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Pest Management of Japanese Beetle PEST MANAGEMENT OF JAPANESE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) AND A STUDY OF STINK BUG (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) INJURY ON PRIMOCANE-BEARING CANEBERRIES IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA Laura Michele Maxey Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN LIFE SCIENCES in Entomology Douglas G. Pfeiffer, Chair Thomas P. Kuhar Jeremy A. Pattison February 17, 2011 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Caneberry, raspberry, blackberry, Rubus , Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica , stink bug, Pentatomidae, insecticides, cultivar susceptibility, and geranium toxicity © Laura Michele Maxey PEST MANAGEMENT OF JAPANESE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) AND A STUDY OF STINK BUG (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) INJURY ON PRIMOCANE- BEARING CANEBERRIES IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA Laura Michele Maxey ABSTRACT Field experiments (2007-2009) and laboratory bioassays (2009) tested the efficacy of insecticides with short pre-harvest intervals, caneberry cultivar susceptibility, and geranium toxicity for reducing Japanese beetle (JB) activity on primocane-bearing caneberries. Deltamethrin, chlorantraniliprole, bifenthrin, lime-alum, and thyme oil reduced JB activity in the field. Deltamethrin, chlorantraniliprole, acetamiprid, an azadirachtin and pyrethrin mixture, an azadirachtin and neem oil extract mixture, and an extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides reduced JB activity during the bioassays. ‘Prelude’ had significantly more JB than ‘Anne’, ‘Caroline’, ‘Heritage’, ‘Dinkum’, or ‘Himbo Top’ and ‘Prime-Jan’ had significantly more JB than ‘Prime-Jim’. Compared to certain cultivars, ‘Heritage’, ‘Caroline’, ‘Himbo Top’, and ‘Prime-Jan’ had higher percentages of injured fruit and ‘Autumn Bliss’, ‘Heritage’, and ‘Caroline’ produced greater marketable and overall yields. ‘Prime-Jan’ produced more overall yield than ‘Prime-Jim’; marketable yields from both blackberry cultivars were similar. Defoliation was significantly less for ‘Dinkum’, ‘Caroline’, ‘Heritage’, and ‘Anne’ than for ‘Prelude’ in 2008 and significantly less for ‘Caroline’ and ‘Anne’ than ‘Prelude’ or ‘Fall Gold’ in 2009. In field tests, previous consumption of geraniums lessened raspberry defoliation by JB. Bioassays indicated that JB activity was only reduced if JB were continually exposed to geranium. Therefore, the efficacy of geranium as a trap crop for JB may be limited. The stink bug species within the caneberries were identified (2008-2009) and Euschistus servus (Say) made up 48.1 % of the overall species composition. Stink bug injury to ripening raspberries was identified as small holes between drupelets; stink bug excretions also ruined fruit. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Pfeiffer for his guidance and friendship while I gained great scientific knowledge. His passion for entomology and teaching will continue to motivate me. Also, I would like to express gratitude to Dr. Kuhar for his entomological mind and his editing proficiency and to Dr. Pattison for his knowledge of small fruits. All committee members have brought valuable aspects to this thesis and increased my knowledge. In addition, I would like to thank IR-4 and the Small Fruit Consortium funding of this project. I would especially like to show appreciation to Curt Laub for his dedication to my projects and his willingness to help me in anyway needed. Without Curt’s devotion and friendship, the research conducted in this thesis would have been more than difficult to achieve. The world would be a better place if it had more supportive people like Curt. There were also numerous faculty and staff members in the Entomology Department that have taught me invaluable lessons with which I will carry with me throughout my life. I would particularly like to thank Stephen Hiner for his enthusiasm and passion he emits while teaching aquatic entomology. Although I knew I was intrigued by insects, I never would have thought to pursue entomology as an undergraduate if it were not for Steve. Also, I would like to thank Scotty Bolling for his expertise in building remarkable insect cages. There were also many friends and colleagues who have helped me along the way including Nancy Adamson who kept me focused and motivated to make personal deadlines; Tim Jordan, Nathan Herrick, and Kathy Kamminga who never hesitated to “show me how it’s done”, and to Meredith Cassel who was always a great study partner and even better friend. Last, but certainly not least, I thank my family who were always supportive of my dream. Thank you Mom for not punishing me when I was little for collecting caterpillars while in my tutu and thank you Josh for being my rock and support throughout this long and stressful process. Words cannot express my gratitude to either of you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Literature Review ......................................................................... 1 Primocane-bearing raspberry and blackberries .................................................................................. 1 Description of Caneberries ................................................................................................................................... 1 History and Development .................................................................................................................................... 2 Primocane-bearing Caneberries ........................................................................................................................... 3 Caneberry Arthropod Pest Management .............................................................................................................. 5 Japanese beetle ........................................................................................................................................ 6 History.................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Adult Description ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Life History and Biology ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Significance .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Significance in Caneberries ................................................................................................................................ 10 Integrated Pest Management in Caneberries ...................................................................................................... 12 Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) .............................................................................................. 15 History................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 16 Reports of Stink Bugs in Caneberries ................................................................................................................ 19 Pest Management of Stink Bugs ........................................................................................................................ 21 References Cited ................................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 2: Efficacy of Insecticides with Short Pre-Harvest Intervals against Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Infestation and Fruit and Foliar Injury of Primocane-Bearing Caneberries ................................................................................................... 37 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 37 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 38 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................................ 40 Field Experiments .............................................................................................................................................. 40 2007 Treatment Applications ........................................................................................................................ 40 2008 Treatment Applications .......................................................................................................................
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