Curiosity. Le Mont Sharp est à 5 km, vers le bas à droite. Les premières images ont été prises par les caméras fish-eye des Hazard-Avoidance Cameras, caméras directement reliées à l'ordinateur de bord de Curiosity pour lui faire éviter les obstacles imprévus qui surviendraient pendant sa progression. Les images étaient transmises par Curiosity dès les premières minutes qui ont suivi l'atterrissage, mais avec une résolution (volontairement) dégradée afin de ne pas saturer les transmissions qui avaient beaucoup à transmettre en ces minutes cruciales. https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/premieres-images-objectifs-Curiosity.xml - Version du 07/04/21 4/8 Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech Figure 7. Première image transmise par Curiosity, prise Figure 8. Deuxième image transmise par Curiosity, par une des hazcams arrière. prise par une des hazcams avant. On n'y voit pas grand-chose, à part quelques cailloux et On voit l'ombre du rover, des cailloux, une étrange ligne des morceaux du rover. Mais cela a montré que tout courbe noire, et une espèce de triangle clair à l'arrière fonctionnait bien à bord. plan. Dès le deuxième jour, après réception des image à résolution normale, puis traitements, redressements pour "dé- fisheyser" les images…, les paysages avant et arrière apparaissent plus nettement. https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/premieres-images-objectifs-Curiosity.xml - Version du 07/04/21 5/8 Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech Figure 10. Image haute résolution et traitée prise par une des cameras hazcams avant. Figure 9. Image haute résolution et traitée prise par une des cameras hazcams arrière. Le progrès par rapport à la figure brute et basse résolution est saisissant. La ligne noire s'avère être un Le progrès par rapport à la figure brute et basse élément du paysage (des dunes sombres d'après les vues résolution est saisissant. orbitales), et le triangle blanc se révèle être le Mont Sharp. Ce Mont Sharp domine le fond du cratère de 5000 m. Son sommet est situé à 20 km de Curiosity. Le troisième jour, le mat portant les 4 caméras de navigation (Navcam) et les 2 caméras panoramiques (Mastcam) se déploie. Toutes ces images ont été transmises et mises en ligne du quatrième au neuvième jour. Le premiers objectif chronologiques de ces caméras a été de photographier du haut du mat le rover sous toutes les coutures pour voir si des anomalies apparaissaient. Rien n'a été diagnostiqué. Ces dizaines d'images d'auto-diagnostic ont été réunies en mosaïques que la NASA a essayer de dé-déformer pour les rendre "présentables". Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech, modifié Figure 11. L'un des auto-portraits de Curiosity mis en ligne par la NASA, mosaïque de dizaines d'images prises par certaines caméras du mat. Au fond, le bord externe du cratère Gale. Puis les caméras panoramiques sont entrées en service, en faisant dans un premier temps un tour d'horizon d'une douzaine d'images couvrant les 360°. Malheureusement, lors de ce tour d'horizon, les caméras visaient trop bas, et le sommet du Mont Sharp n'a pas été photographié. La NASA a publié plusieurs versions de mosaïques en noir et blanc couvrant les 360°, ainsi que 30 images brutes qui m'ont permis de faire quelques mosaïques couleurs "artisanales". https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/premieres-images-objectifs-Curiosity.xml - Version du 07/04/21 6/8 Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech,, NASA/JPL-Caltech, , modifiées Figure 12. Une mosaïque "artisanale" en "noir et blanc" de 360° autour de Curiosity. Mosaïque bricolée, sommairement orientée, en raboutant une mosaïque "noir et blanc" de 360°, mise en ligne par la NASA (Image de 7703 x 1678 pixel, sans orientation), et une image du sommet du Mont Sharp, en mettant le Mont Sharp au centre de l'image. Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems, modifiées Figure 13. Mosaïque artisanale à grand champ faite à partir des images brutes, prises en direction du Sud et montrant la base Nord-Ouest du Mont Sharp, objectif principal de Curiosity. Les strates basales sont particulièrement visibles. Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems, modifiées Figure 14. Autre mosaïque artisanale plus détaillée faite à partir des images brutes, prises en direction du Sud et montrant la base Nord-Ouest du Mont Sharp, objectif principal de Curiosity. Les strates basales sont particulièrement visibles. Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems, modifiées Figure 15. Mosaïque artisanale à grand champ faite à partir des images brutes, prises en direction de l'Est et montrant la base Nord-Est du Mont Sharp. Le rebord Est du cratère Gale se devine à l'horizon. https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/premieres-images-objectifs-Curiosity.xml - Version du 07/04/21 7/8 Source - © 2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems, modifiées Figure 16.
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